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Bucher Thèse 2012.Doc 1 UNIVERSITE SORBONNE NOUVELLE - PARIS 3 ED 514: Etudes Anglophones, Germanophones et Européennes (EDEAGE) EA 4398 Langues, Textes, Arts et Cultures du Monde Anglophone. (PRISMES/Vortex) Thèse de doctorat en études anglophones. Vincent BUCHER UNE PRATIQUE SANS THÉORIE LE TRÈS LONG POÈME AMÉRICAIN DE SECONDE GÉNÉNÉRATION Thèse dirigée par Mme. le Professeur Christine SAVINEL Soutenue le 1er décembre 2012 Jury : M. Antoine CAZÉ, Professeur à l’Université Denis Diderot – Paris 7 M. Mathieu DUPLAY, Professeur à l’Université Denis Diderot – Paris 7 Mme. Marie-Christine LEMARDELEY, Professeur à l’Université Sorbonne Nouvelle – Paris 3 M. Axel NESME, Professeur à l’Université Louis Lumière – Lyon 2 3 Résumé Les États-Unis n’ont eu de cesse d’attendre depuis Emerson le grand chef d’œuvre national qui célèbrerait le destin d’exception de la jeune démocratie et affranchirait la littérature et la langue américaines de la tutelle du vieux continent. Cette tâche ne pouvait incomber à l’épopée dont on a pu juger qu’elle était inapte à décrire le monde contemporain et qu’elle contredisait une modernité poétique de l’intensité lyrique. La renaissance spectaculaire du « long poème » américain au cours des XIXe et XXe siècle ne peut donc s’inscrire dans la filiation de « formes » jugées obsolètes. Elle paraît d’ailleurs d’autant plus problématique qu’après avoir été rapportée au lyrisme démocratique de Walt Whitman, le « long poème » fut approprié par T.S. Eliot et Ezra Pound et assimilée aux excès d’un « high modernism » autoritaire, élitiste et systématique. C’est ainsi que la critique n’est parvenue à rendre compte paradoxalement de cette « forme » qu’en la niant confirmant ainsi son illisibilité : le long poème ne pouvait être qu’un recueil de poèmes courts, un chef d’œuvre ruiné ou une parodie de la pensée systématique et de l’exceptionnalisme américain. En étudiant « A » de Louis Zukofsky, Paterson de William Carlos William et les Maximus Poems de Charles Olson, je vise à démontrer qu’il est au contraire possible de lire cette forme en tant que telle sans avoir recours à des typologies génériques ou à la dichotomie modernisme/postmodernisme. Je tenterai aussi de suggérer que, dans ces trois œuvres, la poésie se conçoit comme une activité en devenir qui tente modestement d’articuler le poème au monde, au temps et à la lecture. Mots clés : Poésie moderniste américaine, long poème, Charles Olson, William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky, lisibilité. 4 Abstract Ever since Emerson the United-States have been expecting the great national masterpiece that would not only celebrate the unique destiny of this young democracy but would also free American language and literature from the European model. However, it did not seem that it was for the epic poem to accomplish this task given that it appeared not only ill- suited to describe the modern world but also incompatible with the demands of a poetic modernity predicated on lyrical intensity. Hence, the planned obsolescence of this “form” has made it all the more difficult to explain the spectacular rebirth of the “American long poem” in the 19th and 20th centuries. It has appeared all the more problematic since, after having been associated to Walt Whitman’s democratic lyricism, the “long poem” was appropriated by T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound making it the symbol of the authoritarian, elitist and systematic tendencies of “high modernism”. It will thus come as no surprise that the critical community has tended to view the “long poem” negatively confirming in a way its illegibility: the “long poem” could only be viewed as a short lyric sequence, an impossible masterpiece or a parody of systematic thought and American exceptionalism. In undertaking this study of Louis Zukofsky’s “A”, William Carlos William’s Paterson and Charles Olson’s Maximus Poems I wish to demonstrate that it is possible to read the “long poem” as such without having to resort to generic categories and to the modern/postmodern dichotomy. I also hope to show that, in these three works, poetry is understood as a kind of ongoing activity which modestly attempts to articulate the poem to the world, time and reading. Keywords : Modernist American poetry, long poem, Charles Olson, William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky, legibility. 