Propagation of Coffea Arabica (Coffee) by Stem Cuttings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Propagation of Coffea Arabica (Coffee) by Stem Cuttings

Béatrice Gervais-Bergeron PLNT 310 – plant propagations’ video project April 15th 2016 Video Summary Propagation of Coffea arabica (Coffee) by stem cuttings Coffea arabica Coffee is native to Ethiopia (Africa) and grows in tropical regions with alternating dry and rain seasons. The plant presents straight and horizontal branches. The vertical branches are orthotropic while lateral branches are plagiotropic in orientation. The fruits from on the horizontal branches. Coffea Arabica is mainly propagated by seeds. However, to propagate it by stem cuttings, the use of orthotropic shoots is recommended, since cuttings from the lateral branches will maintain plagiotropic growth habits (Coste, 1992). Figure 1- Coffea Arabica - http://cimbaliuk.com/ Questions 24-coffee-facts-and-stats-for-advent/ - Which treatments accelerate and increase the rooting? - Do stem cuttings from plagiotropic (lateral) branches roots as well as the orthotropic (horizontal) branches? - Do coffee grounds improve the rooting of the cuttings, since it is a coffee product? Experiment 11 treatments were prepared with 10 single-node cuttings each, illustrated in Table 1. These factors were tested: softwood, semi-hardwood and shoot tip, plagiotropic and orthotropic branches, different rooting hormone concentrations, and a medium with coffee grounds. Table 1 - Béatrice Gervais-Bergeron PLNT 310 – plant propagations’ video project April 15th 2016 Results Stem single-node cuttings Treatments 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Number of rooted 3 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 cuttings Observations Hormones: - Rooting hormone #2 and #3 seemed to increase rotting - Hormone #1 did not promote roots, but the survival rate was good in this treatment - Similar rooting occurred with no hormone, #2, and #3 Coffee ground: A single-node cutting has only one - No difference between media, with or without grounds node and leaf. Both extremities of Cuttings’ origin: your cutting should be cut near a node, since those areas contain the - Orthotropic cuttings survived and rooted more than the more active tissues and thus will plagiotropic ones (Fig.2) favor the rooting (Hartman et al. - No difference was observed between softwood, semi- 2011). hardwood and shoot tips cuttings. They all rooted in similar proportions. Figure 3 – The cuttings in the mist chamber. Figure 2 – The 5 rooted cuttings of treatment 11, from orthotropic shoots. Acknowledge Thank you to the greenhouse’s team for their help and support, as well as to Raeina Fan for her video tutorial and advice. A special thanks to Danielle Donnelly and Christie-Anna Lovat for sharing their knowledge and time. References Coste, R. 1992. Coffee, the plant and the product. The macmillan press ltd. London, United Kingdom. 328 p. Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T. and R. L. Geneve. 2011. Hartmann & Kester's plant propagation: principles and practices. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. 915 pp. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Multiple Resistance to Bacterial Halo Blight and Bacterial Leaf Spot In
PLANT PATHOLOGY / SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE DOI: 10.1590/1808‑1657000632018 Multiple resistance to bacterial halo blight and bacterial leaf spot in Coffea spp.* Resistência múltipla à mancha aureolada e à mancha foliar bacteriana em Coffea spp. Lucas Mateus Rivero Rodrigues1,2** , Suzete Aparecida Lanza Destéfano2,3 , Irene Maria Gatti de Almeida3***, Luís Otávio Saggion Beriam3 , Masako Toma Braghini1 , Oliveiro Guerreiro Filho1,4 ABSTRACT: Breeding for genetic resistance is an important RESUMO: O melhoramento de plantas para resistência genética method of crop disease management, due to the numerous é um método importante para o manejo de doenças, pelos inú- benefits and low cost of establishment. In this study, progenies meros benefícios e baixo custo de implementação. No presente of 11 Coffea species and 16 wild C. arabica accessions were estudo, progênies de 11 espécies de Coffea e 16 acessos selvagens de tested for their response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae, the C. arabica foram testados quanto à resposta a Pseudomonas syringae causal agent of bacterial halo blight, a widespread disease in pv. garcae, agente causal da mancha aureolada, doença disseminada the main coffee-producing regions of Brazil and considered a nas principais regiões produtoras de café do Brasil e considerada limiting factor for cultivation in pathogen-favorable areas; and fator limitante para o cultivo em áreas favoráveis a patógenos; e also to P. syringae pv. tabaci, causal agent of bacterial leaf spot, também para P. syringae pv. tabaci, agente causal da mancha foliar a highly aggressive disease recently detected in Brazil. Separate bacteriana, doença altamente agressiva detectada recentemente no experiments for each disease were carried out in a greenhouse, Brasil.
