Parent Adolescent Communication in relation to Personality Type and Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of
Master of Philosophy in Psychology
by Anju S (Reg. No 1730050)
Under the Supervision of Baiju Gopal Associate Professor
Department of Psychology
CHRIST (Deemed to be University) BENGALURU, INDIA
December, 2018
Approval of Dissertation
Dissertation entitled “Parent Adolescent Communication in relation to Personality Type and
Suicidal Ideation” by Anju S, Reg. No. 1730050, is approved for the award of the degree of
Masters of Philosophy in Psychology.
Supervisor: ______
Chairman: ______
General Research
Coordinator: ______
Date: ......
Place, Bengaluru (Seal)
Declaration
I, Anju S hereby declare that the dissertation, titled “Parent Adolescent Communication in relation to Personality Type and Suicidal Ideation among Adolescents” is the record of original research work undertaken by me for the award of the degree of Masters in
Philosophy in Psychology. I have completed this study under the supervision of Dr. Baiju
Gopal, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology.
I also declare that this dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation.
Place: Bengaluru
Date: ......
Anju S
Reg No. 1730050
Department of Psychology
CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru
Certificate
This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by Anju S (Reg.No. 1730050) titled, “Parent
Adolescent Communication in relation to Personality Type and Suicidal Ideation among
Adolescents” is the record of research work done by her during the academic year 2017-2018 under my supervision in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Masters of Philosophy in Psychology.
This dissertation has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other title. I hereby confirm the originality of the work and that there is no plagiarism in any part of the dissertation.
Place: Bengaluru
Date: ......
Dr. Baiju Gopal
Associate Professor
Department of Psychology
CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru
Dr. Tony Sam George
Head of the Department
Department of Psychology
CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
Bengaluru
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge and convey my deepest appreciation and gratitude to all those who have generously contributed their valuable guidance, support and encouragement for the successful completion of my dissertation.
First and foremost, I am grateful to the ever-living and loving Almighty God, the source of all blessings, wisdom and knowledge for guiding and guarding my path at every step towards the completion of this study.
I would like to thank my guide, Dr. Baiju Gopal, Associate Professor, Department of
Psychology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), for his constant support; guidance and direction that helped me to complete my research work. I would also like to thank Yuvaraj.S,
Assistant Professor, for his guidance and insightful comments.
I thank the participants of this study, who showed a lot of interest and cooperated in the study. I extend my sincere thanks to the principal and teachers for their generosity and for providing the venues for the collecting the data.
Finally, last but not the least, I express my profound gratitude to my family and friends for their support and encouragement in completion of my dissertation
Anju S
Abstract
The purpose of the current study is to investigate parent adolescent communication in relation to personality type and suicidal ideation among adolescents.
In step with World health organisation (2012), suicide is currently amongst the third leading reason of death among adolescents. The objective of the research is (a) To analyze if there is any relationship between parent-adolescent communication, big five personality trait, and suicidal ideation; (b) To analyze how the mother-adolescent communication moderates the big five personality trait and suicidal ideation in adolescents; (c) To analyze how the father- adolescent communication moderates the big five personality trait and suicidal ideation in adolescents; (d) To analyze if there is any significant gender difference on suicidal ideation.
The study was quantitative in nature; with correlational research design. The target population were adolescents from various academic institutes in Kerala. The sample consists of 300 adolescents. Convenience sampling method was used to select participants. The tools used were Parent Adolescent Communication Scale (Olson, 1985), Big Five Personality
Inventory (Cattell, 1960) and Beck’s Suicidal Ideation Scale (Beck, 1979). Data analysis used were Spearman’s rank order correlation, moderation analysis and Mann Whitney U test. The results were as follows: there was significant relationship between parent adolescent communication, personality type and suicidal ideation. Problems in mother adolescent communication shows a moderating role on extraversion. Openness of mother adolescent communication has a moderating role on openness to experience. Family or communication between mother and father plays a totally essential position in shaping the personality and mental health among adolescents
Keywords: parent adolescent communication, personality type, suicidal ideation, adolescents, moderation Table of Contents
Approval of dissertation...... ii
Declaration...... iii
Certificate...... iv
Acknowledgment…………..………………………...………...... …………………...... v
Abstract…………………………………………………...... ………………………...... vi
Table of Contents...... vii
List of Tables...... x
List of Figures...... xi
Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………...... 1
Suicidal Ideation………….…………..………………………...... ….....3
Suicidal Ideation among adolescents …………...... ……………………...... 4
Parent adolescent Communication...... 6
Personality...... 7
Adolescence...... 11
Research questions...... 12
Rationale...... 12
Objectives of the study...... 14
Hypothesis...... 14
Operational definitions...... 14
Chapter 2: Review of Literature...... 16
Personality and suicide...... 16
Family functioning and suicide...... 16
Chapter 3: Method...... 21
Research design...... 21 Sample...... 21
Inclusion criteria...... 21
Exclusion criteria...... 21
Tools Used...... 22
Parent Adolescent Communication Scale...... 22
Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation...... 22
Big Five Personality Inventory...... 23
Procedure ...... 23
Data Analysis...... 25
Ethical Considerations...... 26
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion...... 27
Discussion...... 41
Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion...... 46
Major Findings...... 48
Implication of the study...... 49
Limitation of the study...... 49
Scope of further research...... 50
References...... 51
Appendices ...... 59
Appendix A: Assent Form...... 59
Appendix B: Consent Form...... 62
Appendix C: Demographic sheet...... 65
Appendix D: Mother Adolescent Communication Scale...... 67
Appendix E: Father Adolescent Communication Scale...... 68
Appendix F: Big Five Personality Inventory...... 69
Appendix G: Beck Suicide Ideation Scale...... 71
List of Tables
Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Collected Sample...... 28
Table 2: Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test of Normality of Data...... 29
Table 3: Correlations between Big 5 Personality Traits, Parent Adolescent
Communication and Suicidal Ideation...... 31
Table 4: Assumptions of moderation analysis...... 34
Table 5: Moderating role of parent adolescent communication in relation to
extraversion and suicidal ideation...... 36
Table 6: Moderating role of parent adolescent communication in relation to openness to
experience and suicidal ideation...... 38
Table 7: Mann Whitney U test comparing suicidal ideation and gender…………...………...40
List of Figures
Figure 1. Proposed moderation model for the study…………………………….….35
Figure 2. Relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation in problems in
mother adolescent communication...... 37
Figure 3. Relationship between openness to experience and suicidal ideation in openness
in mother adolescent communication...... 39 PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Introduction
Suicide is the pinnacle three reasons for loss of life among young people worldwide.
