DOCSLIB.ORG

To What Extent Does Emotional Dysregulation Account for Aggression Associated with ADHD

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
To What Extent Does Emotional Dysregulation Account for Aggression Associated with ADHD To what extent does emotional dysregulation account for aggression associated with ADHD symptoms? An experience sampling study Aja Murray1, Jennifer Lavoie2, Tom Booth1, Manuel Eisner2,3, Denis Ribeaud3 1Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh 2Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge 3Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich Abstract Previous research has suggested that aggression is associated with ADHD symptoms and that this may partly reflect problems with emotional regulation. However, previous tests of this hypothesis have yielded inconsistent results and have focused on childhood. In this study we examined the role of emotional dysregulation in the association between ADHD symptoms and aggression in adulthood using experience-sampling derived measures of emotional dysregulation as it occurs in the context of daily life. Data came from the D2M study, a sub-study of the longitudinal z-proso study. Using structural equation modelling, we found that ADHD symptoms were associated with both emotional lability and aggression, but emotional lability did not mediate the ADHD-aggression association. Results suggest that other factors, such as those specifically related to behavioural dysregulation, may be more important for explaining the elevated levels of aggression in ADHD. Aggression commonly occurs with ADHD symptoms, where it represents a major source of impairment. In childhood it represents one of the most common reasons for referral to mental health services, can undermine the formation of healthy peer relationships, and can interfere with academic functioning (e.g., see Saylor & Amann, 2016 for a review). Towards and during emerging adulthood, defined as the period between 18 and 25 years, both aggression and ADHD symptoms decline on average; however, many individuals continue to experience symptoms into adulthood, putting them at risk of lifelong psychosocial impairment (e.g., Döpfner et al., 2015; Von Polier et al., 2012). Emerging adulthood is often considered a critical period with respect to aggression. It is at this stage that individuals are afforded opportunities to adopt new prosocial roles (e.g., gaining employment and/or entering long-term intimate partnerships) that promote desistence from antisocial activities, including aggression, whilst also undergoing psychological maturation to attain improved perspective-taking, responsibility, and temperance (Monahan et al., 2013; Wensveen et al., 2017). However, individuals, such as those with ADHD symptoms, who have difficulties in adopting these new roles and/or who continue to experience difficulties in domains such as impulse control may be particularly vulnerable to a persistent pattern of aggression into adulthood. Thus, there is considerable interest in identifying the mechanisms that put individuals with ADHD symptoms at risk of aggression such that these can be targeted in interventions. This may be especially important during critical periods such as emerging adulthood. In this study, we therefore examined a potential malleable factor that can be targeted in interventions and tested the hypothesis that emotional dysregulation mediates the association between ADHD symptoms and aggression in emerging adulthood. It has been proposed that individuals who experience elevated ADHD symptoms may be particularly prone to certain types of aggression (Bennett et al., 2004; Murray et al., 2016). In particular, a distinction can be made between reactive forms of aggression, which are impulsive, and emotionally ‘hot’ and proactive forms of aggression, which are cold, calculated and instrumental acts (Raine et al., 2006). Previous research suggests that while reactive and proactive aggression are highly correlated, they do emerge as separate factors in factor analyses and have partially distinct patterns of correlates, developmental trajectories, and treatment responses (e.g., Cui et al., 2016; Hubbard et al., 2010; Polman et al., 2007; Raine et al., 2006; Vitaro et al., 1998). Reactive aggression has been argued to be particularly linked to ADHD, the rationale being that under-controlled responses to provocation that define reactive aggression reflect exactly the kind of self-regulation difficulties that are assumed to be core to ADHD (Bennett et al., 2004; Murray et al., 2016; Saylor & Amann, 2016). However, several studies have shown that while ADHD symptoms are indeed strongly associated with reactive aggression, they also correlate with proactive aggression (Bennett et al., 2004; Murray et al., 2016, 2018). One proposed explanation for the association with proactive aggression is that it reflects an indirect association via peer deviancy training. That is, the ADHD-proactive aggression association is hypothesised to reflect the fact that individuals with ADHD symptoms tend to be rejected by normative peers and consequently gravitate towards anti- social peers who may model proactive aggression (Bennett et al., 2004). However, it is not inconceivable that there is also a direct effect of ADHD symptoms on proactive aggression. For example, utilising aggression may be perceived as a quicker route to achieving a desired end for individuals with ADHD and attendant poor delay tolerance and a diminished ability to persist with longer term but more socially acceptable strategies. Though previous discussions have not always distinguished reactive and proactive functions of aggression, a prominent idea regarding the link between ADHD symptoms and aggression is that emotional dysregulation plays an important role. Emotional dysregulation is commonly associated with ADHD symptoms, where it exceeds general population levels for both children and adults (Donfrancesco