AGRRA: Fish Identification Course
Revision: 2016-05-25 (Common Names) Images in this presentation are Copyright © by Ken Marks and New World Publications.
Copyright © Ocean Research & Education Foundation
Permission is granted to use this Powerpoint presentation for educational purposes with the AGRRA Program and, with attribution, for other valid educational purposes.
All other uses are strictly prohibited. Angelfishes
The angelfish family contains only a handful of species that are thin bodied and have rounded or oval profiles. Angelfishes can be distinguished from the closely related butterflyfishes by the presence of a rear-pointing spine extending from the lower part of the gill cover and their generally larger size compared to the butterflyfish. Two tiny species of angelfishes (genus Centropyge) are not included as they are uncommon species usually restricted to deeper reefs. Yellow tail
Dark blue “crown” ringed in brilliant blue
Queen Angelfish Body bars curved
Queen Angelfish (juvenile) Fins bordered in yellow
Blue Angelfish Body bars straight
Blue Angelfish (juvenile) Black with yellow rims on scales
Rounded tail French Angelfish Yellow oval on curved tail
French Angelfish (juvenile) Gray body with dark scales
Square-cut tail with light margin
Yellow inner face of pectoral
Gray Angelfish Square-cut tail with light margin
Gray Angelfish (juvenile) Black body
Yellow forebody and tail
Rock Beauty Black spot ringed in brilliant blue
Rock Beauty (juvenile) Butterflyfishes
Butterflyfishes, like the closely related angelfishes, are thin bodied fishes that have rounded or oval profiles but they are generally smaller and lack the spine on the gill cover. Butterflyfishes are often seen in pairs as they flit about the reef. Most species have a dark bar running through the eyes to conceal them. This is combined with false eye spots on the tail of most juveniles (and some adults) to further create the illusion that the fish is pointing the other way (to confuse predators). Two black midbody bands
Banded Butterflyfish Black spot ringed in white
Foureye Butterflyfish Black spot on edge of rear dorsal
All fins (except pectoral) bright yellow
Spotfin Butterflyfish Broad dark area on rear body
Reef Butterflyfish Yellow to black bar runs to eye but not below
Long pointed snout
Longsnout Butterflyfish Surgeonfishes
A sharp scalpel-like spine on either side of the tail base gives this family its name. These herbivorous fishes are often seen as singles or in small groups but they also may form large schools which often use their numbers to overcome the defenses of damselfishes to feed upon their algal gardens. There are only three species in the Tropical Western Atlantic and they all have similar coloration but they can be identified by subtle but reliable distinguishing features. White to yellow spine
Blue Tang Bright yellow overall
Blue Tang (juvenile) Pectoral fin translucent, often yellowish
Ocean Surgeonfish May show faint or bold body bars
Dark area at base of pectoral fin Doctorfish Silvery (Miscellaneous)
Several families of silvery colored fishes are grouped here (jacks, barracudas, porgies and sea chubs). It is no surprise that the prey items of this diverse group of species covers a wide range. Barracudas and Jacks prey on fishes both up in the water column as well as down on the reef. Porgies feed on benthic invertebrates (including the Long-spined Urchin, Diadema antillarum). Chubs are herbivores feeding on benthic algae. There are actually four nearly identical species of chubs in the area but as they are functionally equivalent on the reef they are recorded generically as chubs rather than to species. Black and bright blue border on back and lower tail
Bar Jack High back profile
Dark pectoral Orangish area
Permit Long, cylindrical body often with scattered black blotches on side
Underslung jaw with large teeth
Great Barracuda Small black spot on pectoral base
Slight overbite
Sheepshead Porgy Bluish saucer-shaped line under eye
Bluish blotch on Corners of pectoral base mouth yellow Saucereye Porgy Long sloping head
Large mouth with thick lips
Jolthead Porgy Blue rectangular stripe behind eye
Pluma Porgy Football-shaped body
Chub (multiple species) Grunts
Grunts and snappers (next) are closely related families but grunts are generally smaller and tend to have more deeply notched tails. While they lack the sharp canine teeth of snappers, they do have pharyngeal teeth deep in their throats that when ground together make a grunting sound (amplified by the air-filled swim bladder). Grunts may aggregate in large schools (sometimes of mixed species) during the day resting in sheltered areas on the reef by day. They spread out over sand flats and seagrass beds to feed on benthic invertebrates at night. Diagonal yellow stripes below lateral line
French Grunt Dark tail and Blue stripes with rear dorsal black edges
Bluestriped Grunt 5 or 6 yellow stripes
Small cylindrical body
Smallmouth Grunt All fins whitish Checkered pattern on body scales
Yellow and blue stripes only on head
White Grunt Thin yellow stripes
Darkish rear fins
Caesar Grunt Yellowish green back Yellow saddle on tail base
Black stripes on upper body
Spanish Grunt Thick gold line at midbody and thinner line on back
Usually dark spot on tail base
Tomtate Black stripe runs from snout to eye
