Malaria Elimination in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS)
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Logistics Development in the North–South Economic Corridor of the Greater Mekong Subregion
Logistics Development in the North–South Economic Corridor of the Greater Mekong Subregion Ruth Banomyong1 Abstract Traders in the Greater Mekong Subregion require efficient logistics services that can move their goods to the right place, at the right time, in the right condition, and at the right price. It is, therefore, of great importance that regional links among neighboring countries are strengthened to facilitate trade and to develop logistics for better access to the global market. This is particularly true for the North–South Economic Corridor (NSEC), one branch of which extends from Kunming in the People’s Republic of China to Bangkok, Thailand. This branch, which is the focus of this paper, has three separate subcorridors. A methodology to assess the NSEC macro-logistics system and subcorridors was developed and validated with empirical and secondary data for the three subcorridors in the Kunming– Bangkok branch of the NSEC. Infrastructure connectivity in the NSEC is almost complete, but border crossings are still the weakest link in the macro-logistics system. An integrated approach is needed in order to solve this key problem. This approach should combine solutions to physical infrastructure issues with adherence to rules and regulations. The remaining challenge is how to transform the NSEC subcorridors into fully fledged economic subcorridors that can attract investment and generate economic activities in remote areas of the subcorridors, such as border crossings. Introduction The development of logistics services and communication technologies has revolutionized production and distribution processes, creating a global market. Shippers and consignees require efficient logistics services that can move their goods to the right place, at the right time, in the right condition, and at the right price. -
Pacific Subregion Pacific Subregion SUBREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT SETTING
Development Effectiveness Brief Pacific Subregion PACIFIC SUBREGION SUBREGIONAL DEVELOPMENT SETTING 1. The Pacific subregion considered in this 3. Economic Growth. Gross domestic development effectiveness brief comprises product (GDP) growth in the Pacific 12 developing member countries averaged only 1.5% annually over the (DMCs)—Cook Islands, Fiji Islands, last decade, causing the subregion to fall Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia further behind other developing regions (FSM), Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, of the world. This low level of economic Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, growth means that the subregion is and Vanuatu. Papua New Guinea and unable to provide the financial resources Timor-Leste are the subject of separate necessary to keep pace with the briefs. The Asian Development Bank aspirations of its growing population. (ADB) has provided both country level While external factors played a role in and regional level assistance in support of this, internal constraints also hampered development in the Pacific subregion. the generation and management of economic growth. In particular, key 2. Poverty and Human Development. Rapid areas of macroeconomic and financial population growth, limited new formal management need to be strengthened sector employment opportunities, urban across the subregion. drift, and changes in traditional support mechanisms have led to a growing 4. Challenges and Constraints. The very proportion of people in the Pacific nature of the small island states in recognized to be living in poverty. These the Pacific—isolated, with limited people lack access to social services, face resources, reduced land area, and small unemployment, and struggle for housing populations—is already a significant and other basic needs. -
Power Sector Vision for the Greater Mekong Subregion
ALTERNATIVES FOR POWER GENERATION IN THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION Volume 1: Power Sector Vision for the Greater Mekong Subregion Final 5 April 2016 FINAL Disclaimer This report has been prepared by Intelligent Energy Systems Pty Ltd (IES) and Mekong EConomiCs (MKE) in relation to provision oF serviCes to World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF). This report is supplied in good Faith and reFleCts the knowledge, expertise and experienCe oF IES and MKE. In ConduCting the researCh and analysis For this report IES and MKE have endeavoured to use what it Considers is the best inFormation available at the date oF publiCation. IES and MKE make no representations or warranties as to the acCuracy oF the assumptions or estimates on whiCh the ForeCasts and CalCulations are based. IES and MKE make no representation or warranty that any CalCulation, projeCtion, assumption or estimate Contained in this report should or will be achieved. The relianCe that the ReCipient places upon the CalCulations and projeCtions in this report is a matter For the ReCipient’s own CommerCial judgement and IES acCepts no responsibility whatsoever For any loss oCCasioned by any person acting or reFraining From action as a result oF relianCe on this report. Intelligent Energy Systems IESREF: 5973 ii FINAL Executive Summary Introduction Intelligent Energy Systems Pty Ltd (“IES”) and Mekong EConomiCs (“MKE”) have been retained by World Wild Fund For Nature Greater Mekong Programme OFFiCe (“WWF-GMPO”) to undertake a projeCt Called “ProduCe a Comprehensive report outlining alternatives For power generation in the Greater Mekong Sub-region”. This is to develop sCenarios For the Countries oF the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) that are as Consistent as possible with the WWF’s Global Energy Vision to the Power SeCtors oF all Greater Mekong Subregion Countries. -