et al., 2015; Reimherr et al., 2005) and is associated with a range of functional impairments (Anastopoulos et al., 2011). Though current diagnostic criteria do not recognise it as such, it has been argued by some to represent a potential core symptom of ADHD, alongside behavioural dysregulation, which is currently recognised among the core symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Faraone et al., 2019; Shaw et al., 2015). Emotional dysregulation can be conceptualised as having multiple facets and possible instantiations (see Faraone et al., 2019 for a review); however, Slaughter et al. (2019) proposed that the lability of negative emotions may be a particularly relevant for explaining the link between ADHD and aggression. Slaughter et al. (2019) hypothesised a particular link with reactive aggression, arguing that the link with proactive aggression, which they note is not emotion-based, may be related to other factors. Negative emotional lability can be defined as the tendency to experience sharp, intense shifts of negative emotion (e.g., anger, sadness, fear) that are not commensurate with situation or developmental stage (e.g., Posner et al., 2014). Though useful questionnaire measures of emotional lability have been developed, negative emotional lability is arguably best operationalised using experience sampling designs that can capture changes in emotions from moment-to-moment in the course of daily life (Factor et al., 2014; Skirrow et al., 2014; Van Liefferinge et al., 2018; Walerius et al., 2016, 2018). As they are completed during or shortly after a relevant event (e.g., which could include the experience of an affective state), experience sampling measures of emotional lability have greater ecological validity and can help overcome issues such as retrospective recall bias that affect questionnaire measures (Rosen & Factor, 2015). Thus, studies that have used experience sampling designs are especially valuable in assessing a mediating role of emotional dysregulation in the association between ADHD symptoms and aggression (e.g., Leaberry et al., 2017; Rosen & Factor, 2015; Slaughter et al., 2019). While Slaughter et al. (2019) did not directly test whether experience sampling derived negative emotional lability mediated the association between ADHD symptoms and reactive aggression, all three variables were significantly correlated in their study of n=96 children (53 of whom had ADHD), which is suggestive of at least a partial mediating effect. ADHD symptoms and negative emotional lability were also correlated with proactive aggression, suggesting that ostensibly non-emotion driven forms of aggression are also related – directly or indirectly – to emotional lability. Other studies have provided additional preliminary evidence for a potential mediating role of negative emotional lability in the association between ADHD symptoms and aggression. Rosen & Factor, (2015) found that experience sampling derived emotional lability (positive affect and negative affect were not distinguished) based on parent reports was significantly associated with proactive aggression (r=.62) in a sample of n=27 children with ADHD. However, others have found only partial evidence. Rosen et al. (2015) found in a sample of n=102 children that while experience sampling derived emotional lability was significantly correlated with proactive aggression, it was not correlated with ADHD diagnostic status nor reactive aggression. There thus remains a need for further clarification of the role of negative emotional lability in aggression associated with ADHD symptoms. While there have been no direct experience sampling-based studies examining the relations between ADHD symptoms, emotional lability, and aggression in emerging adults, available evidence is generally consistent with the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perceived Social Rank, Social Expectation, Shame and General Emotionality Within Psychopathy
    Perceived social rank, social expectation, shame and general emotionality within psychopathy Sarah Keen D. Clin.Psy. Thesis (Volume 1), 2008 University College London UMI Number: U591545 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U591545 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Overview Within the psychological literature, the self-conscious emotion of shame is proving to be an area of growing interest. This thesis addresses the application of this emotion, as well as self and social evaluative processes, to our understanding of offenders, specifically those high in psychopathic traits. Part 1 reviews the literature concerning emotionality within psychopathy, in order to assess the capabilities, as well as the deficits that people with psychopathic traits demonstrate. Emotions classified as ‘moral’ or ‘self-conscious’, namely empathy, sympathy, guilt, remorse, shame, embarrassment and pride, are investigated. From the review it is clear that psychopaths are not the truly unemotional individuals that they are commonly portrayed as being, but instead experience many emotions to varying degrees. This paper concludes by highlighting possible areas for further exploration and research.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Opioids on Emotional Reactivity
    The Effect of Opioids on Emotional Reactivity Steven M. Savvas, BHSc (Hons) Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Adelaide August, 2013 A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy i Steven M. Savvas, PhD Thesis, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................... xi Declaration ............................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 OPIOIDS AND OPIOID MAINTENANCE TREATMENT ...................................... 1 1.1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF OPIOIDS .......................................................................... 1 1.1.2 OPIOID RECEPTORS ............................................................................................ 1 1.1.3 ADAPTATION TO OPIOIDS.................................................................................. 3 1.1.3.1 Tolerance ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1.3.2 Withdrawal ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1.3.3 Dependence