[Show full text]
Topic 09 Secondary Metabolites
4/9/2013 Topic 09 Secondary Metabolites Raven Chap. 2 (pp. 30‐35) Bring pre-washed white t-shirt to lab this week! I. Plant Secondary Metabolites A. Definitions 1))y Secondary Metabolism- 1a) Metabolite- 1 4/9/2013 I. Plant Secondary Metabolites B. Examples Compound Example Source Human Use ALKALOIDS Codeine Opium poppy Narcotic pain relief; cough suppressant Nicotine Tobacco Narcotic; stimulant Quinine Quinine tree Used to treat malaria; tonic Cocaine Coca Narcotic, tea, anesthetic, stimulant PHENOLICS Lignin Woody plants Hardwood furniture & baseball bats Tannin Leaves, bark, acorns Leather tanning, astringents Salicin Willows Aspirin precursor Tetrahydrocannabinol Cannabis Treatment for glaucoma & nausea TERPENOIDS Camphor Camphor tree Component of medicinal oils, disinfectants Menthol Mints & eucalyptus Strong aroma; cough medicines I. Plant Secondary Metabolites C. Ecology Steppuhn et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2: 1074-1080. 2 4/9/2013 I. Plant Secondary Metabolites C. Ecology Nicotine negatively affects function of herbivores. Nicotine is a neurotoxin. Nicotine is made in roots and transported to shoots via xylem. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) 3 4/9/2013 Most potential herbivores cannot deal with nicotine. The tobacco hornworm (a moth larva) can sequester and secrete nicotine, with some energetic cost. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Baldwin, IT. 2001. Plant Physiology 127: 1449-1458. 4 4/9/2013 Leaf Nicotine Content Unattacked Attacked Plants Plants Mechanism 1. Herbivory induces jasmonic acid (JA) production. 2. JA to roots, stimulates nicotine synthesis. 3. Nicotine to shoots 5 4/9/2013 I. Plant Secondary Metabolites C. Ecology I. Plant Secondary Metabolites C. Ecology Jasminum 6 4/9/2013 I. Plant Secondary Metabolites D.
[Show full text]
Identification and Quantification of Adulterants in Coffee
foods Communication Identification and Quantification of Adulterants in Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Using FT-MIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics Mauricio Flores-Valdez 1 , Ofelia Gabriela Meza-Márquez 2 , Guillermo Osorio-Revilla 2 and Tzayhri Gallardo-Velázquez 1,* 1 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Santo Tomás, Departamento de Biofísica, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México C.P. 11340, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Zacatenco, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/N, Esq. Cda, Miguel Stampa, Col. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México C.P. 07738, Mexico; [email protected] (O.G.M.-M.); [email protected] (G.O.-R.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-(55)-5729-6000 (ext. 62305) Received: 24 May 2020; Accepted: 28 June 2020; Published: 30 June 2020 Abstract: Food adulteration is an illegal practice performed to elicit economic benefits. In the context of roasted and ground coffee, legumes, cereals, nuts and other vegetables are often used to augment the production volume; however, these adulterants lack the most important coffee compound, caffeine, which has health benefits. In this study, the mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-MIR) technique coupled with chemometrics was used to identify and quantify adulterants in coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Coffee samples were adulterated with corn, barley, soy, oat, rice and coffee husks, in proportions ranging from 1–30%. A discrimination model was developed using the soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) framework, and quantitative models were developed using such algorithms as the partial least squares algorithms with one variable (PLS1) and multiple variables (PLS2) and principal component regression (PCR).