In step with the World Health Organisation (WHO), each year, almost a million human beings die from suicide; an international death rate is sixteen in line with one lakh or one loss of life every forty seconds and one attempt each three seconds, on common. The rates of suicide have substantially greater among teenagers, and young people are present at the highest hazard in third of the advanced and developing nations (World Health Organisation,
2012). Suicide rates have ended up primary trouble in many nations. Comparing rates between countries, however, can be hard. Some countries thoroughly investigate all deaths that would be suicides while others select to classify such deaths as injuries. India has one in all the world's most substantial suicide rates for adolescents aged fifteen to twenty-nine, in line with a 2012 Lancet report, that illustrated the requirement for urgent interventions. The suicide rate is more significant than fifteen in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil
Nadu while the rate of suicide is less than three in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. This variable pattern has identified for the closing two decades.
Improved literacy, an improved reporting system, lesser violence, good socioeconomic status, and a healthier outlook are the likely cause of the most substantial rates of suicide within the southern states (Vijayakumar, 2008).
According to the National Bureau of Crime Reports in 2015, Fifteen suicides happened on every hour in the year 2015. Like preceding years in
2015 additionally, entirely one lakh folks have committed suicide. The most range of suicides became reportable in Maharashtra accompanied by Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
„Family issues (apart from marriage-associated troubles)' and „illness' have alongside accounted highest among overall suicides within the country during 2015. 'Family issues',
„Failure in exam‟ and „illness‟, had been the primary reasons for suicides amongst PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION children (beneath eighteen years of age). Most instances of mass/family suicides
pronounced in Madhya Pradesh observed by Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and
Kerala for 2015 (National Crime Record Bureau, 2015).
Based on the information obtainable with the National Crime Records Bureau,
Kerala's suicide rate is nearly three times that of the national average. So it implies that about
27 out of a population of every one lakh commit suicide. The most usually mentioned reasons for suicides in Kerala, consistent with National Crime Records Bureau (1998), are family problems, illness, financial ruin and sudden change in financial status, poverty, unemployment, fall in social recognition and failure in love affairs and examinations.
Significantly, in a large number of cases reportable within the media, particularly in cases involving whole-family suicides, a serious cause has been a sudden fall within the financial status and a resulting lowering of living standards and prestige. The startling rise in suicides is because of incurable physical illnesses, adjustment issues bobbing up from family tensions, unemployment and massive-scale migration of the male population (State Mental Health
Authority, 2012). Depression and anxiety are taken under consideration to be a core cause for the increasing rate of suicide in Kerala. While a layperson is not prepared to satisfy the stress of the everyday world, he will become annoyed and attempts to commit suicide. Suicidal attempts also are made because of the feelings of anxiety, depression and mental issues and additionally when people are not able to cope with hassles of the arena.
According to SCRB (State Crime Records Bureau, 2012) also, family issues are the most widespread cause of suicide in the state. Mental illness is the cause behind suicide in step with NCRB. But, according to SCRB, mental illness is the second common reason for suicide. Physical illness is the next cause behind the suicide. Alcoholism and drug abuse constitute 3.2% of death. PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Religion acts as a defensive aspect both to the person and society. The frequently- debated query is whether or not the social community presented by means of faith is defensive or whether it is the individual's religion. A study in Chennai observed that those who committed suicide had a smaller amount of faith in God, altered their religious affiliation and barely visit locations of worship. More than ten per cent people had lost their belief within the three months before suicide (Vijayakumar, 2002).
The study also discovered that lack of religious belief turned into a risk element (Gururaj,
Issac, Subhakrishna & Ranjini, 2004).
Suicidal Ideation
According to Gliatto and Rai (1999) suicidal ideation also called thoughts about suicide or different associate concern with suicide. The mortal range varies substantially from quick thoughts to enormous ideas, to specified thinking, role-playing, and not complete attempts, that can be purposely designed to not complete or to be observed or is likewise indeed supposed to result in death; however, the person survives.
Most of the person who has suicidal thoughts will not move directly to make attempts on suicide; however, suicidal thoughts are taken into consideration a risk component (Gliatto
& Rai, 1999). Depression and different mood disorders commonly accompany suicidal ideation; yet, it is seen to have a relation with mental disorders, life problems, and family issues. (Soloff, Kevin, Thomas, Kevin, & Mann, 2000).
There are two kinds of suicidal ideation: active and passive. Active suicidal ideation consists of a current preference and plans to die. Passive can also include dying but not followed by a plan to end one's life. Many healthy humans have suicidal thoughts in a few unspecified time in the future in their lives.
Thomas Joiner in his interpersonal-psychological theory states that someone cannot commit suicide till s/he has the preference to die through suicide and moreover the PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION functionality to commit suicide. The idea stresses that once people maintain the two mental states (perceived burdensomeness and experience of low belongingness) concurrently, they increase the choice for dying (Joiner, 2005).
Perceived burdensomeness means an idea that “one‟s existence burdens own family, friends, and society”. The concept creates the notion that a person‟s demise can undoubtedly value more than their existence to own family, peers, society, and so forth (De Catanzaro, 1995). The experience of low belongingness is the feeling that the person is isolated from everyone and not a vital a part of own family or friends. Just like the studies based on this concept, there is swarming proof that this aspect is involved in suicidal ideation.
Indeed, a record of suicide attempts taken into consideration as a very important predictor of future suicidal behaviour (Brown, Beck, Grisham, & Steer, 2000;
Joiner, 2005). Furthermore, Joiner and associates (2005) discovered that people with earlier attempts on suicide have a lot of severe kinds of suicidality, in contrast to others who don‟t have the history of suicidality and this relation have become no longer accounted for by using different variables.
