DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemical Modification of Glycosaminoglycan Polysaccharides

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemical Modification of Glycosaminoglycan Polysaccharides molecules Review Chemical Modification of Glycosaminoglycan Polysaccharides Lais C. G. F. Palhares 1 , James A. London 2 , Aleksandra M. Kozlowski 3, Emiliano Esposito 4, Suely F. Chavante 1, Minghong Ni 4 and Edwin A. Yates 2,* 1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-570, Brazil; [email protected] (L.C.G.F.P.); [email protected] (S.F.C.) 2 Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, ISMIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 58 Göteborg, Sweden; [email protected] 4 Instituto di Richerche Chemiche e Biochemiche, ‘G.Ronzoni’, Via G Colombo 81, 20133 Milano, Italy; [email protected] (E.E.); [email protected] (M.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +44-151-795-4429 Abstract: The linear anionic class of polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are critical throughout the animal kingdom for developmental processes and the maintenance of healthy tissues. They are also of interest as a means of influencing biochemical processes. One member of the GAG family, heparin, is exploited globally as a major anticoagulant pharmaceutical and there is a growing interest in the potential of other GAGs for diverse applications ranging from skin care to the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions, and from the treatment and prevention of microbial infection to biotechnology. To realize the potential of GAGs, however, it is necessary to develop effective tools that are able to exploit the chemical manipulations to which GAGs are susceptible. Here, the current Citation: Palhares, L.C.G.F.; knowledge concerning the chemical modification of GAGs, one of the principal approaches for London, J.A.; Kozlowski, A.M.; the study of the structure-function relationships in these molecules, is reviewed. Some additional Esposito, E.; Chavante, S.F.; Ni, M.; methods that were applied successfully to the analysis and/or processing of other carbohydrates, Yates, E.A. Chemical Modification of but which could be suitable in GAG chemistry, are also discussed. Glycosaminoglycan Polysaccharides. Molecules 2021, 26, 5211. https:// Keywords: glycosaminoglycans; polysaccharides; sulfation; chemical modification doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175211 Academic Editor: Farid Chemat 1. Introduction Received: 20 July 2021 Among polysaccharides, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are notable because of their Accepted: 21 August 2021 Published: 27 August 2021 participation in diverse biological events and their many biomedical applications. Their structural analysis can also depend on their chemical derivatization. The availability of methods for the chemical modification of GAGs enables the preparation of products with Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in improved therapeutic potential [1]. Several studies describing or utilizing the modification published maps and institutional affil- of GAGs for structural analysis or biotechnological purposes have been reported [2–7]. In iations. this review, we address chemical methods for the modification of GAG polysaccharides, concentrating largely on modifications within the polysaccharide chain that result in naturally-occurring residues being produced, albeit in potentially unnatural sequences, rather than modifying the structure through the addition of new chemical groups. The modifications at reducing ends or the non-reducing terminus, e.g., the formation of a Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. double bond by, for example, lyase enzyme action, with a few exceptions, have largely Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article been excluded. We also discuss selected methods taken from the wider chemical literature distributed under the terms and that, in future, could be applied to modify GAGs. conditions of the Creative Commons 1.1. Structure and Classes of Glycosaminoglycans Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ GAGs represent a complex group of macromolecules found in the extracellular ma- 4.0/). trices and tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates [8], and can be localized inside and Molecules 2021, 26, 5211. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175211 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2021, 26, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 Molecules 2021, 26, 5211 1.1. Structure and Classes of Glycosaminoglycans 2 of 22 GAGs represent a complex group of macromolecules found in the extracellular ma- trices and tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates [8], and can be localized inside and on the surface of cells. These linear anionic polysaccharides are comprised of repeating di- on the surface of cells. These linear anionic polysaccharides are comprised of repeating saccharide units, consisting of a hexosamine (D-glucosamine or D-galactosamine) residue disaccharide units, consisting of a hexosamine (D-glucosamine or D-galactosamine) residue boundbound to to a non-nitrogenateda non-nitrogenated sugar sugar residue residue (D-glucoronate, (D-glucoronate, L-iduronate, L-iduronate, or D-galactose) or D-galactose) [9]. The[9]. identitiesThe identities of these of these residues, residues, the number the number and and position position of the of sulfatethe sulfate groups, groups, as well as well as theas the positions positions and and configurations configurations of glycosidic of glycosidic bonds, bonds, [10 ][10] distinguish distinguish the the different different classes clas- ofses GAGs, of GAGs, i.e., chondroitin-4 i.e. chondroitin- and4 -6 and sulfate -6 sulfate (CS, also (CS, known also asknown chondroitin as chondroitin sulfate-A sulfate-A and -C), dermatanand -C), dermatan sulfate (DS), sulfate heparan (DS), heparan sulfate (HS),sulfate heparin (HS), heparin (Hp), hyaluronic (Hp), hyaluronic acid (HA), acid (HA), and keratanand keratan sulfate sulfate (KS) [(KS)11]. [11]. 