OPTIONAL DIRECT DOUBLING IN LIMEÑO SPANISH

Elisabeth Mayer Australian National University

Proceedings of the LFG06 Conference Universität Konstanz Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Editors)

2006 CSLI Publications http://csli-publications.stanford.edu/ Abstract

In some Spanish dialects, direct object arguments of transitive clauses under certain conditions allow co-occurrence of a pronominal clitic with a coindexed lexical NP (direct object clitic doubling). In Limeño, as well as in Standard Spanish, in accordance with Kayne’s Generalization, direct object clitic doubling obtains only under a-marking, by conveying and specificity on direct objects. This paper explores the motivations and mechanisms of a-marking based on these referential categories with an emphasis on optional marking. It focuses on the resulting morphosyntactic reflexes: mood in relative clause, a-marking DOM , and clitic doubling. This analysis links Kayne’s Generalization to topic marking in Spanish, which mostly seems to hold, by associating the semantic feature specificity with the discourse roles TOP and FOC . The evolution of from marking agreement to marking a secondary topic is ascribed to a known grammaticalization process of the formative a.

1 Introduction ∗∗∗

Standard Spanish requires pronominal objects to be expressed by a clitic, allows optional doubling by a and rejects doubling of full NPs. All dialects require obligatory doubling of a pronominal direct object (DO) as demonstrated in (1).

(1) Pedro lo vió a él. All dialects Peter DOCLMascSg saw-3Sg OM PROMasc3Sg Peter saw him.

Standard Spanish rejects doubling of full lexical NPs as in (2a). All dialects abide by the principle of economy of expression 1 as in (2b): the referential PRO is supplied by anaphoric control.

(2) a. Invitaron a Beto y Carlos. Standard Spanish They invited Beto and Carlos.

b. Los invitaron (a ellos). All dialects DOCLMascPl invited-3P (OM PROMasc3Pl) They invited them.

Direct object clitic doubling (DOCLD) is much more restricted than indirect object clitic doubling showing considerable cross-dialectal variation. In River Plate (RP) doubling extends optionally to animate full NP objects (Suñer 1988) and in Limeño to proper names and topics (Mayer 2003).

∗ I would like to thank all participants at the LFG06 conference who provided me with stimulating questions and constructive feedback. I am particularly grateful to Mary Dalrymple for pointing out to me the connection to FOC and TOP as well as to Miriam Butt and Tracy H. King for valuable comments on editing. I owe special thanks to Avery Andrews for extended discussions and insightful advice. All blunders are mine. Unless otherwise noted, the data discussed are drawn from fill-in questionnaires, interviews, and Limeño newspapers for my MLing thesis; the non Agr PRO contact data at the end are taken from my fieldwork in Lima for my ongoing PhD research. 1 Economy of expression (Bresnan 2001b): the DO argument in cases like (2b) can be left out when it only supplies redundant information and when it is not needed for semantic expressivity. (3) a. (Los) invitaron a Beto y Carlos. River Plate (DOCLMascPL) invited-3Pl OM Beto and Carlos They invited Beto and Carlos.

b. (La) nombraron a Mara . Limeño (DOCLFemSg) nominated-3Pl OM Mara. They nominated Mara.

Limeño also shows nn n nnnn nn nn nn n nnn Les nnann IOCLPl invited-3Pl OM Beto and Carlos only nnn Los nn a n DOCLMascPl invited-3Pl OM Beto and Carlos only nnn n n n n nn n n n n n nnnnnnn n nn n nn nn n n n n n n n n nn     nn n n n nnn n nn n n nn n n nnn nnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn n nn nn n n nn nn n n n nn nnn a nnnnnnnnnn

n n n n n n n nnnn

nnn nnnnnnn n n n n n nnnnnnn nn nnnn nnnnnn n n n n n n n n    

2 Theoretical background n n n n n n n n n nn n nnnn n n n nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn n n n n n nnn nnnn n nnnnnn n n n n n n nnn n nn n n n nnnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnn n n nn n nnnnn n n n nn nnnnn nnnnnn nnn annn an nnnnn a. nnn nnnnnnn n nn n n nnnnn

nnnnnn 3 Definition and scope of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors involved in DOCLD n nn n n nnn Specificity Animacy i = ƒ(j) and j ∈∈∈ Dom ( ɸɸɸ) “Referential anchoring” a • A-marking and DOM Lexical marker • Mood in relative clauses [+def], [-def] prep OM • Clitic doubling (sem. cont) animacy case DO IO Discourse Cross- pragmatic Two-dimensional DOM classification property based on Animacy and Definiteness n nn n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n a n nn n n n nn n nnnnnnnn n n n n n n nn n n an nnnn nnnnn n nnn n n n n nnn n n n n nnn ann n 3.1 Animacy