Finally, the theory, further explains that is exposed to others' ache, and injury could moreover boom the capability for suicide (Hawton, Clements, Sakarovitch, Simkin, & Deeks,
2001).
Suicidal ideation among adolescents. The adolescent period is an aggravating and unsettling period as both male and female face the problems of changeover into adulthood. It is a period in life that is very tough, leaving adolescents feeling alienated from own family or friends. Regrettably, some may seem additionally at one point, or another understand suicide as only solution to all of their problems. The self-doubts, confusion, and pressures to prevail or conform can come at a high rate for bothered teenagers. Different types of troubling and PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION hard conditions could make a youngster remember suicide. The same emotional states that make adults liable for thinking about suicide also apply to adolescents. Those with proper resource systems are in all likelihood to have an outlet to assist them to deal with their feelings. Others without such networks are more inclined in the course of their emotional adjustments and may revel in that they may be all alone in times of hassle. Everyone ought to have someone with whom they could share her or his sorrows and worries. When someone does no longer share their thoughts and feelings with any person and bottle up their emotions, they come to be a ticking atom bomb, that may and will burst any second (Mahajan, 2016).
The symbolic interaction theory shows that individual evaluates herself in much the identical manner she thinks they are assessed through others. The individual acts, others affirm her actions, and she estimates himself in keeping with his estimation of others' assessment. Therefore suicide is related to disrupted social relations (Breed, 1966).
Similarly, Durkheim (1951) in his social principle explains that to know about suicide one need to check out changing social elements instead of hidden personal motives. The common component of suicides is the greater isolation among the individual and the social group he belongs to. The simple detail, which Durkheim calls anomie, is psychological isolation that happens on every occasion the links that unite organisations weakened.
Many youngsters nowadays have issues and are entering into a hassle. In spite of everything, there are plenty of pressures for adolescents to cope with friends and own family.
For a few teens, pressures embody poverty, violence, parental issues, and gangs. Adolescents can also be involved with great problems which include gender roles, religion, and values.
Some adolescents have problem managing beyond traumas they have experienced, like abuse. Giving a young person the chance to disclose and speak about his or her feelings will help to alleviate some of the distress of these severe feelings, and make that person feels much less isolated. PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Dublin set forth a crisis theory which states that everyone at some time finds himself in crisis as he wrestles with problems that are temporarily beyond his ability to resolve.
Emotional disequilibrium takes place. The usual coping mechanisms do no longer help. The person reports distress and tries to return to terms with it through numerous conscious and unconscious searches for coping strategies. The solutions are varied, and suicide merely is one possibility. The difficulty, consistent with this concept, lies with the individual's capacity to master the crisis, relate to others, and discover beneficial strategies to address the hassle.
While the individual cannot or does not connect or talk his needs appropriately, he has a bent to isolate himself and suicide will become a distinct possibility (Dublin, 1963).
Parent-Adolescent Communication
Parent-child conflict can boom as children's get into adolescence. Even though this style isn't always inevitable, it's familiar and can be pretty distressing for parents and adolescents. Each will experience baffled about what took place in the most cooling old days of own family concord. Adolescents would possibly even see their parents as having turn out to be harsh, dominant, and irrational. Parents can also wonder at why their once cooperative and accountable children presently appear opposed and harmful. These perspectives frequently take benefit of one another, growing false impression on each side. Many parents and adolescents document a decrease in closeness in some unspecified time in the future of this time (ACT of Youth Centre for Community Action, 2002).
Each parent offers distinct socialisation experiences for adolescents. Mothers document more deep communications, a more significant amount of arguments and lower effective relationships with adolescents than do fathers (Collins & Russell, 1991). Mothers are extra concerned with parenting their children than fathers and because of this get warfare with them more often (Wierson, Armistead, Forehand, Thomas, & Fauber, 1990). Similar findings had mentioned via Almeida and Galambos (1991) who pronounced concerning PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION mothers, and fathers feature fewer and a way less deep arguments with adolescents because of less attachment with fathers.
Similarly, in the sociological concept of suicide, lay stress on social integration, i.e., those which might well incorporate with their households and network have a great system all through crises, shielding them against suicidal thoughts. Risk elements connecting to the family encompass the history of suicide and mental illness in family, abuse in childhood
(physical and sexual), and parenting style.
India has observed a family structure change in advanced years, with a number of individuals shifting out of joint and extended households into nuclear families. This aspect is least studied on suicide rate. The majority of suicide attempters are from nuclear homes
(Latha, Bhat, & D'Souza, 1996; Srivastava et al., 2004) , probably reflecting the characteristic of social integration, despite the fact that an earlier have a glance at suggests that most of the suicide attempters come again from joint households (Adityaanjee, 1986). Burn victims study determined that being in a joint family turn out to be a risk issue for dowry deaths (Gupta &
Srivastava, 1988). Some other research observed that family and marital problems became a severe cause (Kar, 2010).
To assist with parent-child relations in adolescence, researchers endorse the following
(Steinberg, 2001). First, as the most straightforward manner to equally understand their child's behaviour, parents gather necessary information regarding the developmental changes of adolescence. Second, to adapt to their child's changing desires, parents have the knowledge required concerning effective parenting throughout the adolescent years (Baumrind, 1991).
Personality
One of the most alarming theories that provide an underlying causes of diverse forms of behaviour abnormalities is Jessors problem behaviour theory. He explains numerous risk and protective elements for adolescent risk behaviour (Jessor, 1998). Jessor emphasises the PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION significance of terms conventionality and unconventionality explicitly. Unconventionality consists of risk factors such as connection with eccentric friends and peer attachment instead of parental values. While conventionality consists of protective elements such as educational achievement, intolerance of deviance, entangled with church and in agreement with values of both parent and peer. Durkheim's idea of anomie, forged inside the terms which might be most applicable to the social world of the adolescent. The development of personality can conceptualise as the end result of a complex interplay of the increased integrated self- identity and the increased mature interpersonal relationships.
Personality traits usually defined as characteristics of person variations in enduring dispositions to sense, think and act in a tremendously uniform way (Burger, 2008; Funder,
2001; McCrae & Costa, 2003). Trait theories of personality have long tried to breakdown particularly concerning the existence of a number of personality traits. The five-factor approach emerged to explain the vital characteristics that characterise the building blocks of personality.
