Alcohol Consumption and Family Stability in Kyebando Parish, Kawempe Division, Kampala

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND FAMILY STABILITY IN KYEBANDO PARISH, KAWEMPE DIVISION, KAMPALA.

NAMALE FLORENCE NANTUME 16/U/9170/PS 216011992

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

AUGUST 2019

DECLARATION

DEDICATION I dedicate my dissertation to my parents Mr. and Mrs. Muwanga Male for taking care of my needs and supporting me to reach this level, the support you offered to me both financially and spiritually which has enabled me to successfully complete this dissertation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to extend my thanks to the Almighty God for having enabled me to complete my research. Special thanks to Dr. Eria Olowo Onyango, my supervisor for the kind and caring supervision given to me during the process of my research. My participants in Kyebando Parish, thank you for sparing your time to listen to me and for providing the necessary information that has enabled me to successfully complete my dissertation. The chairman of Kyebando Parish, thank you for giving me permission to carry out my research from your area.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ------i

DEDICATION ------ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ------iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ------vi

ABSTRACT ------vii

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ------1 1.0 Introduction ------1 1.1 The case of Kampala ------5 1.2 Statement of the problem ------6 1.3 Objectives of the study ------7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ------8 2.0 Introduction ------8 2.1 Alcohol consumption ------8 2.2 Family stability ------9 2.3 Influence of alcohol consumption on family stability ------11

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ------13 3.0 Introduction ------13 3.1 Study Area ------13 3.2 Study population ------13 3.3 Data Collection Methods ------14 3.4 Research instruments ------15

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS ------16 4.0 Introduction ------16 4.1 Areas where alcohol is consumed ------16 4.2 Alcoholism leading to family instability ------22 4.3 The influence of alcohol consumption on family stability. ------34

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ------38 5.0 Introduction ------38 5.1 Conclision ------38 5.2 Recommendation ------38

REFERENCES ------40

APPENDICES ------42 Appendix 1: Consent Form ------42 Appendix 2: Interview Guide ------44 Appendix 3: Observation Checklist ------45

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

FIDA Uganda Association of Women Lawyer’s

HIV Human Immune Virus

LDU Local Defense Unit

STDs Sexually Transmitted Disease

UPE Universal Primary Education

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption and family stability. Alcohol consumption is a problem that is increasingly leading to the destruction of families. Different methods of data collection were used in collecting data during field work for example participant observation, interview and group discussions. Different research instruments like interview guide and observation checklist were used. The study showed that most participants have gone through different problems because of alcohol consumption for example imprisonment, family breakups, failure to provide basic necessities to the family, loss of lives, poor rising up of children and unemployment. Chapter one includes the background to the study, alcohol consumption and family experience, chapter two includes literature review, chapter three includes methodology, chapter four includes presentation and interpretation of findings and chapter five includes conclusion and recommendations.

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CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.0 Introduction Alcohol is a colorless volatile flammable liquid which is produced by the natural fermentation of sugars and intoxicality constituent of wine, beer, spirits and drinks. Chemically is any organic compound whose ridicule contains one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a carbon atom. It a legal sedative drug which changes the way we feel Hull and Stone (2004).It is a major economic commodity that is associated with substantial government tax receipts and considerable expenditure. Pre-alcohol is a colorless, odorless and inflammable. It does not contain any nutrient for the body. It is formed when yeast ferments break down without oxygen. Different alcoholic drinks are made from different products for example wire is made from sugar grapes, beer from grain sugar called malted barley, cedar from sugar and apples plus vodka from sugar in potatoes and beefs.

Alcohol is classed as a sedative hypnotic drug which acts as a depression of central nervous systems. This affects the ability of an individual to control his or her behavior and bodily functions like talking, walking, and thinking, eating and breathing. Ethanol is a liquid that is being put in alcohol. Any type of alcohol drink must contain this ingredient Hill (2004). History of alcohol stated with the Babylonians who worshipped a wine goddess as early as B.C. In Greece, one of the first alcoholic beverages to popularity was mead a fermented drink made from honey and water fermented grain, fruit juice. Honey and fruit have been used in civilized countries like China Bachman (2002). In America, several natives developed alcohol beverages in pre-colonial times and these were fermented from corns, grapes and apples.

In the 16th Century, alcohol was used purposely for medicine. According to Uganda, most occasionally production of the alcoholic drinks often reflects cultural and religious peculiarities as much as geographical and sociological conditions are connected. The World Health Organization estimates that there are two billion people worldwide who consume alcoholic beverages and Uganda has been reported to have one of the highest levels of alcohol consumption 23.7 liters. In Africa there are countries like Nigeria which is on top

1 followed by Uganda New Comb (1965) according to the statistical calculation of the liters consumed per year. Uganda drinks 11.93 litres of liquor per year of average. Ugandans usually consume home- made gins for the highest percentage and mostly the youth. The corporates purchase spirits and wines from abroad. They mostly take polythene bagged gins since it is at a cheaper price of seven hundred shillings.

Alcohol consumption has led to outbreaks of drunken violence and unemployment. Mukono municipality member of parliament Betty Nambooze is trying to introduce a private member’ bill to regulate the production and consumption of alcohol countrywide but the law has failed to raise since the owners of the distilling companies or factors of these drinks earn a lot of tax to the government. Most of these factory owners are non-Ugandans who cannot be allowed by their home government and decide to spoil our nation yet It is of interest to a few requirement officials who benefit from it. Alcohol consumption is often part of the fabric of the fabric of marriage and family life since associated with certain positive and negative effects on marital development on children in the context of the family. It influences marital and family processes for example transitions into marriage, mental satisfaction, violence, parenthood and child development.

Increasing proportions of individuals do not marry but not than half of young adults have cohabited without marriage Burn (2004). The age of marriage and likelihood of entering marriage with a child have increased. This has after led to likelihood of divorce. It has knotted together with other family disturbances. Alcoholics often have cause psychiatric disorders and the interrelationship among these disorders is not always clearly understood Kessler (1997). The literature negatively changes in alcohol consumption and family stability transition is more consistent because it leads to decline over, the transition to marriage Miller (1991) not due to other transitions such as becoming a parent or completing one’s education. Bachman (1997). This family affects is also deserved before marriage among men and women who report being engaged to marry and appears to stabilize within two years after marriage. Alcohol consumption has caused a lot of problems associated with family stability because it affects nearly every organ in the body, it can lead to road accident which may result to loss of our family members. It can lead to unsafe decisions about sex, increasing the risk for sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy.

People who consume alcohol at a highest percentage have more problems at work, school, with friends and families and at home. These problems can include arguments with family members, co-workers, friends, missing or being late at work and going back have late which leads to family misunderstandings and being dismissed from work leading to unemployment and failure to perform family duties like provision of basic needs. Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States of America is an umbrella term per alcohol consumption by individuals under the age of 18 in the country.

The minimum legal age to purchase alcohol is 21 in all states the legal details for consuming very greatly, while a few states completely ban alcohol usage for people less than 18 years of age. The majority have exceptions that permit consumption. Under drinking has become an activity primarily done behind closed doors and this is referred to as pregnancy or preparing Brattany (2004). Presently, the United States of America drinking events involve parting and 80% additional drinking. Those who a complete ban on underage drinking argues that it is important that minors be introduced to alcohol in a controlled environment.

In 2007, the drinking of debate in the United States was renewed when choose responsibility began promoting the lowering of the drinking age coupled with education and rules to persuade people to drink responsibly before they are of legal age. Before one is eligible to buy, possess and consume alcohol an alcohol education class must be completed in its entirety and each teen must pass a final examination before licensing can occur. If a teen has any alcohol related low violations before they turn 18 they will have a minimum of one year per violation before they are eligible to be licensed Gallup (2008). There are arguments that the lowering alcohol consumption should be after a meal. Statistically, the incidence of underage drinking is still significant, government universally and national statistics have confirmed that alcohol use and drinking among high school student has declined steadily over the past three decades and continues to decline annually. According to a United States substance abuse and abuse and mental health services administration study involving 30,000 youths aged 12 to 20 years old, between 2002 and 2013, the percentage of underage drinkers declined from 28.8% to 22.7% and in 2014 a study performed by university of Michigan also found that 75% of senior high school students disapproved of drinking excessively on weekends. Alcohol is still proved to be the favored substance of abuse among American youths.

