Seminar Series About Optics and Microscopy
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Subwavelength Resolution Fourier Ptychography with Hemispherical Digital Condensers
Subwavelength resolution Fourier ptychography with hemispherical digital condensers AN PAN,1,2 YAN ZHANG,1,2 KAI WEN,1,3 MAOSEN LI,4 MEILING ZHOU,1,2 JUNWEI MIN,1 MING LEI,1 AND BAOLI YAO1,* 1State Key Laboratory of Transient Optics and Photonics, Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710119, China 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3College of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710071, China 4Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China *[email protected] Abstract: Fourier ptychography (FP) is a promising computational imaging technique that overcomes the physical space-bandwidth product (SBP) limit of a conventional microscope by applying angular diversity illuminations. However, to date, the effective imaging numerical aperture (NA) achievable with a commercial LED board is still limited to the range of 0.3−0.7 with a 4×/0.1NA objective due to the constraint of planar geometry with weak illumination brightness and attenuated signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Thus the highest achievable half-pitch resolution is usually constrained between 500−1000 nm, which cannot fulfill some needs of high-resolution biomedical imaging applications. Although it is possible to improve the resolution by using a higher magnification objective with larger NA instead of enlarging the illumination NA, the SBP is suppressed to some extent, making the FP technique less appealing, since the reduction of field-of-view (FOV) is much larger than the improvement of resolution in this FP platform. Herein, in this paper, we initially present a subwavelength resolution Fourier ptychography (SRFP) platform with a hemispherical digital condenser to provide high-angle programmable plane-wave illuminations of 0.95NA, attaining a 4×/0.1NA objective with the final effective imaging performance of 1.05NA at a half-pitch resolution of 244 nm with a wavelength of 465 nm across a wide FOV of 14.60 mm2, corresponding to an SBP of 245 megapixels. -
DMC-TZ7 Digital Camera Optics
DMC-TZ7 Digital Camera LUMIX Super Zoom Digital Camera 12x Optical Zoom 25mm Ultra Wide-angle LEICA DC Lens HD Movie Recording in AVCHD Lite with Dolby Stereo Digital Creator Advanced iA (Intelligent Auto) Mode with Face Recognition and Movie iA Mode Large 3.0-inch, 460,000-dot High-resolution Intelligent LCD with Wide-viewing Angle Venus Engine HD with HDMI Compatibility and VIERA Link Super Zoom Camera TZ7 - 12x Optical Zoom 25mm Wide-angle LEICA DC Lens with HD Movie Re- cording in AVCHD Lite and iA (Intelligent Auto) Mode Optics Camera Effective Pixels 10.1 Megapixels Sensor Size / Total Pixels / Filter 1/2.33-inch / 12.7 Total Megapixels / Primary Colour Filter Aperture F3.3 - 4.9 / Iris Diaphragm (F3.3 - 6.3 (W) / F4.9 - 6.3 (T)) Optical Zoom 12x Award 2009-03-26T11:07:00 Focal Length f=4.1-49.2mm (25-300mm in 35mm equiv.) DMC-TZ7, Photography- Extra Optical Zoom (EZ) 14.3x (4:3 / 7M), 17.1x (4:3 / 5M), 21.4x (under 3M) Blog (Online), Essential Award, March 2009 Lens LEICA DC VARIO-ELMAR 10 elements in 8 groups (2 Aspherical Lenses / 3 Aspherical surfaces, 2 ED lens) 2-Speed Zoom Yes Optical Image Stabilizer MEGA O.I.S. (Auto / Mode1 / Mode2) Digital Zoom 4x ( Max. 48.0 x combined with Optical Zoom without Extra Optical Zoom ) Award (Max.85.5x combined with Extra Optical Zoom) 2009-03-26T11:10:00 Focusing Area Normal: Wide 50cm/ Tele 200cm - infinity DMC-TZ7, CameraLabs Macro / Intelligent AUTO / Clipboard : Wide 3cm / Max 200cm / Tele (Online), Highly Recom- 100cm - infinity mended Award, March 2009 Focus Range Display Yes AF Assist Lamp Yes Focus Normal / Macro, Continuous AF (On / Off), AF Tracking (On / Off), Quick AF (On / Off) AF Metering Face / AF Tracking / Multi (11pt) / 1pt HS / 1pt / Spot Shutter Speed 8-1/2000 sec (Selectable minimum shutter speed) Starry Sky Mode : 15, 30, 60sec. -
Introduction to Light Microscopy
Introduction to light microscopy A CAMDU training course Claire Mitchell, Imaging specialist, L1.01, 08-10-2018 Contents 1.Introduction to light microscopy 2.Different types of microscope 3.Fluorescence techniques 4.Acquiring quantitative microscopy data 1. Introduction to light microscopy 1.1 Light and its properties 1.2 A simple microscope 1.3 The resolution limit 1.1 Light and its properties 1.1.1 What is light? An electromagnetic wave A massless particle AND γ commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:EM-Wave.gif www.particlezoo.net 1.1.2 Properties of waves Light waves are transverse waves – they oscillate orthogonally to the direction of propagation Important properties of light: wavelength, frequency, speed, amplitude, phase, polarisation upload.wikimedia.org 1.1.3 The electromagnetic spectrum 퐸푝ℎ표푡표푛 = ℎν 푐 = λν 퐸푝ℎ표푡표푛 = photon energy ℎ = Planck’s constant ν = frequency 푐 = speed of light λ = wavelength pion.cz/en/article/electromagnetic-spectrum 1.1.4 Refraction Light bends when it encounters a change in refractive index e.g. air to glass www.thetastesf.com files.askiitians.com hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/imgsou/refr.gif 1.1.5 Diffraction Light waves spread out when they encounter an aperture. electron6.phys.utk.edu/light/1/Diffraction.htm The smaller the aperture, the larger the spread of light. 1.1.6 Interference When waves overlap, they add together in a process called interference. peak + peak = 2 x peak constructive trough + trough = 2 x trough peak + trough = 0 destructive www.acs.psu.edu/drussell/demos/superposition/superposition.html 1.2 A simple microscope 1.2.1 Using lenses for refraction 1 1 1 푣 = + 푚 = physicsclassroom.com 푓 푢 푣 푢 cdn.education.com/files/ Light bends as it encounters each air/glass interface of a lens. -