The Collision of Illegal Logging, Forestry Policy, and Emerging Free Trade in the Russian Far East
Washington International Law Journal Volume 14 Number 2 4-1-2005 Stepping onto a Moving Train: The Collision of Illegal Logging, Forestry Policy, and Emerging Free Trade in the Russian Far East Robert M. Crowley Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Natural Resources Law Commons Recommended Citation Robert M. Crowley, Comment, Stepping onto a Moving Train: The Collision of Illegal Logging, Forestry Policy, and Emerging Free Trade in the Russian Far East, 14 Pac. Rim L & Pol'y J. 425 (2005). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wilj/vol14/iss2/5 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at UW Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington International Law Journal by an authorized editor of UW Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright © 2005 Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal Association STEPPING ONTO A MOVING TRAIN: THE COLLISION OF ILLEGAL LOGGING, FORESTRY POLICY, AND EMERGING FREE TRADE IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST Robert M. Crowley Abstract: Faced with economic decline following the Soviet Union's collapse, Russia is energetically seeking ways to develop its economy and stimulate trade. In order to accomplish these goals, Russia has taken a number of steps to improve its interactions with its trading partners and reform its internal economic structures. Among the most sweeping areas of change are Russia's steps toward bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements and the proposed changes to its Forest Code. -
Applicability of Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Water Content in Modeling Lightning-Caused Forest Fire Occurrences
International Journal of Geo-Information Article Applicability of Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Water Content in Modeling Lightning-Caused Forest Fire Occurrences Masoud Abdollahi 1, Ashraf Dewan 2 and Quazi K. Hassan 1,* 1 Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; [email protected] 2 Spatial Sciences Discipline, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-403-220-9494 Received: 21 February 2019; Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 18 March 2019 Abstract: In this study, our aim was to model forest fire occurrences caused by lightning using the variable of vegetation water content over six fire-dominant forested natural subregions in Northern Alberta, Canada. We used eight-day composites of surface reflectance data at 500-m spatial resolution, along with historical lightning-caused fire occurrences during the 2005–2016 period, derived from a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. First, we calculated the normalized difference water index (NDWI) as an indicator of vegetation/fuel water content over the six natural subregions of interest. Then, we generated the subregion-specific annual dynamic median NDWI during the 2005–2012 period, which was assembled into a distinct pattern every year. We plotted the historical lightning-caused fires onto the generated patterns, and used the concept of cumulative frequency to model lightning-caused fire occurrences. Then, we applied this concept to model the cumulative frequencies of lightning-caused fires using the median NDWI values in each natural subregion. -
Prevalence of Tobacco Use Among Adults in the WHO European Region
Prevalence of tobacco use among adults in the WHO European Region OVERVIEW Fig. 1. Estimated number of current tobacco users, WHO European Region, 2000-2018 Estimated prevalence of current tobacco use declined from 34 per 100 adults (34.2%) in 2000 to 26 per 100 (26.3%) in 2018 (1). An estimated 186 million people in the WHO European Region were current tobacco users in 2018 (down 227 000 000 186 000 000 from 227 million in 2000) (Fig. 1). in 2000 in 2018 Source: WHO (1). Based on modelling, the European Region is tracking towards a relative reduction in rates from 2010–2025 of only 18% (instead of the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020 target of 30% reduction in global prevalence (2)). The European Region is the only WHO region not expected to reach the female 30% relative reduction target by 2025. Fig. 2. Adult daily smoking prevalence: age-standardized prevalence rates for adult daily smokers of tobacco (both sexes combined), 2017 (%) 1 Prevalence less than 15% 15–19.9% 20–29.9% 30% or more 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Italy Malta Israel Spain Latvia Serbia Turkey Poland France Cyprus Ireland Greece Austria Croatia Iceland Finland Albania Estonia Belarus Norway Georgia Ukraine Sweden Czechia Andorra Belgium Bulgaria Slovakia Slovenia Hungary Portugal Armenia Romania Germany Denmark Lithuania Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Switzerland Kazakhstan Netherlands Luxembourg United Kingdom Russian Federation Russian Republic of Moldova Republic of Moldova Bosnia and Herzegovina Source: WHO (3). 1 Six countries do not have data: Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, San Marino, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. -