5 Reste pour nous : la poésie. L’ignorance de ce qu’elle est. La faire, l’écrire, « pour savoir ». Pour progresser dans cette ignorance. Pour savoir cette ignorance. Pour l’élucider. Lire, pas pour « expliquer », pour savoir. Écrire la lecture. Jean-Marie Gleize. A Noir. 6 7 Remerciements Je souhaite tout d’abord témoigner à ma directrice de thèse, Mme Christine Savinel, ma reconnaissance la plus vive pour son soutien indéfectible, sa générosité intellectuelle ainsi que son exigence critique tout au long de l’élaboration ce projet. Je serai toujours profondément marqué par son engagement exemplaire de chercheur et son attachement sans faille à la poésie américaine. Je souhaite remercier Madame et Messieurs Marie-Christine Lemardeley, Antoine Cazé, Mathieu Duplay et Axel Nesme d’avoir bien voulu faire partie de mon jury, de lire ce travail et de l’évaluer. Je me réjouis tout particulièrement de pouvoir poursuivre la discussion entamée lors de ma maîtrise avec M. Nesme et de mon Master 2 avec Mme. Lemardeley. Je souhaite aussi remercier mes parents, Anne-Laure et Gérard Bucher, ainsi que mon frère, Grégoire Bucher. Si c’est avec eux que j’ai découvert les plaisirs de la pensée et de la polémique, c’est aussi eux qui m’ont soutenu dans les plus grands moments de doute, m’ont encouragé et accompagné notamment durant les deux dernières années de ce travail. Sans eux cette thèse est inconcevable. Je souhaite aussi profiter de cette occasion pour rendre hommage à Jean-Marie Gleize et Lacy Rumsey qui m’ont permis de découvrir la poésie en 2003 et de prendre la mesure de sa vitalité et de son incroyable richesse. Sans leur amour de la lecture et la très grande justesse de leurs analyses, je ne me serais jamais tourné vers la poésie. Je veux exprimer aussi toute mon amitié à Alice Béja et Xavier Kalck que j’ai rencontrés lors de mon tout premier colloque international en 2007 et qui m’ont permis de comprendre que la recherche n’est vraiment possible qu’au sein d’une communauté. Je remercie notamment Alice de m’avoir permis de découvrir (un peu tard !) la spécificité du contexte intellectuel des États-Unis des années 30 et Xavier d’avoir été un lecteur si attentif de mes travaux et un interlocuteur si stimulant dans nos discussions sur la poésie américaine Je profite aussi de cette occasion pour dire toute mon amitié à Agathe Borgne, Thibaut Clément, Hélène Cottet, San San Hnin Tun, Perre-Antoine Pellerin, Antoine Quint et Maud Ternon dont les conversations, l’humour et le soutien m’ont été si précieux pendant ces cinq années de thèse. J’ai aussi une pensée particulière pour Sophie Chapuis, Vanina Géré et Flora Valadié avec qui j’ai partagé à distance l’épreuve des derniers mois de thèse. Je n’aurais peut-être pas réussi à tenir sans elles. Je tiens à remercier les équipes pédagogiques, scientifiques et administratives de Paris 3 qui m’ont permis de découvrir mon métier dans des conditions idéales pendant ces six années passées à l’UFR du monde 8 anglophone, d’abord en tant qu’allocataire-moniteur puis comme ATER. Je remercie tout particulièrement Yves Lefevre et Denis Tredy pour leurs conseils, leur très grand professionnalisme et leur amitié. Merci aussi à Jakuta, Shira, Emilie, Cécile, Juanita, Larissa, Noémie, Anita, Jean-Denis, Carole, Soraya, Cloé, Madeleine, Nam, Robert, Frédéric, Olivier, Didier, Solène, Caroline, Snéharika et Ranjeet qui m’ont si souvent encouragé à mettre, ne serait-ce qu’un instant, mes devoirs de thésard de côté que ce soit dans les couloirs de l’Institut, aux détours d’Internet, sur les berges du canal de l’Ourcq ou dans les tréfonds du 15e. J’ai enfin une pensée pour mes élèves de première année de licence de Paris 3 et notamment ceux du printemps 2011 avec lesquels j’ai eu le très grand plaisir de lire de la poésie. 9 Sommaire Comment lire le long poème américain ? .........................................................................11 1. « The American Epic » ............................................................................................11 2. L’épopée impossible ? .............................................................................................17 3. L’illisibilité de la longueur.......................................................................................26 4. Prendre la longueur au pied de la lettre.....................................................................35 5. Le long poème de seconde génération. .....................................................................46 6. La lecture, l’explication et la correspondance...........................................................54 7. La longueur n’est pas un concept, le long poème n’est pas un manifeste. .................65 1. Les Maximus Poems ou la hantise de l’histoire ............................................................73 1. History excluding poetry ? .......................................................................................73 2. L’histoire ou l’expropriation du temps. ....................................................................79 3. A Special View of History : Olson et la généalogie..................................................88 4. L’actuel & la disparition : la hantise de l’histoire. ..................................................110 2. « The
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