Rediscoueredafter mzre Íhan t/treecenturies: Pieter v^Ít den Broecke'soriginal Reso/utieboeck concerning Dutch trade in North-\WestIndia, Persia and Southern Arabta, t6zo-r6rf @ C. G. Brouuer The time has passedthat only a selectgroup of Dutch tricts'), is Pieter van den Broecke (Antwefp 1585- historianswere using the documentstransmitted in the Malacca 1640).Trained in , he enteredthe archive of the VerenigdeOostindische Compagnie (voc, service of the voc as an opperkoopman(i.e. 'upper- 'United i.e. EastIndia Company')for the sakeof their merchant') in 1613.After having led three voyagesto researchon the history of the remainingDutch colonies Southern Arabia and North-West India in the years in South-EastAsia (present-dayIndonesia). The great l6l4-1617 to explore the trading possibilitiesalong importance of these records for the socio-economic those coasts,he was appointedthe first director of the and. to a lesserdegree, political historiography of the Company's factory in Surat, in 1620.This position he countriesbordering on the Pacific and Indian Ocean occupieduntil 1628.Under his supervisionwere not during the lTth and l8th centuriesis now recognized only the head-officebut also somebranch-offices in the 1. by Westernand Asian scholarsalike As manifold as Indian hinterland,in Ahmadabad and Agra, as well as 'Gamron' they are with respectto their form letters, resolu- the factory at or Bandar Abbás, and the tions,contracts. logs, inventories, bills etc.-, so var- Arabian tradingpostin al-Mukhá3. ious their content proves to be: not only do they What has been said before about the Company's elucidate the Dutch commercial activities in Asian recordsin generalapplies also to the documentsorig- waters but also they contain a fund of valuableinfor- inating from or dealing with these western factories: rnationabout the Asian and Europeancompetitors transmitted in huge masses,they offer a wealth of Chinese,Indians, Arabs. English and Portuguese valuable data about Dutch commercein the Arabian about trade routes,products, markets, ports, shipping Sea as well as Indian. Persianand Arabian trade and movementsetc. That theserecords are remnantsof the navigation,production and consumption,political and historicalprocess itself and not merely historiographic military situation etc. Terpstra was the first historian writings; that they have come down to us in quanti- who, in 1918,extensively made use of thesesources for - ties the biggest collection, the one kept in the his analysisof the establishmentof the Dutch commer- 'General AlgenteenRijksarchief (ene, i.e. State Archi- cial relationswith the regionas a wholea.In the field of ves') in The Hague, takes up almost 1300 running Indian studies he was followed by researcherslike metres of shelves'lengthlt -: that they have been Moreland,Radwan, Gokhale and Van Santens"whilst preservedin their original organic cohesioninstead of historianslike Dunlop, Meilink-Roelofsz,Steensgaard constituting only a heap of dissimilar papers origina- and Floor contributedto Persianhistoriography6. The ting from various instances.dealing with unrelated Dutch records were introduced relatively late in the subjectsand produced at different times and places; study of early l7th-century Yemenite history: in a that they are for the most part in good material seriesof publications since 1918 | drew attention to condition, administeredby capable keepersin freely them and demonstrated their valueT. Indeed. their accessiblepublic buildings: theseare all circumstances value is hardly to be overestimatedin view of the that lend a peculiar value to the Dutch documental presentsituation which is characterizedby the nearly sources.For most of the transmittedAsian sourcescan total lack of availableOttoman and Arabic documents. only partially fulfill theseconditions, if at all. as pointed out by Ozbaran, Blackburn, Sàlim and The Company'sdomain of trade also included,from myselfs. the early 17th until far into the 18th century, north- western India (Gujarat), Persia and the . The Are theseDutch recordsa real gold mine, then, for man who was responsiblefor establishingthe Dutch the historian who is devoting himself to the study of 'Western trade in these Westerkw,artieren(i.e. Dis- the socio-economicpast of Gujarat, Persia and the

Nlanuscriptsol the Middlc Easr I ( 1986) e) Tcr Lugt Prcss.Donkersteeg 19.2312 HA Leiden.Netherlands. 1986. ISSN 0920-0,101 62 \,IANUSCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (I9E6)

Il1.l. PietertandenBroecke.PortraitbyFransHals(Antwerp158l,5-Haarleml666),1633.OiI oncanvas, ll,2x 61cm. London, The IveaghBequest, Kenwood. Cf. sub n.3. - His right hand leaningupon his staff of command,and wearingthe golden chain he was rewardedwith by the Company's Directors. Íhe opperkoopntanproudly posesas the Admiral of the Dutch homeward-boundfleet of sevenEast Indiamen which. loaded with a rich cargo.safely arrived in Holland. mid-1630. On board one of theseships was Eva Ment. the late Governor-GeneralCoen's widow. C. Ci. BROUWL.R: RESOLL'tlf.ItOE( K 63

Yemen? Yes, indeed, but as the digger's avarice ex- sevenin the voc collectionl', two in the archiveof the ceedsthe output of his gold vein, so the historian's States-Generalls(kept in the enl), one in the Univer- desire reachesbeyond the extant documents: thou- sity Library at Leidenre, and one, being a printed sandshave been transmitted in the Company'sarchive, book, in several public libraries2o.The two last- it is true. but thousandstoo have got lost ! Shipping mentionedtexts cannot be consideredreal documents, disasters.acts of war, fires, theft, gluttonous vermin: whilst both reports kept in the States-Generalfiles 'natural' theseare all causesof their getting lost' There constitute an intrinsic part thereof. One may come were other mishapstoo: in the beginningof the l9th acrossexplicit references,however. to at least twelve century a great number of financial documents then (or nine)other documents2t which until now could not to be devoidof any actualimportance were be discoveredin any filesor library. viz.: considered 'those relegatedto the papermills.The archivesof the smaller 1) [Arabic] lettersof recommendationfrom of 'Chambers'. moreover. have almost entirely disap- al-Shihr'[i.e.fromAbd Alláh bin'Umar bin Badr peared.and consequentlythe historian has to content Abi Tuwayrikl in favour of the Dutch. al-Shihr. himself with the records preservedin the files of the [before(?)l4 January 1616]22_ Kanter of Amsterdam and, to n lesserextent, of the 2) Spanish letter from Hasan Aghá to Van den Kanter of Middelburge. The history of the Dutch Broecke.al-Mukhá. 25 January 161623 documents is, therefore, the history of their getting 3) [Spanish]letter of favourfrom HasanÀghá to Van lost... How painful and deplorablethe lossesin fact den Broecke.al-Mukha. 27 January l6l62a are.can be demonstratedin a concreteinstance. 4) letter from Jan E,u'outssenPrins to Van den Broecke. Hudayda. [before(?)] 2 February By order of Governor-GeneralGerard Rerjnstand 16162s 'Fírntan under the specialinstructions of Jan Pietersz.Coen. 5) [Arabic or Turkish] or letter of credence' Van den Broeckemade in 1615- i 616his secondvo.vage [i.e. onrc1n]from Dja'far Báshà to the Ottoman to SouthernArabia and North-West Incla. as com- governors,in favour of Van den Broecke'scom- mander of the iocht Nas.srlrr.The ship left Bantam on pany. San'á,[before 2l April l6l6]'?o "contract 22 September1615 and arrived at al-Mukhá on 25 6) lArabic or Turkish or Spanish] " by January1616. From 21 April to 24 May the captain Dja'far Bàsháin favour of the Dutch. San'á,[16 undertook a journey to the court of Dja'far Bàshá in May l61612r San'á. a mission doomed to failure as the Ottoman 7) [Gujarati] letters of recommendation from the beglerbegiwas not entitled to permit the Dutch to son of Surat'sgovernor to his father. al-Mukhà. establish a permanent factor,v in the port without [before7 July 1616]28 having receiveda special /irnrc1nfrom the Sultan in 8) variousdepositions by Van den Broecke et ctl.as to Istanbul. On 7 July the iut'ltt weighedanchor' shaping Prins's misbehaviour,al-Mukhà. [before 7 July its courseto Surat that was reachedon 2 August. B.v 161612e way of Malabar the ship finally'returned in Bantam's 9) inventory of sold commodities by [Van den roads on l8 November. Elseu'hereI gave a detailed Broeckel,[before l5 December1616]3o descriptionof this important vo\age of erploration. l0) the wages-sheetsof the deceasedmembers of the paying attention to its diplomatic. naval and com- crew,[before 15 Decetnber1616]31 mercial aspects,to which analysis I may refer the I l) their last wills, [beforel5 December1616]32 'the readerherelt'. Regarding the sourceson which I based 12) ship's books of the iucht Nassrza',both the my stuclyand which were transmitted in Dutch archi- originalsand the copies33. vesand librariesrl. one can observethe following. In addition to thesementioned but lost documents Out of a number of 65 textsl2 58 relatedirectly or severalothers can safelybe presumedto haveexisted at indirectlyto the Nassutisexpedition in 1615-1616and that time. viz.: its aftermath, the obtaining of the Sultan's decreein 13) the official log kept by Van den Broecke 1618t 3.Far more documents,however, must have been l4) the samekept by Prins as commanderof the seized in existenceat the time; severaiof them are explicitly Selon mentioned in the recordsthat have come down to us, l5) the resolution-bookof the Ship'sCouncil but are not to be found in the archivesand libraries.To 16) letters from Van den Broecke to Prins (in these lost though mentioned documents belong such Hudayda). important ones as Coen's instruction to Van den One may conclude, therefore, that against seven Broecke,[after(?) 11 September1615]14, his commis- documentsproduced by participators in the Arabian sion.[between I I and 22 Septemberl6l5]'5, as well as eventsand actually transmitted in the voc archive,at his order to the same.I December161616, thus com- least sixteen(or thirteen) mentioned or unmentioned prising the specification of the captain's duties, his documentsthat wereto be found in thesefiles. are now appointmentand dischargel lost, that is to say overÍx'o-tllirds of all recordsexisting As few as eleven texts are extant originating from at the time ! Dutch. Arab and Ottomanparticipators in the Arabian It will be clear that this alarming state of sources events.either during or after the voyage of the .iacht: considerablyincreases the importanceboth of the texts 64 MANUSCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (]986)

