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Information Und Recht ______ Information und Recht ___________ Band 33 Schriftenreihe Information und Recht Herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Thomas Hoeren Prof. Dr. Gerald Spindler Prof. Dr. Bernd Holznagel, LL.M. Prof. Dr. Georgios Gounalakis PD Dr. Herbert Burkert Band 33 Verlag C.H. Beck München 2002 Vom Urheber- zum Informationsrecht Implikationen des Digital Rights Management von Dr. jur. Stefan Bechtold Verlag C.H. Beck München 2002 ISBN 3 406 48717 3 © 2002 Verlag C. H. Beck oHG Wilhelmstraße 9, 80801 München Druck: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft In den Lissen 12, 76547 Sinzheim Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier (hergestellt aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff) We shape our tools, and thereafter our tools shape us. Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, 1964 Vorwort Vorwort Die vorliegende Arbeit ist zwischen Oktober 1999 und Juni 2001 entstan- den und wurde im Sommersemester 2001 von der Juristischen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen als Dissertation angenommen. Bei der Untersuchung der neuen EU-Richtlinie zum Urheberrecht in der Informationsgesellschaft legt die Arbeit die endgültige, Ende Juni 2001 im Amtsblatt veröffentlichte Fassung zugrunde. Mein besonderer Dank gilt meinem verehrten Doktorvater, Herrn Prof. Dr. Wernhard Möschel. Er hat meinen Blick für ordnungspolitische Grundprobleme und übergreifende Fragestellungen geschärft und mir als Mitarbeiter an seinem Lehrstuhl große Freiräume und optimale Arbeits- bedingungen gewährt. Für die vorliegende Arbeit hat er mich immer er- mutigt, einmal eingeschlagene Pfade konsequent zu beschreiten und vor ungewohnten Analyseansätzen und Ergebnissen nicht zurückzu- schrecken. Ohne diese Rahmenbedingungen wäre die Arbeit in der vorlie- genden Form niemals entstanden. Ihm und Herrn Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bälz danke ich weiterhin für die überaus sachkundige Erstellung der beiden Gutachten. Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Hoeren danke ich für die Aufnahme der Arbeit in die vorliegende Schriftenreihe. Der Arbeitskreis Wirtschaft und Recht im Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft hat die Erstel- lung dieser Arbeit durch ein Promotionsstipendium und einen Druck- kostenzuschuß großzügig unterstützt, wofür ich mich stellvertretend beim Vorsitzenden, Herrn Prof. Dr. Harm Peter Westermann, herzlich bedanke. Zahllose wichtige Anregungen habe ich während zweier Forschungsau- fenthalte erhalten, die ich von Oktober bis Dezember 1999 sowie von März bis Mai 2000 als ,,Visiting Scholar“ an der Law School der Univer- sity of California at Berkeley verbringen konnte. Neben traumhaften Ar- beitsbedingungen und einer beeindruckenden Bibliotheksausstattung habe ich insbesondere von zahlreichen Gesprächen sehr profitiert. Diesbe- züglich gilt mein herzlicher Dank den Damen und Herren Professoren Pamela Samuelson, Robert P. Merges und Mark A. Lemley. Mein ganz besonderer Dank gilt ferner Professor Lawrence Lessig, von dem ich nicht nur durch seine Schriften, sondern auch durch mehrere Gespräche außer- ordentlich viel gelernt habe. Die Erstellung des ausführlichen technischen Teils dieser Arbeit wäre unmöglich gewesen, wenn sich nicht intensive Kontakte zu Technikern ergeben hätten, die im ,,Digital Rights Management“ oder verwandten Bereichen tätig sind. Mein besonderer Dank gilt den Herren Dr. rer. nat. VIII Vorwort Tomas Sander (InterTrust Technologies Corp., Santa Clara, USA), Dr.- Ing. Hannes Federrath (Technische Universität Dresden) und Dipl.-Inf. Niels Rump (Rightscom Ltd., London). Sie haben mir – mit einem weit über das Übliche hinausreichenden Einsatz – nicht nur zahlreiche Litera- turhinweise gegeben, sondern in vielen Gesprächen mit bewundernswer- ter Geduld meine zahllosen technischen Fragen beantwortet. Zusätzlich haben sie jeweils umfangreiche Abschnitte des technischen Teils dieser Arbeit sorgfältig durchgeschaut und mich auf inhaltliche Fehler hingewie- sen. Weiterhin möchte ich Herrn Dr. Albrecht Haller und Herrn Kamiel Koelman danken, die für mich seit langem im Urheberrecht zu wichtigen Gesprächspartnern geworden sind und mir für die Arbeit viele Informa- tionen und Anregungen gegeben haben. Herrn Dr. Michael Paulweber, LL.M. (Berkeley), danke ich für viele Gespräche und Anregungen in unter- schiedlichen Stadien der Arbeit. Herr Prof. Dr. Christoph Engel versorgte mich dankenswerterweise monatelang per E-Mail mit unzähligen interes- santen Literaturhinweisen. Ganz herzlich bedanken möchte ich mich bei meinem Lehrstuhlkollegen Herrn Florian Wagner für zahllose Diskussionen und Anregungen zu fast allen Aspekten der Arbeit sowie für die sorgfältige Durchsicht des Manu- skripts. Ebenfalls Dank