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FLW Standard Executive Summary VERSION 1.0 Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT This document summarizes the important features of the Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard (or FLW Standard) including the rationale behind it, the steps that should be followed when undertaking an FLW inventory, and the requirements that must be met for an FLW inventory to be in conformance with the standard. FLW Protocol Steering Committee and Authors Craig Hanson, Brian Lipinski, Kai Robertson: World Resources Institute (WRI), Secretariat Debora Dias, Ignacio Gavilan, Pascal Gréverath (Nestlé), Sabine Ritter: The Consumer Goods Forum (CGF) Jorge Fonseca, Robert van Otterdijk: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Toine Timmermans: EU-funded FUSIONS project James Lomax, Clementine O’Connor: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Andy Dawe, Richard Swannell: WRAP (The Waste and Resources Action Programme) Violaine Berger, Matthew Reddy, Dalma Somogyi: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Other Contributing Authors Bruno Tran (Chair of Upstream Technical Working Group), Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Greenwich Barbara Leach (Chair of Downstream Technical Working Group), WRAP Tom Quested, WRAP EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Purpose and Vision of The Need for an the FLW Standard Accounting and The Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Stan- Reporting Standard dard (or FLW Standard) is a global standard that provides requirements and guidance for quantifying and report- A significant share of food grown for human consump- ing on the weight of food and/or associated inedible tion is never eaten. The Food and Agriculture Organiza- parts removed from the food supply chain—commonly tion of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that a third, referred to as “food loss and waste” (FLW). Using the by weight, of all food produced in the world was lost or 2 standard enables countries, cities, companies, and other wasted in 2009. entities to develop inventories of how much FLW is gen- erated and where it goes. These inventories can under- This level of inefficiency has significant economic, pin, inform, and focus strategies for minimizing FLW. social, and environmental impacts. For example, Minimizing FLW can provide economic benefits, enhance it results in approximately US$940 billion per year 3 food security, improve natural resource use efficiency, in economic losses, according to FAO estimates. It and reduce environmental impacts. exacerbates food insecurity. And the amount of food lost or wasted translates into about a quarter of all water 4 The purpose of the FLW Standard is to facilitate the used by agriculture, requires cropland equivalent to 5 quantification of FLW (what to measure and how to an area the size of China, and is responsible for an 6 measure it) and encourage consistency and transparency estimated 8 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. of the reported data. The standard enables the consistent quantification of baselines and tracking of progress Many countries, cities, companies, and other entities toward Target 12.31 of the United Nations Sustainable currently lack sufficient insight into how much, why, and Development Goals as well as other targets. where food and/or associated inedible parts are removed from the food supply chain. This makes it difficult to The standard is designed to be practical so that entities develop strategies and prioritize actions to prevent FLW, of all kinds can develop an FLW inventory based on their and to identify the most productive use of the FLW that particular quantification goals. Using the terminology does arise. In short, it is challenging to manage what you and requirements provided by the standard ensures do not measure. Moreover, what’s considered “food loss international consistency, enables comprehensiveness, and waste” varies widely and, without a consistent set of and supports transparent disclosure of FLW inventories definitions or an accounting and reporting framework, it both within and among entities. Quantifying FLW is is difficult to compare data within or among entities over an important foundation for reduction efforts that can time and draw useful conclusions. deliver a diverse array of benefits—from reducing costs associated with over-purchase and disposal, to avoiding This standard addresses these challenges by providing greenhouse gas emissions, or supporting efforts to accounting and reporting requirements that can be used eliminate hunger. Entities that prepare inventories consistently by entities around the world. It also includes in conformance with the FLW Standard will be better universally applicable definitions for describing the com- informed about how much FLW is generated and where it ponents of “food loss and waste” included in an inventory. ends up, and therefore better equipped to take action. Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard | 1 ▸ produce an FLW inventory to inform an entity’s own How the Standard internal decision-making; Can be Used ▸ report on results of an FLW inventory to comply with a government, industry association, or other third- The standard is voluntary and designed for users of all party FLW-reduction effort; and/or types and sizes, across all economic sectors, and in any country. The term “entity” is used to denote any party ▸ inform development of an FLW policy, initiative, or that might be interested in developing an FLW inventory. program that customizes its own guidance built on Entities may include intergovernmental agencies, the FLW Standard. governments (e.g., of nations, states, cities), industry associations, companies, and agricultural producers, The standard is designed to reflect practical data and among others. resource constraints, as well as the multiple possible reasons for quantifying FLW. As such, while the standard Given this diverse audience, why and how an entity uses is firm on the definitions for describing the scope of an the FLW Standard will vary. Before developing an FLW FLW inventory and the requirements for accounting and inventory, an entity should clearly articulate why it wants reporting results, it is flexible in allowing users to choose to quantify FLW. Its rationale may focus on preventing which particular scope is most appropriate for their FLW FLW from occurring in the first place as well as diverting inventory. For example, users choose whether to quantify it to better uses where value can be created or recovered. both food and associated inedible parts removed from the Once an entity chooses to quantify FLW, the standard food supply chain, only food, or only associated inedible may be used for various purposes, including to: parts (see Box 1). The choice they make is a function of their goals for quantifying FLW. Box 1 | Defining Food and Inedible Parts Food:a Any substance—whether processed, semi-processed, or raw—that is intended for human consumption. “Food” includes drink, and any substance that has been used in the manufacture, preparation, or treatment of food. “Food” also includes material that has spoiled and is therefore no longer fit for human consumption. It does not include cosmetics, tobacco, or substances used only as drugs. It does not include processing agents used along the food supply chain, for example, water to clean or cook raw materials in factories or at home. Inedible parts: Components associated with a food that, in a particular food supply chain, are not intended to be con- sumed by humans. Examples of inedible parts associated with food could include bones, rinds, and pits/stones. “Inedible parts” do not include packaging. What is considered inedible varies among users (e.g., chicken feet are consumed in some food supply chains but not others), changes over time, and is influenced by a range of variables including culture, socio-economic factors, availability, price, technological advances, international trade, and geography. aAdapted from Codex Alimentarius Commission, Procedural Manual, 2013. 2 | Food Loss + Waste Protocol EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the possible material types (i.e., food and/or associated Important Features of inedible parts) and destinations (where material removed the FLW Standard from the food supply chain is directed—see Figure 1). It allows an entity to select which combination of material The design of the FLW Standard is characterized by three types and destinations it considers to be “food loss and important features, which reflect the guiding principles waste,” in accordance with the entity’s stated goals. underpinning its development. The standard allows for modular definitions, it allows for the use of diverse quan- For example, an entity that seeks to meet targets aimed tification methods, and it is expected to evolve over time. at improving food security may define FLW only in terms of the food (not the associated inedible parts) that leaves 1. MODULAR DEFINITIONS OF FLW a particular food supply chain, regardless of the ultimate The FLW Standard is designed to allow for the fact that destination. Another entity that seeks to meet targets different organizations will have different reasons for aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from waste quantifying FLW. These different goals lead to (or govern- management operations by limiting the amount of FLW ment regulations may even explicitly state) different defi- that goes to landfills may define FLW as both food and nitions of what constitutes FLW. The FLW Standard, there- associated
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