Alcohol consumption with a family is a problem that can destroy marriage or drink a wedge between members for example, ignoring children, cause fights and preventing the happiness and love of their family members Meredith (2002). Alcohol has caused a lot of problems to families in United States of America for example neglect of important duties like failure to perform work, needing time to nurse hangovers, encountering legal problems like driving under the influence and domestic violence , and failure to stop at will due to the addictive substance which can lead physical dependence. Children have been able to suffer because of their parents’ behavior for example failing in classes at school, acting like a parental figure, unable to make or bend with friends; abuse alcohol or other drugs plus suffering depression and even suicidal thoughts. People in United Kingdom drink in different ways. In 2017 in England, 56% men and 64% of women said that they had drunk in the last year and their average mostly alcohol consumption was more than 14 units. In 2017, 52% women in Great Britain consumed between 3-6 units on their heaviest drinking days and 26% drunk more than six units on their heaviest drinking day. Between 2008 and 2017 in Great Britain, there was a fall in the proportion of men who were frequent drinkers from 22% in 12% and in the proportion of women who did so from 13% to 8%. Consumers who are aged 65 years drink more frequently than any other group but young people drink more units on a single occasion compared to 1% of men and 2% women aged 16 to 24. People in the United Kingdom prefer beer to wine, consumption of beer still makes up the largest percentage share between types of drinks based on pure alcohol content for example beer 35.8%, wine 32.8%, spirits 20.7% cider 6.7% and ready to drink beverages like alcohols 2.4% Women is British are known among the world’s biggest drinkers matching men drink for drink Laura (2018). It is in UK where there is no difference in the amount of alcohol men and women consume. There is rise in heavy drinking among professional women in Britain Dr. Angus (1970). Alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of a dysfunctional family. Adults from alcoholic families experience higher levels of trial anxiety and low levels differentiation of self than adults rose in non-alcoholic families. Children from such families’ experience lower self-esteem, excessive feelings of responsibility, difficulties reaching out higher incidence of depression and the increased likelihood of becoming alcoholic Hoggith (2004).

Alcohol consumption does not have uniform effects on all families to be pregnant women alcohol may affect the fetus even before a child is born because it is carried to all of the mother’s organs and tissues including the placenta where it easily crosses through the met membrane separating the material and fetal blood systems. When a pregnant woman drinks an alcoholic beverage, the concentration of alcohol in her unborn baby’s blood stream is the same level as her own. This leads to giving birth to a baby with fetal f alcohol syndrome (producing children with damage on the central nervous system).

1.1 The case of Kampala Alcohol can have adverse social and economic effects or the individual drinker, the drinker’s immediate environment and society as a whole; indeed, individuals other than the drinker can be affected for example getting involved in accidents. Alcohol consumption has led to a lot of problem like affecting work performance for example absence from work which results to being dismissed from work, work accidents unemployment. All of these don’t only affect the work places but also family because there will be failure to perform family duties. The providing basic necessities, loss of respect, producing a lot of kids. Drinking outside can mean less time spent at home. The financial costs or purchase and medical treatment as well as their cost of living can leave other family members destitute. It often affects their mothers or partners who may need to contribute more to the income of the household and who run an increased risk of violence or HIV infection were, particularly for the poor. Apart from money spent on drinks, heavy drinkers may suffer other economic problems such as lower wages, increased legal expenses and medication.

Alcohol consumption is like a family disease that can affect the whole family. It affects each member of the family different from the urban child to their closest relative, children of all ways, wives/husbands ,brothers and sisters, parents and other close relatives are also negatively are all negatively impacted. It has negative effects upon family and these include trauma, low self-esteem, guilt, stress, depression, domestic violence for example living in fear of verbal, physical and emotional abuse, children may have to grow up quicker and learn to take care of the household and other family members, co-dependency where a family member, adopts the rescuer and caregiver role and this becomes part of their identity.

Alcohol is a massive obstacle to development in Uganda. It has been estimated that per capita consumption of alcohol is 9.8 meters but with the population of 58.7% of the abstainers. The big alcohol consumption targets youths aggressively. The alcohol industry has targeted children and young people through the packaging of alcohol tot packs or Sackets. The distribution makes alcohol very cheap at two hundred Ugandan shillings. This has made young teenagers and youth to forget about attending school, failure to perform different tasks thus leading to higher growth rates of unemployment. These companies managed to make seductive advertisements that support their drinks. For example being energy boosters, having no hangover. These make the youth and other people go buy these drinks after being persuaded by the adverts.

Many families have been a victim of alcohol consumption both positively and negatively; Alcohol consumption has increased the risk of social, work, family, physical, legal and violence related problems. A case in Kyebando where a husband takes alcohol and cannot fulfill his roles of providing all the basic necessities of life to his family, for example paying school fees, providing food, medication and failure to show love to his family but when he is drunk, there are high chances of his family receiving all these because he can be out of his senses although he claims to be in his normal senses.

1.2 Statement of the problem Alcohol consumption is a problem that has prevented a high population of people from planning and fulfilling their roles in the family. Many families having misunderstandings for example divorce, failure to provide basic necessities to family members, children failing to receive enough love from their parents, overspreading of diseases like HIV/AIDS, low levels of education because bread winners become addicted to an extent that work performance and other more generating activities go on reducing leading to low food production. Alcohol consumption and family stability in Kyebando parish is at a high risk which has made the area fail to develop economically, socially and politically. Kyebando has failed to develop economically because people who consume alcohol start from morning till late in the night. Most of these have families, therefore employees who wait for a daily or monthly income and after getting it instead of using it responsibly they use it anyhow like drinking alcohol and buying for the people they have found in the bar since they can be having a feeling that they have much money thus leaving out their family members. Socially, it has

6 created a gap between those who consume and the non-consumers which has led to failure to perform communal duties for example when people are practicing community cleaning, non- consumers cannot associate with the consumers thus leaving the work unperformed. Politically, many families in Kyebando have broken up but the cause of their breaking is spouses supporting different candidates they end up fighting and some exchanging abusive word.

1.3 Objectives of the study 1.3.1 General objective Assessing the relationship between alcohol consumption and family stability in Kyebando parish

1.3.2 Specific objectives of the study 1. To establish where alcohol is consumed in Kyebando parish 2. To examine the stability of families in Kyebando parish 3. To assess the influence of alcohol in family stability in Kyebando parish

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction This chapter presents how different scholars from different parts of the world think and how they have written about alcohol consumption and family stability.

2.1 Alcohol consumption Alcohol use is often part of the fabric of marriage and family life and although it is associated with certain positive effects, excessive drinking and alcohol disorders can exert a negative effect on the marital development and on the development of children in the context of the family. The review considers evidence that alcohol influence and is influenced by marital/family processes including transitions into marriage and parenthood, marital satisfaction, violence, parenting and child development. There is the anti-social behavior and the need to examine women’s drinking and the joint impact of men’s and women’s drinking on marital and family process. It highlights the lack of studies in certain key areas, including the link between discordant drinking and violence, marital satisfaction, role of alcohol in child neglect and the potential role of marital conflicts Bumpass (2004).

Alcohol presents two faces to the family. One face is that of beneficial and healthful beverages that fosters warmth and intimacy. The other face is that of potentially hazardous portion that jeopardize ends family through conflict, violence and deprivation. In a recent study of drinkers and the partners, we asked the partners what they liked and disliked about the drinking of their alcoholic partners. While some partners had nothing positive to say others described it as positive relationship effects such as opening up the partner’s feelings, beings sensitive and paying more attention to their partners and offering nice gifts to their partners. This applied to men and for the women it is reported negatively for example their husbands flirtatious with women, being frightened. They tend to lose their senses of responsibility at home and even at the workplace. As a result jobs are lost because of absenteeism. Some alcohol consumers forego work for drinking; decide to come late at the workplace and the productivity seen on declining. Places where alcoholics stay experience

8 high crime rate. The more these individuals are likely to engage in violence the higher crimes that are being committed Kelly (2004).

2.2 Family stability Alcohol affects the family economy. It makes the parents have debts and whatever little money they get is allocated to alcohol and paying debts that family members usually get for their basic necessities. These comorbid disorders may have independent impacts on family processes but also may modify the expression of alcoholism within the family. Moreover in the context of the family the alcoholic’s intimate partner may have psychiatric disorders. Other independently or associated with the partners alcoholism. Such families are often recruited from families in which one person has sought treatment.

This often occurs at the insistence of an intimate partner and may be less likely if the partner also is an excessive drinker Kelly (2004). It is possible that relative to the population of alcoholic couples, recruited from clinical setting may have more marital commitment, but also may be less likely to have a partner who also has an alcohol disorder. Some families have husbands that spend their monthly income to an extent of putting on torn clothes, dirty clothes, quitting showering, selling all of their belongings at lower prices thus leaving the family with little or no property thus leading to poverty. Due to drinking heavily the probability of buying new clothes, showering and living a happy life is limited because a person might lack time and energy to wash his clothes because he spends most of his time on drinking.

However, there are alcohol consumers who are smart most especially the elderly working class. They take one to two bottles and stay normal because most of them take alcohol for leisure Jacob and Windle (2000) conducted a study on one hundred twenty eight children of alcoholic fathers and found at serious problems in the area of drinking personality, psychopathology, educational and social functioning. Skibee (2001) studied the relationship between parental mental health, family rituals, family environment and the resiliency of adolescents of alcoholic parents. A significant correlation was found among adolescent offspring regarding family disruption and law family ritual and closeness. The study data suggested that adolescent boys may be experiencing more stress due to being raised by an alcoholic parent regardless of the gender of the alcoholic parent,

9 greater perceived family disruption and lower levels of family rituals. In most cases, family conflicts break up due to spending a lot of money on alcohol than the basic necessities of life like food, education for children, clothing, healthcare and housing. It is so common amongst the husbands and wife finds herself providing all the basic needs of the family alone. There are high chances of losing money to support a family due to high cost of alcoholic drinks. It also brings about hardships in the family thus leading to frequently divorced or separated alcoholics compared to non- alcoholics.