gebührt meinem Kollegen Herrn Dr. Markus Mül- ler für viele Gespräche zu den rechtsökonomischen Aspekten der Arbeit. Mein Dank gilt auch Herrn Dr. Patrick Mayer, der tragischerweise vor kurzem viel zu früh verstorben ist. Wie wenige Internetrechtler vereinte er juristische Fachkompetenz mit Detailkenntnissen der technischen Grund- lagen des Netzes sowie der Hacker-Kultur. Darin war er mir immer ein Vorbild gewesen. Schließlich hat eine Arbeit, die sich mit Rechtsfragen des Internets aus- einandersetzt, auch vielen Nutzern des Internets zu danken. Ich habe auf den Mailinglisten Cyberia-L, CNI-Copyright, DVD-Discuss, Fitug-Deba- te, Netlaw-L und Politech, auf der Community-Seite Slashdot, auf John Young’s Cryptome.org sowie von der Electronic Frontier Foundation un- zählige Anregungen, Ideen, Informationen und Dokumente erhalten, von denen die vorliegende Arbeit wesentlich profitiert hat. Der größte Dank gebührt jedoch meinen Eltern, die mich in den unter- schiedlichen Phasen meiner Ausbildung, bei der Erstellung dieser Arbeit und bei meinen sonstigen Interessen stets in jeder Hinsicht unterstützt und gefördert haben. Beiden danke ich auch für die sorgfältige Durchsicht des Manuskripts. Ihnen ist die Arbeit gewidmet. Allen Genannten verdankt die vorliegende Arbeit viel. Hingegen sind alle Fehler und Ungenauigkeiten von mir allein zu vertreten. Tübingen, im August 2001 Stefan Bechtold Inhaltsübersicht Inhaltsübersicht Einführung . 1 A. Erkenntnisinteresse der Arbeit. 7 B. Gang der Untersuchung. 10 C. Beschränkung der Untersuchung . 11 D. Terminologisches. 16 Teil 1: Technische Grundlagen des DRM. 19 A. Allgemeines . 19 B. Historische Entwicklung . 20 C. Mögliche technische Komponenten eines DRM-Systems. 23 D. Standards im DRM-Bereich. 101 E. Ausblick . 127 F. Bewertung . 143 Teil 2: Rechtliche Grundlagen des DRM . 147 A. Schutz durch das Urheberrecht . 148 B. Schutz durch Nutzungsverträge. 154 C. Schutz durch Technologie-Lizenzverträge . 178 D. Schutz technischer DRM-Komponenten . 196 Teil 3: Vom Urheber- zum Informationsrecht. 249 A. Paradigmenwechsel . 250 I. Allgemeines . 250 II. Auswirkungen des DRM aus rechtlicher Sicht . 256 III. Auswirkungen des DRM aus rechtsökonomischer Sicht . 282 B. Notwendigkeit des Urheberrechts . 318 I. Rechtsökonomische Überlegungen. 319 II. Rechtliche Überlegungen . 369 C. Ergebnis . 384 Teil 4: Recht als Beschränkung des DRM-Schutzes . 387 A. Beschränkung des Urheberrechts. 389 B. Beschränkung von Nutzungsverträgen . 389 C. Beschränkung von Technologie-Lizenzverträgen . 405 D. Beschränkung technischer DRM-Komponenten . 407 E. Ergebnis . 437 Teil 5: Ausblick . 439 Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort. VII Inhaltsübersicht. IX Abbildungsverzeichnis. XXI Abkürzungsverzeichnis . XXIII Literaturverzeichnis. XXVII Materialienverzeichnis . LXXVII Einführung . 1 A. Erkenntnisinteresse der Arbeit. 7 B. Gang der Untersuchung . 10 C. Beschränkung der Untersuchung. 11 D. Terminologisches. 16 Teil 1: Technische Grundlagen des DRM. 19 A. Allgemeines . 19 B. Historische Entwicklung . 20 C. Mögliche technische Komponenten eines DRM-Systems . 23 I. Zugangs- und Nutzungskontrolle . 23 1. Verschlüsselung . 23 a) Verschlüsselungsverfahren . 23 b) Sonderprobleme . 26 aa) Digitale Container . 26 bb) Veränderungen in der Nutzerschaft . 26 cc) Teilweise Verschlüsselung. 31 dd) Portabilität und Beständigkeit von Nutzungsrechten. 33 c) Zusammenfassung . 33 2. Kopierkontrollsysteme . 33 3. Paßwörter . 34 II. Identifizierung durch Metadaten . 34 1. Allgemeines . 34 2. Identifizierung des Inhalts, der Rechteinhaber und der Nutzungs- bedingungen . 36 a) Identifizierungsobjekte . 36 aa) Identifizierung des Inhalts und der Rechteinhaber . 36 (1) Allgemeines . 36 (2) Einzelne Systeme . 39 (a) Herkömmliche Identifizierungssysteme . 39 (b) Digital Object Identifier (DOI) . 41 (c) Dublin Core Metadata Initiative . 42 XII Inhaltsverzeichnis (d) Common Information System (CIS). 43 (e) INDECS-Projekt . 44 (f) Metadaten im WWW und sonstige Initiativen. 44 bb) Identifizierung der Nutzungsbedingungen . 46 (1) Allgemeines . 46 (2) eXtensible rights Markup Language (XrML) . 47 (a) Inhaltliche Beschränkung der Nutzung . 47 (b) Zeitliche, räumliche und persönliche Beschrän- kung der Nutzung . 48 (c) Urheberrechtliche Schrankenbestimmungen . 48 (d) Sonstiges . 49 (3) Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL), Electronic Book eXchange (EBX). 50 cc) Resource Description Framework (RDF). 51 dd) Zusammenfassung . 52 b) Identifizierungsverfahren . 53 aa) Metadaten als Teil des Datenformats. 53 bb) Digitale Wasserzeichen. 54 (1) Allgemeines . 54 (2) Anforderungen an digitale Wasserzeichen . 55 (a) Fehlende Wahrnehmbarkeit . 56 (b) Robustheit und Sicherheit . 56 (3) Wasserzeichenverfahren. 57 (a) Einbettungsverfahren. ..
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