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"Santalales (Including Mistletoes)"
Santalales (Including Introductory article Mistletoes) Article Contents . Introduction Daniel L Nickrent, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA . Taxonomy and Phylogenetics . Morphology, Life Cycle and Ecology . Biogeography of Mistletoes . Importance of Mistletoes Online posting date: 15th March 2011 Mistletoes are flowering plants in the sandalwood order that produce some of their own sugars via photosynthesis (Santalales) that parasitise tree branches. They evolved to holoparasites that do not photosynthesise. Holopar- five separate times in the order and are today represented asites are thus totally dependent on their host plant for by 88 genera and nearly 1600 species. Loranthaceae nutrients. Up until recently, all members of Santalales were considered hemiparasites. Molecular phylogenetic ana- (c. 1000 species) and Viscaceae (550 species) have the lyses have shown that the holoparasite family Balano- highest species diversity. In South America Misodendrum phoraceae is part of this order (Nickrent et al., 2005; (a parasite of Nothofagus) is the first to have evolved Barkman et al., 2007), however, its relationship to other the mistletoe habit ca. 80 million years ago. The family families is yet to be determined. See also: Nutrient Amphorogynaceae is of interest because some of its Acquisition, Assimilation and Utilization; Parasitism: the members are transitional between root and stem para- Variety of Parasites sites. Many mistletoes have developed mutualistic rela- The sandalwood order is of interest from the standpoint tionships with birds that act as both pollinators and seed of the evolution of parasitism because three early diverging dispersers. Although some mistletoes are serious patho- families (comprising 12 genera and 58 species) are auto- gens of forest and commercial trees (e.g. -
New Exotic Host for the Dwarf Mistletoe Korthalsella Salicornioides
TRILEPIDEA Newsletter of the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network NO. 201 New exotic host for the dwarf mistletoe Korthalsella salicornioides August 2020 John Barkla ([email protected]) Deadline for next issue: On 16 August 2020, while walking Friday 16 September 2020 the Abel Tasman Coastal Track, I SUBMIT AN ARTICLE observed and photographed the dwarf TO THE NEWSLETTER mistletoe Korthalsella salicornioides Contributions are welcome [Viscaceae] hemiparasitic on its gorse to the newsletter at any (Ulex europaeus [Fabaceae]) host. One time. The closing date for gorse shrub was observed hosting articles for each issue is approximately the 15th of several large plants of Korthalsella each month. salicornioides (Fig. 1). Articles may be edited and used in the newsletter and/ Th e site is on gentle hill country, or on the website news page. approximately 60 metres above sea Figure 1. Korthalsella salicornioides hemiparasitic on The Network will publish level and located about halfway gorse. Abel Tasman National Park, 16 August 2020. almost any article about between Th e Anchorage and Watering Photo: John Barkla. plants and plant conservation Cove. Trackside vegetation here comprises coastal shrubland dominated by kanuka with a particular focus on the plant life of New Zealand and (Kunzea ericoides) with manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and prickly mingimingi Oceania. (Leptocophylla juniperina subsp. juniperina) both common. Gorse is sporadically Please send news items present, occupying otherwise bare ground that may be a result of the track’s or event information to construction and maintenance. [email protected] Postal address: Korthalsella salicornioides was abundant on host kanuka growing in close proximity c/- 160 Wilton Road to the gorse shrub host. -
Heterotrophic Carbon Gain and Mineral Nutrition of the Root Hemi-Parasite Santalum Album L
128 Heterotrophic carbon gain and mineral nutrition of Santa fum album L. Heterotrophic carbon gain and mineral nutrition of the root hemi-parasite Santalum album L. in pot culture with different hosts. Andrew M. Radomiljaci.2·A, Jen A. McComb2 and JohnS. Pate3 1Present address: Department of Conservation and Land Management, CALMSharefarms Maritime Pine, Lot 1, 260 Kalamunda Road, South Guilford, 6055, Western Australia 2Division of Science, Biological Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia 3Department of Botany, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth 6907, Western Australia Revised manuscript received 8 January 1999 Summary tices in relation to the best host species, and how to achieve This paper examines heterotrophic gain of carbon and min the highest volume and quality of sandalwood in a particular eral composition of Santalum album partnered singly in pot set of environmental circumstances. culture with three beneficial woody N,-tixing hosts and a non Our current projects, aimed at defining the best protocols for beneficial eucalypt host. Based on dry matter gains of the growth of S. album under irrigation culture in the Ord River parasite at 33 weeks, Sesbaniaformosa proved the best host region of North West Australia, have utilised a native herba followed by Acacia ampliceps and A. trachycarpa while no ceous perennial, Alternanthera nana R. Br., as a host during improvement in growth was seen with Eucalyptus pot culture with seedlings of the parasite, followed by use of camaldulensis as a host in comparison with Santalum grown various fast growing but relatively short lived species as 'in without a host. Numbers of haustoria formed by Santalum termediate hosts' once plants are transferred to the field. -