The contemporary personality structure is the five-factor model of personality or “big five” (Schmitt, Allik, McCrae, Benet, Alcalay, & Ault, 2007).
Lewis Goldberg work breaks down Raymond Cattell's (1957) sixteen personality factors into five primary elements.
A famous form of big five is "OCEAN." These factors are :
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Openness to experience. “The intensity and complexity of an individual's mental experience and life” (John & Srivastava, 1999). It's likewise usually known as intellect or creativeness concerns individuals willingness to strive novel materials, to be inclined, and the functionality to think out of the field.
A high score indicates a person who carries a love of gaining knowledge of, enjoys the arts, engages in an incredibly innovative profession or interest, and likes meeting new individuals (Lebowitz, 2016). A person who is low in this trait altogether chance prefers a routine and stick to what they know.
Conscientiousness. The readiness to modify impulses and act in a way that is socially acceptable that leads to goal-directed conduct (John & Srivastava, 1999). These individual work within the policies and plan and structure efficiently.
A person who scored more in this factor acquire both academic and professional achievement, and tenaciously pursue their goals with determination (Lebowitz, 2016). The individual who has less in this trait is probably to indecisive, to be unbalanced, reckless, and imprudent.
Extraversion. Extraverts draw power from communicating with other people, while introverts get worn-out from talking to others and fill up their energy from isolation.
People excessive in this trait will be inclined to attempt to search for out opportunity to interact with others, they will be usually the life of the party. The person will be talkative, outgoing, and sensitive (Lebowitz, 2016). Individual low in this trait are not talkative, introspective, reserved, and reflective.
Besides Jung (1953), reasoned that in instances of stress, the extravert could be much more likely to attempt for an actual suicide, while the introvert may additionally much more likely kill, or repress, the connection to the unconscious thoughts. PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Agreeableness. This addresses how well people get together with others and our orientation to other people.
People high in this factor have a tendency to be loved, praised, and touchy to the necessities of other people. They most preferably have a small number of opponents, sympathetic, and caring (Lebowitz, 2016). People at the low score of this trait are a great deal less probably to be trusty and likeable by others. They have got a tendency to be blunt, rude, grumpy, adversarial, and sarcastic.
Neuroticism. This is the only element within which an excessive score indicates numerous negative traits. It comprise an individual‟s stability of emotion and general mood.
People excessive in this factor are typically anxious, sad, worried, and lower self- esteem. They may be unstable, and that they managed to be more conscious of self and uncertain of themselves (Lebowitz, 2016). Folks that score at the low on this trait are far more apparent to experience assured, wonderful of themselves, and risk taking. They will even be courageous and unencumbered by way of using worry or self-doubt. Neurotic traits is mostly seen among personality disorders (Schroeder, Wormsworth, &Livesley, 1992).
Research has verified that maturation would likely affect the five tendencies. As human beings age, they may be willing to be much less extraverted, much less neurotic, and much less open to experience. At the same time as agreeableness and conscientiousness increases as people turn out to be aged.
Adolescence
The adolescent is a period of increased risk of suicide (Vijayakumar, John, Pirkis &
Whiteford, 2005). Amongst children, suicidal behaviour turned into observed to be related with females, no longer attending college or university, not dependent in making decisions, premarital sex, abuse (both physical and sexual), and mental disorders. The agression and PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION psychological distress severally associated with suicidal behaviour. Elements related to gender disadvantage increased vulnerability, especially in rural girls (Pillai, 2009).
Research Questions
1. To what extent does parent-adolescent communication effectively moderate
the relationship between big five personality traits and suicidal ideation?
2. To what extent does father adolescent communication effectively moderate the
relationship between big five personality traits and suicidal ideation?
3. Are parent-adolescent communication and big five personality trait more
effective in addressing the suicidal ideation in adolescents?
4. Is there any significant difference between gender and suicidal ideation in
adolescents?
Rationale
Family or communication between mother and father plays an essential position in shaping the persona and intellectual health improvement of adolescents. Understanding the importance of communication may also help the adolescents from the suicidal thought.
Everyone has the electricity in them to make it through difficult times; however, a few humans need help to get that energy out of them. Adolescents are beneath tremendous stress and pressure. They want to do well in college, faculties and confronted with many challenges.
The family performs a critical role in young people lifestyles. Nowadays, many mother and father have demanding schedules. Many dad and mom are single and feature a very reasonable time to spend with their youngsters. Quality time among parents and adolescents are essential, i.e., a good relationship between adolescents and his/her parents cannot arise unless they spend time collectively. Many teens generally tend to both disguises their feelings, or they explosively show them, hence central to their mother and father' feedback approximately their moodiness. Encourage them to reveal and share their emotions of PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION pleasure in their successes. They can then display and proportion their sadness, tension, misery, and sadness. Both "advantageous" and "terrible" feelings have to be contained in the order that they're no longer walking wild and out of control. Drawing interest in their adolescent behaviour is an excellent way to assist them. Everyone wants to be cherished and cared. A person with suicidal thoughts feels that no person cares for them. All they want is to listen to them and provide the guide for them. The feeling of being helpless is a commonplace enjoy among humans with a continual mind of suicide. So it is necessary to construct our adolescents with praise, encouragement, and guide. Let them understand how unique and critical to us. People think about suicide perceive their future as being hopeless.
There are lots of studies conducted on personality and suicide and family and suicide. So the researcher wants to fill the research gap by connecting these three variables. The researcher has taken this sample because in step with World Health Organisation (2012), suicide is presently amongst the third leading reasons for death among adolescents. Apart from the normal pressures of adolescent life, specific circumstances can contribute to teenage suicide.
Several studies report suicide as an increasingly important reason for death among both adolescents and young people worldwide. Adolescence is also a period where children experience some significant physical and mental changes due to puberty. It is also a time of self-discovery and experimentation which take several forms and can go several ways, including risky behaviour ranging from substance abuse to violence, self-harm or suicide.
One common myth is that talking about suicide encourages people to think about suicide.