1.2.1.2. General General Properties Properties FromFrom a a structural structural point point of of view, view, GAGs GAGs are are linear linear anionic anionic polysaccharides polysaccharides composed composed ofof multiple multiple repeating repeating disaccharides disaccharides (Figure (Figure1 ),1), with with numerous numerous sequence sequence variants variants giving giving riserise to to heterogeneousheterogeneous populations. For For exampl example,e, octasaccharides octasaccharides from from HS HScould could have have over over1,000,000 1,000,000 hypothetical hypothetical sulfation sulfation arrangements arrangements [12] [and,12] and,if only if onlya small a small proportion proportion of these of thesepossibilities possibilities are observed, are observed, this still this represents still represents considerable considerable heteroge heterogeneity.neity. This wide This widerange rangeof structural of structural variations variations is accompanied is accompanied by extensive by extensive molecular molecular weight variation, weight variation, different differentelectronegativity electronegativity characteristics, characteristics, and sulfate and clustering sulfate clusteringto generate to a generatedistinct binding a distinct po- bindingtential and potential distinct and regions distinct within regions the withinchains. theWhile chains. the molecular While the weight molecular of purified weight Hp of purifiedis typically Hp around is typically 12–16 around kDa, HA 12–16 can kDa,reach HA 10,000 can kDa reach [13], 10,000 but, within kDa [13 a], particular but, within GAG a particularpopulation, GAG varying population, molecular varying weights molecular are usually weights observed are usually [14]. observed [14]. FigureFigure 1. 1.Typical Typical repeating repeating disaccharides disaccharides of chondroitinof chondroitin ((A ),((A upper)), upper) and and dermatan dermatan ((A), (( lower)A), lower) sul- sulfates ((A), lower) and repeating disaccharides of heparan sulfate ((B), upper) and heparin ((B), fates ((A), lower) and repeating disaccharides of heparan sulfate ((B), upper) and heparin ((B), lower). lower). The biological activities of GAGs arise predominantly from their interaction with proteins.The Thebiological binding activities forces involved of GAGs are arise usually predominantly dominated byfrom ionic their interactions, interaction espe- with ciallyproteins. between The binding the basic forces amino involved acids, lysine are usua andlly arginine dominated on the by proteinionic interactions, surface. These espe- interactionscially between are supportedthe basic amino by hydrogen acids, lysine bonding and involving arginine polaron the residues, protein whichsurface. are These cru- cial,interactions together are with supported a degree by of shapehydrogen complementarity, bonding involving to the polar formation residues, of GAG-proteinwhich are cru- complexescial, together between, with a for degree example, of shape growth complementarity, factors and their to receptors the formation [15]. High of GAG-protein molecular weightcomplexes HA canbetween, stimulate for cellexample, surface growth CD44 clustering,factors and while their smallreceptors oligosaccharides [15]. High molecular attenu- ateweight the clustering HA can stimulate effect [16 ].cell Besides surface the CD44 variation clustering, in molecular while small weight, oligosaccharides the polyelectrolyte atten- propertiesuate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization And
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Analytical Chemistry Volume 2016, Article ID 9269357, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9269357 Research Article Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Applied in the Quantitative Analysis of Chitin-Derived Glucosamine for a Rapid Estimation of Fungal Biomass in Soil Madelen A. Olofsson and Dan Bylund DepartmentofNaturalSciences,MidSwedenUniversity,85170Sundsvall,Sweden Correspondence should be addressed to Madelen A. Olofsson; [email protected] Received 2 September 2015; Accepted 12 January 2016 Academic Editor: Frantisek Foret Copyright © 2016 M. A. Olofsson and D. Bylund. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This method employs liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to rapidly quantify chitin-derived glucosamine for estimating fungal biomass. Analyte retention was achieved using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, with a zwitter- ionic stationary phase (ZIC-HILIC), and isocratic elution using 60% 5 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 3.0) and 40% ACN. Inclusion of muramic acid and its chromatographic separation from glucosamine enabled calculation of the bacterial contribution to the latter. Galactosamine, an isobaric isomer to glucosamine, found in significant amounts in soil samples, was also investigated. Thetwoisomersformthesameprecursorandproductionsandcouldnotbechromatographicallyseparatedusingthisrapid method. Instead, glucosamine and galactosamine were distinguished mathematically, using the linear relationships describing the differences in product ion intensities for the two analytes. The m/z transitions of 180 → 72 and 180 → 84 were applied for the detection of glucosamine and galactosamine and that of 252 → 126 for muramic acid.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycosaminoglycan Therapy for Long-Term Diabetic Complications?