    [Show full text]
  • The Lived Experience of Being Born Into Grief
    The lived experience of being born into grief Michelle Holt A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Health Science (DHSc) 2018 School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Primary Supervisor: Dr Jacqueline Feather Abstract This study explores the meaning of the lived experience of being born into grief. Using a phenomenological hermeneutic methodology, informed by the writings of Martin Heidegger [1889-1976] and Hans-George Gadamer [1900-2002], this research provides an understanding of the lived experience of having been a baby when one or both parents were grieving (born into grief). The review of the literature identified physical effects of being born when a mother was stressed but no literature was found which discussed emotional effects that a baby may incur due to stress or grief of a parent. The notion of grief was explored and literature pertaining to early childhood adversity reviewed as a possible resource for bringing light to how it may be for babies born into grief. The literature indicated that possible long term complications such as rebellious behaviour, poor relationships, poor mental and physical health, could be a result of early adversity. The literature on understanding effects of grief from a conceptual perspective, rather than from the lived experience perspective, provided a platform for this study. In this study nine New Zealand participants told their stories about the grief situation they were born into and how they thought it had affected them. Data were gathered in the form of semi structured interviews which were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim.
    [Show full text]
  • Reduced Emotional Empathy in Adults with Subclinical ADHD Groen, Y.; Den Heijer, A.E.; Fuermaier, A.B.M.; Althaus, M.; Tucha, O
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Groningen University of Groningen Reduced emotional empathy in adults with subclinical ADHD Groen, Y.; den Heijer, A.E.; Fuermaier, A.B.M.; Althaus, M.; Tucha, O. Published in: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders DOI: 10.1007/s12402-017-0236-7 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Groen, Y., den Heijer, A. E., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Althaus, M., & Tucha, O. (2018). Reduced emotional empathy in adults with subclinical ADHD: Evidence from the empathy and systemizing quotient. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 10(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-017-0236-7 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.
    [Show full text]
  • Models of Forgiveness
    RT3335_half title page 4/24/06 12:58 PM Page 1 Forgiveness and Reconciliation RT3335.indb 2 4/28/06 11:32:56 AM RT3335_title page 4/24/06 12:57 PM Page 1 Forgiveness and Reconciliation Theory and Application Everett L. Worthington, Jr. New York London Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business RT3335_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, November 23, 2005 1:02 PM Published in 2006 by Published in Great Britain by Routledge Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group 270 Madison Avenue 2 Park Square New York, NY 10016 Milton Park, Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RN © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-58391-333-5 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-58391-333-8 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005033905 No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Worthington, Everett L., 1946- Forgiveness and reconciliation : theory and application / Everett L. Worthington, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 1-58391-333-5 (hb : alk.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathological Laughter and Crying in Patients with Multiple System Atrophy-Cerebellar Type
    Movement Disorders Vol. 22, No. 6, 2007, pp. 798–803 © 2007 Movement Disorder Society Pathological Laughter and Crying in Patients with Multiple System Atrophy-Cerebellar Type Josef Parvizi, MD, PhD,1* Jeffrey Joseph, MD, PhD,1 Daniel Z. Press, MD,1 and Jeremy D. Schmahmann, MD2 1Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA 2Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Abstract: In the cerebellar type of multiple system atrophy or crying, or both in 9 more patients. Our finding of about (MSA-C), the burden of pathological changes involves the 36% occurrence suggests that the problem of dysregulation cerebellum and its associated brainstem structures in the of emotional expression is more prevalent in MSA-C basis pontis and the inferior olivary nucleus, and as a result, than the paucity of reports in the literature suggests. Our the clinical phenotype is dominated early on by the cerebel- findings are consistent with the view that the cerebellum and lar dysfunction. We report our clinical and post mor- its interconnected structures may be involved in the regula- tem findings in a patient with MSA-C who exhibited patho- tion of emotional expression. © 2007 Movement Disorder logical laughter in the absence of any congruent changes of Society mood. A review of the clinical notes of 27 other patients Key words: olivopontocerebellar atrophy; disinhibition; with MSA-C revealed a problem with pathological laughter, emotion; behavior; pseudobulbar affect Pathological laughter and crying (PLC) is a condition Numerous terms have been introduced to describe the in which a patient with an underlying neurological dis- problem of inappropriate or exaggerated laughing and order exhibits episodes of laughter or crying or both, crying.
