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Digital Health Care and Social Care Regional Development Impacts in the Nordic Countries

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Digital Health Care and Social Care Regional Development Impacts in the Nordic Countries Digital Health Care and Social Care Regional development impacts in the Nordic countries Anna Lundgren, Louise Ormstrup Vestergård, Ágúst Bogason, Johanna Carolina Jokinen, Oskar Penje, Shinan Wang, Gustaf Norlén, Linnea Löfving and Timothy Heleniak NORDREGIO REPORT 2020:14 1 Digital Health Care and Social Care Regional development impacts in the Nordic countries Anna Lundgren, Louise Ormstrup Vestergård, Ágúst Bogason, Johanna Carolina Jokinen, Oskar Penje, Shinan Wang, Gustaf Norlén, Linnea Löfving and Timothy Heleniak NORDREGIO REPORT 2020:14 Digital Health Care and Social Care – Regional development impacts in the Nordic countries Nordregio Report 2020:14 ISBN 978-91-8001-001-6 ISSN 1403-2503 DOI: doi.org/10.6027/R2020:14.1403-2503 © Nordregio 2020 Nordregio P.O. Box 1658 SE-111 86 Stockholm, Sweden [email protected] www.nordregio.org www.norden.org Authors: Anna Lundgren, Louise Ormstrup Vestergård, Ágúst Bogason, Johanna Carolina Jokinen, Oskar Penje, Shinan Wang, Gustaf Norlén, Linnea Löfving and Timothy Heleniak Cover photo: Andreas Forsberg, Unsplash Nordregio is a leading Nordic and European research centre for regional development and planning, established by the Nordic Council of Ministers in 1997. We conduct solution-oriented and applied research, addressing current issues from both a research perspective and the viewpoint of policymakers and practitioners. Operating at the international, national, regional and local levels, Nordregio’s research covers a wide geographic scope, with an emphasis on the Nordic and Baltic Sea Regions, Europe and the Arctic. The Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy, and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. The Nordic Council of Ministers is a forum of co-operation between the Nordic governments. The Nordic Council of Ministers implements Nordic co-operation. The prime ministers have the overall responsibility. Its activities are co-ordinated by the Nordic ministers for co-operation, the Nordic Committee for co-operation and portfolio ministers. Founded in 1971. The Nordic Council is a forum for co-operation between the Nordic parliaments and governments. The Council consists of 87 parliamentarians from the Nordic countries. The Nordic Council takes policy initiative s and monitors Nordic co-operation. Founded in 1952. Stockholm, Sweden, 2020 Preface This report is part of the Nordic project ‘Health which a number of obstacles (such as legislative, care and care through distance-spanning technol- technical or organisational difficulties) are ham- ogies’ (Vård och omsorg på distans), initiated un- pering this development. In addition, the report der the Swedish Presidency of the Nordic Council points to the need for comprehensive and system- of Ministers in 2018. atic studies examining the economic and regional Both digitalisation in general, and digitalisa- development impacts of digitalisation in health tion in health care and social care in particular, are care and social care. high on the political agenda across all the Nordic The overall effect of digitalisation in health countries – which all have special strategies for care and social care is expected to be found not eHealth. However, those ambitious goals, the pace only in the development of the two sectors them- of development for digitalisation in health care selves, but also in its wider implications for health and social care has been slower than in many other and wellbeing, and for the development of regions sectors. The aim of this project on health care and across the Nordic territory. Rural and remote ar- care with distance-spanning solutions has been to eas, in particular, are expected to benefit from encourage improvements through benchmarking greater accessibility to welfare services. This and learning from best practice across the Nordic should also contribute to the attractiveness of Region. those areas, and to their long-term development. The aim of the report is threefold: to delve into This project was initiated and funded by the the the potential benefits of digitalisation in health Nordic Committee of Seniors Officials for Social care and social care, to explore its effects on re- and Health Affaires. Nordic Atlantic Co-operation gional development, and to take a more in-depth (NORA) has contributed with funding for conduct- look at the obstacles to implementing digitalisa- ing fieldstudies in Faroe Islands and Greenland. tion in health care and social care. The results of our study illustrate the significant potential of Kjell Nilsson, Peter Berggren, digitalisation in health care and social care – for Director Nordregio General Practitioner and example, in relation to improved quality and acces- Director of the South sibility in both health care provision and social care Lapland Healthcare Area services. But the report also illustrates the way in in Region Västerbotten nordregio report 2020:14 5 Introduction Table of contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Sammanfattning....................................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 11 2. Digitalisation in health care and social care across the Nordic countries ....................................................................................................................................13 2.1 Health in the Nordic countries .............................................................................................................13 2.2 The health care systems in Nordic countries .................................................................................. 16 2.3 What is digitalisation in health care and social care? .................................................................. 16 2.4 Digitalisation in health care and social care in the Nordic countries ........................................17 2.5 How does digitalisation in health care and social care relate to regional development? .. 20 Economic regional development effects ..........................................................................................21 Social regional development effects ................................................................................................ 22 Environmental regional development effects ................................................................................ 23 3. Aim, theoretical framework and methods ..................................................................... 24 3.1 Aim of the study ..................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Theoretical framework ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.3 Methods and limitations ...................................................................................................................... 25 4. Digital health care and social care: Case studies .....................................................28 4.1 Digital health care and social care in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway ............................................29 The health care and social care system in Norway ...................................................................... 30 Description of the Norwegian cases: the region of Sogn og Fjordane and Luster municipality ........................................................................................................................................... 30 Examples of distance-spanning technologies in Sogn og Fjordane and Luster municipality ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Challenges experienced in implementing digital solutions: Regional and municipal findings ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 Effects and potentials .......................................................................................................................... 36 4.2 Digital health care and social care in South Karelia, Finland .....................................................39 The health care and social care system in Finland ....................................................................... 40 Strategies: national, regional and local level ...................................................................................41 Description of the Finnish case: the region of South
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