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Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress
Order Code RL32114 Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Updated January 29, 2008 Clay Wilson Specialist in Technology and National Security Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress Summary Cybercrime is becoming more organized and established as a transnational business. High technology online skills are now available for rent to a variety of customers, possibly including nation states, or individuals and groups that could secretly represent terrorist groups. The increased use of automated attack tools by cybercriminals has overwhelmed some current methodologies used for tracking Internet cyberattacks, and vulnerabilities of the U.S. critical infrastructure, which are acknowledged openly in publications, could possibly attract cyberattacks to extort money, or damage the U.S. economy to affect national security. In April and May 2007, NATO and the United States sent computer security experts to Estonia to help that nation recover from cyberattacks directed against government computer systems, and to analyze the methods used and determine the source of the attacks.1 Some security experts suspect that political protestors may have rented the services of cybercriminals, possibly a large network of infected PCs, called a “botnet,” to help disrupt the computer systems of the Estonian government. DOD officials have also indicated that similar cyberattacks from individuals and countries targeting economic, -
Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 97 Article 2 Issue 2 Winter Winter 2007 At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare Susan W. Brenner Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Susan W. Brenner, At Light Speed: Attribution and Response to Cybercrime/Terrorism/Warfare, 97 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 379 (2006-2007) This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 0091-4169/07/9702-0379 THE JOURNALOF CRIMINAL LAW & CRIMINOLOGY Vol. 97. No. 2 Copyright 0 2007 by NorthwesternUniversity. Schoolof Low Printedin U.S.A. "AT LIGHT SPEED": ATTRIBUTION AND RESPONSE TO CYBERCRIME/TERRORISM/WARFARE SUSAN W. BRENNER* This Article explains why and how computer technology complicates the related processes of identifying internal (crime and terrorism) and external (war) threats to social order of respondingto those threats. First, it divides the process-attribution-intotwo categories: what-attribution (what kind of attack is this?) and who-attribution (who is responsiblefor this attack?). Then, it analyzes, in detail, how and why our adversaries' use of computer technology blurs the distinctions between what is now cybercrime, cyberterrorism, and cyberwarfare. The Article goes on to analyze how and why computer technology and the blurring of these distinctions erode our ability to mount an effective response to threats of either type. -
Deterrence Theory in the Cyber-Century Lessons from a State-Of-The-Art Literature Review
Working Paper Research Division EU/Europe Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Annegret Bendiek, Tobias Metzger Deterrence theory in the cyber-century Lessons from a state-of-the-art literature review SWP Working Papers are online publications of SWP’s research divisions which have not been formally reviewed by the Institute. Ludwigkirchplatz 3−4 10719 Berlin Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org Working Paper RD EU/Europe, 2015/ 02, May 2015 [email protected] SWP Berlin Table of Contents List of Figures 1 List of Abbreviations 2 Introduction 3 In theory – Deterrence theory and cyberspace 4 Deterrence-by-retaliation and deterrence-by-denial 6 In practice – Suitability of cyber: lessons and implications 7 Key challenges: Credibility and capability to display and use force 7 How to deter? Deterrence-by-denial and deterrence-by- retaliation 9 Determining the type of defence 9 Adding offence to the equation 10 When and whom to deter? Immediate vs. general deterrence and the challenge of attribution 10 What to deter? Narrow vs. broad deterrence 12 For whom? Central vs. extended deterrence 13 Conclusion and outlook 14 Annex 16 Glossary 16 List of References 17 List of Figures Figure 1: Limits to retaliation in cyberspace .................. 9 Figure 2: A possible model of escalation ....................... 11 Figure 3: EEAS figure on a possible inter-ministry division of labour ................................................................. 15 Figure 4: Risk assessment -
Mitigate Cyber Attack Risk Solution Brief
