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EMPIRE and ENVIRONMENTAL ANXIETY Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920 Robert J

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EMPIRE and ENVIRONMENTAL ANXIETY Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920 Robert J Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series General Editors: Megan Vaughan, Kings’ College, Cambridge and Richard Drayton, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge This informative series covers the broad span of modern imperial history while also explor- ing the recent developments in former colonial states where residues of empire can still be found. The books provide in-depth examinations of empires as competing and complemen- tary power structures encouraging the reader to reconsider their understanding of interna- tional and world history during recent centuries. Titles include: Sunil S. Amrith DECOLONIZING INTERNATIONAL HEALTH India and Southeast Asia, 1930–65 Tony Ballantyne ORIENTALISM AND RACE Aryanism in the British Empire James Beattie EMPIRE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANXIETY Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920 Robert J. Blyth THE EMPIRE OF THE RAJ Eastern Africa and the Middle East, 1858–1947 Roy Bridges (editor) IMPERIALISM, DECOLONIZATION AND AFRICA Studies Presented to John Hargreaves L.J. Butler COPPER EMPIRE Mining and the Colonial State in Northern Rhodesia, c.1930–64 Hilary M. Carey (editor) EMPIRES OF RELIGION Nandini Chatterjee THE MAKING OF INDIAN SECULARISM Empire, Law and Christianity, 1830–1960 T. J. Cribb (editor) IMAGINED COMMONWEALTH Cambridge Essays on Commonwealth and International Literature in English Michael S. Dodson ORIENTALISM, EMPIRE AND NATIONAL CULTURE India, 1770–1880 Ulrike Hillemann ASIAN EMPIRE AND BRITISH KNOWLEDGE China and the Networks of British Imperial Expansion B.D. Hopkins THE MAKING OF MODERN AFGHANISTAN Ronald Hyam BRITAIN’S IMPERIAL CENTURY, 1815–1914: A STUDY OF EMPIRE AND EXPANSION Third Edition Iftekhar Iqbal THE BENGAL DELTA Ecology, State and Social Change, 1843–1943 9780230553200_01_prexvi.indd i 4/20/2011 10:01:52 AM Brian Ireland THE US MILITARY IN HAWAI’I Colonialism, Memory and Resistance Robin Jeffrey POLITICS, WOMEN AND WELL-BEING How Kerala became a ‘Model’ Gerold Krozewski MONEY AND THE END OF EMPIRE British International Economic Policy and the Colonies, 1947–58 Sloan Mahone and Megan Vaughan (editors) PSYCHIATRY AND EMPIRE Javed Majeed AUTOBIOGRAPHY, TRAVEL AND POST-NATIONAL IDENTITY Francine McKenzie REDEFINING THE BONDS OF COMMONWEALTH 1939–1948 The Politics of Preference Gabriel Paquette ENLIGHTENMENT, GOVERNANCE AND REFORM IN SPAIN AND ITS EMPIRE 1759–1808 Jennifer Regan-Lefebvre IRISH AND INDIAN The Cosmopolitan Politics of Alfred Webb Ricardo Roque HEADHUNTING AND COLONIALISM Anthropology and the Circulation of Human Skulls in the Portuguese Empire, 1870–1930 Michael Silvestri IRELAND AND INDIA Nationalism, Empire and Memory John Singleton and Paul Robertson ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN BRITAIN AND AUSTRALASIA 1945–1970 Aparna Vaidik IMPERIAL ANDAMANS Colonial Encounter and Island History Kim A. Wagner (editor) THUGGEE Banditry and the British in Early Nineteenth-Century India Jon E. Wilson THE DOMINATION OF STRANGERS Modern Governance in Eastern India, 1780–1835 Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–333–91908–8 (Hardback) 978–0–333–91909–5 (Paperback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England 9780230553200_01_prexvi.indd ii 4/20/2011 10:01:53 AM Empire and Environmental Anxiety Health, Science, Art and Conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920 James Beattie Senior Lecturer in History, University of Waikato 9780230553200_01_prexvi.indd iii 4/20/2011 10:01:53 AM © James Beattie 2011 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–55320–0 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beattie, James, 1977– Empire and environmental anxiety : health, science, art and conservation in South Asia and Australasia, 1800–1920 / James Beattie. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–230–55320–0 (hardback) 1. Imperialism—South Asia—History—19th century. 2. Imperialism— Australasia—History—19th century. 