Haugland (2003) examined possible risk factors associated with child adjustment in a sample of children with alcohol abusing fathers in Norway which showed strong effects of childhood aggression and poor family functioning on enhancement, levels of problem drinking in young adulthood. Furthermore, the combinations of low parental central and low levels of affection expression were related to problem drinking in women. In some families although women may generate income because of traditional partners of control of any household income, male heads may either stop contributing to the home expenses or may end up controlling the money from brewing which can lead to family instability. It is argued that some men have no respect for women when they get drank. They beat up their wives and the children also pick up these habits. Kelly and Fals-Stewart (2004) examined life time psychiatric disorders and current emotional and behavior problems of 8 – 12 years old children living with drug abusing fathers compared to children living in demographically matched homes with alcohol abusing or non-substance abusing fathers. Children’s lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were determined using the schedule of affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children, present and lifetime version. Keundig and Kuntsche (2006) studied relationship between excessive drinking parents of adolescent alcohol use and family bonding. They used equation models for multiple group comparisons estimated based on a national representative sample. Results reveal excessive parental drinking to be positively related to adolescent alcohol used and family bonding negatively related. Keller, Comings and Davies (2005) in their research studied the problems of children exposed to parental drinking problems. Model tests indicate that the problem of drinking was associated with greater marital conflicts and that these marital conflicts are related to ineffective parenting which was in turn related to poorer child adjustment. In the community sample, parental problem drinking behavior is associated with reduced family functioning that relates to child outcomes. Many mental conflicts have results from infertility alcoholism, extra mental sex, early marriages, polygamy, and perception of business, economic hardships,

10 extended family obligation and sexual dissatisfaction. Although alcohol consumption has effect on family stability, it has also been a great support of education because it is reported that in favor of gins are the knowledge that many people have been educated with money derived from selling alcohol, maintenance of families, payment of taxes and general development of districts and areas where it is made.

2.3 Influence of alcohol consumption on family stability People believe that families which lack maternal support have family heads that are unable to hold jobs for a long period of time and drinking interferes with their work timetable making them in sufficient. Alcohol makes a consumer of drinking poor performance at work, mindfulness of work, loss of jobs and poor health conditions. The families out of fifteen have husbands who change employment because their masters allegedly state that they are occasionally drunk and because of over drinking they become insufficient, tend to lose their senses of responsibility at home and even at the workplace. As a result, jobs are lost through absenteeism. Some alcohol consumers forego work of drinking, decide to come late at the workplace and their productivity sees on declining. Adolescent alcohol use is related to a variety of problem behaviors, including harmful alcohol use, drinking and driving, risky sex, and violence (Sise et al, 2009). Despite the increasing influence of peers from the late childhood through adolescence Liet et al (200b).

In Kyebando, most of the respondents said that alcohol consumption does not lead to committing crimes but others were agreeing because two of them were once behind bars because of left but the practice of stealing was because alcohol consumption. They believe that a family member can earn material wealth and get it through. Stealing and even what he steals is converted into alcohol. Some of them steal because of poverty. Children from alcoholic families tend to be poorly socialized by talking about alcohol every time. Alcohol interferes with adequate socialization of younger members of the society by weakening their social control which causes widespread with the middle and lower class alcoholics. One of the most important social contexts impacting adolescent decisions to use alcohol is the family Latendresse et al (2008). A variety of modifiable family factors are related to later alcohol and substance use. Longitudinal studies that good family management practices including clear rules prohibiting alcohol use, monitoring of the children’s behavior and consistent

11 consequences for violating rules are related to decreases in teen alcohol use (Nash et al, 2005).

Parental attitudes favoring alcohol and other drugs use tend to be linked with a greater likelihood of substance use by adolescents Foley et al (2004) positive norms for example approval of underage drinking. Women alcoholics tend to totally become isolated, sharp full and guilty feelers. Some stay at home in private places, denying or hiding their drinking problems it is so common with the elite families. Women alcoholics tend to loose respect in society. The status of male alcoholics in marriage tends to become inferior to the wife. Sexual relationship tends to be unsatisfactory because of the inadequacies of both spouses. Alcohol consumers are at higher risk of contracting diseases like STDs and HIV/AIDS than non- alcoholics because after drinking they do not think in their normal senses. Adolescents are misguided by peer companions about AIDS. Alcoholism is a chronic disease manifests by repeated implicative manifested by implicative drinking so as to cause injury to drunkard’s health as to his social and economic functioning thus leading to family instability because such people will not function as expected. Alcoholism is a major social and public health problem that we as society have handled shamefully. This suggests that if it is taken carefully, it becomes a problem not only to one who has taken it but also family members will be affected either directly or indirectly.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter will address my preparation and the field approach. It presents the research field approach, area of study, data collection methods and research instruments. It helped me gather information about my research. This information was gathered from families of alcoholic partners, alcohol consumers, bars and community leaders

3.1 Study Area The research study was conducted in Kyebando Parish on a hill that rose to 1,240 meters above sea level. It is bordered by Kawempe to the North West, Kikaya to the nearest, Bukoto to the East, Mulago to the South, Bwaise to the South West and Kalerwe to the West. This location lies approximately 5.5 kilometers by road, North East of Kampala central business district. The areas are predominantly occupied by different ethnic groups generally having small income generating projects. The highest percentage of settlers is youths and amongst these, there are jobless ones and those that are employed but the highest percentage. The unemployed resort to talking gins in order to pass time.

3.2 Study population Kyebando parish is located in Kawempe division in Kampala district. The area is being occupied by people from different ethnic groups and tribes. Amongst these tribes we have Basoga, Banyankole, Bakiga, Karamojong and the highest percentage being occupied by Baganda. Kyebando brings to mind several impressions of being a slum but some residents do not give a dumb. The area was once predominantly occupied by Basoga as Kabaka Mutesa 1 had donated it to them. So some residents think that Kyebando was named after the Basoga settlement. The area boasts over twenty schools and a few clinics. It is a very dangerous place at night. The situation worsened when the northern by-pass was constructed. This problem is rising because of the high cases of unemployment amongst the youth yet they hold a highest percentage of the area’s population. Residents that area being employed survive on local businesses for example selling alcohol, holding small restaurants, markets and mobile money kiosks, hair salon and retail shops. Kyebando is having many school dropouts who have resorted to holding families. Most of the houses in this area are being rented. Men and

13 women take alcohol but the highest percentage of consumers is men. The area is having high percentages of birthrates compared to death rates and the houses are very packed.

3.3 Data Collection Methods 3.3.1 Participant observation The researcher helped the bar attendant serve different alcoholic drinks to the customers, sat with the customers as she was enjoying drinks, conversing different issues that were taking place in the country and our families. The researcher also visited one of the alcoholic family stayed with them as their child. The researcher used to perform house work any child at home but while she was staying with this family. She used to observe different issues, activities and behaviors this family was conducting itself for example it was a family of four children, one boy and three girls. But the boys used to wake up very early in the morning of takes tea and goes to play football then comes back at night without being blamed by anyone since this father used to come back at 11:00p.m. The husband used to come back without anything claiming that he did not receive any customer yet smelling alcohol. So this used to piss of her wife and she lives the bedroom then sleeps in the sitting room. In the morning when the women was claiming for the money they were going to use as family to perform different activities like buying food and other activities, her husband could not perform this. So the wife used to mingle maize flour daily for us to eat and at times without sauce.

3.3.2 Interview Here, the researcher interviewed the chairman of Kyebando Parish about different issues concerning alcohol consumption and family stability in his area for example she asked him about the causes of alcohol consumption in his area and he told her that it is because of unemployment that is at a high percentage in his area. She also asked him if he usually received case concerning family instability when the cause of these cases is alcohol and he said that they are the common family cases he receives and they usually look for solutions as village heads but when they fail, they seek for help from offices that are above them like police and the Uganda Association of Women Lawyers (FIDA). She also interviewed five alcohol consumers and our conversation was about my objectives of the study.

3.3.3 Focus group discussion The researcher chose five respondents that had become her best friends at the bar. The researcher and her respondents used to discuss different issues concerning our families and the way forward. She also discussed with the family she was studying. She used to discuss with them different issues that were leading to family instability. She used to talk to the wife and her daughters that she took as her sisters.

3.4 Research instruments 3.4.1 Interview guide The researcher used to interview guide to collect data. The interview guide availed more opportunities to the interviewer to rephrase questions to enhance charity and accuracy group under investigation which shifted their attention to the researcher than acting spontaneously.

3.4.2 Video and photographer plan The researcher used her phone to take photos of alcohol consumers at the bar; she also followed her observation check list to get the right issues that she was supposed to record.

3.4.3 Observation check list The research carried out direct checklist and investigation on alcohol consumption and family stability. The researcher sometimes found it had to observe since the respondents were over paying attention to her.

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS

4.0 Introduction This chapter presents the major findings of the study. The findings are about areas where alcohol is consumed, family stability, and the influence of alcohol on family stability. The study participants were alcohol consumers, their families and the chairman of Kyebando parish.

4.1 Areas where alcohol is consumed Kyebando is a slummy area having a lot of houses that are in poor conditions and all congested together. These houses are at a cheaper price but them being cheap doesn’t stop residents from failing to pay their landlords. Many youths in this area are jobless yet they want to live a happy life. They spend the little money they have on luxurious things for example drinking alcohol from morning till late in the evening, expensive accessories and hanging out every day. They have a saying that life is too short you have to enjoy when you are still energetic and having money.