    [Show full text]
  • Features of Emotional Sphere of Entrepreneurs in Trading Business
    International Business Management 9 (5): CCCC, 2015 ISSN: 1993-5250 © Medwell Journals, 2015 Features of Emotional Sphere of Entrepreneurs in Trading Business Aleksandra Yu. Mukharlyamova, Ksenia A. Holuyeva, Ljdokova G. Mikhaelovna and Ismailova N. Irkinovna Kazan Federal University, Kazanskaya Street 89, 423600 Yelabuga, Russian Federation Abstract: This study deals with the research of emotional sphere features manifestation in small businessmen in trading business from the perspective of gender and sexual identity. Purpose experiments to identify and justify the differences in the manifestations of the emotional sphere of entrepreneurs, men and women. To achieve the objective theoretical and empirical research methods were used: analysis and systematization of the literature on the topic of research, testing method, statistical methods of data analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient as well as the statistical Student’s t-criterion). The study confirmed that most entrepreneurs have an androgynous type of gender (79% male, 82.8% female). Total 63.2% of entrepreneurs-men have an average level of risk while the majority of women (44.8%) have a low propensity for risk-taking. In stressful situations and entrepreneurs-men (89.5%) and women entrepreneurs (93.2%) have a high level of self-control. High levels of emotional stability is shown at 57.9% of entrepreneurs-men and 37.9% of women entrepreneurs. In the diagnosis of mental states and properties, it turned out that the scale “reactive aggression” is most pronounced and dismissed from the normal range both with men and women. During the correlation analysis between the studied parameters some backbone properties were identified. According to the study of modern risk readiness of entrepreneurs, we can conclude that the risk appetite is not a typical feature of the entrepreneurs in the field of trade business but women entrepreneurs are very cautious in situations of uncertainty.
    [Show full text]
  • Disenfranchised Grief in Postpartum Women: a Heuristic Inquiry Into Women's Lived Experience of Loss of the Dreamed-Of Birth
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Dissertations School of Social Policy and Practice Fall 10-9-2015 Disenfranchised Grief In Postpartum Women: A Heuristic Inquiry Into Women's Lived Experience Of Loss Of The Dreamed-of Birth Rumyana P. Kudeva University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2 Part of the Maternal and Child Health Commons, Maternal, Child Health and Neonatal Nursing Commons, Other Mental and Social Health Commons, Social Work Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kudeva, Rumyana P., "Disenfranchised Grief In Postpartum Women: A Heuristic Inquiry Into Women's Lived Experience Of Loss Of The Dreamed-of Birth" (2015). Doctorate in Social Work (DSW) Dissertations. 72. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/72 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations_sp2/72 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Disenfranchised Grief In Postpartum Women: A Heuristic Inquiry Into Women's Lived Experience Of Loss Of The Dreamed-of Birth Abstract Abstract DISENFRANCHISED GRIEF IN POSTPARTUM WOMEN: A HEURISTIC INQUIRY INTO WOMEN’S LIVED EXPERIENCE OF LOSS OF THE DREAMED-OF BIRTH Rumyana P. Kudeva, MSW, LCSW Jeffrey Applegate, PhD The childbearing year is of upmost significance in a woman’s life, carrying inherent possibilities of empowerment and self-actualization. Most women create a vision of their “dreamed-of birth” that represents their beliefs about birth and their role in the process. However women’s expectations about birth are often subverted by the authoritative knowledge and practices of the Western maternity care system or by the unpredictable nature of the birth itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Let's Talk About Emotional Changes After Stroke
    Recovery let’s talk about Emotional Changes After Stroke Right after a stroke, a survivor may respond one way, yet weeks later respond differently. Some survivors may react with sadness; others may be cheerful. These emotional reactions may occur because of biological or psychological causes due to stroke. These changes may vary with time and can interfere with rehabilitation. How does stroke cause emotional changes? Post-stroke depression is characterized by: Emotions may be hard to control, especially right after a • Feelings of sadness stroke. Some changes are a result of the actual injury and • Hopelessness or helplessness chemical changes to the brain caused by the stroke. • Irritability Others are a normal reaction to the challenges, fears • Changes in eating, sleeping and thinking and frustrations that one may feel trying to deal with the effects of the stroke. Often, talking about the effects of Treatment for post-stroke depression may be needed. the stroke and acknowledging these feelings helps stroke If not treated, depression can be an obstacle to a survivors deal with these emotions. survivor’s recovery. Don’t hesitate to take antidepressant medications prescribed by your doctor. What are some common emotional changes after stroke? Other common emotional reactions include: Pseudobulbar Affect, also called “emotional lability,” • Frustration “reflex crying” or “labile mood,” can cause: • Anxiety • Rapid mood changes — a person may “spill over into • Anger tears” for no obvious reason and then quickly stop • Apathy or not caring what happens crying or start laughing. • Lack of motivation • Crying or laughing that doesn’t match a person’s mood.