Research has shown the opposite. We should discuss more overtly regarding suicide and cut back the stigma that persists around mental illness. By engaging in studies, we're capable of work toward understanding suicide and suicidal behaviour more entirely and thereby discover and pursue the very high-quality ways to obtain and treat individuals who struggle with suicide and moves us towards action. PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Objectives of the Study
The study has the following objectives:
1. To analyse if there is any relationship between parent-adolescent
communication, big five personality trait and suicidal ideation.
2. To analyse how the mother-adolescent communication moderates the big five
personality traits and suicidal ideation in adolescents.
3. To analyse how the father-adolescent communication moderates the big five
personality traits and suicidal ideation in adolescents.
4. To find out the gender difference in suicidal ideation in adolescents.
Hypotheses
1. There will be a significant relationship between parent-adolescent
communication, big five personality trait and suicidal ideation.
2. Mother-adolescent communication moderates the relationship between big
five personality traits and suicidal ideation.
3. Father adolescent communication moderates the relationship between big five
personality traits and suicidal ideation.
4. There will be a significant gender difference in suicidal ideation among
adolescents.
Operational Definition of Variables
Suicide. Suicide is called as an act with deadly outcome, that is purposefully start off and carried out utilising the diseased, in the knowledge of expectation of its fatal outcome
(Honkasalo & Tuominen, 2014).
Suicide ideation defined as the thought and cognition about suicidal behaviour, and intent defined as ranging from relatively mild general ideas about death to serious planning
(Reynolds, 1991) PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Personality. Personality traits are commonly described as characteristics of person variations in enduring dispositions to sense, think and act in a tremendously uniform way
(Burger, 2008; Funder, 2001; McCrae & Costa, 2003).
Personality is explained as "the dynamic organisation within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought" Allport
(1973).
APA (2013) explains personality as individual variations in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
Parent-adolescent communication. Conversation between the parents and children seems to be significantly essential during the adolescent years. Communication between mother and father and teens will impact identification formation and role-taking capability among youngsters (Cooper, Condon Grotevant, & Moore, 1982). Holstein (1972) and Stanley
(1978) observed that discussions among mother and father and youngsters would help in the development of moral reasoning in teenagers. Each parent offers distinct socialisation experiences for adolescents. Mothers document more in-depth communications, intense conflicts and less effective relationships with adolescents than do fathers (Collin & Russell,
1991). Mothers are extra concerned with parenting their adolescents than do fathers because of this get warfare with them more often (Wierson, Armistead, Forehand, Thomas, & Fauber,
1990). Similar findings had mentioned via Almeida and Galambos (1991) who pronounced concerning mothers, and fathers feature fewer and a way less intense conflicts with adolescents.
Adolescent. Adolescence is the stage of excitement, anticipation, enrichment and invincible hope (Haim, 1974). PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY AND SUICIDAL IDEATION Adolescence is the duration of exaggerated "storm and stress". No longer all adolescents experience this; however, this form of experience is much more likely to appear during youth than different age periods (Hall, 1904).
Piaget (1973) explains adolescence is a developmental period wherein one can think abstractly, to shape an image and wonder about what might be and what is around.
Review of Literature
In this chapter, studies related to the current research supplied, which incorporates studies on adolescent-parent communication as well as personality and its relation to adolescents with to youngsters with suicidal tendency.
Personality and Suicide
Blüml and associates (2013) tested the personality elements and suicide risk in the
German adult population. The tools used were big five inventory-10 and the suicidal behaviours questionnaire-revised. The model used was multivariate logistic regression. The results had been neuroticism and openness to experience are significantly related to suicide risk, while the protecting elements are extraversion and conscientiousness. Regarding gender, it discovered that extraversion and conscientiousness had been defending components among males and in females, neuroticism and openness had been observed to be related to suicide risk.
Brezo and colleagues (2005) tested the association of personality traits with suicidal behaviours in a cohort of twenty-one to twenty-four-year-old adults in Quebec. The individuals have assessed the use of personality trait questionnaires. Analysis carried out was multivariate logistic regression analyses. Personality traits should make unbiased contributions to contemporary suicidal ideation and previous suicide attempts in suicidal humans. As a way to further discover, more studies in clinical samples and alternative cultural and age groups is essential.
Family functioning and Suicide
Kwok and Shek (2010) examined the relationship between perceived hopelessness, family functioning, and suicidal ideation. The sample was secondary school students.
Outcomes showed that suicidal ideation has a relationship with hopelessness, but negatively correlated with the parent-adolescent communication. The communication between mother and adolescent generally had a more association with suicidal ideation in adolescents in comparison with communication between father and adolescent.
Diamond (2010) examined whether or not attachment-based family therapy is more efficacious than enhanced usual care for decreasing the suicidal ideation and symptoms of depression among youngsters. The assessment took place at baseline, six weeks, twelve weeks, and twenty four weeks. All participants obtained weekly observation and access to a twenty four hour crisis phone. Results show that sufferers in Attachment-based family therapy demonstrated the significant difference in self-reported suicidal ideation.
Substantially some of the patients in attachment-based family remedy met standards for clinical recovery on suicidal ideation post-treatment. So the hypothesis is accepted.
Lanpher (1999) investigated the connection among adolescents' perception of family functioning and the degree of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour. The sample consisted of adolescents (from thirteen to eighteen years of age) from middle and high schools or psychiatric hospitals. This study utilised an ex-post facto design with stated hypotheses tested by multiple regression procedures. Tools used were Family Assessment Device and Suicidal
Ideation Questionnaire. Results suggest family dysfunction is drastically related to suicide ideation and past suicide attempt. The Family Assessment Device and suicidal ideation questionnaire were differentially predictive of suicide attempts for females and males.
Neither suicidal ideation or family functioning were appreciably related to the lethality of attempt amongst recent attempters.
In Ehrlich (1998) study, it stressed that suicidal ideation in adolescence connected with the adolescent's depression, lower peer support, higher parental intrusiveness, lower familial closeness and caregiving, and lower parental openness of communication. Thirty- eight boys and ninety-five girls ages 13-19 participated in this study. Five questionnaires administered: the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Junior, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the California Inventory for Family Assessment in which the adolescent rated the behaviour of his/her parents or other primary male and female caregivers, the perceived social support subscale, and a background information questionnaire.
