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Waterscaping: Reconfiguring the Savannah River

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Waterscaping: Reconfiguring the Savannah River WATERSCAPING: RECONFIGURING THE SAVANNAH RIVER by KEVAN JOSEPH WILLIAMS (Under the Direction of Jon Calabria) ABSTRACT The term “Waterscape” and related concepts suggest hybrid systems comprised of infrastructure and natural processes. The concept is a useful one for landscape architects and planners who are increasingly investigating rivers and other aquatic spaces. Waterscape is a potential member of a growing family of contemporary site typologies in design discourse that emphasize inherent processes as well as well as physical form. Identification of this site as a distinct element in the landscape could contribute to the development of a specific sustainable design agenda to address modern issues facing rivers. With the idea of a sustainable design approach for rivers in mind, this thesis asks how designers mobilize those critical conceptions of rivers to reconnect the Savannah River. INDEX WORDS: Rivers, dams, dam removal, ecological restoration, sustainability, landscape architecture, waterscape, infrastructure WATERSCAPING: RECONFIGURING THE SAVANNAH RIVER by KEVAN JOSEPH WILLIAMS BLA, University of Georgia, 2010 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2014 © 2014 Kevan Joseph Williams All Rights Reserved WATERSCAPING: RECONFIGURING THE SAVANNAH RIVER by KEVAN WILLIAMS Major Professor: Jon Calabria Committee: Douglas Pardue Christopher Manganiello Leigh Elkins Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1 UP THE CREEK ........................................................................................................... 1 RATIONALE .......................................................................................................... 3 RETHINKING RIVERS: WATERSCAPES .......................................................... 5 FEASIBILITY ...................................................................................................... 10 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 17 2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN & RIVERS ...................................................................... 19 CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVERS ..................................................................... 21 DESIGN APPROACHES ..................................................................................... 24 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 38 3 OPERATIONALIZING WATERSCAPE .................................................................. 40 FINDING WATERSCAPES ................................................................................ 46 FRAMING WATER SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 50 DEFINING WATERSCAPE ................................................................................ 53 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 56 4 PRECEDENTS FOR SUSTAINABLE WATERSCAPES ........................................ 57 THE EMERALD NECKLACE ............................................................................ 58 MIAMI CONSERVANCY DISTRICT ................................................................ 61 iv LA RIVER REVITALIZATION MASTER PLAN ............................................. 66 CHATTAHOOCHEE WHITEWATER COURSE .............................................. 70 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 73 5 RECONNECTING THE SAVANNAH ..................................................................... 78 TALLULAH FALLS ............................................................................................ 80 TROTTER’S SHOALS ........................................................................................ 86 NINETY NINE ISLANDS ................................................................................... 92 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 97 6 DOWNSTREAM ........................................................................................................ 99 FUTURE QUESTIONS ...................................................................................... 101 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 103 v LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: A raft approaches a rapid on the Chattooga .................................................................... 1 Figure 2: Reservoirs and Habitat Areas along the Chattooga-Tugaloo-Savannah Transect .......... 6 Figure 3: Proposed Rock Ramp fish passage structure at New Savannah Bluff .......................... 11 Figure 4: Developed and undeveloped lake shorelines ................................................................. 12 Figure 5: Analysis of Dam Sites ................................................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Lake Mead's "bath rub" ring illustrates the reservoir's full pool ................................... 16 Figure 7: Highways and railroads crowd the narrow banks of the Columbia River ..................... 22 Figure 8: Relationship of "Waterscape" to site typologies and design approaches ...................... 45 Figure 9: Muddy River under construction ................................................................................... 59 Figure 10: Plan of Backbay Fens and Riverway ........................................................................... 60 Figure 11: Miami Conservancy District system ........................................................................... 62 Figure 12: Taylorsville Dam under varying flow conditions ........................................................ 64 Figure 13: Current conditions for Los Angeles River .................................................................. 67 Figure 14: Proposed improvements to LA River .......................................................................... 68 Figure 15: Construction of the whitewater course in Columbus, Georgia ................................... 70 Figure 16: Chattahoochee River in Downtown Columbus, after completion of construction ...... 73 Figure 17: Selected functions performed by various infrastructure types .................................... 75 Figure 18: Balancing functions in the Tallulah system ................................................................ 82 # Figure 19: Conceptual diagram of an expanded Tallulah Falls State Park ................................... 84 vi Figure 20: Balancing the functions of the Savannah River Basin Project .................................... 87 Figure 21: Conceptual diagram of a National Recreation area on the site of Lake Russell ......... 89 Figure 22: Concept for a dry dam at McCalla Island .................................................................... 90 Figure 23: Historic Survey of Savannah River overlaid on USGS Quad ..................................... 93 Figure 24: Balancing river functions around Augusta .................................................................. 94 Figure 25: Conceptual diagram of an expanded Augusta Canal National Heritage Area ............ 95 Figure 26: Overview of a rock ramp fish passage at Stevens Creek Falls .................................... 96 vii CHAPTER 1 UP THE CREEK This thesis begins on the Chattooga River, a rocky rivulet that spills out of the Blue Ridge Mountains, through boulders and over granite ledges, with Georgia and South Carolina looming overhead to the right and left. The river has become known throughout the world for its whitewater rapids, attracting expert paddlers to the rural region as well as novices, who are led down the river by professional guides, an economic boon for Rabun and Oconee Counties, in Georgia and South Carolina respectively. This border river, as it progresses southward toward Figure 1. A raft approaches a rapid on the Chattooga. (Source: Author) 1 the sea, becoming the Tugaloo and then the Savannah along the way, is a fascinating transect of the region’s physical and ecological, political and economic landscapes. Designated a Wild and Scenic river in 1974, the Chattooga is an anomaly in the Savannah River basin (US Forest Service, n.d.). Much of the river has been parceled out into various hydraulic infrastructures, with dams and reservoirs where rapids and rivers once flowed. But these dams may no longer be necessary, or may not be the best technology to accomplish what we ask of rivers. Changing needs mean that some of those contained rivers could one day be a little more wild, and a little more scenic once again. The Five Falls are the Chattooga’s signature rapids, the wildest and most intimidating part of the river. In quick succession, paddlers must navigate a narrow gorge dominated by a series of formidable Class V drops, the most severe ranking for whitewater. Should they survive the raging Five Falls, paddlers are delivered onto the placid waters of Lake Tugaloo, a quiet hydroelectric reservoir ringed by sugarloaf Appalachian hilltops. This point is the last time
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