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Sustainable Agriculture on Marginal Uplands of Southeast Asia 6.77 MB The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has special research competence. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research workshops or symposia organised or supported by ACIAR. Numbers in this distributed internationally to selected individuals and scientific Recent numbers in the series are listed inside the back cover. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, G.P.G. Box 1571, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Blair. Graeme and Lefroy. Rod (cd.) 1991. Technologies for sustainable agriculture on marginal uplands in Southeast Asia: proceedings of a workshop. Temate. Cavite. Philippines. 10-14 December 1990. ACIARProceedingsNo. 33.128p. [SBN 1 86320033 9 Technical editing: P.W. Lynch Typesetting and page lay-out: Arawang Information Bureau Pty Ltd. Canberra Printed by: Microdata Pty Ltd. Canberra Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture on Marginal Uplallds in Southeast Asia Proceedings of a seminar held at Ternate, Cavite, Philippines, 10-14 December 1990 Editors: Graeme Blair and Rod Lefroy Co-hosts: Australian Centre for International Research (ACIAR) and Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEAR CA) Contents Foreword 5 A message from SEARCA Arturo A. Gomez 7 A message from the Australian Government Mack Williams 8 A message from the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources Ricardo M. Umali 9 A message from the Department of Agriculture Carlos A. Fernandez 11 A message from ACIAR George H.L. Rothschild 14 Balancing Cost-Benefit Analysis and Ecological Considerations in Developing Priorities in Rand D in Upland Agriculture Geoff Edwards 15 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Ecological Considerations: Implementation into National Upland Rand D Programs Marian S. de/os Angeles 25 An Overview of Upland Development in the Philippines Percy Sajise and Delfln J. Ganapin Jr 31 Resources and Problems Associated with the Development of Upland Areas in Indonesia J. Sri Adiningsih. Armiadi Semali. Suryatna Effendi 45 and Soetatwo Hadiwigeno Resources and Problems Associated with Sustainable Development of Upland Areas in Malaysia B.Y. Aminuddin. W.T. Chow and T.T. Ng 55 Resources and Problems Associated with Sustainable Development of Uplands in Thailand Samrit Chaiwanakupt and Chaleo Changprai 62 Technology Generation and Transfer for Sustainable Upland Agriculture: Problems and Challenges in Southeast Asia Sisira Jayasuriya 70 The Role and Impact of Socioeconomic and Policy Research in Effecting Technology Adoption Sam Fujisaka 77 3 Integrated Research and Development Projects in the Uplands William G. Granat 83 Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture on Marginal Uplands in Southeast Asia: an AIDAB Perspective Graham Rady 89 Soil Management and Crop Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture in Marginal Upland Areas of Southeast Asia E.T. Craswell and E. Pushparajah 93 Contributions or Potential Contributions of Technology to Development Problems within a Sustainable Framework in Crop/Livestock Systems Graeme Blab', Denis Hoffmann and Tajuddin lsmail 10] Tree Technologies with Potential to Contribute to Sustainability in Marginal Uplands of Southeast Asia John W. Turnhull and Reynaldo E. de la Cruz 107 Moving Technologies from Research Laboratories to Commercial Application AA. Gomez and A.G. Abejuela 114 Report o/Working Groups 121 Participams 127 4 Foreword The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the Southeast Asian Research Centre for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA) jointly sponsored a workshop on 'Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture on Marginal Uplands in S.E. Asia' in the Philippines, December 10-14 1990. The purpose of the workshop was to: a) report on challenges, opportunities and technologies developed to enhance the productivity and sustainability of agriculture in upland areas, with special reference to technologies emerging from ACIAR projects; b) review research needs and alternative technology options for marginal upland areas; and c) identify research gaps for future programs. The participants in the meeting consisted of researchers and development experts from national and international agencies and NGOs concerned with upland areas. National program representatives included research administrators, extension leaders and officers from planning agencies. A common feature of all countries in Southeast Asia is increasing population and a consequent increase in pressure on land resources. The environmental consequences of these changes are creating concern amongst a number of countries in the region. This, together with a desire by some national governments to expand and diversify agricultural production, has resulted in increased utilisation of sloping lands. Whilst such development in some instances has resulted in an increase in productivity and living standards of the local population this has often not been the case. Commonly the inputs required to maintain the new system have not been sustainable. Considerable research and development activity has been focused on lowland, high input, areas with generally high success. By comparison, R and D activities on the non-irrigated hilly land that is now being called into production have been far fewer. A considerable number of national and international projects have reached the point where results should be extended to development agencies and national programs in the region. It was believed that these efforts, together with other national and international Rand D activities would benefit from an exchange of ideas and experiences; hence this workshop. Areas of low productivity can be broadly divided into two categories: a) those which, in their natural condition, are of low but maybe stable productivity, and b) those which, because of man's influence, have become unstable and of low productivity. Examples of a) include acid sulfate and coastal sandy and saline soils and peat areas and of b) sloping and infertile inland areas that have been generally cleared of forests. The workshop was confined to the areas that fall within b) above because it is in these areas where productivity has fallen or is declining, and that degradation has consequences for agricultural and urban areas downstream. Therefore the meeting was focused on upland areas with freely drained mineral soils which have been developed for agriculture and/or forestry. The workshop was planned by an advisory committee consisting of Dr. Graeme Blair ACIAR/University of New England (Chairman) Dr. Eric Craswell ACIAR (Chairman until November 1989) Dr. Arturo Gomez SEARCA, Philippines Dr. Ibrahim Manwan Research Co-ordinating Centre for Food Crops, Indonesia 5 Or. Aminuddin bin Yusoff MARDI, Malaysia Dr. Percy Sajise UPLB, Philippines Or. Thanit Yingvanasiri Royal Forest Department, Thailand The local Organising Committee was chaired by Dr. Arturo Gomez. Director, SEARCA. The workshop program included a review of the resources and problems associated with the sustainable development of upland areas in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and the region as a whole. The program also included reports on technologies emerging from research on the problems of different production systems. The last day of thc meeting was devoted to working group sessions to consider the relevance and applicability of the technologies and identify research gaps. The papers presented at the meeting and the outcome of the workshop sessions are contained in this volume. Graeme Blair ACIAR Forage Program Co-ordinator 6 A message from SEARCA IT is certainly a great pleasure for SEARCA to co-host, with ACIAR, a workshop such as this. We are meeting in a venue that will be conducive to good discussion on matters of sustain­ ability.The workshop has been structured with a bias towards inland hilly agriculture. I acknowledge that in some of the papers it is difficult to differentiate and sub-divide the total system, nevertheless, we hope that by giving a focus, we can move ahead more rapidly than by tackling all the major problems in all systems. It is about one year ago that we started planning for thi" workshop. I would like to recognise some of the people who have been a part of this planning process like Or Graeme B1air of ACIAR, Or Craswell of TAC, CGIAR, Or Percy Sajise of EISAM-UPLB, Or Aminuddin Yusof of MARDI and Or Ibrahim Manwan from Indonesia who is, unfortunately, not here with us today. In planning the workshop we organised to visit Baguio, but because of the earthquake that struck the Philippines last July, this visit is not possible. Our second alternative was Cebu but again, this is not possible because Cebu was hit by a typhoon only last month. We will now visit Batangas and Laguna. SEAR CA, has only very recently changed its mandate to put agricultural sustainability as the main focus. It is for this reason that we are clearly pleased to be with you this morning. SEARCA reeeives about 20% of its resources from the Australian government, though not from ACIAR directly. As an institution concerned with agriculture and natural resources, the Department of Environment and Natural
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