In a focus group discussion, the main participant there was Mr. Kaboyi who stays with his wife and four children. We have different zones in Kyebando for example Erisa, Kiwamirembe, Kiberenge, Nsooba, Katale and Central. In all these zones we have bar businesses and they all operate from morning till late in the evening. All drunkards in Kyebando co-operate. When you find your fellow drunkard you cannot bypass him minus greeting saying hello to him or her because we alcohol consumers love one another and once you drink you are welcomed to our one love family. For an alcohol consumer to have a drink it is not about having money in your wallet. We share as brothers and sisters because we are one family. This is also evident in the past our parents used to drink alcohol on different occasions for example during village meeting, beer parties, and cultural ceremonies. We act like that because our ancestors used to run their alcohol friendship, families and businesses like the way we are doing it. Kyebando is a nice place to stay because I was born on this village, raised from here and I have also got my family still on the same village and you expect me to live this area? I can’t, may be death will be the reason leading to my separation from this area but when am still using my normal senses I can’t live it.

Security in this area is tight and favorable for us alcohol consumers to though not favorable for non-consumers because they claim that we steal their property yet that is all false information. Some of the alcohol consumers do steal people’s property so that they can get money to feed their families because even if we are drunkards and in one love family. We cannot provide you with alcohol and you also expect us to cater for your family. All of us our families are not well-off. For my case my wife takes care of my family plus my parents. They provide us with the little they have most especially my mother. My father hates me because of my alcohol consuming behaviors. He claims that I ashamed him amongst his fellow elderly village mates. That’s why I love my mother so much big up on herself. At times I feel like stopping to use alcohol as a drink because my mother has tried her level best to take me for medication and witch doctors to stop me from taking alcohol but all in vain.

I think someone bewitched our area because many youths take alcohol. You can look at someone who has been smart and having a job. Becoming an addict and quitting his job for alcohol. I don’t know if even other areas are like Kyebando. My mother has done her job of stopping from drinking but I have failed to stop because before we start off our journey to the traditionalists, I have to take my splendor gin. Our local defense unit is a traitor and corrupt. During the day he claims to be a good man praising himself to be so hard working at night. He says “omulimu gw’obukumi tugukwase bulungi tetukyalina babbi kukyalo” yet he leads the thieves in our area. Some of my friends told me that every day he tells them to attack someone when he is acting as guard for them. So these people steal even with the presence of the local defense unit guards but they do not arrest them.

This really annoys Kyebando residents because even if they report these culprits these local defense unit officers do not arrest them. My friends told me the secret behind the denial of the residents rights to security and keeping their property safely. The residents claim that pay these guards with an aim of protecting them and their belongings. ”babera batukanda sente olowoza n’emirimu bwebagitukiriza’ we keep on suffering like as if we do not pay for their labor. It hurts me as well but for the case of my friends who are part of the suspected team I have to pretend like as if I have no problem with their behaviors. You there is a saying that goes like birds of the same feathers flock together.

I love my friends because we drunkards believe in one love but I hate it when people suspect me because I move with them yet am innocent .my connection with them has led to the creation of some rumors that am also a thief. Am one and I cannot fight the whole village as

17 an individual because everyone believes that am a thief. I now gave up on explaining to people good enough my family believes in me in whatever I do most especially my mother . One day as we were moving with my colleagues from the bar. We met a police patrol. We were drunk but became sober at that very moment when we were told to climb the pickup vehicle. One of our friends had taken heavy drinks that day. The police men were slapping and pushing us to their vehicle.so he was not aware of whatever was taking place.

When we woke up in the morning, we were behind bars. He woke up informing us about his site work that he was going to handle. That the engineer had promised him to go and perform some work at his construction site. So when he woke up he was surrounded by new faces (in laughter) only to notice he was behind bars. He cried out loud and the leaders in the cell ordered him to shut up and forced him to start singing a praising song. If it wasn’t these LDU guards of our area that used to misguide my friends by showing them a wrong path of moving anyhow at night. I believed that wouldn’t have been arrested because we would have it mind that we are not supposed to move at night. I was once arrested but I still move at night.

I do not know why I still insist on moving at night but I feel comfortable when I am moving in my area at night compared to during the day. This is because people do not pay more attention to you at night like it is during the broad day light. I have been raised from Kyebando and my wife plus children are also in this area. Many people pity my families and I think this hurts them because my wife keeps on demanding me to vacate this area but I cannot live my friends behind because am used to them. Still am not used to vacating areas. if am to separate with my friend that should be death because there is a strong bond that connects us together and once one of us is missing we feel lonely.

In Kyebando we have different drinking spots for example bars, pubs, garages and large compounds. This bars offer service to their customers according to the client’s class. We have different areas from which we consume our alcohol. Personally I take it from Nalongo’s bar. She serves us at a low price because we are low income earners. Her bar has a lot of polythene bagged gins compared to the bottled beers. There are different kinds of gins for example Empire, Game Splendor, Ambiance Air Force, London No1, X5, Coffee Spirit, Bond 7, Leading, Uganda Waragi, Kitoko, King Cane, Vodka, Herdsman, Big Five, Samba, Mood, Relax, Zed and Topowa are all found in Nalongo’s bar.

It is the matter of the customer to make his or her own choice. This bar is ever full of drunkards because we drink for twenty four hours. Some of us at times sleep in this bar. She

18 serves us and then goes to rest in her house which is located behind the bar. At times we sleep in the bar more so when the landlord is demanding you rent that you are not having and even not expecting to get. My landlord is demanding me three months of rent so I no longer sleep with my family. If am to sleep there I go back at midnight when everybody is sleeping and I make sure that I wake up very early in the morning like at 5:00am before he is awake. When they attack my wife about their money for rent, I told each member of my family that in case anyone comes home looking for me they should inform him or her that am not around. So even if am inside the house everyone knows it from my wife to our last born. I think sometimes they believe that am not around because of a safari job that cannot let me stay at home yet at times I sleep over in the bar to get rid of that demanding man.

Opposite Nalongo’s bar there is a plot of land that was bought but the owner failed to construct any infrastructure in the plot. He only fenced it minus the gate so when bar is having a lot of heat .I and my colleagues sit under the big tree found in this tree in this plot with our benches and takes our drinks. Some of those motorcyclists that consume alcohol come with their motorcycles and they act as their seats. We nicknamed it mukibati. They use them because their rides might be stolen. So they take their drinks with their property because after it has been stolen, replacing it is not easy. The police that you report to keep on opening up files and charging you different amounts of money and you may end up becoming poor plus losing your source of income thus making your family suffer.

There is a pub where they do not let us low income earners, shabby, lousy drunkards get in. the owner of this pub thinks that these business men take a lot of alcohol. It is us who make an alcohol business keep on moving. He is so fake because he failed to notice that we are the daily drinking officers of Kyebando. However there are areas where alcohol is being consumed at a low rate. Some of areas are Katale and Kitabuliki. In these areas there are many Muslim residents and so it has led to reduced levels of alcohol consumption because these people are so tough and rude they can neither let a bar nor a pork joint in their area yet these two moves hand in hand like in areas where residents are free with alcohol consumption for example in Kiwamirembe. Long ago we had a man who used to feel so special that even the chairman used to fear him.

So he decided to open up a bar in Katale zone. Moslems stroked and destroyed his building and property. It was a lesson to neither everyone in Kyebando never to open up a bar nor a pork joint in this area. In this area we have bars were polythene bagged gins are not sold. We

19 have two of them in Kiberenge. They only attend to working class smart consumers not us who share one bottle or polythene bag gin with a friend. There bar attendant can’t let you enter when you are shabby and the customers are required to order with cash. Once you fail to pay you get punished by sending you to jail.

We Kyebando residents live our lives because we are broke. We are not like people from outstanding places like Munyonyo who sleep in flats. We stay in slummy areas but live and enjoy life more than those rich people. We take alcohol, eat pork and get satisfied sexually for example after getting ten thousand shillings; I can go to Nalongo’s bar ask for a gin and a quarter of pork and enjoy my life. That is why my stomach is too big. It is not because I have a lot of money. It is because I enjoy this fatty meal. In Kyebando we do not have any spot where prostitutes perform their jobs. These ladies that keep on asking for drinks from us act as our prostitutes. Women in this area are so cheap. You can find a woman who is married and having grown up children hanging out with young youths. We have an old lady here Nalongo’s neighbor. She has old children plus grandchildren but she is one of our prostitutes in this bar. She can even sleep with a twenty year old youth yet her first daughter is thirty years old. This daughter has two kids but behaves like a teenager. I think she has ever had sexual intercourse with every drunkard in this area because when we start gossiping about her it seems like every one claims to have slept with her.