Flora of South Australia 5Th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann
Flora of South Australia 5th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann KEY TO FAMILIES1 J.P. Jessop2 The sequence of families used in this Flora follows closely the one adopted by the Australian Plant Census (www.anbg.gov. au/chah/apc), which in turn is based on that of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG III 2009) and Mabberley’s Plant Book (Mabberley 2008). It differs from previous editions of the Flora, which were mainly based on the classification system of Engler & Gilg (1919). A list of all families recognised in this Flora is printed in the inside cover pages with families already published highlighted in bold. The up-take of this new system by the State Herbarium of South Australia is still in progress and the S.A. Census database (www.flora.sa.gov.au/census.shtml) still uses the old classification of families. The Australian Plant Census web-site presents comparison tables of the old and new systems on family and genus level. A good overview of all families can be found in Heywood et al. (2007) and Stevens (2001–), although these authors accept a slightly different family classification. A number of names with which people using this key may be familiar but are not employed in the system used in this work have been included for convenience and are enclosed on quotation marks. 1. Plants reproducing by spores and not producing flowers (“Ferns and lycopods”) 2. Aerial shoots either dichotomously branched, with scale leaves and 3-lobed sporophores or plants with fronds consisting of a simple or divided sterile blade and a simple or branched spikelike sporophore .................................................................................. -
Morphology, Geographic Distribution, and Host Preferences Are Poor
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/433359; this version posted October 2, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Research Article Morphology, geographic distribution, and host preferences are poor predictors of phylogenetic relatedness in the mistletoe genus Viscum L. Karola Maul1, Michael Krug1, Daniel L. Nickrent2, Kai F. Müller3, Dietmar Quandt1, and Susann Wicke3* 1Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany; 2Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6509, USA; 3Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Huefferstr. 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Author for Correspondence is: Dr. S. Wicke, phone: +49 (0) 251 83 21644, email: [email protected] Research article containing 6,200 words, 4 color figures, 1 table; 6 additional figures and 7 additional tables are provided as supporting information. All raw data files and original phylogenetic trees are available from Mendeley Data. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/433359; this version posted October 2, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract (250 words max.) 2 Besides their alleged therapeutic effects, mistletoes of the genus Viscum L. -
The Island Rule and Its Application to Multiple Plant Traits
The island rule and its application to multiple plant traits Annemieke Lona Hedi Hendriks A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology and Biodiversity Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand 2019 ii “The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shoreline of wonder” Ralph W. Sockman. iii iv General Abstract Aim The Island Rule refers to a continuum of body size changes where large mainland species evolve to become smaller and small species evolve to become larger on islands. Previous work focuses almost solely on animals, with virtually no previous tests of its predictions on plants. I tested for (1) reduced floral size diversity on islands, a logical corollary of the island rule and (2) evidence of the Island Rule in plant stature, leaf size and petiole length. Location Small islands surrounding New Zealand; Antipodes, Auckland, Bounty, Campbell, Chatham, Kermadec, Lord Howe, Macquarie, Norfolk, Snares, Stewart and the Three Kings. Methods I compared the morphology of 65 island endemics and their closest ‘mainland’ relative. Species pairs were identified. Differences between archipelagos located at various latitudes were also assessed. Results Floral sizes were reduced on islands relative to the ‘mainland’, consistent with predictions of the Island Rule. Plant stature, leaf size and petiole length conformed to the Island Rule, with smaller plants increasing in size, and larger plants decreasing in size. Main conclusions Results indicate that the conceptual umbrella of the Island Rule can be expanded to plants, accelerating understanding of how plant traits evolve on isolated islands. -
Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources
Photograph: Helen Owens © Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia Department of All rights reserved Environment, Copyright of illustrations might reside with other institutions or Water and individuals. Please enquire for details. Natural Resources Contact: Dr Jürgen Kellermann Editor, Flora of South Australia (ed. 5) State Herbarium of South Australia PO Box 2732 Kent Town SA 5071 Australia email: [email protected] Flora of South Australia 5th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann SANTALACEAE1 B.J. Lepschi2 (Korthalsella by B.A. Barlow3) Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines or small trees; hemiparasitic on roots or aerially on stems or branches, glabrous or variously hairy. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes decussate, rarely whorled, simple, entire, sometimes scale- like, caducous or persistent; stipules absent. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, a sessile or pedunculate raceme, spike, panicle or corymb, sometimes condensed or flowers solitary, usually bracteate, bracts sometimes united to form a bracteal cup; flowers bisexual or unisexual (and plants monoecious or dioecious), actinomorphic, perianth 1-whorled; tepals (3) 4–5 (–8), free or forming a valvately-lobed tube or cup; floral disc usually lobed, rarely absent; stamens as many as tepals and inserted opposite them; anthers sessile or borne on short filaments; carpels (2) 3 (–5); ovary inferior or superior; ovules 1–5 or lacking and embryo sac embedded in mamelon; style usually very short, rarely absent; stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a nut, drupe or berry, receptacle sometimes enlarged and fleshy; seed 1 (2), without testa, endosperm copious. A family of 44 genera and about 875 species; almost cosmopolitan, well developed in tropical regions. -
Viscum Album L.) in Urban Areas (A Case Study of the Kaliningrad City, Russia)
plants Article Ecological and Landscape Factors Affecting the Spread of European Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in Urban Areas (A Case Study of the Kaliningrad City, Russia) Liubov Skrypnik 1,* , Pavel Maslennikov 1 , Pavel Feduraev 1 , Artem Pungin 1 and Nikolay Belov 2 1 Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Universitetskaya str., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia; [email protected] (P.M.); [email protected] (P.F.); [email protected] (A.P.) 2 Institute of Environmental Management, Urban Development and Spatial Planning, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Zoologicheskaya str., 2, Kaliningrad 236022, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +74012533707 Received: 1 March 2020; Accepted: 19 March 2020; Published: 23 March 2020 Abstract: Green spaces are very important for an urban environment. Trees in cities develop under more stressful conditions and are, therefore, more susceptible to parasite including mistletoe infestation. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological, microclimatic, and landscape factors causing the spread of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in urban conditions. The most numerous hosts of mistletoe were Tilia cordata (24.4%), Acer platanoides (22.7%), and Populus nigra (16.7%). On average, there were more than 10 mistletoe bushes per tree. The mass mistletoe infestations (more than 50 bushes per the tree) were detected for Populus berolinensis, Populus nigra, × and Acer saccharinum. The largest number of infected trees was detected in the green zone (city parks), historical housing estates, and green zone along water bodies. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA), the main factors causing the spread of mistletoe on the urban territories are trees’ age and relative air humidity. -
1965) 278-307 Haustorium, (Loranthaceae