[Show full text]
(Coffea Arabica) Beans: Chlorogenic Acid As a Potential Bioactive Compound
molecules Article Decaffeination and Neuraminidase Inhibitory Activity of Arabica Green Coffee (Coffea arabica) Beans: Chlorogenic Acid as a Potential Bioactive Compound Muchtaridi Muchtaridi 1,2,* , Dwintha Lestari 2, Nur Kusaira Khairul Ikram 3,4 , Amirah Mohd Gazzali 5 , Maywan Hariono 6 and Habibah A. Wahab 5 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia 2 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Bandung, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta No. 752, Bandung 40614, Indonesia; [email protected] 3 Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia 5 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia; [email protected] (A.M.G.); [email protected] (H.A.W.) 6 Faculty of Pharmacy, Campus III, Sanata Dharma University, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +62-22-8784288888 (ext. 3210) Abstract: Coffee has been studied for its health beneﬁts, including prevention of several chronic Citation: Muchtaridi, M.; Lestari, D.; diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, Parkinson’s, and liver diseases. Chlorogenic acid Khairul Ikram, N.K.; Gazzali, A.M.; (CGA), an important component in coffee beans, was shown to possess antiviral activity against Hariono, M.; Wahab, H.A. viruses. However, the presence of caffeine in coffee beans may also cause insomnia and stomach Decaffeination and Neuraminidase irritation, and increase heart rate and respiration rate.
[Show full text]
Coffee, Coffea Spp
A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 28 Jan 2013 Coffee, Coffea spp. As you sip your morning cup of coffee have you ever wondered where this ubiquitous beverage comes from? Coffea is a genus of about 100 species of evergreen shrubs and small understory trees in the madder family (Rubiaceae) native to tropical forests in Africa and Asia. The seeds of these plants are processed to produce the drink people around the world have enjoyed for centuries, as well as for fl avoring ice cream, pastries, candies, and liqueurs. It is one of the world’s most valuable crops and is an important export product of several countries. The largest producers include Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Colombia, along with many other Central and South American countries and East Africa. Coffee comes from a tropical shrub. Coffea is an attractive plant with glossy, deep green foliage. The woody, evergreen shrubs or small trees have opposite, elliptic- ovate, wavy-edged leaves. The fairly stiff leaves have a prominent leaf midrib and lateral veins. Wild plants will grow 10 to 12 feet high, with an open branching structure, but are easily kept smaller and denser by pruning. Fragrant, sweet scented white fl owers bloom along reproductive branches in the leaf axils on old wood. The dense clusters of star-shaped fl owers can be produced at any time of year, but are most common in our Coffea has glossy, deep green leaves. autumn, as coffee is a short-day plant and blooming most profusely when nights are getting longer (daylight of only 8-10 hours).
[Show full text]
Summary of the Application: DRIED COFFEE CHERRY of Coffea Sp
Summary of the application: DRIED COFFEE CHERRY of Coffea sp. (Cascara) Applicant: LUIGI LAVAZZA SpA, Via Bologna,32, 10152 Torino, ITALY This is an application for notification to place DRIED COFFEE CHERRY (commonly referred to as Cascara), from Coffea sp., on the market in the European Union (EU) for use as an ingredient in a herbal tea/infusion referred to as “Coffee cherry tea”, which is prepared by brewing the DRIED COFFEE CHERRY. This application is submitted pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on novel foods, and specifically corresponds to the category covered in Article 2 (iv) “food consisting of, isolated from or produced from plants or their parts, except when the food has a history of safe food use within the Union and is consisting of, isolated from or produced from a plant or a variety of the same species obtained by traditional propagating practices which have been used for food production within the Union before 15 May 1997.” The application was prepared according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance on the preparation and presentation of an application for notification of a Traditional Food in the context of Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Evidence of the consumption of “Coffee cherry tea” in Ethiopia dates back to before the 9th century; “Coffee cherry tea” is indeed commonly used as substitute for coffee in Ethiopia and Yemen. In the scientific literature and in this notification, the term DRIED COFFEE CHERRY refers to the outer part of coffee fruit, the husk and pulp, and accounts for almost 45% of the fresh berry.
[Show full text]
Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid Contents Among Wild Coffea
Food Chemistry Food Chemistry 93 (2005) 135–139 www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem Qualitative relationship between caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents among wild Coffea species C. Campa, S. Doulbeau, S. Dussert, S. Hamon, M. Noirot * Centre IRD of Montpellier, B.P. 64501, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Received 28 June 2004; received in revised form 13 October 2004; accepted 13 October 2004 Abstract Chlorogenic acids, sensu largo (CGA), are secondary metabolites of great economic importance in coffee: their accumulation in green beans contributes to coffee drink bitterness. Previous evaluations have already focussed on wild species of coffee trees, but this assessment included six new taxa from Cameroon and Congo and involved a simplified method that generated more accurate results. Five main results were obtained: (1) Cameroon and Congo were found to be a centre of diversity, encompassing the entire range of CGA content from 0.8% to 11.9% dry matter basis (dmb); (2) three groups of coffee tree species – CGA1, CGA2 and CGA3 – were established on the basis of discontinuities; (3) means were 1.4%, 5.6% and 9.9% dmb, respectively; (4) there was a qualitative relation- ship between caffeine and ACG content distribution; (5) only a small part of the CGA is trapped by caffeine as caffeine chlorogenate. Ó 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Coffeae; Caffeine; Chlorogenic acids 1. Introduction lic acid [feruloylquinic acids (FQA)] and represent 98% of all CGAs (Clifford, 1985; Morishita, Iwahashi, & Two coffee species, C. canephora and C. arabica, are Kido, 1989). There are also some minor compounds, cultivated worldwide. However, these species only repre- such as esters of feruloyl-caffeoylquinic acids (FCQA), sent a small proportion of the worldÕs coffee genetic re- caffeoyl-feruloylquinic acids (CFQA) or p-coumaric acid sources as, in the wild, the Coffea subgenus (Coffea (p-CoQA).