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I11.2.Van den Broecke.Resolutieboc'cl. (rne, 1" Afd., Aanw. 1984,No.6), /. 1r. 31I x 196mm. : title-page.Cf. p. 69. C. G. BROUWER : RESOLLTTIEBOECK 65 that havecome down to us outsidethe voc archiveand the poor upper-merchantand his Company, but also of the documents originating from non-participators for anyone studying the history of the YemenI who either were orally informed about Arabian affairs Finally, although the Dutch documents,which con- or had at their disposal recordsnow lost. As regards stitute extremely valuable source material for Asian the former, the MS in the keeping of the Leiden historiography, may impress by their quantity, cohe- University Library proves to be Van den Broecke's sion, completenessand wholeness,one nevertheless personal journal, covering the period 1605-162934.must concede that the voc archive presentsserious Collation of the official log kept during his first voyage gaps. The historian, therefore, who is well aware of - to Arabia and India, 2 August 30 December1614, these short-comings, will greatly rejoice at the re- which forms part of the voc files3s, with the cor- discoveryof documentsthought to be lost. Thus, both respondingfragment in this Leiden MS, leads to the Coolhaas's discovery, about 196211,and my redis- conclusionthat the two texts are almost identical36.If coveryin 1978of the so-called'Portengen-MS'werea one is allowed to extendthis conclusionto the MS as a lucky strike for all those concernedwith researchon whole, one may maintain that the historian, although economic and maritime conditions prevailing in the he unfortunately does not have at his disposal the north-westernpart of the Indian Oceanduring the first official logbook of the Arabian voyagein 1615-1616, decadesof the I 7th century. has neverthelessfound a reliable substitute.The ac- The MS in questiona2was a transcription into 'modern' count of events. moreover. that is contained in the orthography by a certain Rapper, made in captain'sjournal, can easilybe supplementedby data 18.18,of an original book of resolutionsdating from from his Korte Historiael publishedin 16343'-. the eariy l Tth century that then vanished without A final comment on the extant sourcetexts for the leavinga trace.This copy. u'hich was in 1978in the 1y'a.r.srzr.r'sexpedition should be made here.Whereas the custodyof Dr. A. J. Portengen(The Hague),proved to five documents that can be ascribed to non-Dutch contain no less than 81 resoiutionsmade on board participatorsonginate from fir,edistinct persons.both various ships as well as in the Company's factory at - Ottomansand Arabs tiz. Dja'far's Secretary,Mimi Surat, by Van den Broeckeand his Councillors,during bin Abd Allàh, Hasan Ághà. Ibráhim and N[r al- the years 1620-1625.Other text-r'ersionsof only ten of Din , all other texts,numbering six, are in the name theseresolutions had come down to us in the voc files: of one singleDutch witness,the commander Van den carefulcollation of theseversions with the correspond- Broecke.The historian. therefore.should exercisethe ing ones in the newly discovered MS led to the greatest caution in interpreting the captain's infor- conclusionthat the l9th-century transcriber had pro- mation. which may be insufficientlycounter-balanced duceda fairly reliabletext, although it must be empha- by statementsmade by other Dutchmen. sizedthat only a well initiated historian can fruitfully The findingsconcerning the extant. or rather /ost. consultit. sourcematerials produced b1' the carefulanalysis of the Miss Portengen,in femaleline belongingto the Van Nassau'svoyage in 1615-1616.are affirmed by the 't den Broe(c)ke family. allowed the ena, after consul- study of the expedition of the ship Wupert van tations with a good friend of hers, Dr. J. Ch. W. Zeelondtto the samecoasts some years afterll'ards.in Verstege (The Hague). to make a microfilm and a 1620: many valuabledocuments that certainlydid once photocopy of the MS. which wereafterwards deposited exist. are not to be found in the fi1es38.Sometimes ' in the files under the mark I " Afdeling, Aanwinsten even, the records were already missing at the time 1978l'. Beforelong the MS itseifpassed into the hands shortly after their being issued.This was the casewith 'ship's of Mr. Verstege,after the deceaseof Miss Portengenin the above mentioned books of the Nas- .ictcht February 1979.Fearing that it might disappearfrom sau': rn the middle of 1619Van den Broeckeinformed 'Directors') sight in an evil hour, I added a detailed material Bew'inthebbers(i.e. that thesebooks had 'here'. descriptionof the MS to the story of its rediscovery, been recovered i.e. in Bantam, and that he was publishedin 1982,a descriptionbased on the manus- sendingenclosed a copy. intendingto carry the original criptologicalexamination I had executedin 1978. with him as soonas he would returnto Holland. It is a The Portengen-MS,now having become generally pity that, although he was repeating these remarks availablefor scientificresearch, proved to be of price- twice. in lettersdating from the beginningand the end lessvalue. I could already demonstrateits wealth of of 1620,neither the copies nor the original were ever maritime and economic data as far as the Dutch- found in the archive...tn.In a letteraddressed to Van Yemenite trade relations are concerneda3.Also in a den Broecke'ssuccessor in Surat. Jan van Hasel. the study by Kolff and Van Santen,devoted to the Dutch head of the Dutch factory in al-Mukhà, Willem de activitiesin the Indian resion. the MS was used in a Milde, complainedthat during the capture of Ta'izzby fruitful wayoo. Hasan bin al-Kàsim, 4 June 1629. he was not only 'a11 robbed of his clothes but also of [of his] books, Might it seem that Clio's favours were by now letters,papers, bills, receipts.instructions. journals and exhausted,the following eventsproved the oppositeto what have you'*o. A terrible loss,indeed, not only for be true ! oo MANUSCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (I9Íi6)

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Il1.3. Van den Broecke.ResolutiehoÉ'.k (ARA. 1" Afd.. Aanw. 1984.No.6)^ /.4r. 't 311 r 196mm.: resolutionmade by Pietervan den BroeckeeÍ al..on board the ship Wapen t'(ln ZeelunÍ in 's roads, 22 Aug. 1620 (fragm.). Contains the speci- 'Voyage'. fication of the Dutch presentÍo Íhe sand;iukhegi.Cf . Brouwer. p.22. and Brawir & Kablàniván.Yaman, No. l0b' C. (;. IIROUWER: RESOLL'I /EBOI.CK 67