    Diabetologia (1998) 41: 975±979 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 For debate Glycosaminoglycan therapy for long-term diabetic complications? G.Gambaro1, J.Skrha2, A. Ceriello3 1 Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Padua, Italy 2 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Udine, Italy Long-term complications are the most important and an aminosugar (glucosamine or galattosamine) cause of mortality of diabetic patiens in western [5]. These molecules are widely distributed in the countries and diabetic nephropathy has emerged as body and prominent in extracellular matrices [5]. a major determinant of end-stage renal failure [1]. Three major classes of GAGs have been de- Moreover, patients with diabetes mellitus have a scribed: a predominant large chondroitin sulphate, a high probability of developing acute cardiovascular small dermatan sulphate and a polydisperse heparan disease, in particular myocardial infarction and cere- sulphate (HS) [5]. GAGs are vital in maintaining the brovascular stroke which are the cause of death in structural integrity of the tissue and studies have nearly 80% of this population [2]. Although data shown that basement membranes contain HS in the from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial form of a proteoglycan unique to that tissue [5]. HS establish that hyperglycaemia has a central role in di- forms anionic sites in this matrix and are thought to abetic complications, strict metabolic control can be restrict the passage of proteins through the basement difficult to achieve. The search for new and ancillary membrane [5]. approaches to diabetic complications is therefore warranted and understanding the distal pathway of glucose toxicity assumes clinical and therapeutical GAG metabolism and diabetes mellitus significance.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12 Slides
    11/15/17 CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function OUTLINE • 12.1 Role of Carbohydrates • 12.2 Monosaccharides • 12.3 Complex Carbohydrates • 12.4 Carbohydrate Catabolism • 12.5 Oligosaccharides as Cell Markers CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES? • Glucose and its derivatives are carbohydrates: Ø Carbohydrates are simple organic molecules that have a shared basic chemical Formula: Cn(H2O)n Ø The name “carbo + hydrate” represents that Fact that they are made from CO2 and H2O by photosynthesis • About halF oF all earth’s solid carbon is Found in two polymers of glucose found in plants: Ø Starch = major energy storage molecule Ø Cellulose = major structural component oF the plant cell wall (aka. “fiber”) CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function THE SIMPLEST CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharides are carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyZed into simpler carbohydrates: Ø These are the Fundamental building blocks For all other carbohydrates (oFten called “simple sugars”) Ø All have Formulas of based on the basic pattern: Cn(H2O)n • Monosaccharides have speciFic Functional groups: 1. An aldehyde OR a ketone (not both!) 2. Several (two or more) alcohol (-OH) groups 1 11/15/17 CHAPTER 12: Carbohydrates: Structure and Function STRUCTURE & NOMENCLATURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES • Monosaccharides are classiFied by two features: 1. Length of their main carbon chain (utilize standard IUPAC naming For # oF carbons) 2. Whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone group • Names always end with –ose • Two common hexoses:
    [Show full text]
  • Amino Sugars and Muramic Acid—Biomarkers for Soil Microbial Community Structure Analysis
    Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36 (2004) 399–407 www.elsevier.com/locate/soilbio Amino sugars and muramic acid—biomarkers for soil microbial community structure analysis Bruno Glasera,*, Marı´a-Bele´n Turrio´nb, Kassem Alefc aInstitute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth D-95440, Germany bArea of Soil Science and Soil Chemistry, ETSIIAA, University of Valladolid, Palencia 34004, Spain cUmwelt und Technologie Consulting, Bayreuth D-95448, Germany Received 13 December 2002; received in revised form 22 July 2003; accepted 7 October 2003 Abstract Characterizing functional and phylogenetic microbial community structure in soil is important for understanding the fate of microbially- derived compounds during the decomposition and turn-over of soil organic matter. This study was conducted to test whether amino sugars and muramic acid are suitable biomarkers to trace bacterial, fungal, and actinomycetal residues in soil. For this aim, we investigated the pattern, amounts, and dynamics of three amino sugars (glucosamine, mannosamine and galactosamine) and muramic acid in the total microbial biomass and selectively cultivated bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes offive different soils amended with and without glucose. Our results revealed that total amino sugar and muramic acid concentrations in microbial biomass, extracted from soil after chloroform fumigation varied between 1 and 27 mg kg21 soil. In all soils investigated, glucose addition resulted in a 50–360% increase of these values. In reference to soil microbial biomass-C, the total amino sugar- and muramic acid-C concentrations ranged from 1–71 g C kg21 biomass-C. After an initial lag phase, the cultivated microbes revealed similar amino sugar concentrations of about 35, 27 and 17 g glucosamine-C kg21 TOC in bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Matrix Protection Therapy in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Pilot Study of CACIPLIQ20®
    Review INES SLIM (MD)1, HOUDA TAJOURI (MD)1, DENIS BARRITAULT (PHD)2,3, MAHA KACEM NJAH (MD)1, KOUSSAY ACH (MD)1, MOLKA CHADLI CHAIEB MD1, LARBI CHAIEB (MD)1 1. Endocrinology and Diabetology Department, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Ibn Jazzar Street, 4000, Sousse, Tunisia. 2. OTR3, 4 Rue Française, 75001 Paris, France. 3. Laboratoire CRRET , CNRS UMR 7149 Sciences Faculty, Paris Est Créteil University, 94000 Créteil, France. Matrix Protection Therapy in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Pilot Study of CACIPLIQ20® Abstract We evaluated whether matrix protection therapy by CACIPLIQ20® promotes healing of chronic lower extremity wounds in diabetic patients. Ten diabetic patients with non-infected chronic skin wounds and with no evidence of healing were inclu- ded. CACIPLIQ20® was applied topically twice a week for 5 minutes for up to 10 weeks. Wound surface area was measured at baseline then weekly during treatment. Wound closure, defined as complete reepithelialization, was the primary end- point. Mean wound surface area decreased by 25% within the first week (p=0.021 vs. baseline) and by 47% after 4 weeks (p=0.001 vs. baseline). After 10 weeks, the wound was closed in 6 of the 10 patients and decreased over 80% in the other patients. Subsequently, the none healed patients returned to standard care. Six months later, complete wound healing was noted in one additional patient and no further change in the remaining 3 patients. Two patients were again treated with CACI- PLIQ20® for one month: one healed, the other improved again by 50%. Nine months later, closed ulcers did not re-open.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing 3-Dimensional Atomic-Resolution Models of Nonsulfated Glycosaminoglycans with Arbitrary Lengths Using Conformations from Molecular Dynamics
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Constructing 3-Dimensional Atomic-Resolution Models of Nonsulfated Glycosaminoglycans with Arbitrary Lengths Using Conformations from Molecular Dynamics Elizabeth K. Whitmore 1,2 , Devon Martin 1,2 and Olgun Guvench 1,2,* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Administration, University of New England School of Pharmacy, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA; [email protected] (E.K.W.); [email protected] (D.M.) 2 Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, 5775 Stodder Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-207-221-4171 Received: 10 September 2020; Accepted: 15 October 2020; Published: 18 October 2020 Abstract: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the linear carbohydrate components of proteoglycans (PGs) and are key mediators in the bioactivity of PGs in animal tissue. GAGs are heterogeneous, conformationally complex, and polydisperse, containing up to 200 monosaccharide units. These complexities make studying GAG conformation a challenge for existing experimental and computational methods. We previously described an algorithm we developed that applies conformational parameters (i.e., all bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles) from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of nonsulfated chondroitin GAG 20-mers to construct 3-D atomic-resolution models of nonsulfated chondroitin GAGs of arbitrary length. In the current study, we applied our algorithm to other GAGs, including hyaluronan and nonsulfated forms of