As long as you can buy for her alcohol. Some of them don’t even buy for her but live half a bottle for her to finish up. During the day she acts like as if she is so respectful but when it becomes dark she changes her attitude. Can you imagine someone having grandchildren still acting like that? Those are our side dishes. We also have another one who is also old. What surprises me is that these women have grandchildren. This other lady has his ex-husband who is part of our drinking club. This woman’s last born is a youth around twenty years of age. She also has old daughters and sons but still acts like a young girl. She wears skimpy clothes and freely moves around the village. Women in our area hate aging. They forge years, bleach their skins and associate with youths. You can find a lady bleaching; when the skin is falling off from the born but when she still wants to be attractive to these young men. We men in this area are so expensive because every lady from teenagers to elderly can do anything with an aim of being seen by us. I think it is an inborn character in our society. I was still talking about the lady. For her she is over alcohol because she is a Muslim. She is after money. In case we have a youth I Kyebando having money and owning a car. She makes sure that this youth becomes her friend. Even if she has met her man crush on her way to town, she can

20 cancel her journey and decides to speak to this man .she over asks for money banange omukazi ayagala sente .the gift that she offers to someone after giving her money is offering you free sex. Her e- husband divorced her and that is the reason and the reason that led to their separation was that. Can you imagine someone having sex with her own son because she can produce them? Most of the boys she associates with are in the same age bracket with her children.

I don’t really know if other areas are cursed as our Kyebando because the lady that I talked about, the one who takes alcohol with the youths. He has his husband who claims to be witch doctor. I don’t know why he doesn’t work upon his wife’s behaviors because they are so a shaming. The husband can be inside their house plus his children at night when the wife is outside enjoying alcohol with the youths. She tells us that her husband has no problem with her staying outside with men for that long even till midnight. I don’t know what these women feed us on. How can a normal person who has not been bewitched let your wife have fun with men at night in your absence? Ad you comfortably sleep. I cannot let that happen to my family however drunk I might be. Their daughter also copied her mother’s behaviors. There are some men that she shares with her daughter.

Teenagers in Kyebando practice coupling at a high rate. I and my fellow parents are low income earners. Some of us enjoy taking alcohol. We do not have enough time to keep on talking to our very own children. So they form up peer groups ad end up learning weird behaviors for example taking alcohol, smoking weed, cigarettes and marijuana, start stopping on the way instead of reaching at school, they start developing feelings towards the opposite sex. Many have ended up dropping out of school because of pregnancies. Most of the school dropout residents of Kyebando are usually from ordinary secondary level. Many teenagers in our area have dropped out of school because of peer pressure. Some eve start practicing sexual intercourse at an early age. Houses in this area are too packed ad most of the residents are tenants. This has made children keep on sharing behaviors from different areas that they vacate from. Every family comes from different parts of Uganda and remembers that every area has its own culture. When they interact Kyebando becomes ekintabuli. Some of their parents work at night like bar attendants. They don’t have enough time to talk to their children. Now when the child gets spoilt they start claiming that they copy all these weird behaviors from us for example when he or she starts taking alcohol they start saying that it is us who teach our children these behaviors yet it is the nature and culture of our area. My parents were not drunkards at any moment. Did I copy this culture of drinking from them?

We are so stressful and busy working so that I can take care of my family. I shall not keep on taking care of grown up children like as if am looking after kids.

They tend to lose their senses of responsibility at home and even at the workplace. As a result jobs are lost because of absenteeism. Some alcohol consumers forego work for drinking; decide to come late at the workplace and the productivity seen on declining. Places where alcoholics stay experience high crime rate. The more these individuals are likely to engage in violence the higher crimes that are being committed Kelly (2004). As it is evident in Kyebando were many alcoholics commit crimes like stealing people’s property both during the day and at night. This is practiced most especially at night when most of the people are asleep. These drunkards sleep during day and in most cases they are awake and active at night. According to the study many of them pretend to be out of normal senses yet in actual sense they can be aware of what is taking place. They do that to make people believe that they are too lazy to perform anything much stealing. I have ever heard of a story of a boy who was a thief in Kyebando who used to take alcohol during day and loss control and he would become a thief at night, but people discovered his trick that he just pours alcohol on his clothes and then acts drunk. He would then visit places where he is going to steal at night. When other people look at him, they ignore him and don’t take him seriously thinking that he is just drunk yet he is spotting the things that he will steal from them. Where he comes back in two or more weeks to steal form people in that area. He never steals on that very day so that people are not suspicious of him that is why he keeps on loitering during day.

4.2 Alcoholism leading to family instability Research carried out in Kyebando shows that alcohol consumption has led to increased cases of family instability. This is related to social, economic, biological and physical factors. The study shows that many consumers wake up early in the morning go to the bars and they drink up to late in the evening. This has affected their families both positively and negatively. The little money that they earn by the time they return back at home. It is being spent on alcohol. It affects their families most especially their children because these alcoholic parents become irresponsible for example they fail to provide basic necessities to their children like food, education, medication and clothing. This has made these children fail to get enough parental love and guidance thus making them become victims of their victims of their alcoholic parents.

The main participants were hajji Kyamisi, his wife, children, other alcoholics and the chairman of Kyebando parish. I wish to thank. Am a Muslim man but that does not stop me from taking alcohol. These religious leaders just miss judge us because how can I fail to praise God for the drink that he created and trust these fellow human beings. God created the world and everything that is in it for man to use. So how can I fail to take something that is on earth that was already created by God? Wine is praised and talked about in the bible which proves that it is nice. Why would they praise it if was bad. I have had more than six wives and each of them has a child with me, whom I have failed to take care of them because I am jobless. I was a taxi driver but the taxi was not mine, I had a misunderstanding with the person who owned the taxi. I was supposed to take twenty thousand shillings to him daily or send it via mobile money. At first everything was moving smoothly until when my boss found out that I was taking alcohol and he told me to take back his car, claiming that I would spoil it.

He was worried about me getting involved in an accident and his car gets damaged, still what if the traffic officers where to arrest me while driving his car because drunken drinking while driving which is an offence in this country. He questioned me about who was going to take care of the expenses if anything bad had happened to his car. I had no answer, so he told me to return his car back to him and the car keys. That was the start of unemployment life, from then it was the responsibility of all mothers to take care of their children and I also had to proceed with my life. I got a new love of my life who has loved me under this poverty condition. I still do not know the reasons this woman has for loving me so much because when we first met I was jobless and staying with my two daughters with whom their mothers had abandoned at my home. But good enough I got this woman who loves me and was ready to stay with my children. She also provides for us food and necessities at home; she is working because she owned a mobile money kiosk in Kyebando town.

I always escort her to work in the morning and I also pick her from work in the evening because the mobile money business is risk and she is expecting. In all my wives she is the only one that loves and takes care of me, she pays our rent at the end of every month. She is wonderful”. But these days you find a lady may women expect a man to settle them and take care of all their needs, and they are disrespectful yet you are the head of the house. They start insulting you in front of the children and even your friends when they have come to visit, they copy their mothers and that’s why I used not to go back home to my ex-wives. The ladies used to quarrel all the time about very small issues and they want to fight about

23 everything, this was very annoying and the more they would poke me. I would also fight back by beating them because am not good at quarrelling with them.

Mr. Kaboyi said that, alcohol consumption leads to outbreak of diseases especially HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea. I have many friends who have passed away because of different diseases but when the cause of these diseases is alcohol consumption. One of them died recently, this boy started taking alcohol during his senior six vacation. He was a very nice, humble and kind boy but when he started alcohol and associating with alcoholics he developed wired behaviors like abusing people, involving him in theft, sleeping with sugar mummies. He totally changed from being a calm boy to being wild. His family members started hating him because none of them was taking alcohol.

Due to the high content that he had taken he started developing different sicknesses for example epilepsy of sickness. When he was taken to the hospital, the doctors said that the cause of this disease was excessive drinking of alcohol without getting something to eat and they told him that when he stops drinking alcohol his problem shall be solved but he never followed the doctor’s advice. I think he was attacked by his disease in the absence of people who could help him so he passed away.

Another one was a father of two kids a boy and a girl. He was a very nice teacher of one of the five star schools in Kyebando. This teacher was overtaking alcohol that he reached an extent of being warned by the director of the school but he hesitated. He was then disqualified from school. He started his journey of jobless his family started suffering but because he had studied and was a good teacher he got a job in a universal primary education school (UPE). Still he was expelled from this school and the cause of his expulsion was alcohol consumption even during lessons time. The man because jobless. So it was his wife to suffer taking care of the family yet she was not working before. So because of the scenario she was ready to perform any type of job. The lady stated washing people’s clothes but because the money got from washing could not afford taking care of everything at home, their children dropped out of school.

A boy at the age of twelve started sleeping outside without anybody’s concern. His parents used not to mind. The boy developed dangerous behaviors he joined a gang of thieves at Kalerwe. One day this boy had gone with his gang to work (steal) unfortunately the boy was stoned to death but the eye witnesses narrated the story in this way. That there is a lady who saw the boy and screened for help saying the boy was taking his belonging. He tried to run so

24 fast but failed to make it when men in the market ran after him and stoned him to death. The mother started going through the trauma of being recognized as a mother of a thief because of the stress after year she also passed away after being attacked by high blood pressure. The family remained with the father and her daughter. I and my friends managed to provide a little that we collected to our friend but the little we could provide he would of use it for drinking alcohol so we also gave up on supporting him.