A good year after publication of my story of the utions. For this reasonhe was seriouslyconsidering discoveryof the Portengen-MS,I receiveda long letter, now to advise his brother-in-law to make over the dated 16 October 1983.from Prof' Dr. G.Giesberger original book to the General State Archives. Before (Aerdenhout),former bi.i:onderhoogleraar (i'e.'private proceedingto this, however.he invited me to pay a visit professor') of Tropical Botany at the University of to him in order to subjectthe documentsin questionto Amsterdam.The content of this letter' that causedme a closeexamination ... great excitement,can be summarizedas followsas: On 21 October. at Mr. Giesberger's,I could only The writer was the son-in-lawof the late Mrs. J.C. affirm that the opinions advancedin my host's letter van Beusekom-Vanden Broeke,a lineal descendantof were fully correct: I was holding in my hands,indeed. Pieter van den Broecke's younger brother Gilliam an entirely perfect copy of Pieter van den Broecke's from the early lTth cen- [ 1596- Amsterdam 1669].16.The estateof book of resolutions.dating Horssen(near Druten, in the Land van Maas en Waal. tury. Even more: not a transcriptionmade at the time Holland) of which she had been the owner, was sold by someprofessional Company's clerk, but the unique some time after the death of her husband, on which original, full of resolutionsin armultiplicity of writing- occasionthe furniture was divided among their four hands and bearingthe very signaturesof Presidentand log, there- children[981]. On the eldestson. Mr. E. van Beuse- Councillors! Not only Í,heopperkoopman's kom (Zeist).devolved. among other things.the family fore. had come down to us outside the official Com- archiveconsisting of booksiind documents.This archi- pany'sfiles ... ve was moved to the writer at a later d:ite [1983]with Regarding the two lgth-century transcriptionsple- the requestof drawing an inventory of the transmitted servedin the family archiveI could observethe follou'- recordsand of advisingan appropriatedestination. ing'". The one. in folio, identically bound as the This requestwas directed to the right person.indeed ! ori,sinalMS, unfoliated and undated,bears at the end The rvriter had an intimate knou ledge of the famill' of the last resolution-textthe initialsof its transcriber: archive from the time of his prolonged stay at the Gt'clB.undoubtedl-v to be identihec'las Guillam van den - country-seatin 1966.He had becomeinterested in the Broeke(Jutphaas 1829 Utrecht 1898)51.The other. life of Pietervan den Broeckenot only'ashis uife. Mrs. in quarto. in a limp paper cover with cloth spine, M. P. Giesberger-VanBeusekom. \\.as a member in ur-rfoliatedtoo. has on its front fly-leaf the name: femaieline of the firmily of this illustriousservant of P. H. C. t'tn den Broekc. u'ith the infrascriptun April the voc. but also becausethe opperkooptltutlhad been 1EZJ.One may reasonabil'suppose that PieterHendrik - the first Dutchman to describecoffee as a stimuiant Cornelisvan den Broeke(Voorthuizen 1826 Ouden- s2. and palm-oil as a food+-. This interesthad -uraclualll rijn 1881) Guillam'selder brother. made this copy in widened to the u'hole Van c'lenBroe(c)ke famil.'-and April 1873.Both MSS bear an identicalinside title. had resulted.finally. in s-vstematicalgenealogical in- although distributedover the lir,esin a slightly dif- vestigationswith a view to reconstructingthe family's ferent way, viz.: Het Dagboek t'utt P. t'urttlert Broeke pedigreeover the entire period rangingfrom the end of inhouclendecle besluiten genotttetlgeclurerule clc .iuren the l6th until the 20th century. A short time ago 1620.1621. 1622. 1623. 1ó21. 1625. (i.e.'The diary [srr] resolutionsmade [4 October 1983]he happenedto meet, to his as- of P. van den Broekecontaining the tonishment and delight, another investigator of the duringthe years1620. (...) 1625').Leaving aside some samefamily tree.Mr. ... Verstege! Already during their minor slips of the pen. the text-\'ersionsoffered by first exchanging of useful genealogicaldata' in The these two copies are absolutelyidentical and. even Hague. the Portengen-MSbecame a subjectof discus- more important. they correspondword for word with sion. Perusalof that book gave the writer a shock of the Rapper-redactions3.Although now devoid of any recognition.He was allowed.then, to take the MS with value as a result of the discoveryof the original lTth- 'modern' him, togetherwith the lvhole correspondenceconcern- century text, the three transcriptionsnever- ing it betweenMr. Verstegeand me. dating from the theless provide us with some relevant clues to the years1979-1982.l8, as well as my Frencharticle about provenanceof the former, its material appearanceand its discovery. even its content. At home. in Aerdenhout, the writer was able to Rather excited,I must confess.I took some provi- establishthe verbatim conformity of the Rapper text- sional manuscriptologicalnotes of the original book. I version and the redactions contained in two extant asked Mr. Giesbergerto try to induce his brother-in- 19th-centurycopies in the family files. Infiniteiy more law to present this valuable MS to the Algemeen 'original important, however,was that the oríginele(i.e' Rijksarc:hiel':there it would be kept competently and exémplar') to which is referred on the cover of the safely,brought back into its original setting,and put at 'transcription') Cop.v(i.e. madeby Rapperae,had also the disposal of interestedhistorians. He then allowed been preservedin the archivel Though the writer was me to offer the Archives a prospect of official do- already long farniliar with both original and copies nation, be it on acceptableterms for the family. The 1966].it was not until he read my article about same evening I informed Dr. M. E. van Opstall. [since 'First lh. Rupp.r-MS that his eyes were opened to the churter-ntee,ster(i.e.'keeper of records')of the scientific value of Van den Broecke'sbook of resol- Department' of the Rnn of this kind offer. who was, of 68 MANUSCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (I986)

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ill.4. Van den Broecke,ResolutieboecÀ (ARA, l" Afd., Aanw. 1984,No.6). í.llr, 3ll r l96mm.: resolutionmade by Pietervan den Broeckeet al., on board the ship Sampsonin Souhali'sroads, 2l Oct. 1621.Deals with the releaseof about 70 Indians taken captivesby captainJan van der Burch off the South-Arabiancoast, Aug.-Sept., as well as with the way in which the prize-moneythat had disappearedin the sailors' 'De pocketscould be regained.Cf. Brouwer, Milde', pp.7l5-717(doc. No.8). C. G, BROUWER', RESOI,LiTIEBOE('K 69 course,very pleasedand promisedto give all necessary section,as will be explainedlater on, showed another co-operationsa. shapebefore the MS was bound. Beforelong, on 22 December,I had the opportunity The l9th-century binding consists of two hard of examiningfor the secondtime the original MS and boards, connectedby a flat cloth spine; boards and of making a transcription of a resolutionI intendedto spine are pasted over by a bluish marbled paper. As incorporate in the Arabic source publication I was this binding is exactly identical with that of Guillam preparing then concerningthe 17th-centuryeconomic van den Broeke's transcription. one may safely pre- history of the Yemen. Annotating this resolution, I sumethat both bindingswere made by the samebinder gave the discoveryof the MS to the world, providing at the sametime, that is to say certainlyafter 1848. the readerat the sametime with a material description probably in or about l873se. The l9th-centuryfly- in outline5s. leavesin folio, both in the front and at the back, are Finally. on 11 April 1984,the official transfer of the formed by one singlesheet, half of which is pastedon original book of resolutions took place in the new to the board's inside.In the centreof the front board's buildings of the ena. The owner, Mr. Van Beusekom, outsidea lozenge-shapedwhite l9th-century paper has accompaniedby Mr. Giesberger,handed the MS sol- been pasted,with the caption in ink in a l9th-century emnly over to the acting Director of the Archives.Dr. hand: ResolutieBoek. i 1620-1624./. Centrally on the B.J. Slot, who was secondedby Miss Van Opstall; I recto-sideof the loosefront fly-leaf is written in a l9th- myself was present as an invited person. Mr. Van century hand also a title in ink: ResolutieBoek. i van 'Book Beusekomwas given an official document testifyingto den Jaere 1620-1624.i(i.e. of resolutionsfrom the act of transfer;hewas promised within a shorttime the year [sic] 1620-1624lsir'l').A small and mutilated a lavishly produced photocopy of the MS in token of piece of red-speckledpaper, undoubtedly dating from gratitude towards the Van den Broeke familys6. This before the l9th century but presumably not forming transfer did not only fill me with joy, but also with part of the original MS, has separatelybeen preserved somepride: my articleon the upper-merchant'svoyage in the family archivetool it has been added to the MS. 'cast to the Yemen in 1620,partly basedon the rediscovered after having beensubjected to leaving'in the eRe: Portengen-MS, had contributed substantially to the its superscriptumin ornamentalletters runs Re,solutie find of the original book that was supposedto be lost. Boeck ' VorulertJaere 1620tot I6)4 Looking back over the extendedhistory of discovery As to the contentof the book: and acquisitionof the MS, one should be grateful,as a Ruling is lackin,e. on each page there are two matter of course.to Clio for her mild favours. but at marginal lines either in ink or in pencil, with the the same time one should not ignore the alertness. exceptionof íf.lr, lv, 43v, 50r and 50v. The outer perseveranceand disinterested love of scholarship margins measure 25 to 30mm., the inner ones shown by all participators,viz. Coolhaas,Portengen, + lOmm.; whilst the head margin takes up l0 to Verstege.Giesberger, Van Beusekom,Van Opstall and 25 mm., the tail margin variesconsiderably: sometimes me: the tutelary deity, really,did not managewith mere the text reachesthe edge of the paper, in other cases passivepawns I thereis much blank spaceleft under a resolution'stext. The number of lineson eachpage varies accordingly; if The original book of resolutions, now being de- ' the text runsuninterruptedly. one finds 33, 39, 41,42or positedin the ana under the record-mark l" Afdeling, even47 linesa page.Seldom has the seriesof signatures Aanwinsten 1984,nr.6's7, can be describedwith re- under a resolutionbeen distributed over two columns. gard to material form and content as follows. The sorts of ink that wereused vary from deepblack The book is a paper MS. being in excellentcon- to light brown. Many distinct hands can be discerned, dition, in spite of numerous damp stains and some most of them neat, all of them clearly legible60. small inkblots; there are almost no tears or marginal Occasionally one comes across marginal corrections damagesto be discerned.Only ff.lr (twice as thick) (e.g..í l5r), interlinearones (e.e.Í'.37r), deletions (e.g. and 43v show considerably more blots and stains, sometimescombined with superscriptor mar- being also rather smudged;the latter's under-edgehas f.l5r) ginal corrections(e.g. and 24v resp.). an old horizontal repairing strip. .íí.30v The MS numbers50 leaves,+ 3ll r 196mm.,with- The text has been distributed over the folios in this out custodes, unfoliated; on 20 November 1985 I way: ff.lr (title), 2r-43r, 44r-50v. the ff.lv and 43v foliated it, 1-50,in pencils8.Its format is folio (vertical being left blank. The title runs as follows: Resolutie chain-lines,watermarks in the heart of the leaves). boeck vandenCommandeur I P vandenBroecke I Anno Sequenceand structureofthe sectionscan be rendered 1620, lot. The MS contains88 resolutions,made by in this way: (V-1)(9)+ (V)(19)+ gIDQs)+ PresidentPieter van den Broeckeand an everchanging (VDQi) + (VI+ 1)(50);section-marks arelacking. In number of his Councillors (among them famous per- the first gathering as well as in the last one an onglet sonalitiesas FranciscoPelsaert. Wollebrant Geleinsen has been used, whilst 19 has been pasted on to the de Jongh et a1.62,on board various Company's ships yerso-sideof f.8,f.43 to the recto-sideof f.44. The final as well as in the Dutch factory at Surat, during the 70 MANUSCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (I986)