Black diagonal stripe on back runs onto tail forming V
Cottonwick Black spots on scales form diagonal bands
Gold ring around eye
Sailors Choice High back profile
Black patch behind pectoral
Black Margate High back profile
Small eye with white iris White Margate High back profile
Yellow fins
Yellow nape
Two black bands on head Porkfish Snappers
The common name of this family comes from their behavior of snapping their jaws when hooked. Snappers are generally larger than the similarly shaped grunts and have prominent canine teeth and a single, continuous dorsal fin that further helps to distinguish them from grunts. Like grunts, they are also nocturnal hunters feeding on benthic invertebrates as well as small fishes. During the day they may form small to large aggregations but are often solitary. The Yellowtail Snapper is much more streamline shaped with a lower body profile and a widely forked tail. This species is often found well above the reef in mid-water. Usually has midbody spot
Blue line below eye Pointed anal fin
Mutton Snapper Largest snapper; often silvery gray with no markings but may have faint bars
Thick lips with large teeth Cubera Snapper Pale triangular patch under eye Dog Snapper Reddish margin on tail Mahogany Snapper Usually dark blotch on back
Narrow parallel yellow stripes on body
Lane Snapper Gray often with no markings
Occasionally dark band from lip through eye
Gray Snapper Yellow midbody stripe merges into yellow tail
Yellowtail Snapper Silvery to yellow body with all yellow fins May have faint bars on back (especially young)
Schoolmaster Damselfishes
Damselfishes are a common inhabitant on most reef habitats and many species can be difficult to identify to species (especially as juveniles). Many damselfish species are planktivores—picking small specks out of the water columns. The only species of interest to AGRRA are the two species that create and tend algal gardens (often killing areas of coral in the process). Yellow crescent over eye Spots on tail base and pectoral fin base
Threespot Damselfish Dark body with a few bright blue spots
Yellow tail
Yellowtail Damselfish Clear tail Blue body with brilliant blue spots
Yellowtail Damselfish (juvenile) Groupers/Sea Basses
Groupers are the best known members of the sea bass family and the only part of that family of interest to AGRRA. The large groupers in the genera Epinephelus and Mycteroperca are often some of the first species to disappear from over-fished reefs. Often, only the smaller grouper species in the genus Epinephelus and those in the genus Cephalopholis may be left in any abundance on reefs receiving fishing pressure. On reefs with severely degraded fish populations these too may be absent. Most groupers tend to remain relatively hidden during the day lurking in the shadows of ledges or wrecks and blending in with their surroundings with colors and markings that provide camouflage. All large groupers should be counted but only common species are shown here. Diagonal bands on head Black saddle spot on tail base
Dark bars on body
Nassau Grouper Rectangular markings on back
Pale edge on pectoral
Black Grouper Oval markings on back
Dark margin on tail
Yellow to pale outer edge of pectoral Yellowfin Grouper Pectoral margins pale Yellow around corners of mouth Yellowmouth Grouper Diagonal “tiger-stripe” bars on back
Tiger Grouper 3 to 5 dark spots along base of dorsal fin
Tail more rounded than similar species Graysby Tail and rear fins have dark margin with thin white edge
Red Hind Dark blotches along back
Black saddle on tail base
Rock Hind Two black spots Two black spots on lower lip on tail base
Reddish-brown color phase Coney Bicolor phase
Coney Golden variation (rare)
Coney Parrotfishes
Parrotfishes have teeth fused into parrot-like beaks and strong jaws. These adaptations serve them well as they feed by scraping algae from areas of dead coral. Occasionally, they will also bite live coral—in some cases leaving bright white scars to mark the boundaries of their territory. Like the closely related wrasses, parrotfishes have several life stages marked with, often drastically different, colors and markings which can make identification difficult. These phases include the Juvenile Phase (JP), Initial Phase (IP), and Terminal Phase (TP). JP contains both males and females, IP contains sexually mature females (and sometimes immature and mature males), and TP are always sexually mature males. All blue body
Blue Parrotfish Dark “midnight” blue body
Lighter blue markings on face
Midnight Parrotfish Orange head, forebody and tail
Green rear body
Rainbow Parrotfish Blue-green markings (“Moustache”) around mouth
Pale bar along pectoral
Queen Parrotfish (TP) Gray to black body and tail
White stripe from pectoral to tail
Queen Parrotfish (IP) Yellow spot at corner of gill cover
Yellow area at tail base and crescent on tail
Stoplight Parrotfish (TP) Scattered large white scales with dark outlines
Red belly and tail
Stoplight Parrotfish (IP) 3 rows of small white spots on body
White bar on tail
Stoplight Parrotfish (JP) Two green lines pass by eye
Pink borders on tail
Yellow wash on side
Princess Parrotfish (TP) Dark borders on tail
No gold wash on nose
Princess Parrotfish (JP/IP) Short pink bars between scales
Blue borders on tail
Yellow spot or stripe above pectoral base