We told him to take the girl to her grandparent and be first hesitated claiming that she has to take care of him. But because he failed to provide support the family. He sent the girl to the village. The man started taking alcohol excessively, taking marijuana, smoking cigarette, with time he was diagnosed with lung cancer which did not let him stay for long and he also passed away hence leading to their family collapse. Me as well when a wife gets rid of taking care of my child and returns him or her to me. I take them to my mother because am jobless may be when I get these timely jobs for example pushing a wheel borrow of sand at the construction site and I get a share. On which I have to buy alcohol. The balance I send it to my mother to take care of my children and her. Me I have a wife who takes care of me. When I visit them I go with the little I have and the young ones get excited but the first, second and third born hate me, I don’t know why because I try as much as I can to please them all in vein. One day I visited them in the village separately called these three and questioned them about the causes of that hatred they have towards me but they never responded. Their grandmother keeps on advising them but they don’t have any positive interest in forgiving one. Making matters worse, they failed to present to me the reason as to why they hate me so that I can change. It hurts me but I still provide them with whatever they ask from me in case I can afford it.

The respondent explained that some alcoholic partner’s loose self-control after drinking so heavily and loose self-control sexually. These stay in single rooms with their children. When they start sexual acts with the presence of their children of their .These children copy these acts and start spoiling the rest of their friends when they are playing because after seeing such acts they also feel like practicing them. Alcohol also makes them go sleeping with people they don’t know without wearing protectors. He says that this has led to high chances and cases of HIV victims in Kyebando. When am in the bar I concentrate on my alcohol because I want it to feel my body. Why would I think about anything else when am in the bar one of the other reasons as to why I came to the bar is to forget my stress.

The study proved that alcohol consumers when they are at the bar they don’t think of anything like work.

The alcoholic’s children were complaining about the neglect of their father towards them. We don’t eat well by saying that we mean a balanced diet. We eat one meal every day in the evening and one type of food does not change. We over eat millet flour and beans or silver fish because they are at cheaper price. We do not dress well because nice clothes are expensive. Our neighbors sometimes give us the clothes that no longer fit them so we put on already worn clothes that are sometimes torn. Sometimes we don’t get what to eat. At times we spend a long period of time before going back to school sometimes we go back after a month when a lot have been covered.

We are ever being sent back home from school for school fees. Our school bursar doesn’t even read out our names on the list of school fees defaulters. The moment she enters our class she just instructs us the move out of their class because their school is fed up of looking after us for free. We keep on changing schools every year when they over demand us school fees and other scholastic materials in a certain school, we change and join another school. So these uniforms that we get from the schools that we have left we start using them as clothes to be worn at home since we cannot afford buying clothes. The study therefore proved that due to lack of basic needs of life, these children show an expressional of living a non-livelihood

Communication in an alcoholic family is too effective. I love my husband because we took oath in church that in every situation we shall be together but there reaches a point and you feel like giving up, at times I feel like divorcing this man. I have tried anything that I can to control my husband drinking behavior but all in vein. Whatever medication that my colleagues and people tell me I have performed it but nothing has ever changed. He cannot provide anything to the family minus fighting or quarrelling. If am to advise him, he tells me to stop shouting for him because he is old enough to make his own decisions. I am not the one who directs him to the toilet. He claims that he is the head of the family because anything brought on the table to be discussed turns into a fight. You start wondering someone claiming to be the head when he cannot even settle his family problems.

Furthermore, my children have also become uncontrollable because if their dad cannot be cancelled, what of them. Children have also copied up their dad’s behavior one way talk to them they shout at you and once you report them to their father he can never blame them. All

26 the cares about is that they are still alive and looking good. They keep on loitering around the village from the morning until when the sun sets.

I fear moving around the village because of the behaviors of my family members yet I don’t want to live my kids behind because I understand them more than my other woman that my husband might replace me with in case I divorce him. The study shows that when a family lacks good communication it fails to achieve its goals.

Children of an alcoholic parent loose standard and goals that can help them build their future and cores because of lack of consistence parenting our father is an alcohol consumer who turned into fear because many fathers consume alcohol but don’t behave like our father. He only thinks of taking alcohol leaving all the required responsibility to our mother. In the morning he holds his note book, wears smartly like as if he is going to work, and comes back at midday without anything. The little money he gets, he comes with his friends, prepare their food and finish it up. When we come back from school we find nothing to eat yet by the time we live school we can be hungry. The only thing he is good at is quarrelling. Our mother is a mobile money agent. She is the one who pays our school fees house rent and medication. She is like head of the family. In the evening he goes to the bar and comes back late in the night, starts shouting our names to open for him.

Before he used to call our mother at night in way of disrespecting her Iwe kikazi nzigulilawo and our mother used not to respond. He started calling our names most especially me because am the first born and believes that my ears are more alert compared to those of my siblings. One day my mother refused us from opening for him. So he came back in the morning when is bitterness. She was mad she told our father to live her house Bw’obera owulira nti nkumalako emirembe nvila ogende kubanga tolina kyotukolera wano. Our mother abused him and we felt so toughed because she also altered about things that use was not aware of like our father having another wife.

I forcefully stopped my mother from quarrelling because people had started coming to witness their wrangles and we were getting ashamed I was really getting ashamed because some of the people that had started coming were looking at me yet am not the one fight. The statement that my mother made about children about the children that my father is having is still bothering me even this moment yet I cannot question my father about it. I really want him to speak it out so that we get to know where they are and on the other hand I don’t want because I have a feeling that they are a reason as to why our father does not provide anything

27 to use. Yet he goes to work every morning. But one day I shall be brave and ask him. He is not on easy person. He will beat me up but since I really need to find out the truth. I shall stand all the punishments because our father is never calm. He is ever rude. So at times I feel like am used to his nature but am not because whenever he abuses one of us at home, we shed tears apart from our mother. Still we hate Kyebando because he a shames us. We are all teenagers apart from our last born. Who is in primary two we are all at secondary level and making matters worse, we are day scholars, There a secondary school in Kikaya from which we attain our education.

Many secondary level going students in tour areas study from this school. They go on spreading rumors to other students from other areas about our fathers drinking behaviors. This has made us become a victim of our father’s alcohol consumption behavior. It is one of the abuses that students tease us with. We feel small because our father doesn’t have any hope of giving up on drinking. We cannot change a school because it is the cheapest school in Kyebando and it is the one that our mother can afford. The study therefore found out that a nonalcoholic spouse has nothing good to cherish on her husband because he has failed to fulfill all his expectations.

The study also has alcoholic women who take alcohol like men. I take alcohol dairy. A day a spent without talking it makes me feel so dizzy, like I have developed any sickness until I take a glass of a gin. I take alcohol in the evening, I make sure that I perform all my house work early like cooking, cleaning the house, I do not drink because I want but because am addicted I cannot live minus drinking. The money that my husband lives for me to use at home, I make sure that I live a share of which I shall use for drinking. When I do not have money my friends most especially men at the bar buy for me. My husband comes back when it is approaching to mid night. So the moment he comes back home he finds me around remember that before going to the bar, I fist get done with the doing of my house work so even if I come back when am dizzy, there is no much house work left for me to complete. I only have only one kid who hasn’t yet started school. Before going to the bar, I live him a sleep. I do not take these strong drinks that will make my husband suspect me again because we have ever fought because of my drinking behavior but I have failed to get medication that can stop from taking alcohol but I brush and take some chewing gum to keep away the scent.

I do not drink to an extent of not being sober. One day I over took alcohol and I misbehaved. I urinated on our bed. My husband immediately woke me up and questioned me about what I had done. I was having a hangover when the head is aching me but at that moment it relieved. I failed to speak, felt ashamed and knelt down to ask for forgiveness but the man was rude. He orders me to pack my belongings and I leave his house. I hesitated and started crying; he packed them for me and told me to move out. I pleaded but he was responding negatively. I got out of the house and went to my friends’ home. I could not go back at my parents home because it was so a shaming to me. Before leaving he told me to leave his son behind. I refused so he pulled him from me and shut the door. The man quarreled and I felt like responding back but because he was angry. He could react by beating me up and I would develop swollen sores.

I thank God that we had a kid because he is the one who united us. I used to pretend that am visiting my kid and with time he forgave me because he doesn’t want his child to stay with his grandparents. After forgiving me I came back home and decided to stop taking alcohol because when I was still living at my friends’ place I used to take it. After coming back at my husband’s house, I spent a week minus taking alcohol but I was almost admitted until when someone advised my husband to buy me one bottle beer. I first hesitated but when the condition worsened, he brought it. I started getting well. The following day I made sure I buy myself one bottle in his absence since he had left me excess money for using. I got better now I cannot live without taking alcohol. He gave up on me.

The study also involved the chairman of Kyebando. I get many cases concerning family instability in my office but many are due to alcohol consumption when one of the partners is an alcoholic they start having misunderstandings. The highest percentage of alcohol consumers in Kyebando are mainly the youth. Many family wrangles are being brought to my office but the common cases are denial to provide basic necessities like food. Medication, school fees, clothes and better shelter. For the shelter most of the alcoholic consumers fail to pay rent and the landlords chase their wives and children from the houses rendering them homeless yet the husbands are ever drunk. We ask ourselves questions like, if they do not have jobs, where they get money for drinking.

Some drunkards leave there home minus leaving food that the family is going to feed on yet some of their wives claim that these husbands refused them to work. They are supposed to be

29 house wives. When the children fall sick, they fail to provide medication. They tell them to go to Komamboga Health Centre, a government aided hospital but when their wives go to this hospital to receive medication. This health Centre doesn’t have enough medicine because the government takes long without providing medicine so the doctors prescribe medication for the patients on paper in order for them to buy it for themselves. These women claim that they do not work and cannot afford to buy medicine and when they talk to their husbands they claim that these women want to de- tooth them because they believe that the doctors and nurses in these hospitals serve out free medicine. When the women insist on for help, it turns into a fight.