-ï I I i

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?lc'qfu. ;(''nouL;r.r .ol.,r{,'tu lft ftFgèfr r,in! ft1 C<*, na,8rr f1,:"f,tr. Lletta^;iu t-' fi,(,,'n e'lf'f xc".ouï' af{oo sta*ll-l,.ur\a- rl&dlÁ+,\,' *. rcouliqil(lr,t ,'oï" ,vt goà t,9t otrtt,l *oàÀ, too','.r'' ". rt.+*,t.u\.f1r&. JitrrJtÀ a**i.títsl1L4. Q $&t'n a íl,t'ïar.rt lrtrreïh, .*(*.tliÍtuÍpx. o?n^,pn {èf t..e+ rban qoa{H1'1.1.eoràaIrrolrr:.r. n"m frJiqi ïl 'ót-à.*.V "ànS , ?V,u -*-/ èofa tfttyvt-n Grlr ft:Jfór. +u31tuÀ rrrtrtl iÊ'attib" lol.ÀL 1"'.Iq a tr{p*. , G iqph')r {!qxt llo,$6a"E, ,r" rit aràrrrr,srC *ri*, h.t'vrn"lyn-t.;riyrrraYn^4. barba" ,-ttzrri.t' catourftoi.*ràr,.. qr ; "ptzÀí.U *torafi,Coi+rài.. tqtf Glea*C,J6aÍ fouiO,foulO .Í"' n*q"-raf,Oco*.o$^osr..%{ it Ê111'T.t"".,1".?. 111".,\, { Ífa,0t, ,t**rr*íc."*+ làCfi op o1,r.$r'ri}hl, .tC'tt,..GU,,ï,ïl&. É í)a f a^,qtx UQrc r'^-t" ^"n"li}/.,?r1.*'vi [or,À*, rrr^l.Ad o,'tfáïr" r"^à,; /ur-at-r^.ru8Ê.r+tt\,, (*/ ï (-\s.^. I \ï'n [ r ;: Jtgnooli*ir br1' àt? \&à' Q1';f-4!pr11"*;'bocnzrotsrraa# .t8rï k;K;;w:--itt'{ï bt1 g&4rfn ta,0t

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Ill.5 and 6. Van den Broecke, Re.solutiehoer:À(nna, 1" Afd., Aanw. 1984.No.6), .f/.45v-46r,311x196mm.:resolutionmadebyPietervandenBroeckeetal.,itrhe Dutch factory at Surat, 28 Oct. 1624.Cf . pp.72-73. C. G. BROUWER: RI',SOLL'TILBOE('K t1

r:T\ .:-\t-^,r{oá it- ,-'*.0 r,,, '4.r,\.' :è.l,ír,.-t ] rf, r I X "-fu'.,g+oc+x/ 1r..i À,"r r il.:lrï...tu',,^,,,,1'1I.l.\*1, ^l),,s#.g-*,tÏ-"o'-* tl.|-*.i:. rr" :j;_[ : ïil,.iïï;,lït*ïi" ïlS*;, ï,Ë#1.,- A L-+l'*J "'gr;'\' | ' ,o* I rrï S**.nts,ï*x,,.i,,, nftqf**e, Il{r$rr&il, $iti,, rrniL l, xr ; '€*l'c i.l,s!s1lu.ri;iÀ' rrrrr''*'ir[{'t llt;it"'Í,:*-,.. ox" {t*t,-rnrrr.ï,:;ïi,: 1,1,1r}f]l "1r".7; n-l( I ; :*;*;.h"è.1,Sï.r*sJu.-'* ;r"J.,*^,..1;r"j.,*^, ..1 a*;K"*,r'"f\.. ";;";i ( nrr-&,r*.r-yr&"'-*,-(St,f ,r(",n.",(.*''"i;;.;;*(,rl :.}lï;tÍ 9r'.\,S-Jnjdftn "- g,'ït"''J' '-*f%&l.nr-,, ,"-," ï1,"k* *:a.fffn ", 4 ^ | {,.r",i*ur .,* ï,ffi Íet tuàt rr,rorÍ\a.Ol-*irï; r* Á:X. - 1|*"1,r, g.n ttrrt'5ry*, rryn>^p. Ul-.fl;ïPl .{"u'ÀJii,: Lr* ",aê,-bir on} Q-..' G3 orilpn ,-66roi.,tr;1 í-t-r f '3ol:'[i.t,ï xll*ï, .16,,***, ;). , .à*.,,á*. -*.Lr; il "':' 'l*" *;::5,:..1:,l|o,t vi..s1o-" j,:;i1o,,...-.n",,"-,)i,. *r*.tun..r i'r&r;,*rl,x,i. ?o,uï' ï::, ';-ï {otgi.t , dil"ï' S s,; l ,t\'" :ïffiï:i,,,, Ag/$,1,T*r ,,i. í?rqrr 1,1,( r,n ir^-.*rr lr*#ïx't',1e1 *.fïil 'ï':_ux:- !fot-tl ts'"^Írr:1'.ï grirb\, ,o,#rn] [ffi;ï:J:Q".',*-.-:

' ' -{-.rr-sG f.t)Jca. L ^:-'-':- f.tn : à' .f,*'v {f1t,.t._ii$;?f l'*'r;':hffir' .(cr.tG-.J: 72 MANUSCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (I986)