Acta Botanica Neerlandica 14 (1965) 278-307 On the Nature and Action of the Santalalean Haustorium, as exemplified by Phthirusa and Antidaphne (Loranthaceae) Job Kuijt {Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada) (received June 30th, 1965) Abstract The original intent ofthe present study was an inquiry into the architecture of the secondary haustoria of the mistletoes Antidaphne viscoidea and Phthirusa pyrifolia, each representing one of the two subfamilies ofLoranthaceae. In the course of this study it fundamental has become clear that there are similarities uniting the haustoria of the entire order, Santalales. The needfor integration of all knowledge of Santalalean haustoria became the work and more pressing as proceeded has culminatedin this article form. in its present This work, then, represents an integrated review of the structure mechanism of Santalalean and haustoria, introduced by anaccount of the haustoria of Phthirusa and Antidaphne. Phthirusa and Antidaphne the The mistletoe haustorium of temperate zones is a direct out- growth of the radicular apex of the seedling. Even such complex those of absorptive systems as Arceuthobium, Phrygilanthus aphyllus, and some species of Phoradendron can be traced back to their origin from the apical meristem of the primary root. In a large numberof tropical and some subtropical Loranthaceae, however, secondary roots are formed from the base of the plant or from branches. Such roots are known as the the epicortical roots, and follow branches of host, producing secon- dary haustoria at irregular intervals. Secondary haustoria, partly their limited have received little through geographic occurrence, attention from anatomists. The present account of the young secon- dary haustoria of Phthirusa pyrifolia (HBK) Eichl. -
Checklist of the Washington Baltimore Area
Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington - Baltimore Area Part I Ferns, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, and Dicotyledons by Stanwyn G. Shetler and Sylvia Stone Orli Department of Botany National Museum of Natural History 2000 Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0166 ii iii PREFACE The better part of a century has elapsed since A. S. Hitchcock and Paul C. Standley published their succinct manual in 1919 for the identification of the vascular flora in the Washington, DC, area. A comparable new manual has long been needed. As with their work, such a manual should be produced through a collaborative effort of the region’s botanists and other experts. The Annotated Checklist is offered as a first step, in the hope that it will spark and facilitate that effort. In preparing this checklist, Shetler has been responsible for the taxonomy and nomenclature and Orli for the database. We have chosen to distribute the first part in preliminary form, so that it can be used, criticized, and revised while it is current and the second part (Monocotyledons) is still in progress. Additions, corrections, and comments are welcome. We hope that our checklist will stimulate a new wave of fieldwork to check on the current status of the local flora relative to what is reported here. When Part II is finished, the two parts will be combined into a single publication. We also maintain a Web site for the Flora of the Washington-Baltimore Area, and the database can be searched there (http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/dcflora). -
Santalaceae1
Flora of South Australia 5th Edition | Edited by Jürgen Kellermann SANTALACEAE1 B.J. Lepschi2 (Korthalsella by B.A. Barlow3) Perennial herbs, shrubs, vines or small trees; hemiparasitic on roots or aerially on stems or branches, glabrous or variously hairy. Leaves alternate or opposite, sometimes decussate, rarely whorled, simple, entire, sometimes scale- like, caducous or persistent; stipules absent. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, a sessile or pedunculate raceme, spike, panicle or corymb, sometimes condensed or flowers solitary, usually bracteate, bracts sometimes united to form a bracteal cup; flowers bisexual or unisexual (and plants monoecious or dioecious), actinomorphic, perianth 1-whorled; tepals (3) 4–5 (–8), free or forming a valvately-lobed tube or cup; floral disc usually lobed, rarely absent; stamens as many as tepals and inserted opposite them; anthers sessile or borne on short filaments; carpels (2) 3 (–5); ovary inferior or superior; ovules 1–5 or lacking and embryo sac embedded in mamelon; style usually very short, rarely absent; stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a nut, drupe or berry, receptacle sometimes enlarged and fleshy; seed 1 (2), without testa, endosperm copious. A family of 44 genera and about 875 species; almost cosmopolitan, well developed in tropical regions. Thirteen genera (five endemic) and 67 species (55 endemic) in Australia and island territories; five genera and 15 species in South Australia. As currently circumscribed, Santalaceae is polyphyletic with respect to Viscaceae (Old World) and Opiliaceae (pantropical) (Der & Nickrent 2008) and should probably be divided. Anthobolus may also be better placed in Opiliaceae (cf. Der & Nickrent 2008). Some recent classifications (e.g. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003; Mabberley 2008) include the Viscaceae within the Santalaceae, and this treatment is adopted here. -
On the Flora of Australia
L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.