    [Show full text]
  • Glycosaminoglycans As Active Signaling Components of the Extracellular Matrix
    1 Chapter 1 Glycosaminoglycans as Active Signaling Components of the Extracellular Matrix Portions of this chapter are published as: Griffin ME, Hsieh-Wilson LC. “Glycan engineering for cell and developmental biology.” Cell Chem. Biol. 2016, 23: 108-121. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015. 12.007. Review article. 2 1.1 Glycosaminoglycan Structures and Biosynthesis Carbohydrates are generally thought of as a fuel source for life. However, these molecules also function in many other roles necessary for survival including development, angiogenesis, and neuronal growth.1-5 In particular, carbohydrates at the cell surface can strongly regulate signal transduction and cellular activity. This feat is achieved in large part through their structural diversity, which allows them to selectively bind to a variety of different proteins and in turn modulate their functions. Unsurprisingly, the dysregulation of cell-surface carbohydrate production and presentation can contribute to a variety of diseases including inflammation and cancer progression.6, 7 Therefore, discovering relationships between the chemical structures of carbohydrates, the proteins to which they bind, and the resulting biological functions is critical both for the basic understanding of many physiological processes and for the prevention and treatment of various pathologies. Cell-surface carbohydrates exist in a variety of forms and are classified based on their overall size, membrane anchor, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic connections, and further modifications of the monosaccharide
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Data
    Metabolomics in cancer research: Supplementary data 1 Supplementary Data 2 Supplementary methods 3 Additional information regarding the search strategy used in the main paper 4 Supplementary tables 5 Supplementary Table 1: List of reported metabolites to be altered in human cancers 6 Supplementary figures 7 Supplementary Figure 1: General overview over the metabolomics workflow 8 1 Metabolomics in cancer research: Supplementary data 9 Supplementary methods 10 Search strategy 11 The search strategy was described in the main paper. For the Web of Knowledge search an 12 additional refinement step was necessary to reduce irrelevant findings. The following research 13 areas of low relevance were excluded: 14 Plant Science, Biophysics, Agriculture, Environmental Sciences Ecology, Microbiology, 15 Computer Science, Mathematics, Cardiology, Engineering, Automation control Systems, 16 Marine Freshwater Biology, Behavioral Science, Physics, Developmental Biology, Zoology, 17 Psychiatry, Energy Fuels, Infectious Disease, Parasitology, Mycology, Rheumatology, 18 Psychology, Veterinary Sciences, Dentistry, Legal Medicine, Polymer Science, 19 Anesthesiology, Robotics, Sports Science, Forestry, Tropical Medicine, Virology, Water 20 Resources, Electrochemistry, Evolutionary Biology, Fisheries, Materials Science, 21 Oceanography, Substance Abuse, Geology, Nuclear Science Technology, Operations 22 Research Management, Orthopedics, Allergy, Biodiversity, Educational Research, 23 Metallurgy, Optics, Emergency Medicine, Geochemistry, History philosophy of science, 24 Mathematical methods in Social sciences, Mechanics, Social Issues, Thermodynamics 25 Additionally the abstracts had to contain one of the following keywords: 26 “MS” OR “mass spectrometry” OR “patients”. 2 Metabolomics in cancer research: Supplementary data 27 Supplementary tables 28 Supplementary Table 1: List of reported metabolites altered in human cancers. Metabolites in bold were reported from a study that validated 29 findings within an independent study population.