period 19 June 1620 - 23 April t62t5l. The incipit The importance of the three lgth-century transcrip- (f.2r) says: Vrijdachsnaer middach clen19,, Junis anno tions has, as I observedabove, been minim alized,by the 1620(.../; the explicit(.í 50v): (...) Ingaende vanp,i^o dicovery of the original Resolutieboeck.Itmakes sense Jannev'arij lestledenals w,anneer t'voorsc'hreuen i ampí notwithstandingto test the conclusionI earlier arrived heeft bedienr follow nine signatures, / [here the last of at as to the reliability of the portengen-MSby compa_ which is:] Jac'obMahieus. One should observethat the ring it now with the original, while this copy has bèen last resolution-text (-ff.49v-50v)dates from l9 April used as a source in some recent publications6T.Well 1625. F.43, with on its ret'to-side the resolution now, irrespective of its lgth-century orthography, 23 April 1624 and with its strongly smudged blank manifest slips of the pen, misreadingsresulted from lerso-side,being pasted on to has to f.44r, be con- insufficient familiarity with script, languageand sub_ sidered, however, the original last leaf of the last ject-matter of the exemplar,the Rapper-transcription section;the year 1624 shouldtherefore be read ,1625,. proves to be, indeed, a fairly reliable reflection of the This removal undoubtedly took place after Rapper original text68. The following observationsare due finishedhis transcriptionin 1848,as both his copy ind here. the two dependent lgth-century transcriptions end The transcriberoften leveleddown the closingclaus_ with this resolutiondating from the 23rd of April. The es of the resolutions.reducing e.g. Aldus getlaen op cle false date induced the binder(?) to insert pre- the Reedeyan Souhctliactum Alst,oureni to the mere 1Lr sumably already loose leaf between .fl.42v and'44r, bot'en.It is he. as I supposed.who insertedthe official containing the resolutions from 2l March 1624 and, formula (11t.get.). for the exemplarcontains the origi_ 22 May 1624resp. nal signaturest"'.All obserredchronological divergen_ Regarding the provenanceof the Re.solutieboeckI cesturn out to be presentalso in the exemplarTo.The considerthe following reconstructionto be the most one resolutionincluded bi Rapper n,hichproved to be probable:the book came.in some\\a) or another(by lacking in the seriesof resolurionstransmitted in the purchaseor inheritance?).into the handsof pieter van AnA,is met with in the Re.golutieboer.ktoo71. whilst the den Broeke(Amsterdam 1797 - Jutphaas 1869):ir was two extant RRa-resolutionsmissing in the Rapper_copy inherited by his eldest son pieter Hendrik Cornelis do not occur in the exemplareither.-2. Some serious (Voorthuizen1826 - Oudenrijn l88l). who left it to his errors in chronology. however, were made by the secondson Pieter Hendrik (Herwen-en-Aerdt - lg54 transcriber: the resolution dating from the I st of Oudenrijn 1922).who left it to his daughter Johanna December1620 was actually made on the 7th. the one Christina(Oudenrijn 1887 - Amsrerdaml95l)63. who from the 6th of July on the same day in June. The finallyleft it to her eldestson. E. van Beusekom(Zeist). resolutiondated by, Rapper on 35 December1622 u.as Until l5 April l98l the MS was kept at rhe estareof written clou'n. as wASto be expected.on l-5 Decem_ Horssen(that was sold shortly' afterwards).until some ber-r. Finally one has to point to some realh, time in January1983 at Van Beusekom's _urave in Zeist.then imperfections: no lessthan sevenresolutions contained alternatelyat the house of Mr. Giesberger in Aerden- in the Resolutiebocr,Áuere omitted by the transcriber. hout and in the strong-room of the ilgernene Bank viz. thosedated 16and 18 November 1620.15Decem_ Nederlandin Heemstede6a.and sincell April 19g4in ber 1621,30 Januarl. l2 March and27 August i622. the Rne, The Hague. This reconstruction is based,as and 28 October 1624.So the discoveryof the Resolu_ far as the first-mentionedowner is concerned,on the tieboeck does not only,.-eive us back the original anonymous note on the cover of Rapper's transcrip_ versionsof resolutionswe had at our disposalalready tion which runs as follows : dit Boek is een Copy ,o, irt in a l9th-century transcription, but offers also seven originele toe pieter i behorendeaan de Heer i van clen entirely unknown textsI Broeke gesc'heren[sic] ir oud schrift i en in tegensvoor- I have dig schrift yoor m):ne rekening i overgebracht cloor indicatedelsewhere in detail how much value 'this should be DEde RapperA' 1848.i (i.e. book is a copy of the attached to the Dutch resolutionsfor the study original one belonging to Mr. pieter van den Broeke. of the early l Tth-centuryeconomic and maritime history written in old orthography by the honourable Rapper of the countries bordering on the Arabian Seara. Nevertheless anno 1848';os.A final remark is due here on the I would like to concludeby illus- trating above-mentioneddescendants of the Van den Broeke that value once more using one of those seven newly family, who were successivelythe owners of original discoveredtexts, viz. the resolutionmade at the Dutch factory and copies alike: most of them were wealthy, being in Surat on 28 October 1624by pieter van merchants, insurers, silk-manufacturers, brickyard_ den Broecke and thirteen of his Councillors. among whom owners or landed proprietors, some of them took a was Albert Becker,well acquaintedwith South-Arabian 7s. passionateinterest in old books, prints, maps and affairs The documents,often combined with genealogicalcurios- President puts the following question to his ity. This curiosity no doubt was resultingfrom family_ Council: Would it be advisableto sendtheTac ht Weesp alone pride arousedby such publicationsas Weeda'shagió- to al-Mukhá, after its planned participation in graphy of the upper-merchantpieter van den Broecke the Dutch fleet's operations against the portuguese 6ó. ( I 845) near Muscat and voyageto persia..., or would it be C. G. BROUWER: RESOLUTI EBOEC K 73 preferable to let return it, together with the ship files, cherished as never before, favoured above their Dordrecht, to Holland, both loaded with the retour- brothers and sisters,the homebirds. In this way the cargo? Not referredto in the resolutionthough form- Portengen-MSwas welcomed into the General State ing its real background is the very seriousconflict that Archives, some years ago. In this way too, with more ever since l62l had been confusing Dutch-Ottoman pomp and festivity even, Pieter van den Broecke's relationsin the v,ilayaof Yemen, as an outcome of the Resolutieboeck,containing almost a hundred valuable treacherousseizure by the Dutch of five Indian mer- sourcetexts, was recentlyreceived, after it had tramped chantmen off the South-Arabian coast. The most re- for over three centtries along mostly unknown roads. cent tidings in Surat from the imprisoned head of Which documentswill follow? Those of which Willem the Dutch trading post in al-Mukhá, Willem de Milde, de Milde was robbed at the capture of Ta'izz in 1629, were very bad both concerning the Dutch-Ottoman after having slumbered under the dust, utterly for- entanglementsand the general trade situation in the gotten, in a Yemenite home-library for more than ... seaport...76. íbur cenÍuies? After ample deliberationsthe Board finally decides to send ï.he Weesp back to patria, on the following POSTSCRIPT grounds: a small ship like the Weespcannot sail to In the spring of 1986a fourth supplementwas addedto the Red Seawithout incurring seriousrisks. The Guja- Giesberger,Concept-genealogie (cf. sub n. 45): d. Cor- rati merchants,moreover, whose ships will call at al- recties en aanvullingenif z genealogie Van den Broeke: Mukhá's port this trading season,will certainlybe able 3de lijst. On the ground of this supplement,Oudenri.jn. to carefully observethe prevailing commercial condi- mentioned as the place of Pieter Hendrik's death in tions as well asbusiness prospects; on the basisof their 1922(cf . p.6'7),should be changedinto Utrechr.Final- information, that the Dutch hope will be more positive ly. accordingto Mr. Giesberger'sletter dated 21 March than the ill tidings already received,one may under- 1986, the Concept-genealogiewill be published in take an expeditionto the Yemen in the next monsoon. IVederland's Patriciaat. in I 987/1988. Besides,the homeward cargo should be collectednow, whilst its transport by two shipsinstead of one is to be consideredmore safein thesetroubled times of war NOTES the Twelve Years' Truce betweenthe Dutch Republic 'Modern' and Spain had only recently,in 1621,expired! Remark. foliationrpagination in pencil. the Thus it was no accident, indeed, that during the foliation in the Reso/utiebcteckexcepted. is indicated by an commercial season of 1625, from the beginning of asterisk; e.g../.1 3v*. * February until mid-August. no Dutch ship whatsoever I am particularly grateful to ProfessorG. Giesberger put into the harbour of al-Mukhá. This would cause (Aerdenhout)who did not onll' put me on the track of Van the beglerbegi Haydar Bàshá to write a letter to the den Broecke'sResolutieboer'l.. but also extendedme hospi- tality and overwhelmed me. in writing. Dutch Captain in Surat. in July 1625,urging him to orallv and with valuabledata on the MS and the Van den Broe(c)kefamily send his ships again to the hospitableYemenite ship- alike. I should like to expressonce more my gratitudeto Mr. ping port ... 77. E. van Beusekom(Zeist) for his willingnessto presentthe The archive of the voc, who would dare deny it, is MS, in the interest of historical research,to the Algenteen rich in documentselucidating the socio-economic,ma- Ríjk,sarchíe/.I am indebted to my friend Sheila M. Van Gelder-Ottway(Haren) who polished ritime and political history of 17th- and lSth-century the English text. ' Cf. by way of introduction M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asia. It is peculiarly rich too in materialsconcerning 'Sources in the GeneralState Archives in The Hague relating trade and navigation of Arabs, Persians Indians and to the history of East Asia betweenc. 1600and c. 1800',repr. aiike in the north-westerncorner of the Indian Ocean. from Felícítation Voluntes of Sctuthea,st-AsianStudies, pre- Unfortunately its richnessis equalledby its poverty : sentedto Prince Dhadinivat Kromamun Bidyalabh Bridya- whereasquantities of records have come down to us, korn, vol.I (Bangkok 1965);the contributionsby Dhiravat masseswere also lost, having perishedor having been Na Pombejra, Knaap, Souza and Ross, in Itinerario, vo1.4 purposefully annihilated. In some cases.even impor- (1980),no.2 ('The new AlgemeenRijksarchief'), on the tant ones,over two-thirds of the documentsexisting at value of the voc documentsfor the study of the history of the time, as can be demonstratedwithout any diffi- Thailand, Maluku Tenga ('the AmboneseMoluccas'), Por- culty, havevanished ... tugueseAsian and inter-Asianmaritime trade, and the Cape of Good Hope resp. may Not all recordsthat seemto be lost, however,have in One consultthe relevantsections in M. P. H. Roessingh, Sourt:eso/ the historl' o/' Asía and reality disappeared from the earth. Sometimes, in Or:eaniain the l{etherlqnds,part I: Sources up to 1796 places unsuspected and as a result of quirks of fate, or (Munich 1982). 'The let us rather say: mancuvres of Clio, documentsare 2 Devoted to new Algemeen Rijksarchief is the rediscovered,to the great joy of the historian. Such specialissue of ltinerario,vol.4 (1980),no.2; M.E. van 'The paper children, thought to be lost for ever. are return- Opstall, Dutch colonial archives: A bird's eye view', ing then into their paternal family, the hospitablevoc pp.29-43, offers a good survey of the voc files. a^ t+ ]\TA\USCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (I91t6)