Other cases are about drunkard men having different wives that they practice with sexual intercourse from the bars yet they are all found in Kyebando. When their housewives find out, it hurts them and they report to me and my committee. We take in responsibility of solving their problems for example asking for help on how to divorce their husbands and for such cases we forward them to different organizations like FIDA to get counseled because some of these wives make decisions minus looking at the outcomes of these unsolved problems. In case they settle their misunderstandings, there marriages might last for a long period of time and they look after their kids.

At times when we counsel these people and they fail to provide basic needs to their families. We make an agreement that they sign as a couple. The men tell us how they earn and how the women run their family and home. We suggested on the amount of money that he is to bring to my office and his wife picks it from here. Once the husband fails to follow it I and my cabinet pick you from your work and force you to follow the agreement that you signed. I and my cabinet pick you from you work place and most of them are motorcyclists so we come and pick you up from the stage to fulfill your promise. This is so common amongst those men that run away from their homes and fail to look after their family members in their absence.

I don’t want anybody to disturb me when I have taken a drink because I can do anything for example injuring someone. I love my wife so much but when I have taken my alcohol and she dares me. I can seriously discipline her by giving her a hot slap. Some people think that when someone is drunk they think but for my case I don’t lose my senses. I end up

30 committing crimes like fighting and abusing those people who disorganize me. I have a friend who drinks alcohol, moves straight up to his bed but for me I can’t. I have to enjoy whatever I have consumed. I have tried copying him but people like disturbing me. I find myself when I have quarreled with them and apart from them from when my wife disturbs me, I move properly straight to the bed. I like it when I become drunk because I become energetic that no one can familiar me most especially at home. People think that we alcohol consumers are poor but if we are bankrupt then who purchases our drinks? I personally car ever ask for money from someone with an aim of buying alcohol. I have my money. Take a look at my wallet. Have you seen the definition of the word money? This is what the call money. I can even buy alcohol for every one that I have found in the bar. The best gift someone can offer to me is alcohol.

The study found out that alcohol is an external factor for the respondent’s wife. He speaks ill about her wife’s behavior. The wife suffers emotional violence from his husbands’ actions of slapping her in front of their children and neighbors. The wife fears her husband to the extent of fearing divorce because her parents forced her to marry this man since the man was rich. This man doesn’t fear his in laws. He has ever slapped his wife in front of her parents’ and they ever complained.

Children of this alcoholic, Nyadoi, were also complaining about their father’s behaviors towards their family. Our father is like hell to us. He is so rude. I even regret the day our mother accepted him as his husband. He is a military officer but when coming back at home, he does not live his trained skills in office but rather comes hand in hand with them at home. He has a baton which he uses to punish us. He never uses a normal stick like other parents do. We are tenants but even our neighbors got fed up of us. We are not like our father but his behaviors made every one hate us as a family. He quarrels with everyone he finds o the way, drives carelessly yet the road is ever busy.

Parents keep on complaining about his driving behavior that will lead to the loss of their children’s live because ever moving within the road. When they talk to him he starts bragging that he knows the president and he can shoot them and nobody questions him because he is a military officer. He has failed to change however much people complain about his behaviors in the society. He drives so fast to an extent of living the area dusty yet sometimes he cannot be in his normal senses because he consumes alcohol. He is the only person who makes decisions at home .whether what he has decided is affecting you or not he does not matter. As

31 long as he benefits the rests of the family members are nonsense to him. He typed and printed out laws that govern his home then pinned on the wall. So once you break the law, he makes you recite it. The laws are numbered. The position that the law you have broken is allocated in they are number of Cain’s you are supposed to receive. He comes back at home with an aggressive and terrible temper. When we hear his voice, we start hiding because when you fail to run. He can beat you up or harass you over just a minor issue and sometimes for no reason.

When he reaches at home he asks. Who is around? We start panicking. For me in most cases I act like I have not heard him or in deep sleep. Am the only girl with my two brothers but if you in his hands after calling you for that long period of time without responding back? You testify to the rest. He doesn’t have any shame of coming to my room whether naked or not. He can even beat me when am naked. He says that whatever am hiding he has ever seen it before. For my brothers he does not beat them but fights them like as if he is fighting his fellow military men. The only time they that we can be happy at home is when he is not around. Which period does not last for long because you cannot predict the time when he is coming back at home.

He comes back at any time that he feels like. He ca eve come back twice a day. I fear informing him about visitation days because when we go at school, he starts abusing teachers. After he has left these teachers turn their backs against me by not paying attention to my studies. When I go to the staff room to look for more explanation on the topics that I have not understood they chase me away. He does not only abuse teachers but also beats me up in front of everyone at school. This embarrasses me because it makes me feel small plus my fellow students imitating me.

One day I never informed him about our visitation day. After two days I was sent back home for school fees. My father told me to go back to school and I inform the school bursar that he was going to bring the money on our visitation day. I almost fainted because our school holds one visitation per term. As time went on my father questioned me about our visitation date. I again lied because I wanted to tell him the truth but I wasn’t brave enough. The following when I was leaving home for school he never informed me about his paying a visit at school. It was approaching lunch time when our school bursar picked me from my class room to her office. I found my father seated. At that very moment my heart started panting. The bursar had already provided him with the correct information. He asked for a stick and caned me ten

32 hot strokes. Students started bypassing the office because it had approached lunch time. Somewhere laughing and others were feeling pity for me because this wasn’t new to them. My father usually beats me. I hate my father to an extent of wishing him death. Our mother divorces after being harassed by our father but I wish she doesn’t come back because am ready to join her. I really need that man to learn a lesson but she keeps o returning back. When our mother lives he starts putting the blame us that we disturb her forgetting that it is due to his behavior that his wife cannot stand for that long. Now he is even aware that however more he hurts her, she will still return back. That’s why he can never change his behavior.

I am collecting my money in my tin. I collect coins but no one is a way of my bank. Am just waiting for the day it is getting full. Find out the total amount if it can help me run to the village and I get away from this home. I don’t care if I drop out of school. Leaving this family is among my future plans and I shall fulfill it. I am really fed up of my family most especially my parents because our father is unruly and his wife proves to be so innocent and calm even where it is not necessary. I wish one would be left to make choice of your own family. This would have been mine.

The study therefore found out that the children to an alcoholic father live an emotional disturbance livelihood. Their father keeps on harassing them both at school and home. Instead of socializing with their father they keep on hiding themselves from him. This has a created a bad relationship between the children and their father thus making some family members feel like running away from their biological parents.

According to Jacob and Windle (2000) there are alcohol consumers who are smart most especially the elderly working class. They take one to two bottles and stay normal because most of them take alcohol for leisure. Jacob (2000) conducted a study on one hundred twenty eight children of alcoholic fathers and found are serious problems in the area of drinking personality, psychology, education and social functioning. Some orderly men and women in this area do not drink to an extent to losing their senses. They drink after work at night, take like two bottles and go back to their families. They are not like the youth who are jobless. They start from morning till late in the evening. Nyakatura (1970) there is a strong desire to be a social crowd by taking hard drinks than a mere soda and research found out that. Some people in Kyebando drink alcohol because they want to show off to public that they are rich

33 even when they are not. They drink alcohol so as to become social crowds, involve chaos to gain fame and become public figures.

According to Hoagland (2003) women find themselves providing all the basic necessities in the family alone. There are high chances of losing a lot of money due to high costs of alcoholic drinks. It also brings about hardships in the family thus leading to frequently divorced or separated alcoholics compared to non-alcoholics. This was evidenced during the study when children of alcoholic fathers were complaining about their fathers being a burden to them because they could not provide anything in the family and yet they get the money for drinking alcohol and also having other families. Everything from food to school fees was being provided by the mother yet her business is not profitable.

According to stein (1990) children to alcoholic parents show symptoms of low self-esteem, they are isolated form others in the community, tart feeling that they are different from other people, have poor self-image in which they closely resemble their alcoholic parents. This was evident during the study when children of alcoholics were being isolated at school because of their parent’s behaviors. These fellow students that live in the same area with them used to imitate them thus making them feel uncomfortable.

4.3 The influence of alcohol consumption on family stability. According to the research carried out in Kyebando, clearly shows that families have broken up, got misunderstanding and some of the causes of all these is because of the influence of alcohol consumption that is being taken by different spouses. One of the drunkard’s Mr. Kapolo says, Alcohol has advantages and disadvantages.

I take alcohol but my family members do not hate me when I take alcohol actually that is the moment when my family members love me most. When am drunkard I can spend my money but if am sober giving my coin is a problem. When am done with drinking, I go back to my home and every one welcomes me back in a happy mood from my kids to the mother. When children ask for money from me with an aim of buying eats, I give to them minus hesitating. My wife sweet talks me and in case she needs to buy something like a new dress or a pair of shoes, she also massages, carries water for bathing for me to a bathroom and also helps me to dress up .She does all of that because she thinks am not in my normal senses yet I can be understanding everything. In-cases am not drunk, I can go back home when everybody is

34 acting so serious yet I need a happy family, When I enter the sitting room everybody leaves just because I tell them to switch on the news. One by one starts to standup. This annoys me. They stay away from me. I need to go back home when am not drunk but when am drunk, they even sit next to me, watch their television while am dosing.

