Hotspotanalyse Emissie Medicijnresten in Flevoland

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Hotspotanalyse Emissie Medicijnresten in Flevoland Hotspotanalyse emissie medicijnresten in Flevoland Definitief In opdracht van: Waterschap Zuiderzeeland Grontmij Nederland B.V. De Bilt, 11 maart 2015 GM-0153094, revisie D2 Verantwoording Titel : Hotspotanalyse emissie medicijnresten in Flevoland Subtitel : Projectnummer : 340355 Referentienummer : GM-0153094 Revisie : D2 Datum : 11 maart 2015 Auteur(s) : dr. A.A. Vergouwen; dr. M.J.M. Vissers; ir. J.B.M. van Acker E-mail adres : [email protected]; [email protected] Gecontroleerd door : dr. A.A. Vergouwen Paraaf gecontroleerd : Goedgekeurd door : dr.ir. A.J. Oomens Paraaf goedgekeurd : Contact : Grontmij Nederland B.V. De Holle Bilt 22 3732 HM De Bilt Postbus 203 3730 AE De Bilt T +31 88 811 66 00 F +31 30 220 02 94 www.grontmij.nl GM-0153094, revisie D2 Pagina 2 van 52 Inhoudsopgave 1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Doel .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Uitgangspunten en randvoorwaarden ........................................................................ 5 1.4 Leeswijzer ................................................................................................................. 5 2 Algemene informatie ................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Achtergrond .............................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Ontwikkeling overheidsbeleid .................................................................................... 8 2.3 Wet- en regelgeving en normen ................................................................................. 9 2.4 Metingen in het milieu.............................................................................................. 10 2.5 Zuiveringstechnische maatregelen .......................................................................... 11 3 Analyse oppervlaktewatersysteem ........................................................................... 13 3.1 Oppervlaktewatersysteem ....................................................................................... 13 3.2 Stroomrichting en debieten in relatie tot AWZI-effluent ............................................. 14 3.3 Debiet in relatie tot effluent individuele systemen ..................................................... 17 4 Gebiedsstudie ......................................................................................................... 19 4.1 Inleiding: De route van humane geneesmiddelen naar het oppervlaktewater ........... 19 4.2 Basisgegevens ........................................................................................................ 20 4.2.1 AWZI’s, ontvangend oppervlaktewater, rioleringsgebieden en inwoners per AWZI ... 20 4.2.2 Ziekenhuizen en zorginstellingen: ligging en bedden ............................................... 21 4.3 Kentallen geneesmiddelen ...................................................................................... 23 4.3.1 Kentallen vracht per inwoner/bed per jaar ................................................................ 23 4.3.2 Verwijderingpercentages in AWZI’s ......................................................................... 25 4.3.3 Kentallen gebruikt in deze studie ............................................................................. 26 4.4 Vrachten geneesmiddelen in influent en effluent zuiveringen ................................... 26 4.4.1 Vrachten geneesmiddelen in influent AWZI’s ........................................................... 26 4.4.2 Vrachten geneesmiddelen in het effluent van AWZI’s .............................................. 28 4.4.3 Vergelijking geneesmiddelenvracht naar oppervlaktewater vanuit individuele systemen en vanuit AWZI’s ..................................................................................... 28 4.5 Verdunning.............................................................................................................. 30 4.5.1 Verdunning effluent AWZI’s ..................................................................................... 30 4.5.2 Verdunning lozingen vanuit individuele systemen .................................................... 31 4.6 Berekende concentraties in het oppervlaktewater .................................................... 31 4.6.1 Berekende concentraties in oppervlaktewater waar AWZI’s op lozen ....................... 31 4.6.2 Concentratie geneesmiddelen in oppervlaktewater waar individuele systemen op lozen ....................................................................................................................... 