3 On the life of Van den Broecke.cf. J.E. Heeres.'Pieter Jemen.1622-1624', rn De Gids.vol. 143(1980), no.9i10 ('De 'Voyage', van den Broecke en zijne journalen. (Fragment)'. in Ge- Arabischewereld'), pp.7l3-742: id., pp. l-11. 175- st-hiedkuncligeop.stellen uitgegeven Íer eere ran H.C. Rogge I 82. Cf. iníra, sub n. 8. l0 and 77. 8 'The ( Leiden I I 902]). pp. 238-246 : It'it'rlr' l'le de r Iantls c h biog r a.fis c h S.Ozbaran, importance of the Turkish archives v'oortlenboek.l0 vols. (Leiden 1911-1937).vol.5 (1921)" for the history of Arabia in the sixteenth century (With col.52-53.s.r,.'Broecke (Pieter van den)' (F.E. Mulert): particular referenceÍo the Beylerbetliksof the Yemen and K. Ratelbancl(ed.). Rci:r'n naar We.st-A.frikcrwn Pieter van Lahsa)'. in A.M. Abdallah. S.Al-Sakkar& R.T. Mortel tlcn Broec'ke1605-1611 ('s-Gravenhage 1950) (referred to (eds.).A.A.l-. Al-Ansary (supervision).Sorrrt'es /'or the hereafteras We.st-Áíi'iku\.pp.xxr-xlIX: W.Ph. Coolhaas histort of Árabia: Proceedingsof the First lnternational (ed.). Pit'tar t'untlen Broet'ke in A:ië.2 vols. ('s-Gravenhage Symposium on Studies in the Historl' of Arabia, 23rd.- 1962-1963)(cited hereafteras Azië'),vol.I. pp. l-10. His 28th of April, 1911. (...), University of Riyaclh. (. ..). portrait by FransHals. (seeill. l), datingfrom 1633.in The 2 parts(Ri.vadh 1399A.H.,1979[A.D.]). pt.2. pp.105-112; 'Arabic IveaghBequest. Kenwood, London. inv. nr. 5l (Ctttulogueoí J. R. Blackburn. and Turkish source rnaterialsfor paittrittgs.3rded.. 2nd repr.(London 1975).p. l7): cf. S. the earl;-histor)' of Ottoman Yemen. 945 1538-976,1568'. Slive,-Frnn.i Huls. 3 r'ols.(London etc. 1970-1974).no.8'1. in Soirrc'c.if ...,. pt.2. pp.197-210:S, M. Sàlim (ed.). I{rar- pll. I 36-l37. A reproduction-engravingb1' Adriaen Matham. I17' ik .ttt tr t omr'.r'a : Di rasawathá'ikiyy'a tárrkhil'.va (al-Kàhira in Pieter ven den Broecke.Korle Hí.sÍot'iut'lEntle Journael- 1982).pp.7-10. l5-17; K. Kh. Bràwirua-A. Kablániyán[: 'Í L'artol gltet'ttnrt'rt'k-vuerdit'h voorge- C.G. Brouuer& Á. Kaplanian](eds.)..4f llurtttttt íi ava'il .scht'Acnteyt'keninghe 'ttshur'. vulleni.s. ín dt'langhdut'right'Rc.t'.icn.t...,, (Haarlem.Hans ul-kurtt ul-.sihi' Muktatafàt min al-rvathá'ik al- Passchiersvan Wesbusch.l63rl: Amsterdam.Universiteits- hIlancliyya al-mura-allikabi-'l-t11rikh al-iktisádi li-djan[b bibliotheek.press-mark 1804 E 30) (Short-title:referred to al-Djaziraal-Arabiila l6l-+-1630(Lalciin: in thepress). Al- hereafteras Hr.rt.). /. 7r (inserteclbetu een ll.-l -1and A 1). Mukaddima.:' l. 'Western e As to Van den Broecke'sacti\ities in thc Districts'. On the archire'shistorl . cf. l\1. A. P. \4eilink-Roelofsz. cf. W. Wrjnaendts'uan Resandt. Dc gt':ogltehher.stlt'r Oost- Van geheimtot oltt'rthtrrtr:Een historiografische verkenning Ituli.st'lteCorupugttie op lturc httitt'tt-tottt1.rÍttírL'ttirt .1,-;;; 1Am- (lleiden] 1970).and the articleb1 \ian Opstall mentioned sterdam194:1). pp. )12-)13: D. H. A. Koltf & H. W. rirn supru.n.l. A uell-balar.rceclintroclttction to the Comptrnl's Santen (eds.). Dc vutt FrttttL'i.sL'oPcl.suerl tttt'r historl. inclLrclingits orgauizatiotrltlstructr.rre. offers F. S. .qt'.scltriltot 's-Gravetr- trIu,qlul hdië ló)7. Krtnrit'kcn Rentort.stt'uttti(\ Gaarstra.Dc ge.;tlticlt'rti.;r'tut tlt' I'O( (Halrrlem i982) (u'ith 'Le hagc 1979).pp.8ff.: C. C. Brouner. voyageau Yémen biblio-eraphicalrclèrenccs ). 'Under de Pietervan clcnBroecke (senitcur dc la L'.O.C'.)en 1620. r" C. G. Brouuer. the riatcl.rluleye of Mimi bin d'apresson livre de résolutions'.ir.r I. A. El-Sheikh.C, A. van Abd Alkrh : The r oyage of the Dutch rnerchantPieter var.r cle Koppel & R.Peters (eds.). I/rc t'lrullengeo/'rlte Micldle den Broeckcto the court of D1a-larBáshà in Sana'a.1616'. East: Middle Easternstudies at the Universityof Amster- in Irineruriovol. IX. no. 2 (19851,pp.42-72 'Dutch dam (Amsterdam1982). pp. 1-5.9-11; in additionto the tt Seethe list of sources'.numbered in italics1- 'Watchful studiesmentioned infru. r"t.,1and 10. 7.?.in Brouu'er, e1,e'. a H.Terpstra. De opkont.\Ídcr Ll't'.sÍt'rkn'arÍit'rent'un cle 12 The Nos. ./-J9.59a-62, ó4, 65 i6ó.Here and hereafteró,5 Oost-lntlísclteContpogrtie ( Strrattt'. Arubië. Per:ië ) ('s-Gra- and ó6 are taken for one text. venhage1918). 13 The Nos. 4--59.ó4 and ó5 66. 'Dutch 5 W.H. Moreland. sourcesfor Indian history: 1a Resolutionof Coen et ul., ll Septemberl6l5 (H.T. 1590to 1650'.in Journalo/'Intliun Hisror.t'.vol.II (1923). Colenbrnnc'ler& W. Ph. Coolhaas(eds.). Jutt Pieter.s:.Coen: pp.222-232; A. Bos Radwan. Tlr Dutt'lt in lfesÍern Intlíct Bescheidenomtrent zijn bedrijf in Inclië. 7 vols. (in 8) 1601-1632: A study of mutual accommodation(Calcutta ('s-Gravenhagel9l9-1953) (cited hereafter as Be,st'h.1. 'Gentlemen 1978):B.G. Gokhale. Surot itt the.veventeenÍhcenÍur\". A r"o1.Ill. p.350): Coen Ío Heren XVII (.i.e. study in urban history of pre-modern India (London etc. Seventeen').22 Octoberl6l5 (Besr'lr.,vol. I. p. 130:'ordre'): 1979);H.W. van Santen.De l/crenigtleOost-lnclisclte Cont- Hist.. íí.G3r (p.53). I3r (p.69); Van clenBroecke to Be- pagniein Gu.jaraten Hinclustun.1620-16ó0 (Meppel 1982). windthebhers(i.e. "Directors'). l0 July 1616 (r'oc 1063. 6 H. Dunlop (ed.), Bronnen tot tle gesL'híedenisder Oost- /. 83r). irulíst'|rc Contpugnie in Per:ië: Eerste deel, 161l-1638 '5 Sentenceof Coen on Van den Broecke. 5 Decen-rber 'The ('s-Gravenhage1930): M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz. ear- l616 (Besch.,vol.lV. p. 140). liest relationsbetween Persia and the Netherlands'.in Per'- r6 Van den Broecke'slog, 1,1December 1616 (,4;rà, vol. I. sica. no. Yl (1972-1914),pp. I -50; N. Steensgaard.The Asían p.121). Íratle retolution o/ Íhe set'enteentht'enÍtu'.t': The East India 1' The Nos. 18. 20-23. -10and -ló. 18 Companiesand the decline of the caravan trade. fnew ed.] The Nos. J8 and 40. ru (Chicago 1974):W. Flor [: Floor] (ï.r.).An'walín :;o.fLtra-1'e y6. fJróó. 'Musà Iràn va Holancl: Sharh-esafar-e Bek' safir-e sháh-e 20 No. ó4. 'Yàn 'letters','books'. Abbás be Holand wa safar-náme-ye Esmit' safir-e 21 In some casesplurals are used: 'depositions' Holancldar Irán (Tehrán 1978). etc.; theseI have taken for one document each ' 'Hollàndische C. G. Brouwer" Archivquellenzur ókono- time. It is uncertain.or.r the other hand. whethermembers of mischen GeschichteJemens im friihen lT.Jahrhundert'. in the crew died in Arabian waters(cf. l0 and ll), whilst'the H. Becker& H. Kopp (eds.). Rc.irltate aktueller Jenten- ship'sbooks' possiblyclo not relateto the Àassai;'svoyage in Forst'hung:Eine Zwischenbilanz(Bamberg 1978).pp. 123- l6l5-1616(cf. l2). 129:icl.,'Willem de Milde. Káni Shalabien Fadli Bàshá,of : 22 Yan den Broecke'slog,26 Januaryl6l6 (l-rà. vol.I, Een dienaar van de voc op audiëntiebij de beglerbegivan p.83). C. G. BROUWER : RESOLUTIIBOECK 75

