797 Circulating Tumor DNA and Circulating Tumor Cells for Cancer
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Communicable Disease Chart
COMMON INFECTIOUS ILLNESSES From birth to age 18 Disease, illness or organism Incubation period How is it spread? When is a child most contagious? When can a child return to the Report to county How to prevent spreading infection (management of conditions)*** (How long after childcare center or school? health department* contact does illness develop?) To prevent the spread of organisms associated with common infections, practice frequent hand hygiene, cover mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, and stay up to date with immunizations. Bronchiolitis, bronchitis, Variable Contact with droplets from nose, eyes or Variable, often from the day before No restriction unless child has fever, NO common cold, croup, mouth of infected person; some viruses can symptoms begin to 5 days after onset or is too uncomfortable, fatigued ear infection, pneumonia, live on surfaces (toys, tissues, doorknobs) or ill to participate in activities sinus infection and most for several hours (center unable to accommodate sore throats (respiratory diseases child’s increased need for comfort caused by many different viruses and rest) and occasionally bacteria) Cold sore 2 days to 2 weeks Direct contact with infected lesions or oral While lesions are present When active lesions are no longer NO Avoid kissing and sharing drinks or utensils. (Herpes simplex virus) secretions (drooling, kissing, thumb sucking) present in children who do not have control of oral secretions (drooling); no exclusions for other children Conjunctivitis Variable, usually 24 to Highly contagious; -
Circulating Tumor DNA As Biomarkers for Cancer Detection
Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 15 (2017) 59–72 HOSTED BY Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics www.elsevier.com/locate/gpb www.sciencedirect.com REVIEW Circulating Tumor DNA as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection Xiao Han 1,2,a, Junyun Wang 1,b, Yingli Sun 1,*,c 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, China Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Received 1 July 2016; revised 13 December 2016; accepted 20 December 2016 Available online 7 April 2017 Handled by Cesar Wong KEYWORDS Abstract Detection of circulating tumor DNAs (ctDNAs) in cancer patients is an important com- Precision medicine; ponent of cancer precision medicine ctDNAs. Compared to the traditional physical and biochemical Liquid biopsy; methods, blood-based ctDNA detection offers a non-invasive and easily accessible way for cancer Circulating tumor DNA; diagnosis, prognostic determination, and guidance for treatment. While studies on this topic are Biomarker; currently underway, clinical translation of ctDNA detection in various types of cancers has been Clinical diagnosis; attracting much attention, due to the great potential of ctDNA as blood-based biomarkers for early Cell-free nucleic acids diagnosis and treatment of cancers. ctDNAs are detected and tracked primarily based on tumor- related genetic and epigenetic alterations. In this article, we reviewed the available studies on ctDNA detection and described the representative methods. We also discussed the current understanding of ctDNAs in cancer patients and their availability as potential biomarkers for clin- ical purposes. Considering the progress made and challenges involved in accurate detection of speci- fic cell-free nucleic acids, ctDNAs hold promise to serve as biomarkers for cancer patients, and further validation is needed prior to their broad clinical use. -
INTRINSIC FACTORS in the ETIOLOGY of NEOPLASMS' It Is
INTRINSIC FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF NEOPLASMS' CARL V. WELLER, MS., M.D. (From the Department of Pathology, University of Michigan) It is as true as it is trite that the cause of disease is never a single factor. Two elements always enter into etiology. One of these is inherent in the germ plasm of the individual; the other brought to bear upon the organism from beyond the confines of the germinal elements from which it has devel- oped. Better than internal and external, endogenous and exogenous, or con- stitutional and environmental, to designate these two groups of factors, are the terms intrinsic and extrinsic. Practical experience directs us to seek the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors whenever the causation of disease is studied, and we find that the two ingredients may be combined in every possible proportion. At one end of the series are diseases such as deaf mutism, transmitted as a simple recessive, in which the intrinsic element almost crowds out all other considerations. In the recessively sex-linked hemophilia, again the intrinsic element is so prominent that we see at once the mendelian significance of the process, although the bleeder may not be made known until the extrinsic factor, trauma, opens his blood vessels. The asthenic, dolichomorphic bodily configuration, which marks the phthisical habitus, is a familial character and therefore intrinsic, but it conditions infection by the tubercle bacillus in such a way as to give it serious or even lethal possibilities. When we consider syphilis, we find that the Treponema is no respecter of genetic constitution, yet sex and race may modify the character of the disease. -
