SOME NSW SYSTEM PLANNING ISSUES
Dr Col Parker Manager/System Planning & Analysis David Hill’s Contributions from a NSW planning perspective • Dynamics of voltage collapse • Modelling of loads and load dynamics • Direct methods of transient stability • Stability - theory • Excitation system control • Power system analysis • Contributions via: – Papers – Discussion – Joint R&D work with TransGrid – Research leader to later generations Contents
• Background - NSW system • 500 kV system developments • Damping issues • Wind generation • Load dynamics • Transient stability capability • Diverse sources of generation Background - NSW main system 4800 km AC NSW is part of the mainland interconnected eastern system Australian electricity system
HVDC link NSW - Qld
HVDC link Vic - SA HVDC cable To Tasmania Forecast power demands (MW) summer 2009/10
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 Qld NSW Vic SA Tas NSW main system
Lismore
Load 15,000 MW
Coffs Coal fired generation 11,900 MW Armidale Harbour Gas turbines 1,800 MW Snowy import 3200 MW Tamworth Import from Qld 1250 MW
Muswellbrook Liddell/Bayswater 500, 330, 220, 132 kV Wellington Newcastle Transmission (12500 km) Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah
Sydney
Bannaby Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo Valley Wagga Canberra T3 Jindera T1/T2
Murray Major power station centres
Lismore
Coffs Armidale Harbour
Tamworth
Muswellbrook Wellington Liddell/Bayswater
Newcastle Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah
Sydney
Bannaby Coal Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo Valley Wagga GTs Canberra T3 Jindera T1/T2 Snowy Murray hydro Mt Piper Power Station (2 x 700 MW units) Tallawarra GT station (422 MW co-generation) Interconnection capability
(MW) Up to 400 Lismore To 1250
Coffs Armidale Harbour
Tamworth
Muswellbrook Wellington Liddell/Bayswater
Newcastle Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah
Sydney
Bannaby Transfer limitations: Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo Valley •Line ratings 1900 1000 Wagga Canberra •Voltage control T3 Jindera T1/T2 •Response to large disturbances
Murray •Damping of small oscillations 500 kV Developments To Northern NSW and QLD
Muswellbrook Liddell /Bayswater Wellington
Newcastle
Eraring / Vales Pt/ Munmorah Tuggerah Mt Piper / Wallerawang
Sydney
Marulan Wollongong
Yass Kangaroo Valley
Canberra
Lower Tumut
Upper Tumut
Murray To Victoria Present Core System To Northern NSW and QLD
Muswellbrook Liddell Wellington Bayswater
Newcastle
Eraring / Vales Pt/ Munmorah Tuggerah Mt Piper / Wallerawang
Sydney Western 500 kV Upgrade Bannaby
Marulan Wollongong
Yass Kangaroo Valley (Complete early 2010)
Canberra
Legend Lower Tumut 330 kV Switchyard / Substation Upper Tumut 330 kV Line 500 kV Line Operating at 330 kV Murray To Victoria Lismore Power from
Queensland Coffs Armidale Harbour
Tamworth
Power from Muswellbrook Wellington Liddell/Bayswater
NSW Generators Newcastle Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah
Sydney 10,000 MW 75% of NSW Demand Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo valley 1/3rd of NEM demand Wagga Canberra T3 Jindera T1/T2 Power from Murray Victoria and Snowy Voltage control Line trip 132 kV 1.1 1 0.9
0.8 330 kV 0.7 Volts pu 0.6 0.5 0 20406080100 Seconds
Sydney voltage levels Emerging Issues
• Part of the need for system reinforcement is to provide adequate voltage control • Voltage stability determined by the dynamic response of the load to disturbances • Potential to co-ordinate control of generators, SVCs and capacitor bank switching • New SVCs – how much reactive support needs to be dynamic and how much can be static To Northern NSW and QLD
Liddell Wellington Bayswater Newcastle
Eraring/ Vales Pt / Munmorah Mt Piper / Wallerawang Sydney
Bannaby Marulan Wollongong Yass