38 23 Van den Broecke's1og,25 January 1616 ('4:ilj, vol.I. Brouwer,"Voyage'.p.5. p.82) 3e Cf . sLtpra.p.63 (with n. 33). Van den Broecke'slog,27 January 1616(l:ië, vol.l, ao De Milde to Van Hasel, 8 August 1629 (voc 1100, p.83). /. l48v). Seealso Bràwir & Kablániyán. Yantan.no.24u. at 2s Van den Broecke's1og.2 Februaryl6l6 (,4;rà,vol.I. A-ië,vol.Il, p.241(n.8). p.84). *' On the discoveryof the Portengen-MS,its provenance. 2u H itr..2l April 1616.f. G4v (p. 56); Van den Broecke's material appearanceand content, as well as for textual 'Voyage', 25 April 1616(.A:íë, vol.I, p.89). criticism, cf. Brouwer. pp.5-9 (with the ills. 1-3). Hi.st..f. H3v (p.62). Cf . infi'a, p. 72. and sub n. 65. 28 Van den Broecke'slog,2 August 1616(l:iii, vol.I. ar Brouwer,'Voyage',p.9-10; seealso id.,'De Milde', p. 109);Pauw to'states General'. l8 August1617 (SG 6892, pp.716(with n. l5). 717(with n. 18). aa / . 233v*). Kolff & Van Santen, Geschrif'ten,Inleiding. passim 2'r Sentenceof Coen on Prins. 5 Deccmber 1616(Besc'h., ('copvboek'). vo1.IV.p. 1.10). as ln this summary of Mr. Giesberger'sletter dated 3o Van den Broecketo Bev'ínthebbers,15 Decemberl6l6 16 October 1983I insertedin squarebrackets some elucida- (voc 1063./.85v: seealso 1.85r). ting chronologicaland genealogicaldata taken from I ) his 31 Van den BroeckeÍo Betrinthebbt'rs.15 December1616 letterdated ll December1985 (in replyto my letter.8 De- (r'oc 1063..1.85v).In his log the captainonly oncementions cember);2) his oral information given to me on the 23rd of the deceaseof a member of the crew: the gunner Harman December1985:3) G.Giesberger.ConcepÍ- genealogie Vun BarentseStam. stabbeddown to death on 19 August 1616 den Broel t'1ke (Aerdenhout 1985; typescript: handecio'"'er. near Surat (l:ië. vol.I. p. I l2). Cf . .supra.n.21,. October 1985. to the editor-in-chiefof Netlerlund'sPutri- 32 Van den Broeckero Bt'u'intlrcbbers.15 Decemberi616 ciuat).3 suppls.: a. Optrterkín,qorítr:ake het op.stellenvan cle (voc' 1063.l. 85v). Cf . .sLtpra.n. 2l and 31. ( on('ept -gen('ul ogic I'att tlt'rtBroc k t' i,4 trt.;terlunt ). b. (' orrec- 33 Van clenBroecke to Betitttltehócr.r.5 August l6l9 (rot Íie.\ett uttttvullírtgt'tti: tortt't'1tÍ-,gutaulttgit'l'untlctt Broeke. 1069./. :l.l;1v);the samero lBctitttlrchher.;1.l9 JanLrarl 1620 c. Corrt'ttie.s ert uutttullitt,qt'rt i : gt'rtt'ulogit'l'att dt'rtBroeke: 'Directors']. (r'oc'1070. /'.143r): the sameto .lluiloor.;Ii.e. )de lijst. at' l0 Norember 1620(voc 1073.l. l60r*). Scc also belou'. Giesberger.C'ortt't'pr-gettcdlogiL'. no. I I L 't a'- p. 65. Bi' de .st'heepsboeckenvcttr lat'ht Nassttuare most : Van den Broecke'slog. ,1May 1616 (l:rij. probably meant the books containingthe salaryaccounts of vol.I, p.92): Hist.,7 July 1616..l'.12r (p.67): cf. Bráwir& those on board the Nassctuand kept by its official book- Kablàniyàn. Yantan,no.3'. and K. Glamann. Dutc'h-Asitttir' 's-Gravenhage keeper(s). As the jat'ht. after its arrivai at Bantam on trade1620-1740 (Copenhagen etc. 1958;repr. 30 December 1614. had made severalvoyages in Asian 1981).p.183. Palm-oil: Van den Broecke's1og. 30 October watersbefore it ran aground in the Inderagiri-river(Suma- 1612(West-Afrika, p. 64:' x'íin de palntboomen'). tra) in the end of 1619.and in view of the fact that at the a8 Ytz..Mr. Verstege'sletters dated 7 January and 7 Feb- beginningofeverl'neu'expedition launchedfrom Java a new ruary 1981,5 Februaryand 2 August 1982.in reply to my 'ship's book' was started.it is uncertainwhether the book of letters dated 6 February' 1919. 21 December 1980. 4 Feb- accountsu'hich had beenkept during the Arabian voyagein ruary 1981.I Februaryand 30 July 1982. 'ship's 1615-1616was among the books' rediscoveredin oo For the full text of this cover-notesee below. p.12. 1619.Be that as it ma.v.the books were found shortly after so Alreadl' Mr. Giesberger.in his letter dated l6 October Van den Broeckehad beenappointed, once again. captain of 1983.gave a detaileddescription of both MSS: I agreewith the Na.r'.irrrr.19 July 1619...Cf. F. Lequin.HeÍ personeelvun his opinion that thel' should be attributed to PieterHendrik de VerenígdeOo.st-lntlíst.he Cotnpugníe in A:ië in de ttt'ltt- Cornelisand Cuillam van den Broeke. Íiende eeu*'. rnt'er in het bij:oruler' írt cle te.\tigittg Bettgolen. 51 Giesberger"Cont'ept-genealogie. No. 903. 2 vols. (Leiden 1982),vo1. I. p.20; Coen to HerenXI:lI. s2 Giesberger.ConcepÍ-genealogie. No. 901. 22 Januarl,1620 (Best'h.. vol.l" pp.512-513.520)r Van den s3 The verbatim conformity of the Rapper-versionand Broecke'slog. 19 July and 22 August 1619(A:ië. vol.Il. both the other l9th-centuryversions has beenestablished by pp.222,226), Mr. Giesberger,according to his letter dated l6 October 3a Leiden. Bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit, ms. BPL I 983. (o/àirXVIII), no. 952 (Inventarist'qn cle handschriíien. eerste 5a Miss Van Opstall had already contributed in a sub- aldeling(Leiden 1932).p. 135).The text has beenedited by stantial way to the ene's acquisition of the Portengen-MS 'Voyage'. Ratelband and Coolhaas tn West-Alrika and A:ië. A de- (cf. Brouwer. p.5). ss tailecjdescription of the MS. bought in 1869from M. Nij- The resolution in question. dated 22 August 1620 'Van hoff. booksellerat The Hague.in Heeres. den Broecke', (lf.3v-ar).. in Bràwir & Kablániyàn. Yanutn,Nos. 10u and pp. 226-233. and West-A.frika,pp. LXvII-LXXIII. 10b;the manuscriptologicaldescription in Al-Mulàhazat al- 3s voc 1058,//.85r-96r. wathá'ikiyya.sub No. 10.See also i11.3. A tentativedescrip- 3{' Neverthelessone may occasionaliycome acrosslmpor- tion of the MS was given by Mr. Giesbergerin his letter tant differencesin content betweenthe Leiden MS and the dated 16 October 1983. to l'oc document; cf. the variant readings recorded in the On the 21stof May 1984Mr. Van Beusekomreceived u, critical apparatusin Bráwir & Kablàniyán, Yctntan,Nos' I the photocopy of the MS, on the 15th of October a pho- 1band 1'(see also Al-MuiáhazáÍal-wathá'ikiyya, No. l)' tocopy of the heavily damagedpiece of paper that had been 'cast 3? Short-titlesub n.3. See the variants and additions subjectedto leaving' in the ana (seebelow. p. 69). s7 registeredin the critical apparatusin Bráwir & Kablàniyán. Cï. Aanv'instenen overdraclttenRijk.sarchieíLlíenst 1984 Yanun. Nos. lb, 3u and 3' (cf. Al-Muláhazát al-wathà- ('s-Gravenhage[985]), p.1 :' Resolutieboekvan Pieter van 'ikiyya, No. l). clenBroecke. 1620-1625'. t6 MANUSCRIPTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST I (I986)