Significant effects had been as follows: (1) Adolescent suicidal ideation became strongly related to higher levels of depression in each boy and girls. (2) Girls' suicidal ideation associated with lower perceived support from peers. (3) Girls who reported more suicidal ideation identified their fathers and mothers to be better in anger/aggression and lower in warm temperature and spending time with the adolescent. These ladies also perceived their mothers as being a decrease in nurturance, and that they recognised their fathers as being higher in authority/dominance and projective mystification. (4) Boys who stated more suicidal ideation tended to regard each in their parents as showing much less nurturance and greater projective mystification. These boys also tended to understand their fathers as much less consistent, much less open/self-disclosing, and more angry/competitive.
Friedman and Jeffrey (1997) carried out a study on family variables and their relationship to suicidal ideation among adolescents. The participants taken was urban high school students. During this study, a stratified randomly chosen sample of 16-12 months-old adolescents become assessed for suicidal ideation. Tools used were the Beck Hopelessness scale and suicidal ideation scale, the Hare self-esteem scale, and F-COPES. Seventy-one per cent of the female adolescents admitted with suicidal ideation. The multivariate analysis found out that family characteristics extensively influenced the probability of adolescents admitted with suicidal ideation. Outcomes showed that gender, low self-esteem, and drug usage substantially added to the likelihood of adolescents admitted with suicidal ideation and girls with low self-esteem and additionally the use of drugs, had the most effective risk of disclosing suicidal ideation. Not one of the family variables significantly contributed. Tulloch, Blizzard and Pinkus (1997) tested the association among communication with mother and father and self-harm in fourteen to nineteen year old adolescents. The tools used were the parent-adolescent communication scale, family adaptability scale and cohesion evaluation scale. The absence of family intimacy changed into very strongly related to adolescent self-harm. The more impoverished parent-adolescent conversation was strongly related to self-harm. The effect of a lower communique on self-harm become best among the cluster of inner locus of control.
Dalia and James (1994) tested the function of own family conflict within the risk of adolescent suicidal behaviour. The samples taken were adolescents. Equipment used had been a family assessment measure. The psychiatric inpatients and additionally the high school students didn't vary of their perceptions of own family functioning and mother-child relationships. These two aspects notably has a relationship with degrees of despair, hopelessness, and self-esteem.
In personality and suicide studies, Blüml (2013) study was used short Big Five
Inventory-10 to assess personality, that doesn't enable in-depth analysis of the aspects that represent dimensions of the personality. For the reason that respondents anonymously filled the self-report questionnaires, there may be a chance that participants who are having suicidal thoughts were not recognised and able to give professional assistance immediately.
Although there are many studies on identifying personality traits and family functioning associated with suicide, there seems to have a lack of studies that connecting these two variables with suicide. So the researcher wants to fill the gap by combining the personality type and parental communication with suicide.
Most of the current research in clinical psychology focused on psychiatric patients, and only fewer studies concentrated on the general population. Some of the studies under family functioning and suicide, only mother's perspective taken. The role played by father and mother in one's life is different. So the researcher feels its mandatory to include both parents perspective.
Method
The focus of this chapter concerning out to be the description of techniques utilised in carrying out the takes a look at and research design. The section presents population, sampling techniques for data collection, analysis and instruments used in the research. The purpose of wearing out this research turn out to be to establish the significance of parent- adolescent communication in relation to personality type and suicide ideation.
Research Design
The study was quantitative; with correlational research design. A correlational study determines whether parent-adolescent communication, personality type, and suicidal ideation are correlated. This means to check whether or not rise or decrease in one variable corresponds to rise or fall within the other variable.
Sampling
The target population was adolescents from various academic institutes in Kerala. The sample consists of 300 adolescents. The convenience sampling method used. The first step was to get permission from the educational institutes to conduct the study and also from students and their parents. The principle of confidentiality maintained. The participants have taken within the age group of twelve to eighteen years.
Inclusion criteria. (a) The adolescents in the age group of twelve to eighteen years. (b) The adolescents who had both parents living together. (c) The adolescents who could read and write in English.
Exclusion criteria. (a) The adolescents who are suffering from any form of disability. (b)
The adolescents who are suffering from psychiatric disorders, developmental disorders etc.
Variables Identified
Independent variable - Personality type
Dependent variable - Suicidal ideation Moderating variable –Parent-adolescent communication
Tools
Parent-adolescent communication scale (PACS). The parent-adolescent communication scale (Barnes & Olson, 1985) comprised of twenty items assessing the nature of communique amongst adolescent and parent. This became used to determine the degree of openness to exchange thoughts, facts, and worries among the generations; the honesty experienced, and additionally the positive or negative tone of the interactions among individuals of the own family. This scale will become used to measure communique as perceived via young people. The dimensions contain two subscales. The first subscale is the openness of parent-adolescent communication which includes ten items that investigate freedom in verbal exchange and satisfaction with the discussion. This subscale assesses the degree to which family individuals experience free and satisfied with the communication of their own family. The other subscale is the problems in parent-adolescent communication which also contain ten items that discover obstacles between mother and father and adolescents. This may examine the degree to the ones negative factors of communication.
Answers have been provided on a five-point likert scale, beginning from ‘strongly disagree' to ‘strongly agree' ( range is from ten–fifty). This becomes separately carried out for the communication between each parent. Higher ratings on open communication subscale suggest a lot of open discussions. While scores of problems in communication subscale have reversed, so higher scores indicate less perceived problem conversation. The internal consistency reliability of the scale is .90 based on a countrywide sample and test re-test of
.86.
Beck scale for suicide ideation (SSI). This scale is used to quantify intensity in suicide ideation. This scale is a nineteen-item instrument that examines the presence and severity of suicidal thoughts during a week before analysis. Every item is calculated based on an ordinal scale from zero to two, and also the total score is zero to thirty-eight. No cut- point was utilised to categorise the scores. The Beck scale for suicidal ideation is additionally useful for tracking suicide ideation of patients who're recognised to be in the chance for suicide. It has been advanced to be utilised by clinicians in the course of semi-structured interviews. The items can categorise into three: active suicidal desire, preparation, and
Passive suicidal desire. Usually, scores higher than twenty-four are a notion of being a clear cut off implying this client is at significant risk for suicide. The Beck scale for suicidal ideation has tested to be a reliable measure across many various settings and samples, showing right internal consistencies.