Microscope Objectives, Part 2
Understanding the Microscope part 7 – Objectives: part 2 of 2 Objectives and Image formation In the second of this series of articles, it was stated that the chief role of the microscope is to present clearly- resolved detail to the eye; also the objective is the main optical element in the microscope. In the previous article on objectives (part 4), I wrote that diffraction was responsible not only for image formation but also limited the formation of the perfect image as a faithful representation of the object. There are three types of limiting factor that affect image quality: (a) optical aberrations (b) image noise and (c) diffraction. The previous article on objectives considered the various types of optical aberration found in the objective. Image noise, put simply, is merely the sum of all those factors aside of limitations due to diffraction which degrade the image as a true representation of the object. This can include the quality of the receptor or the quality of the illumination. If we assume that we are dealing with a perfect objective, we can ignore the effects of aberrations and optical noise. Let us assume that the specimen (as lit by the lamp and condenser) is self-luminous, then the more information from the spherical wavefront that is accepted by the lens, the greater the fidelity (or faithful representation) of the image (Figure 1). In other words, the angular aperture of the lens will determine the light gathering power of the lens and, as we might expect, the larger the angular aperture the greater the fidelity of the image. -
Terms Set #1 Bingo Myfreebingocards.Com
Terms Set #1 Bingo myfreebingocards.com Safety First! Before you print all your bingo cards, please print a test page to check they come out the right size and color. Your bingo cards start on Page 3 of this PDF. If your bingo cards have words then please check the spelling carefully. If you need to make any changes go to mfbc.us/e/sv4rw Play Once you've checked they are printing correctly, print off your bingo cards and start playing! On the next page you will find the "Bingo Caller's Card" - this is used to call the bingo and keep track of which words have been called. Your bingo cards start on Page 3. Virtual Bingo Please do not try to split this PDF into individual bingo cards to send out to players. We have tools on our site to send out links to individual bingo cards. For help go to myfreebingocards.com/virtual-bingo. Help If you're having trouble printing your bingo cards or using the bingo card generator then please go to https://myfreebingocards.com/faq where you will find solutions to most common problems. Share Pin these bingo cards on Pinterest, share on Facebook, or post this link: mfbc.us/s/sv4rw Edit and Create To add more words or make changes to this set of bingo cards go to mfbc.us/e/sv4rw Go to myfreebingocards.com/bingo-card-generator to create a new set of bingo cards. Legal The terms of use for these printable bingo cards can be found at myfreebingocards.com/terms. -
How Your Digital Camera Works
How Your Digital Camera Works By Todd Vorenkamp | Have you ever wondered what is going on inside that picture-taking box that you just held up to your eye, or out at arm’s length, to capture a photograph? The Basics The camera is, in its most simplified terms, a box that allows light to enter and strike a light- sensitive surface. This surface is either a frame of film or a digital sensor. Cameras can accomplish this task in the most simple way—a pinhole camera, for instance. Pinhole cameras may have only one moving part, or none. Or, the camera can have dozens of moving parts like the modern film or digital single-lens reflex (SLR or DSLR) camera. In this piece, we will discuss the modern cameras popular with today’s photographers. We are going to talk about cameras in general terms, so please know that I am aware of dozens of different ways in which different cameras make images. For simplicity’s sake, we will keep it simple! A Common Path Modern cameras, more or less, work similarly to produce a photograph. Obviously, some are more complex than others, but, in general, light travels a similar path once it meets the camera lens. • Aperture • Shutter • Image Plane How the image is viewed on the camera, through an optical or electronic viewfinder or electronic screen is one thing that differentiates different types of cameras. The Lens Light first enters a lens. This is an optical device made from plastic, glass, or crystal that bends the light entering the lens toward the image plane. -