Canberra Bannaby – Lower Tumut Sydney 500 kV Upper Tumut Murray To Victoria System Oscillatory Damping
QLD
QNI
NSW
SA VIC Dederang
First Synchronisation of Queensland System 1/12/2000 First synchronisation on QNI 190
180
170 MW
160
150
140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Seconds
MeasuredMeasured power power flow flow on on one one Dederang Dederang - - South South Morang Morang 330kV 330kV ci circuitrcuit in in Victoria Victoria at at the the timetime of of the the first first synchronisation synchronisation of of Queensla Queenslandnd to to the the rest rest of of the the eastern eastern Australian Australian system.system. Springs and masses analogy Central Queensland
Southern 275kV Queensland Brisbane
330kV Hunter Valley Port Central Coast 500/330 kV Augusta Central West Sydney
Canberra 275kV Adelaide Snowy Hydro Adelaide Metro Melbourne Latrobe 500kV Valley Damping - Progress • Interconnector testing has been undertaken over last 8 years to understand the damping issues and to measure the damping • Steady-state stability modelling indicates that the damping should be better than as measured. • Generator Power System Stabilisers have been tuned • Power Oscillation Dampers fitted to SVCs near QNI • QUT and Don Geddey’s work on deriving damping information from continuous voltage-angle measurements from GPS-synchronised on-line recorders at: – South Pine in Qld, – Sydney West in NSW, – Rowville in Victoria; and – Para in South Australia • On-line measurement is based on the QUT/Geddey (TransGrid) algorithm Sample magnitudeMagnitude spectra spectra of Sydne of (S−B) ydΘ –/dt Brisbane signals during voltage-angle 28−29/5/02 differences 11 10:00 − 14:00 28/5 10 18:00 − 22:00 28/5 02:00 − 06:00 29/5 9
8 SYDNEY - BRISBANE 7
6
5 Magnitude of FT 4
3
2
1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Frequency (rad/s) Sample magnitude spectraMagnitude spectra of Melbourne of (M−A) dΘ/dt signals- Adelaide during 28−29/5/02 voltage-angle differences 7 10:00 − 14:00 28/5 18:00 − 22:00 28/5 6 02:00 − 06:00 29/5
5 Melbourne – 4 Adelaide
3 Magnitude of FT
2
1
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Frequency (rad/s) 3.5 rad/sec mode eigenvectors (speed states) Victorian vs SA generators
SA generators Queensland generators
NSW generators Victorian generators 2.5 rad/sec mode eigenvectors (speed states) NSW vs SA & Qld generators
Queensland generators NSW SA generators generators
Queensland generators 1.8 rad/sec (QNI) mode eigenvectors SA & Victoria vs Qld generators
Queensland generators
Victorian generators
SA generators QNI(1.8 rad/s) mode damping (measured and simulated) 0 ‐0.05 No damping ‐0.1
‐0.15 ‐0.2 Measured ‐0.25
‐0.3
‐0.35
‐0.4
‐0.45 (Np/s)
‐0.5 part
‐0.55 real ‐0.6 ‐0.65 Modelled ‐0.7
‐0.75
‐0.8 Original Data OSM ‐0.85 Well damped ‐0.9 11/03 10/03 1/03 2/03 2/03 3/03 3/03 4/03 4/03 5/03 5/03 6/03 6/03 7/03 7/03 8/03 8/03 9/03 9/03 10/03 1/03
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00
0:00 12:00 0:00 Continuing work
• Complete checking of all NEM generator models • Switching the SVC Power Oscillation Dampers on and off – to measure their impact • Analysis to estimate the “effectiveness” of the generator Power System Stabilisers and SVC Power Oscillation Dampers QNI(1.8 rad/s) mode damping(measured and modified simulated) 0
‐0.05
‐0.1
‐0.15 ‐0.2 Measured ‐0.25
‐0.3
‐0.35
‐0.4
‐0.45 (Np/s)
‐0.5 part
‐0.55 real ‐0.6 Modelled with modifications
‐0.65
‐0.7
‐0.75
‐0.8 Modified Paramater: Glad PSS: 0.42; Blackwall POD: 0.38
‐0.85 OSM
‐0.9 1/03 1/03 2/03 2/03 3/03 3/03 4/03 4/03 5/03 5/03 6/03 6/03 7/03 7/03 8/03 8/03 9/03 9/03 10/03 10/03 11/03
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00
0:00 12:00 0:00 Wind generation – connection and impact WIND FARM RESOURCE LOCATIONS FNQ FNQ – Far North Queensland NQ – North Queensland NEM wind CQ – Central Queensland SWQ – South West Queensland areas FWN – Far West NSW MRN – Murray NSW SEN – South East NSW WN – West NSW MRN – Marulan NSW NQ HUN – Hunter NSW NEN – New England NSW