'definitive' s8 This foliation in pencilentirely corresponds clear; perhapsvia his only son Henri Jozef(Oudenrijn 1900- with the provisionalone I made use of in'De Milde' (cf. Baarn 1976)(Giesberger, Concepí-genealogíe, no. l10l), who 'Voyage' supra,n.43). (passim),and Yantan(cf . supra,n. 55). remainedchildless. Pieter's transcription, however, went the s' Seebelow, p.72. and sub n.65. sameway as did the original Resolutieboeck. 60 Seethe ills. 3. 4 and 5-6. 66 P. Weeda. Pieter van den Broek in Azíë. of Geschie- 61 Seeill. 2. denisder togten en verrichtingenvan dezenNederlandschen 62 As to both these servantsof the Company. suffice it Regulus (Amsterdam 1845). ln addition to the already to refer to Kolff & Van Santen. Geschriften,and W. Ca- eariiermentioned laudatory MSS concerningPieter van den land (ed.). De RemonsrrutÍiet'an l1/.Gele):ns.sende Jongh Broecke that were circulating in the family (cf. Brouwer, 'Voyage', ('s-Gravenhage1929). p.177, n.42), one may point here to two lgth- 63 Cf. GiesbergeÍ,Concept-genecrlogie, nos. 804.901, 1002 century MSS preservedin the family files,viz. an unfinished and 1103resp. My reconstructionis in conformitywith the biography of the upper-merchant.entitled Pieter Van Den opinion aclvancedby Mr. Giesbergerin his letter dated Broec'ke,numbering 22 folios, by Lauts (on him seeMeilink- 16 October 1983.Within the Van den Broeke family there is Roelofsz.Geheim, p. 14),as well as a panegyric,entitled Op not anv tradition as to the way in which the MS has been het heltlenfeíít'en P. Von clenBroeke yoor het /brt van Jqt'etrQ acquired (cf. Giesberger'sletters dated 2,1April 198'1and ('On the heroic deedby P. v.d. B. in front of the fortressof ll December1985). J.')..1folios.bf'A.H. van der Hoeve.clergyman in Gen- ('a Data taken from Mr. Giesberger'sletter dated I I De- clringen. Regardingthe tradesand professionsprosecuted cember1985. by the members of the Van den Broeke family mentioned 65 This note on the cover of Rapper's MS I partll above. see Giesberger.Cortt'apt-gettealogíe. The interest in misunderstoodin "Vovage". p.8'. origínelepoints to the -eenealogr.old documerltsand the like is touched on in Mr. original book of resolutions.certainly. but by de Heer Pieter Giesberger'sletters dated l6 October1983 ancl 11 December vanden Broeke is meant the l9th-century owner of it instead 1985.and in Mr. Verstege'sletter clated 7 January 198l. '1'1). of the lTth-centur) commander;the clausetoe behorencle ttctrt " CÍ'.suprcr. p. 65 (with n.43 and is not strainedin this wa)'. - As to the provenanceof the nt Cf. supro.p.65. 'Voyage'. Portengen-MS. the transcription of which was ordered t'' Brouwer, p.8. 'n shortly' after the publication of Weeda's book (cf. iirlia. Brouwer,'Voyage',p.7 (rlithn.5l). 'Voyage', n. 66). one may observe the following: The possessive t' Brouwer, p.7 (lvith n.5,1). '2 'Voyage', pronoun ntltre \ 1stperson) in the cover'snote. as opposedto Brouwer. p.7 (uith n.55). This fact. of dL'Heer Pierer t'anden Broeke (3rd person).indicates that the course. disposesof the explanation put forward there. of pnncipal must have beensomeone else than this Pieter.One Rapper'somission of the two resolution-texts. 'Voyage'. may think. in my opinion, of Pieter'snephew Henrik van ?3 Brouwer, p. 177(sub n.5l). den Broeke(Amsterdam 1802 - Amsterdam1850). The MS 1a Cf. supra,p. 65. 15 might have passeddown if this be true, to his eldest son Resolutíehoec'k.l/'.45r,-16r: see ill. 5. On the {)pper- Henrik (Amsterdam1828 - Amsterdam 1867).then to the koopntonAlbert Beckersee Terpstra, Opkomst, pp. 122-123, 'De latter'sson Pieter(Amsterdam lS58 - on board m v Ardjoe- Brouw'er. Mildc'. pp.719-721.and Bráwir & Kablá- no off Perim. 1904).then to Pieter'ssister Anna (Amster- ni1'án. lLuiian. Al-Mnkerddirna,sub s\5. Shortly before, at dam 1865- The Hague 1945) (cf. Giesberger.Cottcept- the lst of Jull' 162:1.the upper-merchantcompleted, on geneologíe.nos. 806.915. 104I and 10.1.1resp.). and hnalli behalf of Governor-GeneralPieter de Carpentier.a rL'nton- to her ciaughterA.J. Portengen(Arnsterdam 1890 - The .rtretttie(i.e.'detailed rcport') on Gujarat.Persia and Arabia Hague 1979).A closingremark on Rapperis due here:my (i'oc l08zl,íl'.101r-l l3r). in which the Yemenis circumstan- suppositionthrown out in'Vo,va_ue'.p. 177(n.43). that there tially clealtlvith ! '6 might possiblyexist some relation betw,eenthe transcriber's De Milde to [Van den Broecke](voc 1085.//. 189r- name and the word RAPPE tiguring on a l9th-century 190v); Bráwir & Kablániyán. Yaman, nos.17u and 17b. 'De tobacconist'ssignboard preserved in the StedelijkMuseum, Cf. Terpstra,Opkontst, pp. ll9-134; Brouwer. Milde'. Alkmaar, turned out to be u,rong: rappé is the name pp.7l5-127,733;Bráwir & Kablániyán,Yantan, Al-Mukad- formerly used for a pëculiar kind of ... snuff t (cf. Woor- dima, sub I 5. On the generalsituation under Haydar Bàshà denhoek der l'{ederlands(heteol, ... vols. ('s-Gravenhage seee.g. A. S. Tritton , Theri.se o.f'the imams of Sanaa(London 1882-).vol. 12,3. col.3l9-320, s.v. Rape: Bráwir& Kab- 1925),pp.81-101; S.A al-F.'Ásh[r 1ed..1.Yahyá bin al- lániyàn. Ycunan,Al-Muláhazát. sub no. l0). Husayn b. al-Kàsim bin Muhammad bin'Ah, Gha,vatal- Presumablythe two transcriptionspreserved in the family antaní akhharal-kutr al-yamaní.2vols. (al-Kàhira 1388r- fi ''Ísá archive,the one owned by Pieter Hendrik Cornelis and the 1968),vol.II, pp.818-8-11:Saláh bin bin Lutf Allàh bin one in the possessionof his brother Guillam, were both ai-Mutahhar bin(...) Yahyá Sharaf al-Din, Al-djuz' al- copied from the Rapper-MS in the sameyear 1873,shortly Íholirh ntin Rav'h al-rih ./ï-ma hodatha be'd al-mi'a al-tasi'a after the original Resolutieboeclrwas inherited by the former. min al-.fítanwa-'l-./utih (Milan, Ambrosiana, MS no. D284, That Pieterhad a transcriptionmade although he possessed O. Lófgren & R. Traini, Catalogueof the Arabic ntanuscripts of the l Tth-centuryoriginal. should not causeastonishment : in the BíbliothecaAntbrosiana, vol.l I (Vicenza l98l ), p. 271, the original MS was almost illegibleto an unpractisedeye ! no.540 (II): Leiden, Bibliotheekder Rijksuniversiteit,mi- That Guillam's copy was bound in exactly the sameway as crofilm no.F.Or. A396), //.22r-29r; in addition to se- the original cannot be amazing either, as he unfortunately cundary works such as A. al-H. al-Bitnk, Min taríkh al- could not have the original at his disposal... Just how Yantanal-hadtth 1517-1840 (al-Káhira 1969), pp.38-39; Al- Guillam's copy did arrivein the family filesis not yet entirely S. M. Sálim, Al-.farhal-'uthmaní al-av'vtal li-'l-Yaman 1538- C. G. BROUWER : RESOLUTIERO ECK 77

1635,2nded., (al-Káhiru l9l4), pp.369-382,384; and R. W. f.2l4r*); Bráwir & Kablàniyán,Yanlan, no. 18;C. G. Brou- Stookey, Yemen: The politics o.f the YemenArab Republic' wer,'Ottoman lettersaddressed to the Dutch in Yemen,first (Boulder. Colorado 1978).pp. 145-146. quarter of the 17th century',in Turcica(forthcoming). no.7. 77 Heijder Basiato Van den Broeck,July 1625(voc 1087,