Big Five personality inventory. This is a self-report personality scale is used to measure the elements of big five. The elements are the openness to experience, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness. It consisted of forty-four items and scored on a five point Likert scale (1= "strongly disagree" - 5=" strongly agree). Extraversion and neuroticism comprised of eight elements, agreeableness, openness to experience and conscientiousness consisted of nine items.
The reliability coefficients were higher than 0.7. As a result, the valid measures of the big five inventory have been deemed constant and reliable in the course of the study.
Procedure
After getting the ethical clearance from the research committee, the researcher visited the schools under research personally for taking in advance permission from the
Headmasters/ Headmistress of the schools for collecting data. In the beginning, informed consent received from the academic institution. Eventually, the investigator mentioned the research in detail with heads of the respective schools and granted permission from them for collecting data and the subjects. Informed consent became additionally taken from parents.
Mother and father had informed about giving their concerned contact numbers so that researcher can tell their mother and father if the participants are susceptible to suicide or if the physical or mental health of the adolescent is in critical danger. Upon getting the consent from parents, an assent form become given to students. The adolescents who're given assent only taken for the study. Then students had been explained about the objective and aim of the study. In the initial section, good rapport with the students became set up to do the research cautiously. Instructions of each test used in the study have been made clear before assigning the questionnaire and also explained about the how to fill the questionnaire to students. It became stated that it was possible that they can experience emotional discomfort while asked to reply to some of the questions. If any question makes them uncomfortable for any reason, they can skip the question, or stop filling the questionnaire. Tools used were parent- adolescent communication scale, suicidal ideation scale and big five inventory for measuring parent-adolescent communication, suicidal ideation and personality type among adolescents.
They are given information beforehand that there will be no correct or wrong answers to those questions, and their responses would be kept strictly confidential, and confidentiality will breach only to those participants who are the risk to themselves and others. Data accumulated become analysed quantitatively. The questionnaires thus collected have been scored as for per the manual and the data acquired had been recorded for analysis and interpretation. The data collected from 6 schools. The main issue confronted throughout data collection was that most of the faculties were not accepted to collect data for the reason that students had final examinations. Another problem was that since suicide is a sensitive topic, a number of the colleges have been no longer permitted to conduct the study. The data collected in April and May 2018.
Data Analysis
Firstly the normality test was done to find out whether the data we have collected normally distributed. From the outcomes, it identified as the data was not normal so proceed using a non-parametric test. Then Spearman rank order correlation analysis was done to analyse whether parent-adolescent communication, personality type, and suicidal ideation were correlated. This means to check whether or not rise or decrease in one variable corresponds to rise or fall within the other variable and after that moderation analysis done. It is used to determine whether the relationship between personality type and suicidal ideation depends on the value of parent-adolescent communication variable. If the interaction is significant, then moderation is supported. Finally, Mann Whitney U test was done to find out the gender difference in suicidal ideation among adolescents.
Moderation effect could be enhancing, where an increase in parent-adolescent communication (moderator) would increase the impact of the personality type (predictor), buffering, where an increase in the parent-adolescent communication would decrease the effect of the personality type, antagonistic, where an increase in the moderator parent- adolescent communication reverse the impact of the personality type.
To test the moderation, the researcher is, in particular, be looking at the interaction effect between personality type (IV) and parent-adolescent communication (MV) and whether or not such an impact is essential in predicting the suicidal ideation (DV). To confirm the third variable (parent-adolescent communication) is creating a moderation effect on the relationship between personality type and suicidal ideation, the researcher must make sure that as the values of parent-adolescent communication variable changes, the nature of relationship also changes.
Ethical Considerations
Prior general consent took from the educational institution, parents, and participants before administering the test. The participants appropriately debriefed about the purpose of the study. The confidentiality of information strictly maintained however it was informed beforehand to the adolescents that, the researcher may breach the privacy of only those participants who are in danger to themselves or others. Extreme care was taken to ensure that this research study does not cause any psychological harm. The principle of beneficence maintained. The participants have the freedom to withdraw from the research at any time. If the participants do experience any difficulty while filling the questionnaire, they can stop filling the questionnaire and they will be immediately provided with helpline numbers or will refer to school counsellor (if available) or mental health professional.
Results and Discussion
The current study aimed at analysing the moderating effect of parent-adolescent communication in relation to personality suicidal ideation. The tests performed, the data became tabulated and examined through the use of SPSS.
Since the normality assumption not met, the researcher analysed the data using non- parametric test of bivariate correlations, Spearman’s rank order correlation and Mann
Whitney U test. All the assumptions met except for normality. The chapter has aligned into the subsequent stages: sample description, descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov Smirnov test for normality, Spearman's rank order correlation, assumptions of moderation analysis, moderation analysis, Mann Whitney U test and discussion.
Description
The sample taken for the study included 300 adolescents participants from various academic institutes in Kerala. The sample constituted of both male and female participants, out of which 44.6% (n=134) were male participants, and 55.3% (n=166) were female participants. The age group of the participants was between twelve to eighteen years. The mean age among both male and female participants was seen to be thirteen years. The mean and standard deviation among the different variables are listed next.
Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Collected Sample Variable N Mean SD Maximum score Minimum score Extraversion 300 41.5567 6.13506 43 14
Agreeableness 300 30.9767 6.06013 44 16
Conscientiousness 300 38.6867 7.36042 45 11
Neuroticism 300 31.2733 6.13221 37 3
Openness to experience 300 29.41 4.64332 44 22
The openness of mother- 300 30.9633 5.2727 53 16 adolescent communication
Problems in mother-adolescent 300 29.6633 5.25376 50 14 communication
The openness of father- 300 19.33 5.5465 51 15 adolescent communication
Problems in father adolescent 300 34.1867 3.52419 50 14 communication
Suicidal ideation 300 4.3467 4.65317 21 0
Table 1, demonstrating means and standard deviation of variables.