Updates in Molecular Pathology of Central Nervous System Gliomas in Adults
UPDATES IN ONCOLOGY: PART 2 Updates in Molecular Pathology of Central Nervous System Gliomas in Adults MICHAEL PUNSONI, MD; JOHN E. DONAHUE, MD; HEINRICH D. ELINZANO, MD; TIMOTHY KINSELLA, MD 17 19 EN ABSTRACT Epidemiology Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are a heteroge- The incidence of CNS malignancies has been increasing. neous group of neoplasms divided into two broad cate- Most commonly, CNS tumors arise from glial cells, partic- gories, glial and non-glial. Non-glial tumors are derived ularly astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Gliomas account from such diverse structures as the pineal gland, menin- for approximately 77% of primary malignant brain tumors ges, germ cells, and hematopoietic cells, as well as metas- (3). Most patients present between the fifth and seventh tases. Primary glial neoplasms, or those which originate decade of life. High-grade tumors are more common than from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or ependymal cells, low-grade and present a high risk of morbidity and mortal- include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymo- ity. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2000 formu- mas, and mixed gliomas. Each entity has a unique mor- lated a classification system based on histologic findings phology and pattern of biologic behavior which portends that is used to stratify brain tumors into prognostic grades. a distinct prognosis and outcome. Individual outcomes High-grade gliomas (WHO grade III and IV) are most com- show some variability based on tumor location and age of monly seen in middle-aged to older adults, while grade II symptom onset; however, the underlying aggressiveness astrocytomas mainly affect younger adults. Management for of the tumor often dictates the time course of the disease. -
Wound Classification
Wound Classification Presented by Dr. Karen Zulkowski, D.N.S., RN Montana State University Welcome! Thank you for joining this webinar about how to assess and measure a wound. 2 A Little About Myself… • Associate professor at Montana State University • Executive editor of the Journal of the World Council of Enterstomal Therapists (JWCET) and WCET International Ostomy Guidelines (2014) • Editorial board member of Ostomy Wound Management and Advances in Skin and Wound Care • Legal consultant • Former NPUAP board member 3 Today We Will Talk About • How to assess a wound • How to measure a wound Please make a note of your questions. Your Quality Improvement (QI) Specialists will follow up with you after this webinar to address them. 4 Assessing and Measuring Wounds • You completed a skin assessment and found a wound. • Now you need to determine what type of wound you found. • If it is a pressure ulcer, you need to determine the stage. 5 Assessing and Measuring Wounds This is important because— • Each type of wound has a different etiology. • Treatment may be very different. However— • Not all wounds are clear cut. • The cause may be multifactoral. 6 Types of Wounds • Vascular (arterial, venous, and mixed) • Neuropathic (diabetic) • Moisture-associated dermatitis • Skin tear • Pressure ulcer 7 Mixed Etiologies Many wounds have mixed etiologies. • There may be both venous and arterial insufficiency. • There may be diabetes and pressure characteristics. 8 Moisture-Associated Skin Damage • Also called perineal dermatitis, diaper rash, incontinence-associated dermatitis (often confused with pressure ulcers) • An inflammation of the skin in the perineal area, on and between the buttocks, into the skin folds, and down the inner thighs • Scaling of the skin with papule and vesicle formation: – These may open, with “weeping” of the skin, which exacerbates skin damage. -
Circulating Tumor Cell As a Diagnostic Marker in Primary Lung Cancer