The Greater Mekong Subregion (Stone, Strutt and Hertel)
Improving Infrastructure, Facilitating Trade and Reducing Poverty in the Greater Mekong Subregion (Stone, Strutt and Hertel) Presented by Susan Stone Workshop on Aid for Trade Implementation 28-29 March 2011 OECD, Paris Presentation Outline • The Greater Mekong Subregion • The Economic Corridors in the Region • Projects undertaken in transport and trade • Evaluating impacts • Outcomes People’s Republic of China Myanmar Land area: 633 thou sq km Land area: 677 thou sq km Population: 94.1 M Population: 56.2 M GDP per capita: US$1,173 GDP per capita: US$231 (figures for Yunnan and Guangxi only) Thailand Viet Nam Land area: 513 thou sq km Land area: 332 thou sq km Population: 65.2M Population: 84.2 M GDP per capita: US$3,162 GDP per capita: US$723 Cambodia Lao PDR Land area: 181 thou sq km Land area: 237 thou sq km Population: 14.2 M Population: 5.7 M GDP per capita: US$513 GDP per capita: US$599 Source: ADB Trade Statistics Average Share of Exports to GDP 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% GMS Share in Exports Cambodia Lao PDR Thailand Viet Nam GMS 1993-2000 2001-2006 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Cambodia PRC Lao PDR Myanmar Thailand Viet Nam 2004 2005 2006 2007 GMS Program • Investment in the development of infrastructure to – enable the development and sharing of resource base, and – promote the freer flow of goods and people in the subregion. • Investment in capacity building and support to implement Cross Border Transport Agreement (CBTA) – Covers all the relevant aspects of cross-border transport facilitation. -
PMI Country Profile of the Greater Mekong Subregion
President’s Malaria Initiative PMI Fighting Malaria and Saving Lives GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION The President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) Malaria prevention and control is a major U.S. foreign assistance objective, and PMI’s strategy fully CHINA BHUTAN aligns with the U.S. Government’s vision of ending preventable child and maternal deaths and ending extreme poverty. Under the PMI Strategy for 2015–2020, the U.S. Government’s goal is to work with BANGLADESH INDIA PMI-supported countries and partners to further reduce malaria deaths and substantially decrease BURMA VIETNAM malaria morbidity toward the long-term goal of elimination. LAOS THAILAND SOUTH PMI support extends to the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), which is made up of five countries: CHINA SEA CAMBODIA Burma, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand, and Vietnam. BRUNEI Regional Context MALAYSIA Although considerable progress has been made in malaria control in the GMS during the past 10 years, malaria remains a major concern for the international community and ministries of health in the region. This is exacerbated by the development and confirmed spread of resistance to artemisinin drugs, the principal component of the combination therapies for malaria that now are the first-line treatment for malaria throughout the GMS and the world. Recent evidence suggests that artemisinin resistance is more widespread than previously believed. Plasmodium falciparum resis- tance to artemisinin drugs has now been confirmed in western Cambodia; failures in artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) have been reported from multiple sites on the Thai-Cambodian border; and an early warning sign of artemisinin resistance – i.e., prolongation of parasite clearance times – has been reported from the Thailand-Burma and Burma-China borders and in southern Vietnam. -
Malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion
his report provides an overview of the epidemiological patterns of malaria in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Tfrom 1998 to 2007, and highlights critical challenges facing National Malaria Control Programmes and partners as they move towards malaria elimination as a programmatic goal. Epidemiological data provided by malaria programmes show a drastic decline in malaria deaths and confirmed malaria cases over the last 10 years in the GMS. More than half of confirmed malaria cases and deaths in the GMS occur in Myanmar. However, reporting methods and data management are not comparable between countries despite the effort made by WHO to harmonize data collection, analysis and reporting among Member States. Malaria is concentrated in forested/forest-fringe areas of the Region, mainly along international borders. This providing a strong rationale to develop harmonized cross-border elimination programmes in conjunction with national efforts. Across the Mekong Region, the declining efficacy of recommended first-line antimalarials, e.g. artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) against falciparum malaria on the Cambodia-Thailand border; the prevalence of counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs; the Malaria lack of health services in general and malaria services in particular in remote settings; and the lack of information and services in the Greater Mekong Subregion: targeting migrants and mobile population present important barriers to reach or maintain malaria elimination programmatic Regional and Country Profiles goals. Strengthening -