3. Environmental policy—South Asia— History—19th century. 4. Environmental policy— Australasia—History— 19th century. 5. Public health administration—South Asia—History— 19th century. 6. Public health administration—Australasia—History— 19th century. 7. Science and state—South Asia—History—19th century. 8. Science and state—Australasia—History—19th century. I. Title. JV141.B43 2011 333.70954—dc22 2011004888 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 9780230553200_01_prexvi.indd iv 4/20/2011 10:01:53 AM To Ondine Godtschalk, my wife; John and Margaret Beattie, my parents; My friends and family; And, especially, Stan Watkins and John Garbutt who sadly did not live to see me complete this project 9780230553200_01_prexvi.indd v 4/20/2011 10:01:53 AM This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures and Table viii Acknowledgements xi List of Abbreviations xiv Notes on the Author xv Introduction 1 1 Origins of Environmental Anxieties 4 2 Imperial Health Anxieties 39 3 Colonial Aesthetic Anxieties 72 4 Scottish-Trained Doctors, Environmental Anxieties and Imperial Development, 1780s–1870s 100 5 German Science and Imperial Forestry, 1840s–1900s 123 6 South Asian and Australasian Forestry Anxieties and Exchanges, 1870s–1920s 150 7 Thwarting Imperial Agricultural Development: The Spectre of Drifting Sands, 1800s–1920s 177 Conclusion 214 Notes 217 Bibliography 275 Index 306 vii 9780230553200_01_prexvi.indd vii 4/20/2011 10:01:53 AM List of Figures and Table Figures 1.1 ‘Oceania and the Pacific Ocean’, J. Bartholomew, Black’s General Atlas of the World (Edinburgh: A. and C. Black, circa 1860), no page 14 1.2 ‘Inglewood from Recreation Ground’, Taranaki, New Zealand, circa 1876 or 1878. Reproduced with the permission of the collection of Puke Ariki, New Plymouth, PHO2007–046 19 1.3 New Zealand Vegetation and Land Use, 1840. Map based on: Kenneth B. Cumberland, ‘A Century’s Change: Natural to Cultural Vegetation in New Zealand’, Geographical Review, 31, 4 (October, 1941): no page 20 1.4 New Zealand Vegetation and Land Use, 1940. Map based on: Kenneth B. Cumberland, ‘A Century’s Change: Natural to Cultural Vegetation in New Zealand’, Geographical Review, 31, 4 (October, 1941): no page 21 1.5 ‘India, 1805’, Sir Alfred Lyall, The Rise and Expansion of British Dominion in India (London: John Murray, 1919), no page 23 1.6 ‘India, 1857’, Sir Alfred Lyall, The Rise and Expansion of British Dominion in India (London: John Murray, 1919), no page 24 1.7 ‘British India, early twentieth century’, Sir Alfred Lyall, The Rise and Expansion of British Dominion in India (London: John Murray, 1919), no page 25 1.8 ‘Vegetation Features’, Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 26 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909), plate 5 34 1.9 Australian Vegetation and Land Use, 1788. Map based on: Ann Young, Environmental Change in Australia Since 1788 (South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2000), plate c 35 1.10 Australian Vegetation and Land Use, 2000. Map based on: Ann Young, Environmental Change in Australia viii 9780230553200_01_prexvi.indd viii 4/20/2011 10:01:53 AM List of Figures and Table ix Since 1788 (South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2000), plate c 36 2.1 ‘Muree, A Hill Station in the Punjab, in winter’, A. Arkle, ‘The Indian Army Nursing Service’, The American Journal of Nursing, 2, 9 ( June, 1902): no page 49 3.1 Alfred Sharpe, ‘Burial place of Hone Heke, Bay of Islands’, 1883, watercolour, 617 × 455 mm. Reproduced with the permission of Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, B.041287, 1977–0027–1 83 3.2 Alfred Sharpe, ‘The last dying remnant of the grand ti tree forests, between Adamstown and the Glebe, 1901’, watercolour, 350 × 600 mm. Reproduced with the permission of Mark Widdup, Newcastle 85 3.3 ‘Near view of smelting works, with several men at work’, 1902, detail from larger illuminated address, 1902. Reproduced with the permission of Miss Savage. Copy held in Mitchell Library, Sydney, ML, PXB174, folio 4 87 3.4 Ralph Snowball, ‘Sulphide works at Cockle Creek, 28 March 1903’, NPL00101\0010154. Reproduced with the permission of the Newcastle Region Library Collection 88 3.5 ‘King Edward Park’, early 1900s, Gold Collection, NPL/05600/05600282.
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