n n n n n n a nn n a n n nnnnn an nn Ann annnnn annn n nn n a n crossed-3Sg DET river with DET water PREP (PREP) DET waist n Les nn alos visitantes IOCLPl offered-3Pl tickets free to DET visitors of-DET racetrack nn a n ann nnan n nnnnnnn nnnnnann na Juan appreciates-3Sg OM Pedro n

3.1.1 True Animacy marker vs. specificity marker with quantified phrases

n a n n n nnnnn n todas nnn todas n n n muchos pocos nnn las an Already DOCLFemPl washed-1Sg A all-(FemPl) las n Already DOClFemPl washed-1Sg all-(FemPl) n

3.1.2 Personal a versus specific indefinites

n n nn nn nn nnnnnn n a n n n n n nnnn a)nnn a saw-1Pl* (A) DETindef women PREP DET market place nn n nnnn a n n n nn n n n n nnn annnn nnnnnn nnn nnnnn nnnnnnnnn n an n a nnnnnnnnn n nnnn nnn n annnn went-3Pl PREP look-inf for DETindef doctor experienced that know-3SgSubj well DET n diseases of-DET country nnnnn nn n n n n an n n n n n n nnnnn nnnnnnn nnnnn n a annn went-3Pl PREP find-INF OM DETindef doctor foreign that enjoyed-3Sg of DETindef nn great reputation nnnn n n nn n n n nnnnnnnnn nnnnnn an

3.1.3 Word order

nn an n nnnnnnn n n n n n nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnn nnn ann n embraced-3Sg John Mary nn n a na embraced-3Sg John OM Mary John embraced-3Sg OM Mary nn a nan embraced-3Sg OM John Mary Mary embraced-3Sg OM John nn n annnnn nnnnnnnn nnnnnnn nnnnnnnn nnn annnnn n annn nn embraced-3Sg John DET tree John embrace-3Sg DET tree nn n annnnn annnn ann nn a-nnn n annn

3.2 Specificity vs. definiteness

n n n nnn n nnn n n n n nn nn n n n n n n ann nnnnnn nnnnnn n n n nn n n n n n n n n nn nn nnn nnnnnn nn nn nnnnnn

n nnn ɸ Fnnn ɸ nnnn n ∈ ɸ nnnnnn nnnnnnnnnn nn n ∈ ɸ ) nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnn nn nn nn n n n nn n nn n n nnnnnnnn nn nnn n n n n nn nn nn n n nnnnnnn nnnnn

n nnn ɸ F nnn F n i∈ Fn n i ∉ F nn n n n n F n n nn n nnnnn F nnnnnn F n n nn nn n nnnnnnnn n n n n n n nnnnnn 4 A-marking and DOM

nnnn n n n n n nnnnnnn nnn n n n nn n nn n n n nnnnnnnn nnn nnnnnn nn ko n ann nn n ko nn nn n Nadya.F.Sg=Erg giraffe.M.Sg.Nom see-Inf.M.Sg be.Pres.3.Sg n nn n Nadya.F.Sg=Erg giraffe.M.Sg=Acc see-Inf.M.Sg be.Pres.3.Sg n nnnnn nnn n

nnnn nnnnn nn ko nn annn n 4.1 Optional a-marking with inherently identical arguments nn annnnn nnn annnnnn nnnnnn nnn an nna) nn DETMascSg switch controls-3Sg OM DETFemSg machine nn nnnn n n an n n n nnnnnnn a. n nn annnnnn nnnnnn annn nnnnnnn nnnn n n nn n n an nnnnn an nnnnn a-n nnannnn Who controls-3Sg OM whom nnnn a Who controls-3Sg what n a nn n n nnnnnn nnnnnnnn ella nnnnnnn nnnnnnn n la n a ella n DETMascSg switch DOCLFemSg controls-3Sg (OM PROFem3Sg) nnn nnnnnnnnn nnnn nn an nnnnnnn nn annnnn nnnn n n nn nn n nnannnnn 5 Clitic doubling and specificity effects

nnnnnn n n n n n n n n nn n n nnnnn n pe nn DOCLMAscSg-TM visited-1Pl prep grandfather-DetMascAcc POSS1PlMasc n nn n n n n n n n an n nnnnnnnnn nnn nnnnn nnnnn nnnnnnnn nnnn