34 4.7 Invloed inlaatwater in Noordoostpolder .................................................................... 34 4.8 Vergelijking metingen Waterschap Zuiderzeeland en berekeningen in deze hotspotanalyse ........................................................................................................ 35 4.8.1 Berekening concentraties individuele geneesmiddelen in oppervlaktewater ............. 35 4.8.2 Metingen Zuiderzeeland en vergelijking met berekeningen ...................................... 37 5 Risicobeoordeling .................................................................................................... 41 5.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................. 41 GM-0153094, revisie D2 Pagina 3 van 52 Inhoudsopgave (vervolg) 5.2 Risico’s ................................................................................................................... 41 5.2.1 Toetsing aan normen .............................................................................................. 41 5.2.2 Milieu-risicoindex ..................................................................................................... 41 5.3 Conclusie risico’s gekoppeld aan functies ontvangende oppervlaktewateren............ 43 6 Conclusies en aanbevelingen .................................................................................. 45 6.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................. 45 6.2 Algemene informatie ............................................................................................... 45 6.3 Analyse oppervlaktewatersysteem ........................................................................... 46 6.4 Hotspotanalyse door middel van een gebiedsstudie................................................. 46 6.5 Risico’s ................................................................................................................... 49 6.6 Aanbevelingen ........................................................................................................ 50 Bijlage 1: Achtergronden hoofdstuk 2: algemene informatie Bijlage 2: Achtergronden hoofdstuk 4: Gebiedsstudie Bijlage 3: Analyseresultaten Flevoland Bijlage 4: Kaarten Bijlage 5: Berekende concentraties geneesmiddelen in effluent ontvangende oppervlaktewateren Bijlage 6: Vergelijking metingen en berekeningen effluenten AWZI's Almere en Zeewolde Bijlage 7: Belasting geneesmiddelen Kadoelermeer GM-0153094, revisie D2 Pagina 4 van 52 1 Inleiding 1.1 Inleiding De problematiek van geneesmiddelen in het milieu, waaronder in het oppervlaktewater en het grondwater, heeft al geruime tijd de maatschappelijke en politieke aandacht. Het Waterschap Zuiderzeeland wil de komende jaren nagaan hoe zij binnen haar beheergebied het best om kan gaan met deze problematiek. Als eerste stap wil het waterschap in beeld krijgen wat de emis- sies naar het oppervlaktewater zijn vanuit verschillende typen bronnen en wat de risico’s zijn voor het ontvangende oppervlaktewater. Op die manier kunnen de belangrijkste hotspots wat betreft geneesmiddelenemissies in beeld worden gebracht. Dit is ondersteunend voor de vraag op welke plaats (bron of end-of-pipe) het beste emissiereducerende maatregelen kunnen wor- den genomen. 1.2 Doel Het doel van het onderzoek is het antwoord geven op de volgende onderzoeksvragen: · Hoe groot zijn de emissies van medicijnresten naar het oppervlaktewater? · Wat zijn de risico’s voor het ontvangend oppervlaktewater? · Hoe verhouden de risico’s van de lozingspunten zich tot elkaar? Om de onderzoeksvragen te beantwoorden heeft het waterschap tevens de volgende deelvra- gen geformuleerd: · Wat is de totale hoeveelheid medicijnen in kilogrammen per jaar binnen het beheergebied die in het afvalwater terecht komen, onderverdeeld naar type bron (ziekenhuizen, zorginstel- lingen en huishoudens). · Wat zijn de te verwachten gehaltes medicijnresten in het effluent van de zuiveringen in het beheergebied; · Wat zijn de te verwachten gehaltes medicijnresten in het ontvangende oppervlaktewater; · Wat zijn de belangrijkste risico’s en waar bevinden zich die (waar liggen de hotspots van de risico’s), waarbij tevens rekening gehouden wordt met processen in oppervlaktewater, de functie van het oppervlaktewater en de toxiciteit van de stoffen. · Wat is de bijdrage van geneesmiddelen afkomstig van individuele systemen (IBA’s en scep- tic tanks) aan het geheel van lozingen. 1.3 Uitgangspunten en randvoorwaarden De volgende uitgangspunten en randvoorwaarden zijn van toepassing:
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