    [Show full text]
  • Xorox Univerelty Microfilms
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was producad from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the moit advanced technological meant to photograph and reproduce thii document have been used, the quality it heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help ou understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to ob tain the mining page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along w ith: adjacent pages, This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and dupli eating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image, fou will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin photoi ig at the upper left hand comer of a large dieet and to continue photoi ig from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued agein — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycosaminoglycan Derived from Field Cricket and Its Inhibition Activity of Diabetes Based on Anti-Oxidative Action
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 March 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0136.v1 1 Glycosaminoglycan derived from field cricket and its inhibition 2 activity of diabetes based on anti-oxidative action 3 1 1 1 2 4 Mi Young Ahn , Ban Ji Kim , Ha Jeong Kim , Jang Mi Jin , Hyung Joo 1 1 3 5 Yoon , Jae Sam Hwang and Byung Mu Lee 1 6 Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 7 Wanju-Gun 55365, South Korea; [email protected] (MYA); [email protected] (BJK.); 8 [email protected] (HJK); [email protected] (HJY); [email protected] (JSH) 2 9 Korean Basic Science Institute, Ochang 863-883, South Korea; [email protected] 3 10 Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, 11 South Korea; [email protected] 12 Running title: Anti-oxidative effect of cricket glycan in db mice 13 14 Prepared for Nutrients 15 *Address correspondence to: Mi Young Ahn, 16 Department of Agricultural Biology, 17 National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, 166 18 Nongsaengmyung-Ro, Iseo-Myun, Wanju-Gun, 55365, South Korea, 19 Telephone: 82-63-238-2975. 20 Fax: 82-63-238-3833. 21 E-mail: [email protected] 22 1 © 2019 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 March 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201903.0136.v1 1 Abstract: Field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is newly emerged as an edible insect in 2 several countries. Anti-inflammatory effect of glycosaminoglycan derived this cricket was 3 not fully investigated on chronic disease animal model such as diabetic mouse.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Proteomic Responses of Freeze-Dried Oenococcus Oeni to Access the Molecular Mechanism of Acid Acclimation on Cell Freeze-Drying Resistance
    Accepted Manuscript Analysis of proteomic responses of freeze-dried Oenococcus oeni to access the molecular mechanism of acid acclimation on cell freeze-drying resistance Kun Yang, Yang Zhu, Yiman Qi, Tingjing Zhang, Miaomiao Liu, Jie Zhang, Xinyuan Wei, Mingtao Fan, Guoqiang Zhang PII: S0308-8146(19)30188-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.120 Reference: FOCH 24215 To appear in: Food Chemistry Received Date: 2 October 2018 Revised Date: 24 December 2018 Accepted Date: 17 January 2019 Please cite this article as: Yang, K., Zhu, Y., Qi, Y., Zhang, T., Liu, M., Zhang, J., Wei, X., Fan, M., Zhang, G., Analysis of proteomic responses of freeze-dried Oenococcus oeni to access the molecular mechanism of acid acclimation on cell freeze-drying resistance, Food Chemistry (2019), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem. 2019.01.120 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Analysis of proteomic responses of freeze-dried Oenococcus oeni to access the molecular mechanism of acid acclimation on cell freeze-drying resistance Kun Yang1,2, Yang Zhu3, Yiman Qi2,Tingjing Zhang4, Miaomiao Liu2, Jie Zhang2, Xinyuan Wei2, Mingtao Fan2,*, Guoqiang Zhang1,* 1 College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, China 2 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A ＆ F University, Yangling, 712100, China 3 School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, QLD, 4046, Australia 4 College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450001, China * Corresponding author: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Xanthan-Based Film Incorporated with Silver Nanoparticles for Potential Application in the Nonhealing Infectious Wound
    Hindawi Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2017, Article ID 6802397, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6802397 Research Article Evaluation of the Xanthan-Based Film Incorporated with Silver Nanoparticles for Potential Application in the Nonhealing Infectious Wound Jinjian Huang,1,2 Jianan Ren,1 Guopu Chen,1,3 Youming Deng,1,3 Gefei Wang,1 and Xiuwen Wu1 1 Department of Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China 2Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China 3Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China Correspondence should be addressed to Jianan Ren; [email protected] Received 29 April 2017; Accepted 18 July 2017; Published 27 August 2017 Academic Editor: Piersandro Pallavicini Copyright © 2017 Jinjian Huang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Xanthan gum is a high molecular weight polysaccharide biocompatible to biological systems, so its products promise high potential in medicine. In this study, we crosslinked xanthan gum with citric acid to develop a transparent film for protecting the wound. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are incorporated into the film to enhance the antimicrobial property of our biomaterial. This paper discussed the characteristics and manufacturing of this nanocomposite dressing. The safety of the dressing was studied using fibroblasts (L929) by the method of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and staining of ethidium homodimer (PI) and calcein AM. The bacterial inhibition test and application of the dressing to nonhealing wounds infected with methicillin-resistant S.
    [Show full text]