5.1 Preposed arguments n n n n n n n n n nnn n an n nnnnnnnn nn nn annnn nnnnnnnnn n n nn n nn nn n nn n n n n n n nn nn n n nn n nn nn n nnnnnn nn nn n n n n n nnn ann n n n n nnnnnn n n n n Alo nna OM Pablo DOCLMascSg chose-3Pl for represent-INF OM-DET school nnn nnn annn a nnnnnnnnn n esos n nnn An lo n OM-DET dog of POSS neighbour DOCLMascSg hit-3Sg DETIndef car nn A los nn OM DEM fish have-impersonal that catch-Inf-DOCLMascPl with hooks n nna-nn nn n nnn

lo n n Det commitment of write-Inf DOCLMascSg assume-1Sg completely n nnnnnnn n nn n not n nnn a n lo nnn not is-3Sg bad that OM DETindef writer DOCLMascSg whistle-3Pl of time in time nn an le nnn not is-3Sg bad that OM DETindef writer IOCLSg whistle-3Pl of time in time nn nnnnnnnn n nn nn n nn n nnn a a- nnnnnnn A) n la nn (OM) THAT chair has that put-Inf-DOCLFemSg in other place

nnn nn An la nn OM THIS chair must-impers put-Inf-DOCLFemSg in other place n nnnnn nnnnn A la nnn OM DEM silla DOCLFemSg put-1Sg in other place. A la nnn n nnnnnn nnann a n n n n nnnnnnn nnnnnn n n n n esta a nnnnnn nnnn an n a n n n n nn n n nn n nn n nnnnnnn nnnnn nnnnnnn nn

5.2. Scopal specificity

nn n n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n n nn nn nnnnnnn nn nn an DOCLFemSg called-3Pl OM Mara nn nn ann nnnnnn nnnn nn n a n annnn nn nn Grimanesa n n n la ann Suddenly (DOCLFemSg) saw-3Sg OM Grimanesa coming down DET stairs nnnn

nnnnnn nnnn nnnnnnnn Die Johanna hat angerufen nnn Johanna nnn nn n n n nn n n n La Johanna que yo conozco nnnnnn n n nn nn n nnn n nnnnn 5.3 Partitive specificity

nnnnnnnnnnn n lo nnnn nnn nnnnnn n nn nadie nnn nadie nnnnnn nnnnnn nadie, alguien n ninguno nnnnn a nn Not see-1Sg OM nobody nn lo an Not*DOCLMascSg see-1Sg OM nobody lo n annn Not *DOCLMascSg saw-3Pl OM nobody in DET beach nnn lo n ann esta n Not DOCLMascSg saw-3Pl OM nobody in DEM beach nnn n n n esta n n n nnnnnn nn 5.4 Referential anchoring

n nn n n n n n n n n nnnnn nn nnnnn lo Not *it saw-1Pl Det bus n n Lo it saw-1Pl Det bus lo ann (no) DOCLMascSg saw-1Pl OM-DET car (of DET line 38) n n nnnnn n n n nn n n n n nn n n n nn n nn nn nnnnnnnnnnnnn nn n nn n n n nnnnn nn lo n n a → nnnnnnn a nnnnnn lo nn n 6 Clitics on the move nnnn nnnn nnnn n n lo n nnn lo’. nnnnnnnnn

lo a la chica n ellas. PRO1Sg DOCLMascSg saw-1Sg OM DETFem girl . There were-3Pl PROFem3Pl nnnn los nn DET boys DOCLMascPl ignored-3Pl. n nnn lo a ella . And now in the morning not DOCLMascSg saw-1Sg OM PROFem3Sg nnnn Lo a la cebolla DOCLMascSg fry-1Sg OM DETFemSg onion nn nnnnnn lo nnnnnn n nnnnn nn lo nnnnnnn nnnn nnnnn nnnnn los documentos picked up-2Sg DETMascPl documents n Ø Yesterday exactly Ø picked up-1Sg nn nnnnnnnnnn nnnnnnnnnnn nnnnn n n n n n n nnnn a. n n nnnnn n n n n n n n n nn n n nnn

7 Conclusion n n nn nn n nn n n nnnnnnnn nn nn a, nnn n nnnn nnnnnnn n n n n n n lo nnnnn nnn nnn a

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