Published OnlineFirst November 3, 2009; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1095 Published Online First on November 3, 2009 as 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1095 Imaging, Diagnosis, Prognosis Circulating Tumor Cell as a Diagnostic Marker in Primary Lung Cancer Fumihiro Tanaka,1 Kazue Yoneda,1 Nobuyuki Kondo,1 Masaki Hashimoto,1 Teruhisa Takuwa,1 Seiji Matsumoto,1 Yoshitomo Okumura,1 Shakibur Rahman,1 Noriaki Tsubota,2 Tohru Tsujimura,3 Kozo Kuribayashi,4 Kazuya Fukuoka,4 Takashi Nakano,4 and Seiki Hasegawa1 Abstract Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic performance of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in discrimination between primary lung cancer and nonmalignant diseases as well as in prediction of distant metastasis. Patients and Methods: We prospectively evaluated CTCs in 7.5-mL samples of periph- eral blood sampled from patients with a suspicion or a diagnosis of primary lung can- cer. A semiautomated system was used to capture CTCs with an antibody against epithelial cell adhesion molecule. Results: Of 150 eligible patients, 25 were finally diagnosed as having nonmalignant dis- ease, and 125 were diagnosed as having primary lung cancer with (n = 31) or without (n = 94) distant metastasis. CTCs were detected in 30.6% of lung cancer patients and in 12.0% of nonmalignant patients. CTC count was significantly higher in lung cancer pa- tients than in nonmalignant patients, but a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed an insufficient capability of the CTC test in discrimination be- tween lung cancer and nonmalignant diseases with an area under ROC curve of 0.598 (95% confidence interval, 0.488-0.708; P = 0.122). -
Connections Between Warburg's and Szentgyorgyi's Approach About The
Research iMedPub Journals Journal of Neoplasm 2017 http://www.imedpub.com/ ISSN 2576-3903 Vol.1 No.2:8 DOI: 10.217672576-3903.100008 Connections between Warburg’s and Szentgyorgyi’s Approach about the Causes of Cancer Szigeti GP1, Szasz O2 and Hegyi G3 1Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Hungary 2Department of Biotechnics, St. Istvan University, Hungary 3Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, University of Pecs, Hungary Corresponding author: Gabriella Hegyi, Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, University of Pecs, Hungary, Tel: +36 30 922-5347; E-mail: [email protected] Rec date: November 30, 2016; Acc date: December 26, 2016; Pub date: December 30, 2016 Citation: Szigeti GP, Szasz O, Hegyi G. Connections Between Warburg’s and Szentgyorgyi’s Approach About Causes of Cancer. J Neoplasm. 2017, 1: 2. to the environmental, diet and habit origins of malignant Abstract diseases [21-23]. Most widely, cancer is believed to be an abnormal tissue Numerous theories and hypotheses are published about triggered by a gene mutation. However, the proto-oncogene the causes of cancer and its hallmarks. Two remarkable and the oncogene appear not only in cancerous cases [24], but principles were established and debated for a long time. with pregnancy [25], with embryogenesis [26,27], with the The first is the Warburg-effect, which based on healing of wounds [28] and with the synthesis of growth mitochondrial dysfunction, connected to the intensive factors [29]. Oncogenes show a great variety of anti-apoptotic metabolic activity of the malignancy. The other is the functions with the cells taking part in the wound-healing [30]. -
A 10 Year Cross Sectional Multicentre Study of Infected Pancreatic Necrosis
JOP. J Pancreas (Online) 2021 Jan 30; 22(1): 11-20. ORIGINAL PAPER A 10 Year Cross Sectional Multicentre Study of Infected Pancreatic Necrosis. Trends in Management and an Analysis of Factors Predicting Mortality for Interventions in Infected Pancreatic Necrosis Johann Faizal Khan1, Suryati Mokhtar1, Krishnan Raman1, Harjit Singh1, Leow Voon Meng 2,3, Manisekar K Subramaniam1,2 1 2 Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Selayang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of General Surgery, Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Kedah, Malaysia Malaysia Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Science University of Malaysia (USM), Penang, ABSTRACT Objective To identify trends in management and analyse outcomes of patients undergoing interventions for infected pancreatic necrosis Method A cross sectional study of patients undergoing intervention for IPN with specific reference to factors predictive of mortality. between 2009-2018 were performed at two of the largest hepatopancreatobiliary centres in Malaysia. FinalResults outcome A measuretotal number of complete of 65 resolution was compared against mortality (D). Head to head comparison of percutaneous catheter drainage alone versus Videoscopic Assisted Retroperitoneal Debridement was performed based on final predictive factor on mortality. patients with IPN were identified. Data from 59/65 patients were analysed for final outcome of death (D) versus complete resolution. 6 patients were omitted due to incomplete data -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 22% Specialists in 2017 = 11%3
Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases Profile Updated December 2019 1 Table of Contents Slide . General Information 3-5 . Total number & number/100,000 population by province, 2019 6 . Number/100,000 population, 1995-2019 7 . Number by gender & year, 1995-2019 8 . Percentage by gender & age, 2019 9 . Number by gender & age, 2019 10 . Percentage by main work setting, 2019 11 . Percentage by practice organization, 2017 12 . Hours worked per week (excluding on-call), 2019 13 . On-call duty hours per month, 2019 14 . Percentage by remuneration method 15 . Professional & work-life balance satisfaction, 2019 16 . Number of retirees during the three year period of 2016-2018 17 . Employment situation, 2017 18 . Links to additional resources 19 2 General information Microbiology and infectious diseases focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases; thus, it is concerned with human illness due to micro-organisms. Since such disease can affect any and all organs and systems, this specialist must be prepared to deal with any region of the body. The specialty of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease consists primarily of four major spheres of activity: 1. the provision of clinical consultations on the investigation, diagnosis and treatment of patients suffering from infectious diseases; 2. the establishment and direction of infection control programs across the continuum of care; 3. public health and communicable disease prevention and epidemiology; 4. the scientific and administrative direction of a diagnostic microbiology laboratory. Source: Pathway evaluation program 3 General information Once you’ve completed medical school, it takes an additional 5 years of Royal College-approved residency training to become certified in medical microbiology and infectious disease. -
Diagnostic Tests Diagnostic Tests Attempt to Classify Whether Somebody Has a Disease Or Not Before Symptoms Are Present
community project encouraging academics to share statistics support resources All stcp resources are released under a Creative Commons licence stcp-rothwell-diagnostictests Diagnostic Tests Diagnostic tests attempt to classify whether somebody has a disease or not before symptoms are present. We are interested in detecting the disease early, while it is still curable. However, there is a need to establish how good a diagnostic test is in detecting disease. In this situation a 2x2 table similar to the below would be produced to test how effective a diagnostic test is at predicting the outcome of interest. A number of different measures can be calculated from this information. True Diagnosis Disease +ve Disease -ve Total Test Results +ve a b a+b -ve c d c+d a+c b+d N = This is the proportion of diseased individuals that are correctly Sensitivity: ( ) identified by the test as having the disease. (+ | ) + = This is the proportion of non-diseased individuals that Specificity: ( ) are correctly identified by the test as not having the disease. ( | ) + = This is the proportion − of individuals with Positive Predictive Value**: ( ) positive test results that are correctly diagnosed and actually have the disease. ( | + ) + = This is the proportion of individuals with Negative Predictive Value**: ( ) negative test results that are correctly diagnosed and do not have the disease. ( | + ) − © Joanne Rothwell Reviewer: Chris Knox University of Sheffield University of Sheffield Medical Statistics – diagnostic tests Positive Likelihood Ratio: = This gives a ratio of the test being positive + for patients with disease compared with those without disease. Aim to be much greater − than 1 for a good test. -
The Interplay of Circulating Tumor DNA and Chromatin Modification
Zhang et al. Molecular Cancer (2019) 18:36 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-0989-z REVIEW Open Access The interplay of circulating tumor DNA and chromatin modification, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis Lei Zhang1,2,3†, Yiyi Liang1,2,3†, Shifu Li1,2,3†, Fanyuan Zeng1,2,3†, Yongan Meng1,2,3†, Ziwei Chen1,2,3, Shuang Liu3, Yongguang Tao1,2,3,4* and Fenglei Yu4* Abstract Peripheral circulating free DNA (cfDNA) is DNA that is detected in plasma or serum fluid with a cell-free status. For cancer patients, cfDNA not only originates from apoptotic cells but also from necrotic tumor cells and disseminated tumor cells that have escaped into the blood during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, cfDNA derived from tumors, also known as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), carries tumor-associated genetic and epigenetic changes in cancer patients, which makes ctDNA a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of tumors, monitory and therapeutic evaluations, and prognostic assessments, among others, for various kinds of cancer. Moreover, analyses of cfDNA chromatin modifications can reflect the heterogeneity of tumors and have potential for predicting tumor drug resistance. Keywords: ctDNA, Chromatin modification, Therapeutic resistance, Metastasis, Tumor heterogeneity Biological features of ctDNA enter the blood in single, double or triple forms, and Peripheral circulating free DNA is DNA that is detected thus most ctDNA shows significant fragmentary charac- in plasma or serum fluid with a cell-free status. It may teristics. Moreover, the half-life of ctDNA in the blood originate from apoptosis or necrosis. The amount of cir- circulation is less than 2 hours [3].