Leaf-Hoppers—Supplement (HEMIPTERA)

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. Ill REPORT OF WORK OF THE EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Leaf-Hoppers—Supplement (HEMIPTERA) By G. W. KIRKALDY HONOLULU, H. T. SEPTEMBER, 1907 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To the Experiment Station Conimittet of tlie Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, Honolulu, T. H. Gentlemen:— I, herewith, submit for publication Bulletin HI of the Division of Entomology. This has been prepared by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, and is supplementary to and completes Bul- tin I. Yours obediently, R. C. L. PERKINS, Director, Divisiciii of Entomology. Honolulu, T. H., April 29th, 1907. ADDENDA. P. 1 1 : TartcssHS iphis sp. n. Vnltnrnus voecors sp. n. P. 12: SipJiaiita scnsilis sp. n. Ncsopoiupc (subg. n. of Ci.vius). Ncsochlamys g. n. A'^. vitieiisis sp. n. P. 13: A number of spp. of "Delphax" have been misplaced, also "P" dilpa should be "D." : INTRODUCTION. In the present memoir, the determination and description of the Leafhoppers collected by Prof. Koebele and Dr. Perkins, and partially discussed in the ninth part of Bulletin I, are now com- pleted,— together with those found by Mr. Muir in the Fiji Isles, as well as two interesting" forms from China. In the former contribution, 85 genera and 212 species were erected as new, while 58 genera (and subg'enera), and 175 species (and varieties) are now added, a total of 143 genera and 387 species, making a considerable increase in our knowledge of Ans- tralo-Fijian Leafhoppers, as almost all of the new forms are from these countries. At the same time, it must bs insisted that these form but a small proportion of the total Leafhopper Fauna of the Countries mentioned. The Australasian (*) Region seems to embrace four sub- regions 1. The AusTROM^\L.\YAN (or Papuan), including that of the same name of Wallace, but extending to include the tropical forest of Queensland, New Caledonia and adjacent islands as far a'^ the Fijian Archipelago. 2. The EuRONOTiAN (or Bassian). including the Soutl:eastern third of Australia and Tasmania. 3. The Maorian, including New Zealand and adjacent islands. 4. The Westralian, or West Australia. Nothing is known of the indigenous Hemiptera of Tahiti, Sa- moa, the Tuamotus, &c., but they are probably a mixture of various faunas. The Hawaiian Archipelago forms an unattached subregion of great antiquity. From the little that is known of them, the Carolines and Marshalls and perhaps the Mariannes, belong to the Austromalayan. * I prefer this name of Huxley's to the usual "Australian" of authors. It is very confusing to term the whole Resiion 'Australian.' as one ean then not understand readily whether the mainland, or the region as a whole. Is intended. : I think therefore that Wallace's "Polynesian" Subregion should be rejected. Celebes is usually included in the Papuan, but is perhaps, at present, best regarded as an unattached subregion. The Fijian Isles seem to have a well marked affinity with New Guinea and the neighboring groups, or with the first of the fol- lowing Australian. The Australian Continent seems to pc^ssess four principal faunas 1. The tropical forest, an impoverished extension of the Aus- tromalayan, little known, and producing such forms as Neoiiieli- charia, Aneipo and some fine Derbidae. 2. Eucalyptus-Forest, characterized by Eiirymcla, Eurinop- syche and Platybrachys. This is typical of the Euronotian. 3. Western Australia, which stands apart from the others. 4. Grass-lands and coast lands, probably typical in another way of the Euronotian, and characterized by common-place Deltocephalns and Asiracidae'. In the habitats, "K" stands for Prof. Koebele, "P'" for Dr. Perkins, and "M" for Mr. Muir. Mr. Muir's researches in Fiji were confined to Viti Levu. Suva is on Suva Bay in the Southeastern part ; Naviia on the river of the same name in the South-central ; Rcii'a, on the Rewa river, a little east from Suva, and Ba (=:Mba) on the Ba River in the northwest. An expression of appreciation is due to Mr. W. E. Chambers, who, has enriched this memoir with more than three hundred, figures-. No work on Hemiptera has previously appeared, in v.