    [Show full text]
  • Value Clarification Technique in Enhancing Forgiveness
    Abjadia: International Journal of Education, 04 (01): 1-11 (2019) DOI: 10.18860/abj.v4i1.6288 VALUE CLARIFICATION TECHNIQUE IN ENHANCING FORGIVENESS Khairul Bariyyah 1, Julianne Kamilia Riza 2, Parid Rilo Pambudi 3 1,3 Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang, Indonesia 2 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Al Urwatul Wutsqo Jombang, Indonesia ________ Article History: Abstract: The ability to forgive others is a condition in which a person is able Received : 2019-02-01 to change the negative influence and solve dissonance and distress that Revised : 2019-02-10 accompany some life events into something constructive and pleasant. One Accepted : 2019-02-27 Published : 2019-06-30 technique that can be used to improve forgiveness is the Value Clarification Technique. The purpose of this study is to find out whether value clarification _______ techniques are effective in increasing the ability to forgive others in MTs Keywords: students. The research method used was experimental research with the type Ability to Forgive Others, Value of One group pretest-posttest design. The research subjects were 8th grade Clarification Techniques, MTs Students MTs Al-Urwatul Wutsqo Jombang which were selected by purposive sampling technique. The instruments used were the Enright Forgiveness _______________________ Inventory (EFI) attitude scale, and the training guide used as training material. Correspondence Address: [email protected] Data is analyzed by analysts at Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test. [email protected] Based on the results of the study
    [Show full text]
  • Emotional and Personality Changes After Stroke Fact Sheet
    Emotional and personality changes after stroke What you need to know proportion. You may cry or laugh uncontrollably. Your emotional responses may appear out of › Having a stroke can affect your emotions character or be out of context. This is also known and personality. as the pseudobulbar effect. › You may laugh or cry for no reason. Strategies you can use › These changes can be hard to adjust to, especially for those closest to you. Be aware of the things that trigger your emotions. These triggers will be different for › Emotional and personality changes can everyone, but they can include fatigue, stress, get better with time. anxiety and noisy, overcrowded environments. › There are treatment options available. Being around emotional people or events and being put under pressure can also trigger emotions. Emotions and personality after One approach is to just ignore the emotional stroke response and continue with the conversation or Changes in your emotions and to your task. This lets other people know they should personality are common after stroke. It’s very ignore it too. Alternatively, you might choose to normal to experience strong emotions after deal with it in an upfront way. Tell people about stroke, however these emotional reactions your stroke and about what works best for you. usually get better with time. Longer-term You can for example say, “just ignore it and emotional and personality changes can be hopefully it will stop.” very challenging. You can also take a break to help regain control We generally value keeping ourselves and our of your emotions. Take a short walk or do emotions in check.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Stress Disorder & Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
    Promoting recovery after trauma Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder & Posttraumatic Stress Disorder © Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, 2013 ISBN Print: 978-0-9752246-0-1 ISBN Online: 978-0-9752246-1-8 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health ([email protected]). Copies of the full guidelines, and brief guides for practitioners and the public are available online: www.phoenixaustralia.org www.clinicalguidelines.gov.au The suggested citation for this document is: Phoenix Australia - Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health. Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Phoenix Australia, Melbourne, Victoria. Legal disclaimer This document is a general guide to appropriate practice, to be followed only subject to the practitioner’s judgement in each individual case. The guidelines are designed to provide information to assist decision making and are based on the best information available at the date of publication. In recognition of the pace of advances in the field, it is recommended that the guidelines be reviewed and updated in five years’ time. Publication Approval These guidelines were approved by the Chief Executive Officer of the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) on 4 July 2013, under Section 14A of the National Health and Medical Research Council Act 1992.
    [Show full text]