NWV – North West Victoria SWV – South West Victoria SEV – South East Victoria CQ
CS – Central South WCS – West Coast SA EPS – Eyre Peninsula SA YPS – Yorke Peninsula SA MNS – Mid North SA SWQ FLS – Fleurieu SA
NWT – North West TAS NET – North East TAS WCT – West Coast TAS ST – Southern TAS FWN NEN
HUN WCS MNS
WEN EPS YPS MRN
FLS NWV MRN
SWV SEN
CS
SEV
NWT NET
WCT ST NSW wind areas
FWN NEN
HUN
WEN
MRN
MRN
SEN NSW wind Farms – operating – 170 MW
Lismore
Coffs Armidale Harbour
Tamworth
Muswellbrook Wellington Liddell/Bayswater
Newcastle Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah Cullerin Range Sydney
30 MW Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo valley Wagga Canberra T3 Jindera T1/T2
Murray Capital 141 MW Wind Farms – inquiries to TransGrid
(> 4500 MW) Lismore
Coffs 1200 MW Armidale Harbour
>1000 MW Tamworth
Muswellbrook Wellington Liddell/Bayswater 900 MW Newcastle Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah
Sydney
Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo valley Wagga 1600 MW Canberra T3 Jindera T1/T2
Murray Wind generation – import to NSW
Lismore
Coffs Armidale Harbour
Tamworth
Muswellbrook Wellington Liddell/Bayswater
Newcastle Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Import from Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah Sydney Victoria and Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo valley South Australia Wagga Canberra T3 Jindera T1/T2 Capital 141 MW Cullerin Range 30 MW Murray TransGrid Wind Farm planning activities • Assessing connection applications • System planning is based on scenario analysis for the future – this includes wind farm development scenarios across NSW • Other work on: – Network modelling and wind traces for market simulations – Developing a wind expansion plan from the market modelling – Aim in the longer-term to rank sites according to connection costs, deep network costs and generation revenue Typical wind farm generation duration curve
100
90 2% of energy output above 75% of capacity 80
70
60
50
40
30 % of installed capacity installed % of Output at time of 20 NSW peak demand 10
0 0 102030405060708090100 % of ti m e Wind Farm performance with system disturbances
Wind Farm
loads Main system
HV bus LV bus Wind Farm MW output
HV bus fault
LV bus fault Wind Farm voltage
HV bus fault
LV bus fault
Wind farm trips Planning issues for wind farm connection • How much transmission should we build to: – connect wind farms, – transfer power to the load; and – import wind energy to NSW • Capability of single wind farms to ride through faults • NSW system-wide impact of high wind penetration (ride through and inertia) • Statcoms / SVCs – distributed or centralised Load Dynamics
• Planning studies range from steady-state analysis to dynamic analysis • Example of supply to a paper mill load in NSW 132 kV system
Wagga Yass 330/132 kV 330/132 kV substation Rural substation substation
80 km 10 km 90 km
Paper mill substation
External parallel 330 kV and 132 kV system 132 kV system
42- j41 39-j3 80 +j25
Paper mill substation
Normal power flows Outage of a 132 kV line – Steady-state QE relationship
15
10 Before tap changers operate 5
0 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96 -5
-10 After tap changers operate
Mvar generation Mvar -15
-20
-25
-30 Volatge pu
Voltage indices 1 and 3 Line opening without a fault
1.2
1
0.8 Rural substation 132 kV bus 0.6 Voltage (pu) Voltage 0.4 Paper mill 11 kV 0.2
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Time (cycles) Reactive power demand at the supply point
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 Reactive power (per unit) (per power Reactive 0.1