^hich such careful and detailed drawings of genitalia are given, affording characters which are the final arbiters of "species" in certain groups. BIOLOGIC NOTES. Stkidulation. In my first memoir (p. 285) it was stated that though Per- kuisicUa saccharicida had often been heard to stridulate distinct- ly, by the Entomolcgists of this Station, researches on the phe- nomenon had not yet been made On his return from Fiji, Mr. Muir handed me the foUowing notes, upon which it is scarcely necessary to enlarge : "One hot, still morning, when collecting in Fiji, my attention was attracted to a small palm, from which a distinct noise of insects stridulating proceeded. I found the underside of the leaves covered with hundreds of a small red leafhopper [Miiiria stridula PI. 20 figs. 10-13). Their tegmina and wings were erected above the back and occasionally gave caie or two rapid movements; sometimes the abdomen was jerked up and down. I recognized it as similar to one I had taken in Natal some years ago, in which the wings were exceedingly small and used entirely as stridulating organs. Upon examination I found the wings in the present species were likewise used for that purpose. The tegmina are about 6 mill, long, whilst the wings are only half a millimetre, the anal lobe being larger than the rest of the wing, thickened and corrugated on the hind margin of the upper side. "The costal margin is turned Civer and catches into a fold along the margin of the tegmina ; by this means it moves with the tegmina. The corrugated surface is opposed to the anterior angles of the abdomen where there are several white bristles sit- uated. "In another, {Proutista mocsta PI. 20 figs. 8-9) from Java, the tegmina are about 5>4 mill, long and the wings 3 mill, the anal area larger in proportion to the rest of the wing and corrugated on the upper side. "In another, {Pyrrhonenra saccharicida PI. 20 figs. 6-7), from biji. the tegmina are about 4 mill, long and the wings 3 mill, the broad edge of the anal area being corrugated. The C(?.rru- srations thin out erraduallv on each side, and one can see that : 8 they are only a prolongation and intensification of the minute corrugations that border the hind margin Cif the wing from the end of the costal margin to the base of the wing. "In another, {Lyriccn imfhiiini, PI. 20 figs. 3-5). from Fiji, the proportional size of the tegmina to the wings is more normal, about yy2 to 5^, and the anal areas c,f the latter are normal, bearing a strongly corrugated patch near the basal edge. "Upon examining the anal area of the wing of Perkinsiclla saccharicida, an enlarging of the corrugation along the basai portion of the edge can be seen. I am in doubt if this could be the means by which they produce the sound." (PI. 20 figs. 1-2 represents the wings cf Pyrrhoncitra citlia- risfa). Mr. Muir, also, before leaving for the Orient, left me some mounts of tegmina and wings, from which PI. 20 figs. 1-9 have been made. I have examined a considerable amount of material and find the stridulatory area developed as follows In most of the Derbidae and in some Asiracidae, this structure is present, in both sexes. I cannot find it in any other Auc- henorhynchi, nor in those Asiracids in which the wings are rudi- mentary. Since my last memoir, Froggatt has published "Australian Insects" (1907), in which there are short biologic notes on several Homoptera. ) : CLASSIFICATION. I have nothing- to add to my general remarks on the distinct- ness of the FnlgCfToidea, and their high place in the systsm. J think however that the Cicadoidea and Tetigonioidea should be merged, for although the former are less allied to anv of the families of the latter, than these are among themselves, yet the general structure is 'fundamentally similar. The system of the AuchenorhynchrTrow adopted is as follows Superfam. i Cicadoidea Fam. I Cicadidae Fam. 2 Cercopidae Subfam. i Cercopinae 2 Machaerotinae Fam. 3 Tetigoniidae (embracing lo provisional tribes, viz.: Ledrini, Stenocotini, Eurymelini, Phrynomorphini, Eupterygini, Cephalelini, lassini, Macroceratogoniini, Penthimiini and Teti- goniini). F'am. 4 Membracidae Superfam. 2 F'ulgoroidea Fam. I Poekillopteridae Subfam. i Lcphopinae Subfam. 2 Tropiduchinae (Tribes Troi)iduchini and Tambiniini) Subfam. 3 Ricaniinae (Tribes Ricaniini and Rladinini) Subfam. 4 Poekillopterinae (Tribes Poekillopterini and Phalaenomorphini Subfam. 5 Tcnginae Fam. 2 Issidae Subfam. i Issinae (Tribes Caliscelini, Tssini) Subfani. 2 Amphiscepinae Subfam. 3 Eurybrachyinae Fam. 3 Tetigometridae Fam. 4 Fulgoridae 10 Subfam. i Cixiinae (Tribes Cixiini, Achilini, Dictyophorinij Subfam. 2 Fulgcrinae (Tribes Fulgorini, Omalocepbalini, Aphaenini) Fam. 5 Asiracidae J-'aiii. 6 Derbidae (Tribes Derbini, Nisiinij. Tbis is however merely tentative, as onr knowledge of most groups is still extremel}- superficial, and nothing satisfactory can be done, till the nymphal instars of man\- species are described and figured. • There is no need to furnish characters again, separating the Fulgoroidea from the Cicadoidea, and the various families, and other divisions, are separated tabularly further on in their sev- ral places. In my horismclogy, 1 have substituted "brachial" for "cubital," for the name of the third main vein arising from the apex of the l)asal cell, as there can be no doubt what "brachial" is, while there is much difference of opinion as to what "cubital" is. Meli- char for instance, terming "cubital" what T call "basal stem of the radiomedian." LIST OF SPECIES.

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