The-Pathologists-Microscope.Pdf
The Pathologist’s Microscope The Pathologist’s Microscope Rudolf Virchow, the father of Pathology, had available to him wonderful microscopes during the 1850’s to 1880’s, but the one you have now is far better. Your microscope is the most highly perfected of all scientific instruments. These brief notes on alignment, the objective lens, the condenser, and the eyepieces are what you need to know to get the most out of your microscope and to feel comfortable using it. Figure 1 illustrates the important parts of a generic modern light microscope. Figure 1 - Parts of the Microscope UNC Pathology & Lab Med, MSL, July 2013 1 The Pathologist’s Microscope Alignment August Köhler, in 1870, invented the method for aligning the microscope’s optical system that is still used in all modern microscopes. To get the most from your microscope it should be Köhler aligned. Here is how: 1. Focus a specimen slide at 10X. 2. Open the field iris and the condenser iris. 3. Observe the specimen and close the field iris until its shadow appears on the specimen. 4. Use the condenser focus knob to bring the field iris into focus on the specimen. Try for as sharp an image of the iris as you can get. If you can’t focus the field iris, check the condenser for a flip-in lens and find the configuration that lets you see the field iris. You may also have to move the field iris into the field of view (step 5) if it is grossly misaligned. 5.Center the field iris with the condenser centering screws. -
To Take Into Consideration the Propriety Of
his was the subject for discussion amongst the seventeen microscopists who met at Edwin Quekett’s house No 50 Wellclose Square, in the Borough of Stepney, East London on 3rd September 1839. It was resolved that such a society be formed Tand a provisional committee be appointed to carry this resolution into effect. The appointed provisional committee of seven were to be responsible for the formation of our society, they held meetings at their homes and drew up a set of rules. They adopted the name ‘Microscopical Society of London’ and arranged a public meeting on the 20th December 1839 at the rooms of the Horticultural Society, 21 Regent Street. Where a Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward © National Portrait Gallery, London President, Treasurer and Secretary were elected, the provisional committee also selected the size of almost airtight containers. Together with George 3 x 1 inch as a standard for glass slides. Loddiges, he saw the potential benefit of protection from sea air damage allowing the transport of plants Each of the members of the provisional committee between continents. This Ward published in 1834 had their own background which we have briefly and eventually his cases enabled the introduction described on the following pages, as you will see of the tea plant to Assam from China and rubber they are a diverse range of professionals. plants to Malaysia from South America. His glass plant cases allowed the growth of orchids and ferns in the Victorian home and in 1842 he wrote a book on the subject. However glass was subject to a tax making cases expensive so Ward lobbied successfully for its repeal in 1845. -
Swift M3500 Series Microscope
SWIFT M3500 SERIES MICROSCOPE The Swift M3500 Series microscope is considered to be the most “Student proof” microscope on the market. It is an instrument of optical and mechanical precision and will perform satisfactorily with minimum maintenance. 1 MICROSCOPE COMPONENTS ARM - the vertical column (attached to the base) which supports the stage and contains the coarse and fine adjusting knobs and focusing mechanism. BASE - the housing and platform of the instrument to which the arm is attached. The base stands on rubber feet and contains the illuminator assembly. The bulb replacement part number is printed on the underside of the base. COARSE FOCUS CONTROL MECHANISM - this model is a stage focusing model meaning the stage moves up or down by means of a brass rack and steel pinion gear to bring the specimen into focus. The movement is achieved by two large knobs on the sides of the arm. In order to prevent gear damage, the focus control is equipped with a slip clutch that allows slippage at both ends of the focusing range. The system is also furnished with a tension control to prevent “stage drift”. CONDENSER – the condenser is mounted in the stage and it is used in conjunction with the iris diaphragm. The function of the condenser is to provide full illumination to the specimen plane and to enhance the resolution and contrast of the object being viewed. CORD HOLDERS - A pair of half-circle brackets installed on the back of the arm which are used to store the electrical cord. DISC DIAPHRAGM - The wheel-shaped disc attached to the underside of the stage. -
The Scientific Legacy of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