Striped Parrotfish (TP) No dark borders on tail
Gold wash on nose
Striped Parrotfish (IP) Yellow blotch and small black spots on upper forebody
Red anal fin Red band under eye
Redband Parrotfish (TP) White saddle spot
Redband Parrotfish (IP) White to pink saddle spot
2 white body stripes
Redband Parrotfish (JP) Blue streak behind pectoral
Red tail crescent
Black blotch at pectoral base
Redtail Parrotfish (TP) White blotch on tail base
Pale to pinkish body color can Black blotch at be difficult to distinguish from pectoral base Yellowtail Parrotfish Redtail Parrotfish (IP) Yellow crescent on tail
Black blotch at pectoral base
Yellowtail Parrotfish (TP) Yellow tail
Pale body; ventral fin often pinkish Yellowtail Parrotfish (IP) TP: Faint green blotch above pectoral
Yellow-gold to red iris
IP: Red overall
Greenblotch Parrotfish (TP & IP) Wrasses (Hogfishes)
Wrasses are closely related to the parrotfishes and share similar difficulties in species identification due to having multiple growth phases (JP, IP & TP). Unlike the parrotfishes, wrasses eat benthic invertebrates and do not scrape algae so their mouths have noticeable small pointy teeth instead of parrot-like “beaks” of fused teeth. Most wrasses are elongate and slender bodied but a group of wrasses known as hogfishes have higher back profiles and elongated snout-like mouths that they use to root around in rocks and rubble to find their invertebrate prey (including the Long-spined Urchin, Diadema antillarum). First 3 dorsal spines IP: Black blotch on unusually long base of rear dorsal
Hogfish Purple upper forebody
Yellow belly and tail
Spanish Hogfish Green margin on tail IP: White spots along back
Puddingwife (IP) Dark blue spot on mid-dorsal and tail base
Puddingwife (JP) Wavy lines behind eyes
Dark mid-body bar
Yellow head
Yellowhead Wrasse (TP) Thin blue lines on tail
Wavy lines behind eyes
Yellowhead Wrasse (IP) Brilliant blue mid-body stripe
Yellowhead Wrasse (JP) Green and yellow bicolor spot above pectoral
Triangular markings on tail corners
Slippery Dick (TP) White with dark mid-body stripe
Slippery Dick (JP) Pufferfishes/Porcupinefishes/Boxfishes
A few members of the pufferfish, porcupinefish, and boxfish families are included in the AGRRA fish protocol since they are known to prey upon small Long-spined Urchin, Diadema antillarum. Pufferfishes and porcupinefishes (closely related families) are capable of inflating their bodies by drawing in water as a means of defense. Boxfishes, instead, protect themselves with a triangular, bony box of armor which also makes their bodies inflexible so they are relatively slow and clumsy swimmers. Two dark bands on tail
Row of spots along mid-body
Bandtail Puffer Black spots on all fins
Porcupinefish Long spines No spots on head on fins
Balloonfish Black spots on white body
Spines in front of anal fin Spotted Trunkfish Triggerfishes & Filefishes
Triggerfishes and filefishes are closely related families with subtle differences. They are part of the superfamily known as leatherjackets due to the rough texture of their skin. Both families have an elongate first dorsal spine that may be raised or lowered. Triggerfishes have a second smaller ridged spine “the trigger” behind the first which may be used to lock this larger spine into place. The dorsal spine of filefishes tent to be longer and thicker than those of triggerfishes. Black lines radiate out from eye
2 blue lines on face Queen Triggerfish Uniformly gray; black blotch at base of pectoral Ocean Triggerfish Blackish body; pale blue lines along dorsal and anal fin bases
Black Durgon Small orange spots on body
White saddle spot on tail base
Orangespotted Filefish Usually has pale white spots
Orange spines Extended belly on tail base appendage Whitespotted Filefish May be unspotted orange with pale mid-body area
Orange spines on tail base
Whitespotted Filefish Morays
Morays include some of the largest eels encountered on the reef. They have no pectoral or ventral fins and their dorsal, tail, and anal fins are merged into a single continuous fin that extends from behind the head around the tail and midway up the lower part of the body. Since morays lack external gill covers they constantly open and close their mouths to force water over their gills. This is often interpreted as aggression when it is only respiration. Though they are not aggressive, they can inflict a serious bite so they are best left unmolested. Uniformly green with no markings
Green Moray Dark border along dorsal
Covered with dark speckling
Spotted Moray Golden ring around pupil
Brown with fine yellow spots; golden tail tip not often seen
Goldentail Moray Lionfish
A member of the scorpionfish family, lionfish are not native to the Tropical Western Atlantic. This very distinctive exotic species from the Indo-Pacific has become naturalized in our waters due to escaped individuals kept in aquariums which were able to find mates and begin breeding in the wild. In just a few years lionfish have spread throughout the region and lacking predators have attained problematic densities on many reefs resulting in a loss of biodiversity and biomass to these hungry predators. The venomous spines of the dorsal and the ventral and anal fins can inflict a painful wound so care should be taken around lionfish. Featherlike dorsal and pectorals
Reddish brown body bands Lionfish