I cannot fail to look for things that I cannot do for example borrowing certain kinds of jobs for example cleaning the toilet, caring people’s rubbish. This can help me get money that can be used to provide for my family basic needs nobody can laugh at you or abuse because they believe that they are called the daily drinking officers of Kyebando. I cannot live a day without talking drinking alcohol because it has helped and still helping me in different situations for example when am drinking I can be having fun. I forget all of the problems and stress and move on with life. I has helped me create friends in every place that I sit, I leave that place with new friends and forget those problems plus stopping me from over reacting for example beating my wife, when I go back I just have to sleep and avoid beating her.

Alcohol has never killed any relative of mine so why wouldn’t I take it. My love for alcohol consumption journey started when I wanted to experience. It was being brewed at home so I used to steal it with an aim of tasting. I started it while hiding myself to take it from a private place and after went public because the people that in was avoiding and known my behavior. I decided to stop hiding because even when I was hiding the scent would be smelt. Sometimes I do not drink to forget my problems but I get drunk most especially when I have money and I want to finish it minus taking it minus taking it home. I have to teach my wife a lesson of respecting me and teaching her on how to survive in any situation, for example when I have passed away how she can run the family but when you give a woman money every day she can never learn that you die they start suffering to gain confidence in case I need to talk to some serious person and when I want to fit in a society of drunkards like on different occasions for example parties and meetings. Am from an alcoholic family because my grandparents used to take it, my mother used to sell it and my father used to take it because we used to prepare it at home. So he was supposed to taste. I start drinking since morning because I don’t have a permanent job and I don’t want to stay at home for a whole day I wake up in the morning. Go to the bar and return back at home in the evening or late in the night. I am not a selfish consumer. I buy for some of my friends some in case am having some money. I like it when am drunkard because I make everybody

35 at home happy most especially my children and as long as my children are happy that makes my life.

I have ever lost friends but I do not give a damn as long as I still have my wife and children and they love me. I have a friend who lost his wife and the friends (teachers) at the school he used teaching at before being expelled but for me I trust my family member they cannot betray me.

I love my husband so much that’s why even if he drinks I still respect him. This is not the first man that I have ever loved. I had my first husband in the 90s but the man was rude, arrogant, could not provide me support and my child’s basic necessities of like food. We would dig from morning to noon minus having what to eat. After failing to provide all of that, he also used to beat me up even with the presence of my kid who used cry after seeing her mother being beaten. He used also to beat the kid for supporting me to cry. At first it was my son to run away from home because of the torture that we were going through. We looked for the boy for a whole week and we saw him on Tuesday. He told me that he used sleep in Jaaja Kamyuka’s incomplete house that he was constructing. On his arrival from work my husband saw our son. The man got a guava branch and beat up the boy to an extent of fainting. The kid again got lost. This time round he never returned so the man kept on accusing me that am the cause of our kid’s disappearance. Time reached and I also gave up and divorced. He was not around I packed my clothes in a scarf and ran away. I started sleeping outside on streets but could not go back to that man’s house.

From the streets is where I got a lady who offered me a job of serving alcohol in her bar and that is where I got my husband who loved me and made me forget that fool’s torture, my husband comes back home when he is drunkard but that is when he shows us more love because when is drunkard he spends money anyhow. Whatever thing that you ask for from him, he gives me his wallet to keep it for him. He drinks and at times comes back have late but I also get pisses because what if he is being hurt what we can use to treat him. I don’t work I only service on what he provides for us and the kids. He takes care of us, my children go to school. I wish I got my son because up to now I have never seen him again. It is over twenty years. My husband loves his children. He is not like my ex-husband who used to hate his own child.

Alcohol makes a consumer of drinking poor performance at work, mindfulness of work, loss of jobs and poor health conditions. The families out of fifteen have husbands who change

36 employment because their masters allegedly state that they are occasionally drunk and because of over drinking they become insufficient, tend to lose their senses of responsibility at home and even at the workplace. And their productivity sees on declining. This is also evidenced in Kyebando where many alcoholics lost their jobs because alcoholism. For example there is a teacher who lost his job and now his family is suffering.

Adolescent alcohol use is related to a variety of problems behaviors, including harmful alcohol use, risky sex and violence Sise (2009) despite the increasing influence of peers from the late childhood through adolescent Liet (2000). This is also evidenced in Kyebando where many adolescents school. Students have dropped out of school and join bad peer groups from which they learn different, bad behaviors for example smoking cigarettes, taking alcohol, for the start practicing early sex.

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.0 Introduction A study made in Kyebando parish showed that many alcoholics take alcohol excessively, some for leisure and others take it at a minimum level.

5.1 Conclusion The study found out that the reason why many alcohol consumers in Kyebando have taken long while taking alcohol. It also found out that alcoholism is a behavior practiced by drunkards. Research conducted shows that alcoholics are willing to give up on their drinking behavior if they are under certain conditions for example when on medication and depending on the kind of work that they have been offered for example official work. Apart from the above points nothing can stop them from consuming alcohol.

The study found out that alcohol consumption in Kyebando is commonly among males compared to females. As presented in the findings the alcoholics suffer from chronic diseases for example lung cancer and epilepsy, get involved in accidents, being arrested and failure to provide basic necessities to their families. Children of the alcoholic parents lose sight on values and are deprived of emotional and physical support.

5.2 Recommendation There is need for the government to strongly tighten its laws against alcohol consumption so as to reduce on the amount of alcohol being consumed.

There is need for the government to abolish gins because they are at a cheaper price that anybody can afford.

Village leaders should organize family counseling sessions to sensitize spouses on how they are supposed to run their families whether one of the partners is a drunkard or not. This will help broken up marriages to reform.

Non-alcoholic spouses should be counseled o how to make decisions and planning for the family.

The government should regulate on the advertisements that promote alcohol consumption and penalize the victims who have failed to fulfill the laws for example the drinking of alcohol by the people who are above eighteen years must be followed.

There should be strict hours for the opening of bars and the amount of alcohol that bar attendant must serve to their customers.

There is need for the government to sensitize people about the dangers of taking alcohol most especially the youth.

Alcohol consumers should not be isolated in society but talked to, counseled and provided with support.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Consent Form

Introduction

I am Namale Florence Nantume, a third year student of Makerere University pursing a Bachelors degree of Arts in Social Sciences.

Background information

Research is an optional subject that I chose as one of the requirements that is going to help me acquire my degree of Arts in Social Sciences.

What the participant would be asked to do

I would like to give me information concerning my research which is about “Alcohol consumption and family stability” in Kyebando parish.

Please indicate the amount of time that would be used to interview the participants in this section among other things

The interview will take 50 minutes.

Risks and benefits of being in the study

There will be no risks involved in the study. After conducting the research, I will advise the people concerned to emphasize the regulated law about holding of families in a better way so as to reduce on family instability cases caused by alcohol consumption.

Confidentiality

After collecting information from you and using it for academic purposes. I will make sure that I don’t include your name in my final work so that I can create privacy. I will delete all the information from the computer and bur the hard copy.

Voluntaries

The study will be voluntary; you can withdraw from the exercise anytime you want.

Contacts and Question

The student conducting this study is mentioned below. You may ask questions that you are having now. If you have any questions later, you may contact her at,

Namale Florence Nantume

Makerere University, School of Social Sciences

Tel +256 708324338

If you feel like talking to someone else other than the student about research. You can contact my supervisor at,

Dr. Eria Olowo Onyango

Makerere University, School of Social Sciences

Department of Sociology and Anthropology

Tel +256 7728993285

Statement of consent

I have read the above information or had the above information read to me. I have received answers to the questions I have asked. I consent to participate in this research. I am at least...... years of age.

Signature or thumb print of participant………………………………………..Date…………………………….

Signature of person obtaining consent………………………Date…………………………….

Witness of person in case Person is illiterate

Signature or thumb print of the witness…………………..Date……………………….

THANKS

Appendix 2: Interview Guide My name is Namale Florence Nantume, I am a student of Social Sciences at Makerere University currently working on a thesis entitled (Alcohol consumption and family stability). It is your cooperation that helps me to accomplish the research objectives, so am kindly requesting you share your experience, knowledge and perception with me and in the course of our discussion, I want to assure you that the information you will share with me will be used for confidential purposes.

General information

1. Why do you consume alcohol? 2. Who in this family practices alcoholism? 3. How has alcohol affected families? 4. How has alcohol consumption developed this area? 5. How have you managed to stay with an alcoholic spouse? 6. How have you manage to run your family with that alcoholism behavior? 7. Have you fallen a victim because of your parent’s drinking behavior? 8. Is your alcoholic spouse able to provide all of the families basic needs?

Appendix 3: Observation Checklist I will observe the following

1. Alcohol consumers 2. Bars in this area 3. Children of the alcoholic 4. Bottles of alcohol 5. Types of alcohol 6. Environment at the bars 7. Interactions with drunkards 8. Menus of the alcohol drinks 9. Dressing code 10. Drunkards 11. Response of customers 12. Bar attendants 13. Language used 14. Male and female customers 15. Regular customers 16. Alcohol making process 17. Straws used while taking alcohol 18. Glasses filled with alcohol