SOLUTION BRIEF MITIGATE CYBER ATTACK RISK CONNECTING SECURITY, RISK MANAGEMENT & BUSINESS TEAMS TO MINIMIZE THE WIDESPREAD IMPACT OF A CYBER ATTACK DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION CREATES NEW RISKS As organizations extend technology deeper into their day-to-day business HIGH operations, their risk profiles evolve. DIGITAL RISK New digital risks—those unwanted and often unexpected outcomes that stem MEDIUM from digital transformation, digital business processes and the adoption RISK of related technologies—represent a LOW larger portion of potential obstacles to TRADITIONAL BUSINESS RISK achieving business objectives. While the digital technology creates new DIGITAL ADOPTION business opportunities, it frequently leads to higher levels of cybersecurity, FIGURE 1: Digital risk increasing the overall business risk as organizations embrace digital transformation. third-party, compliance and business resiliency risk. The impacts from these growing digital risks may be more disruptive than the operational risks that businesses have historically managed. In fact, many organizations are finding that as digital adoption accelerates, digital risk becomes the greatest facet of risk they face, especially growing cyber risks. AS ORGANIZATIONS EXPAND DIGITAL OPERATIONS, CYBER SECURITY RISKS MULTIPLY Organizations need to evolve to stay in front of rising cyber threats and their wide-reaching impact across increasingly digitized operations. Attackers continue to advance and use sophisticated techniques to infiltrate organizations which no longer have well defined perimeters. At the same time, responsibilities for detecting and responding to security It’s arguably impossible incidents are expanding beyond the security operations center (SOC). Business stakeholders continue to digitize their operations, elevating the risk and potential to prevent all cyber impact of cyber attacks. -
Cyberattack Attribution
CYBERATTACK ATTRIBUTION A BLUEPRINT FOR PRIVATE SECTOR LEADERSHIP RESEARCH FELLOWS SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS Justin Collins Allison Anderson Cameron Evans Stacia Lee Chris Kim Kayley Knopf FACULTY LEAD Selma Sadzak Jessica Beyer Nicholas Steele Julia Summers Alison Wendler This report is a product of the Applied Research Program in the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington. The Applied Research Program matches teams of top-achieving Jackson School students with private and public sector organizations seeking dynamic, impactful, and internationally-minded analyses to support their strategic and operational objectives. For more information about the Applied Research Program please contact us at [email protected]. Executive Summary After three decades of development, adoption, and innovation, the Internet stands at the core of modern society. The same network that connects family and friends across the world similarly ties together all aspects of daily life, from the functioning of the global economy to the operation of governments. The digitization of daily life is the defining feature of the 21st century. While the pervasiveness of Internet-enabled technology brings significant benefits, it also brings serious threats—not only to our economy and safety, but also to our trust in computer systems.1 The Internet is central to modern life, yet major state-sponsored cyberattacks persist in disrupting Internet access and function. These attacks undermine faith in government and public trust in democratic institutions. Attribution attempts to date have been unable to deter states from building malicious code for even greater destructive capabilities. In response, we propose the formation of an attribution organization based on international private sector coordination. -
(Fake Websites) Spam, Phishing and Pharming Are All Terms Relating to Dubious
Spam (Junk email and Phishing email) and Pharming (fake websites) Spam, phishing and pharming are all terms relating to dubious online practices, either to sale goods or services online or to gain access to confidential information, often with malicious intent. Spam is the term used to describe unwanted (junk) emails that are typically distributed in bulk. Spam messages will typically contain commercial content – examples include pornography, pharmaceuticals, dubious financial transactions, or ‘too good to be true’ offers. In most cases, spam emails are sent with fraudulent intent, but there are also cases where reputable companies or private users send mass emails too. An example of Junk email: (to many recipients, requesting a response) Spam can also be used to launch phishing attacks where users are sent emails tricking them into ‘updating’ their personal details online via a fake website (imitating a bank or similar). The tricky part is that phishers pretend to be someone you know, like a bank or even a department from right here at Purdue, to make you think they are trustworthy. That’s why it’s so important to keep in mind that CLA-IT or any other Purdue department will NEVER, under any circumstance, ask you for your login information via email or web form. Anyone asking for this type of information via email is undoubtedly a fraud. Spam can also be used as a means of distributing malicious software, which can install key-logging software on your PC without your knowledge. Pharming is the term used to describe the process of redirecting users to a fraudulent copy of a legitimate website, again with the aim of stealing personal data and passwords for criminal intent. -
The Resiliency Compass: Navigating Global Value Chain Disruption in an Age of Uncertainty