196 Chapter 12 Chapter 12 The Scientific Legacy of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek This final chapter discusses some of the developments in science on which Antoni van Leeuwenhoek left his mark from his death to the beginning of the 21st century. It will review the influence of his work and listen for the echoes of his name almost three hundred years after his death. Figure 12.1 Nineteenth-century microscope by George Adams with eyepiece, objective, various attachments and a mirror to illuminate the specimen © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2016 | doi 10.1163/9789004304307_013 The Scientific Legacy of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek 197 Microscopy Microscopes have become increasingly complex and more versatile, but much easier to use, since the time of Van Leeuwenhoek. Single-lens microscopes went out of use in the 18th century, when compound microscopes with at least two lenses ‒ an eyepiece and an objective ‒ became the norm. Many innovations came from England. Firstly, the illumination of speci- mens was improved. During Van Leeuwenhoek’s lifetime, John Marshall (1663–1725) had developed a simple illumination system using a mirror attached to the foot of the microscope. John Cuff (1708–1772) used an extra lens, a condenser, in 1744 to concentrate light on the specimen. In 1755, George Adams (1720–1773) developed a microscope with a rotating wheel holding objectives with different powers of magnification. Sliding holders in which a variety of specimens could be mounted at one time can be traced back to the rotating holders on the single-lensed microscopes used by Christiaan Huygens and J. De Pouilly (or Depovilly) in the 1670s, and were developed for use with compound microscopes. -
Three Techniques for Rendering Generalized Depth of Field Effects
Three Techniques for Rendering Generalized Depth of Field Effects Todd J. Kosloff∗ Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Brian A. Barskyy Computer Science Division and School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Abstract Post-process methods are fast, sometimes to the point Depth of field refers to the swath that is imaged in sufficient of real-time [13, 17, 9], but generally do not share the focus through an optics system, such as a camera lens. same image quality as distributed ray tracing. Control over depth of field is an important artistic tool that can be used to emphasize the subject of a photograph. In a A full literature review of depth of field methods real camera, the control over depth of field is limited by the is beyond the scope of this paper, but the interested laws of physics and by physical constraints. Depth of field reader should consult the following surveys: [1, 2, 5]. has been rendered in computer graphics, but usually with the same limited control as found in real camera lenses. In Kosara [8] introduced the notion of semantic depth this paper, we generalize depth of field in computer graphics of field, a somewhat similar notion to generalized depth by allowing the user to specify the distribution of blur of field. Semantic depth of field is non-photorealistic throughout a scene in a more flexible manner. Generalized depth of field provides a novel tool to emphasize an area of depth of field used for visualization purposes. Semantic interest within a 3D scene, to select objects from a crowd, depth of field operates at a per-object granularity, and to render a busy, complex picture more understandable allowing each object to have a different amount of blur. -
Sec. IA. Principles of the Transmission Electron Microscope
CHEM 165,265/BIMM 162/BGGN 262 3D ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF MACROMOLECULES I. THE MICROSCOPE I.A. PRINCIPLES OF THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM) I.A.1. Origin of the Transmission Electron Microscope DATE NAME or COMPANY EVENT 1897 J. J. Thompson Discovered the electron 1924 Louis deBroglie (as grad student) Identifies wavelengths associated with moving electrons 1926 H. Busch Magnetic or electric fields act as lenses for electrons 1929 E. Ruska Ph. D thesis on magnetic lenses 1931 Davisson & Calbrick Properties of electrostatic lenses 1932 M. Knoll & E. Ruska First electron microscope built (prototype of modern microscopes) 1935 E. Driest & H. Muller Surpass resolution of the LM 1938 B. von Borries & E. Ruska Constructed TEM capable of resolving 10 nm (= 100 Å) 1939 Siemens First practical TEM 1941 RCA Commercial TEM with 2.5 nm resolution 1946 J. Hillier 1.0 nm resolution achieved I.A.2. Comparison of Light (LM) and Electron Microscopes (Fig. I.1) a. Similarities (Arrangement and function of components are similar) 1) Illumination system: produces required radiation and directs it onto the specimen. Consists of a source, which emits the radiation, and a condenser lens, which focuses the illuminating beam (allowing variations of intensity to be made) on the specimen. 2) Specimen stage: holds and positions the specimen between the illumination and imaging systems. 3) Imaging system: Lenses that together produce the final magnified image of the specimen. Consists of i) an objective lens, which focuses the beam after it passes through the specimen and forms an intermediate image of the specimen and ii) one or more projector lenses, which magnify a portion of the intermediate image to form the final image.