0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Time (seconds) 3-phase fault on a connecting 132 kV line
1.2
1
0.8
Rural substation 132 kV bus 0.6
Voltage (per unit) 0.4
Paper mill 11 kV 0.2
0 -101030507090110130150 Time (cycles) 3-phase fault – remote 132 kV line
1.2
1 Rural substation 132 kV bus 0.8
0.6
Voltage (oer unit) 0.4
0.2 Paper mill 11 kV
0 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 Times (cycles) Transient Stability Capability • Transient stability governs power transfer capability at times: – From NSW to Queensland – Queensland to NSW – NSW to Victoria / SA – Victoria to NSW • Also necessary to ensure that: – Line protection systems are adequate within NSW to avoid degradation of inter-state transfer limits; and – Subsystem lines do not trip during system swings. Analysis
• Detailed generator modelling • Loads represented by composite models including induction machines • Detailed network model • Numerous critical disturbances with different outcomes • Expected fault clearance times • Applies a time domain simulation of algebraic-differential equations describing the network and machine dynamics • Modes of instability – system separation along different network cutsets Present load model
HV
LV
Impedance
Bus at 1pu voltage
Resistive load Saturation Shunt Induction capacitors motor Technical envelope
NSW to Queensland
Limit with safety margin
Stable region NSW Victoria to Victoria to NSW
Queensland to NSW Hunter Valley 330 kV line fault
Lismore 780 MW
Coffs Armidale Harbour 2-phase line-to-ground fault Tamworth
Muswellbrook Wellington Liddell/Bayswater
Newcastle Eraring/Vales/Munmorah Mt Piper/W’Wang Tuggerah
Sydney
Bannaby Marulan Wollongong Yass Kangaroo Valley Wagga Canberra T3 Jindera T1/T2
Murray Generator rotor angles
80 Bayswater 60
40
20
0 012345678910 -20 Angle (degrees)
-40 Tarong (in Qld) -60
-80 Time (sconds) Outcome is dependent on: • Fault clearance times (protection and circuit breaker) • Generator inertia (including embedded sources) • Excitation system performance • Load drop compensation setting • Load modelling • Generator models need to match reality Delayed fault clearance - unstable outcome
100 Bayswater 50
0 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0
-50
Angle (degrees) -100 Tarong (in Qld)
-150
-200 Time (seconds) Stability outcomes are dependent on system parameters
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60 Nominal trajectory
Angle difference (degrees) 40
20
0 012345678910 Time (seconds) Uncertainties and sensitivities
Ian Hisken’s work on Trajectory Sensitivity – Identify variations from the nominal trajectory of the system following a disturbance – Ranking relative influence of parameters (load and generator) – Setting safety margins Issues with diverse generation
• Wind farm models developed by proponents (translated to models to match TransGrid software) • Reactive supply (wind farms vs coal-fired stations) • Wind farm ability to ride-through line faults • Wind displacing coal – inertia impacts on transient stability • High penetration implies variable flows – what voltage control is required? • Interconnection capability and variable flows from the south of NSW • Future load modelling with embedded generation • Transmission investment – how much and when? • Line ratings – correlation with wind output • Opportunities to maximise capability by co-ordinating controls • Technical envelope: – Extra variables – Renewables and controls must be modelled (or can simplified equivalent models be used?) The light on the hill
• Full understanding of load parameters for – transient stability, voltage control, steady- state stability • Co-ordinated control of diverse sources – maximising power transfer capability • Direct methods of transient stability – ability to directly define the technical envelope • Damping – modelled outcome to match measured