[Show full text]
Rubiaceae) in Africa and Madagascar
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Plant Syst Evol (2010) 285:51–64 DOI 10.1007/s00606-009-0255-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Adaptive radiation in Coffea subgenus Coffea L. (Rubiaceae) in Africa and Madagascar François Anthony • Leandro E. C. Diniz • Marie-Christine Combes • Philippe Lashermes Received: 31 July 2009 / Accepted: 28 December 2009 / Published online: 5 March 2010 Ó The Author(s) 2010. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Phylogeographic analysis of the Coffea subge- biogeographic differentiation of coffee species, but they nus Coffea was performed using data on plastid DNA were not congruent with morphological and biochemical sequences and interpreted in relation to biogeographic data classifications, or with the capacity to grow in specific on African rain forest flora. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses environments. Examples of convergent evolution in the of trnL-F, trnT-L and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacers from 24 main clades are given using characters of leaf size, caffeine African species revealed two main clades in the Coffea content and reproductive mode. subgenus Coffea whose distribution overlaps in west equa- torial Africa. Comparison of trnL-F sequences obtained Keywords Africa Á Biogeography Á Coffea Á Evolution Á from GenBank for 45 Coffea species from Cameroon, Phylogeny Á Plastid sequences Á Rubiaceae Madagascar, Grande Comore and the Mascarenes revealed low divergence between African and Madagascan species, suggesting a rapid and radial mode of speciation. A chro- Introduction nological history of the dispersal of the Coffea subgenus Coffea from its centre of origin in Lower Guinea is pro- Coffeeae tribe belongs to the Ixoroideae monophyletic posed.
[Show full text]
The Economic Value of Coffee (Coffea Arabica) Genetic Resources
The economic value of coffee (Coffea arabica) genetic resources Lars Hein1* and Franz Gatzweiler2 * corresponding author 1 Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Phone: +31-316-482994 / Fax: +31-317-484839, Email: [email protected] 2 Centre for Development Research (ZEF), Department of Ecology and Resource Management, Bonn University, Walter-Flex Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Phone: +49-228-731795 / Fax:+49-228-731889, Email: [email protected] Abstract Whereas the economic value of genetic diversity is widely recognized there are, to date, relatively few experiences with the actual valuation of genetic resources. This paper presents an analysis of the economic value of Coffea arabica genetic resources contained in Ethiopian highland forests. The valuation is based on an assessment of the potential benefits and costs of the use of C. arabica genetic information in breeding programs for enhanced coffee cultivars. The study considers the breeding for three types of enhanced cultivars: increased pest and disease resistance, low caffeine contents and increased yields. Costs and benefits are compared for a 30 years discounting period, and result in a net present value of coffee genetic resources of 1458 and 420 million US$, at discount rates of 5% respectively 10%. The value estimate is prone to considerable uncertainty, with major sources of uncertainty being the length of breeding programs required to transfer valuable genetic information into new coffee cultivars, and the potential adoption rate of such enhanced cultivars. Nevertheless, the study demonstrates the high economic value of genetic resources, and it underlines the need for urgent action to halt the currently ongoing, rapid deforestation of Ethiopian highland forests.