In Collaboration with Kearney The Resiliency Compass: Navigating Global Value Chain Disruption in an Age of Uncertainty WHITE PAPER JULY 2021 Images: Getty Images, Unsplash Contents Foreword 3 Executive summary 4 1 Disruption drives a rethink 5 2 Resilience in action 8 2.1 Getting to grips with disruption 8 2.2 Introducing the resiliency compass 8 2.3 Who are the resilience leaders? 10 3 Setting the right course with the resiliency compass 11 4 Call for action: global coordination for the long term 14 Methodology 15 Contributors 16 Acknowledgements 17 Endnotes 19 © 2021 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. The Resiliency Compass: Navigating Global Value Chain Disruption in an Age of Uncertainty 2 July 2021 The Resiliency Compass: Navigating Global Value Chain Disruption in an Age of Uncertainty Foreword Unlocking the future of cooperation, resilience and prosperity for global value chains. Francisco Betti Per Kristian Hong Head of Shaping the Future of Managing Director and Advanced Manufacturing and Partner, Strategic Operations Production, Member of the and World Economic Forum Executive Committee, World Relationship Lead, Kearney Economic Forum COVID-19 has kept manufacturing companies systems if both the global economy and companies beyond busy for many months and the challenges are to successfully navigate future disruptions that are far from over, from ensuring safety and may affect global value chains. security on the shop floor and facing supply and demand disruptions to accelerating digital In 2020, the World Economic Forum, in transformation and reskilling to build resilience. -
Cybersecurity in a Digital Era.Pdf
Digital McKinsey and Global Risk Practice Cybersecurity in a Digital Era June 2020 Introduction Even before the advent of a global pandemic, executive teams faced a challenging and dynamic environ- ment as they sought to protect their institutions from cyberattack, without degrading their ability to innovate and extract value from technology investments. CISOs and their partners in business and IT functions have had to think through how to protect increasingly valuable digital assets, how to assess threats related to an increasingly fraught geopolitical environment, how to meet increasingly stringent customer and regulatory expectations and how to navigate disruptions to existing cybersecurity models as companies adopt agile development and cloud computing. We believe there are five areas for CIOs, CISOs, CROs and other business leaders to address in particular: 1. Get a strategy in place that will activate the organization. Even more than in the past cybersecurity is a business issue – and cybersecurity effectiveness means action not only from the CISO organiza- tion, but also from application development, infrastructure, product development, customer care, finance, human resources, procurement and risk. A successful cybersecurity strategy supports the business, highlights the actions required from across the enterprise – and perhaps most importantly captures the imagination of the executive in how it can manage risk and also enable business innovation. 2. Create granular, analytic risk management capabilities. There will always be more vulnerabilities to address and more protections you can consider than you will have capacity to implement. Even companies with large and increasing cybersecurity budgets face constraints in how much change the organization can absorb. -
Component 3 Learning Aim B Cyber Security- B1 Threats to Data Why Systems Are Attacked
Component 3 Learning Aim B Cyber Security- B1 Threats to Data Why Systems are Attacked Key Vocabulary Intellectual Property An idea that you invented that belongs to you, for example, an image that is copyrighted. Ransomware A form of malware, usually infecting unprotected digital systems, occurring when users open malicious email attachments. Malware A malicious form of software that is transferred to, and then executed on, a user’s machine to damage or disrupt the system or allow unauthorised access to data. Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks Attack a remote computer by making it unable to respond to legitimate user requests. Cybersecurity The combination of policies, procedures, technologies and the actions of individuals to protect from both internal and external threats. Organisations have become reliant on digital systems to hold data and perform vital business functions. Data and information theft Many organisations have their digital systems attacked daily. Industrial Espionage Data and information both have value as they can be sold The reasons these attacks may occur are varied Intellectual property (designs, business strategy for financial gain. etc) can be stolen through organised cyberattacks. This can be done by stealing customer payment information and then using it to purchase goods These types of assets can be highly valuable, leading •Fun/ illegally. to cheaper, fake copies of products being sold and Breaches of data and information are a major cause of •challenge the original organisation suffering a loss of income. identity theft. •Data and Financial Gain Fun/ Challenge •Industrial information • Hackers may attack systems for the thrill, adrenaline espionage theft A very simple motive: money. -
International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk Write a Description