Subregional and Regional Approaches for Disaster Resilience
United Nations ESCAP/76/14 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 3 March 2020 Original: English Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Seventy-sixth session Bangkok, 21 May 2020 Item 5 (d) of the provisional agenda* Review of the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in Asia and the Pacific: disaster risk reduction Subregional and regional approaches for disaster resilience Note by the secretariat Summary As climate uncertainties grow, Asia and the Pacific faces an increasingly complex disaster riskscape. In the Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2019: The Disaster Riskscape across Asia-Pacific – Pathways for Resilience, Inclusion and Empowerment, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific provided a comprehensive overview of the regional riskscape, identifying the region’s main hotspots and options for action. Based on the findings, the present document contains highlights of the changing geography of disasters together with the associated multi-hazard risk hotspots at the subregional level, namely, South-East Asia, South and South-West Asia, the Pacific small island developing States, North and Central Asia, and North and East Asia. For each subregion, the document provides specific solution-oriented resilience-building approaches. In this regard, the document contains information about the opportunities to build resilience provided by subregional and regional cooperation and a discussion of the secretariat’s responses under the aegis of the Asia-Pacific Disaster Resilience Network. The Commission may wish to review the present document and provide guidance for the future work of the secretariat. I. Introduction 1. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a blueprint for development, including ending poverty, fighting inequalities and tackling climate change. -
Fire Regimes of Southern Alberta, Canada
Fire regimes of southern Alberta, Canada by Marie-Pierre Rogeau A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Biology and Management Department of Renewable Resources University of Alberta © Marie-Pierre Rogeau, 2016 ABSTRACT After decades of recent fire exclusion in southern Alberta, Canada, forests are progressively aging and landscape mosaics are departing from their historical conditions. A large-scale fire history study spanning three natural subregions: Subalpine, Montane and Upper Foothills, was undertaken to understand fire return intervals (FRI) prior to the period of effective fire suppression (pre-1948). This thesis presents an approach to conducting field-based fire history studies in remote landscapes. A paired-plot sampling approach was used to deal with landscapes regulated by large-scale, fully lethal, and mixed severity fires, where fire scar evidence is lost over time. For each natural subregion, point FRIs were used to conduct a fire frequency (i.e. survival) analysis that considers both FRI and time-since-fire data. A total of 3123 tree samples were collected at 814 sampling sites, from which 583 fire scars were identified. Results showed natural subregions had different fire interval distributions before 1948 and some level of FRI variance was also observed within a subregion. The median FRI for the Montane and Foothills sampling units ranged from 26 to 39 years, while the sampling unit located in the most rugged portion of the Subalpine had a median FRI of 85 years. Other aspects of the fire regime were also documented for the three natural subregions including: severity, seasonality and cause. -
Navigating Great Power Competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH
THE NEW GEOPOLITICS APRIL 2020 ASIA BEYOND BINARY CHOICES? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH TRILATERAL DIALOGUE ON SOUTHEAST ASIA: ASEAN, AUSTRALIA, AND THE UNITED STATES BEYOND BINARY CHOICES? Navigating great power competition in Southeast Asia JONATHAN STROMSETH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Brookings Institution has launched a new trilateral initiative with experts from Southeast Asia, Australia, and the United States to examine regional trends in Southeast Asia in the context of escalating U.S.-China rivalry and China’s dramatic rise. The initiative not only focuses on security trends in the region, but covers economic and governance developments as well. This report summarizes the main findings and policy recommendations discussed at an inaugural trilateral dialogue, convened in Singapore in late 2019 in partnership with the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) and the Lowy Institute. A key theme running throughout the dialogue was how the region can move beyond a binary choice between the United States and China. In this connection, Southeast Asian countries could work with middle powers like Australia and Japan (admittedly a major power in economic terms) to expand middle-power agency and reduce the need for an all-or-nothing choice. Yet, there was little agreement on the feasibility of such collective action as well as doubts about whether the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has the capacity to create independent strategic space as U.S.- China competition continues to grow. Southeast Asian participants noted that Beijing has successfully leveraged its signature Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to expand its soft-power in the region, to the detriment of U.S.