[Show full text]
Liberica Coffee (Coffea Liberica L.) from Three Different Regions: in Vitro Antioxidant Activities
Article Volume 11, Issue 5, 2021, 13031 - 13041 https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC115.1303113041 Liberica Coffee (Coffea liberica L.) from Three Different Regions: In Vitro Antioxidant Activities Muhamad Insanu 1 ,* , Irda Fidrianny 1 , Nur Hanin Husnul Imtinan 1 , Siti Kusmardiyani 1 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Scopus Author ID 55479820400 Received: 3.01.2021; Revised: 29.01.2021; Accepted: 2.02.2021; Published: 7.02.2021 Abstract: Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons in their outer orbitals. An antioxidant is a compound that can be scavenged free radicals. Coffee is one of the natural antioxidants. This research aimed to study the antioxidant activity of medium roasted beans of liberica coffee (Coffea liberica) from three different regions by DPPH and CUPRAC methods. To determine total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyze the correlation between TPC and TFC with AAI DPPH and CUPRAC and the correlation between two methods in sample extracts. The sample was extracted by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. AAI DPPH in the range of 0.397- 18.536, while CUPRAC 0.532-4.674. The highest TPC in ethanol extract of liberica coffee from Aceh (22.585 ± 1.610 g GAE/100 g) and the highest TFC in ethyl acetate extract of liberica coffee from Aceh (4.927 ± 0.355 g QE/100 g). TPC of all samples had a positive and significant correlation with AAI DPPH and CUPRAC. AAI DPPH and CUPRAC value gave a significant and positive correlation.
[Show full text]
Land Suitability for Coffee (Coffea Arabica) Growing in Amazonas
International Journal of Geo-Information Article Land Suitability for Coffee (Coffea arabica) Growing in Amazonas, Peru: Integrated Use of AHP, GIS and RS Rolando Salas López * , Darwin Gómez Fernández , Jhonsy O. Silva López , Nilton B. Rojas Briceño , Manuel Oliva , Renzo E. Terrones Murga , Daniel Iliquín Trigoso , Elgar Barboza Castillo and Miguel Ángel Barrena Gurbillón Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru; [email protected] (D.G.F.); [email protected] (J.O.S.L.); [email protected] (N.B.R.B.); [email protected] (M.O.); [email protected] (R.E.T.M.); [email protected] (D.I.T.); [email protected] (E.B.C.); [email protected] (M.Á.B.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +51-956-715-497 Received: 7 October 2020; Accepted: 11 November 2020; Published: 13 November 2020 Abstract: Peru is one of the world’s main coffee exporters, whose production is driven mainly by five regions and, among these, the Amazonas region. However, a combined negative factor, including, among others, climate crisis, the incidence of diseases and pests, and poor land-use planning, have led to a decline in coffee yields, impacting on the family economy. Therefore, this research assesses land suitability for coffee production (Coffea arabica) in Amazonas region, in order to support the development of sustainable agriculture. For this purpose, a hierarchical structure was developed based on six climatological sub-criteria, five edaphological sub-criteria, three physiographical sub-criteria, four socio-economic sub-criteria, and three restrictions (coffee diseases and pests).
[Show full text]
Plantbreedingreviews.Pdf
416 F. E. VEGA C. Propagation Systems 1. Seed Propagation 2. Clonal Propagation 3. F1 Hybrids D. Future Based on Biotechnology V. LITERATURE CITED 1. INTRODUCTION Coffee is the second largest export commodity in the world after petro leum products with an estimated annual retail sales value of US $70 billion in 2003 (Lewin et a1. 2004). Over 10 million hectares of coffee were harvested in 2005 (http://faostat.fao.orgl) in more than 50 devel oping countries, and about 125 million people, equivalent to 17 to 20 million families, depend on coffee for their subsistence in Latin Amer ica, Africa, and Asia (Osorio 2002; Lewin et a1. 2004). Coffee is the most important source of foreign currency for over 80 developing countries (Gole et a1. 2002). The genus Coffea (Rubiaceae) comprises about 100 different species (Chevalier 1947; Bridson and Verdcourt 1988; Stoffelen 1998; Anthony and Lashermes 2005; Davis et a1. 2006, 2007), and new taxa are still being discovered (Davis and Rakotonasolo 2001; Davis and Mvungi 2004). Only two species are of economic importance: C. arabica L., called arabica coffee and endemic to Ethiopia, and C. canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner, also known as robusta coffee and endemic to the Congo basin (Wintgens 2004; Illy and Viani 2005). C. arabica accounted for approximately 65% of the total coffee production in 2002-2003 (Lewin et a1. 2004). Dozens of C. arabica cultivars are grown (e.g., 'Typica', 'Bourbon', 'Catuai', 'Caturra', 'Maragogipe', 'Mundo Novo', 'Pacas'), but their genetic base is small due to a narrow gene pool from which they originated and the fact that C.
[Show full text]