Arms Control and International Security Papers Volume I I Number 20 October 20, 2020 International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk by Christopher A. Ford The Arms Control and International Security Papers are produced by the Office of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security in order to make U.S. State Department policy analysis available in an electronically-accessible format compatible with "social distancing" during the COVID-19 crisis. Arms Control and International Security Papers Volume I, Number 20 I October 20, 2020 International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk International Security in Cyberspace: New Models for Reducing Risk by Christopher A. Ford1 In this ACIS Paper, Assistant Secretary Ford recounts the evolution of U.S. cyberspace security diplomacy over the last several years, describing the difficulty of making traditional "arms control" concepts work in this novel domain, but emphasizing the valuable contributions nonetheless already being made through the articulation of voluntary, nonbinding norms of responsible state behavior and a shift to a more explicitly deterrence-focused cyberspace security policy. In this ever more Internet-connected age, it is no challenge of enormous magnitude, and one to which surprise that cyber threats continue to increase. The the non-authoritarian world is still only in the early more indispensable such connectivity is for commerce, stages of mounting effective responses. communications, and innumerable aspects of daily life, the more that malicious actors see opportunities to Success in meeting these challenges requires a steal (or hold hostage) the information lifeblood of our whole-of-government response, and such a broad contemporary economy, or otherwise to profit response is indeed underway pursuant to the broad malevolently from modern dependencies. -
Phishing – a Growing Threat to E-Commerce
Phishing – A Growing Threat to E-Commerce M. Tariq Banday* and Jameel A. Qadri** * Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Technology, The University of Kashmir, Srinagar – 190006, email: [email protected]. ** School of Computing, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, UK, email: [email protected]. Abstract: In today’s business environment, it is difficult to imagine a workplace without access to the web, yet a variety of email born viruses, spyware, adware, Trojan horses, phishing attacks, directory harvest attacks, DoS attacks, and other threats combine to attack businesses and customers. This paper is an attempt to review phishing – a constantly growing and evolving threat to Internet based commercial transactions. Various phishing approaches that include vishing, spear phishng, pharming, keyloggers, malware, web Trojans, and others will be discussed. This paper also highlights the latest phishing analysis made by Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) and Korean Internet Security Center. Introduction commerce has given a boon to both customers and Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) is commercial businesses by driving down costs and prices. E- transactions conducted electronically especially commerce allows real-time business across using a computer over a large network like Internet. geographical borders round the clock. In developed It involves exchange of business information using countries almost all business employs e-commerce electronic data interchange (EDI), email, electronic or has e-commerce provisions and in developing bulletin boards, fax transmissions, electronic funds countries like India, it is registering a rapid growth transfer, etc. Internet shopping, online stock and in terms of both popularity among consumers and bond transactions, selling and purchase of soft the revenue generated through e-commerce merchandise like documents, graphics, music, (Vashitha–2005). -
The Reputational Impact of It Risk
FALLOUT THE REPUTATIONAL IMPACT OF IT RISK IN ASSOCIATION WITH: CONTENTS Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................................................2 Introduction: The Black Friday data breach .................................................................................................3 Where the Risks Are: From Human Error to System Failure ................................................................ 5 Sidebar: The Promise and Perils of the Cloud............................................................................................11 Protecting Your Reputation in the Always-On World ............................................................................12 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................................18 Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................................................19 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY U.S. retailers were not the first to su!er a massive data breach. Nor will they be the last, as cyber attacks, security breaches and system outages proliferate. Shadow technology and expanding supply chains bring more risks. How can companies better protect their reputation by ensuring the continuous—and secure—flow of information to support their business? After all, a major part of the brand experience for most customers comes through the