Table 2 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test of Normality of Data Variables K-S df P
Extraversion 0.132 300 0.00
Agreeableness 0.11 300 0.00
Conscientiousness 0.119 300 0.00
Neuroticism 0.145 300 0.00
Openness to experience 0.135 300 0.00
The openness of mother- 0.116 300 0.00 adolescent communication
Problems in mother-adolescent 0.068 300 0.002 communication
The openness of father- 0.104 300 0.00 adolescent communication
Problems in father adolescent 0.059 300 0.014 communication
Suicidal ideation 0.184 300 0.00
*p <.05
Kolmogorov Smirnov test of normality was used to determine whether the data collected has drawn from a normally distributed population. The scores in the above table, extraversion, K-S=.132, p<.01; agreeableness, K-S=.11, p<.01; conscientiousness, K-S=.119, p<.01; neuroticism, K-S=.145, p<.01; openness to experience, K-S= .135, p<.01; openness of mother-adolescent communication, K-S=.116,p<.01; problems in mother-adolescent communication, K-S=.068, p<.01; openness of father-adolescent communication, K-
S=.104,p<.01; the problems in father adolescent communication, K-S=.059, p<.05; suicidal ideation, K-S= .184, p<.01 indicate that the data not normally distributed for all of the ten variables.
As the data collected was not normally distributed, for further analysis of data, order correlation was done to identify the relationships among variables.
Table 3 Intercorrelations between Big 5 Personality Traits, Parent-Adolescent Communication and Suicidal Ideation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 -.010 .074 -.176** .134* .093 .102 .171** .157** -.105 _
2 _ .269** .093 .158** .220** .178** .179** .225** -.156**
3 _ .100 .285** .082 .122* .152** .152** -.092
4 _ -.101 -.058 -.061 -.038 .002 .049
5 _ .150** .069 .138* .061 -.024
6 _ .264** .499** .190** -.209**
7 _ .207** .564** .204**
8 _ .264** -.207**
9 _ .176**
10 _
Note.1.Extraversion;2.Agreeableness;3.Conscientiousness;4.Neuroticism;5.openness to experience; 6.openness of mother- adolescent communication;7. The problems in mother-adolescent communication;8.The openness of father-adolescent communication;9.The problems in father adolescent communication;10.Suicidal ideation *p<.05; **p<.001 The table 3 represented data analysed using Spearman's rank correlation among the ten variables: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, openness of mother-adolescent communication, problems in mother- adolescent communication, the openness of father-adolescent communication, problems in father- adolescent communication and suicidal ideation. The analysis shows that there is a significant negative correlation between extraversion and neuroticism (p = -.176, p<.01). This suggests that as extraversion increases neuroticism decreases. Extraversion has a significant positive correlation with openness to experience, the openness of father-adolescent communication and problems in father adolescent communication (p =.134, p<.05; .171, .157,p<.01). As extraversion increases openness to experience, the openness of father-adolescent communication, problems in father adolescent communication also increase.
Similarly, agreeableness also has a significant positive relationship with conscientiousness, openness to experience, openness of mother-adolescent communication, problems in mother-adolescent, the openness of father-adolescent communication and problems in father adolescent communication (p =.269, .158, .220, .178, .179, .225, p<.01).
A significant negative correlation was seen between agreeableness and suicidal ideation ( p =
-.156, p<.01).
Meanwhile, conscientiousness has a relationship with openness to experience, problems in mother-adolescent communication, the openness of father-adolescent communication and problems in father adolescent communication ( p = .285, p<.01; .122, p<.05; .152, .152, p<.01).
Openness to experience has a significant positive relationship with the openness of mother-adolescent communication and openness of father-adolescent communication (p =
.150, p<.01; .138, p<.05).
The openness of mother-adolescent communication has a significant positive relationship with problems in mother-adolescent communication, the openness of father-adolescent communication and father adolescent communication ( p = .264, 499, .190, p<.01) whereas a significant negative correlation found in suicidal ideation (p = -.209, p<.01).
The problems in mother-adolescent communication significant positive relationship with the openness of father-adolescent communication, difficulties in father adolescent communication and suicidal ideation (p = .207, .564, .204, p<.01).
Openness in father adolescent communication has a significant positive relationship with problems in father adolescent communication (p =.264, p<.01) whereas a significant negative correlation also found in suicidal ideation (p = -.207, p<.01).
Similarly, problems in father adolescent communication have a significant positive relationship with suicidal ideation (p =.176, p<.01).
Table 4
Assumptions of moderation analysis VIF Durbin – Watson Extraversion 1.071
Agreeableness 1.21
Conscientiousness 1.24
Neuroticism 1.045
Openness to experience 1.127
The openness of mother-adolescent 1.333 communication
Problems in mother- 1.766 adolescent 1.549 communication
The openness of father- adolescent 1.418 communication
Problems in father adolescent 1.572 communication
The table displays the VIF values and Durbin Watson values that represent the multicollinearity assumption and independence of observation. Since the independent variables and moderating variables correlated, the researcher checked for multicollinearity.
The result shows that there is no multicollinearity. So proceeded to analyse the data using moderation analysis. The following figure 1 represents the moderation model on parent-adolescent communication in relation to personality type and suicidal ideation.
Parent-Adolescent Communication
Personality Type Suicidal Ideation
Figure 1. Moderation model on parent-adolescent communication in relation to personality type and suicidal ideation. The rationale to select parent-adolescent communication as moderator was from the literature review. Although there are many studies relating to personality traits and family functioning associated with suicide, no one has used the variable as moderator for knowledge contribution. There seems to have a lack of studies that connecting these two variables with suicide. So the researcher wants to fill the gap by making the parent-adolescent communication as moderator and see how this variable influences the personality type and suicidal ideation.
Table 5 The moderating role of parent-adolescent communication in relation to extraversion and suicidal ideation
IV Beta value Std.Error t R² R² -change F OPAC (M) -0.2818 0.2758 -1.0217
Extraversion -0.3067 0.3898 -0.7868 0.0411 0.001 4.2309
OPAC (M) * Extraversion 0.0052 0.0093 0.5599
PFC (M) -0.6534 0.2695 -2.4249
Extraversion -0.6654 0.2908 -2.2886 0.0471 0.0131 4.8773*
PFC (M) * Extraversion 0.0158 0.0091 2.0201*
Note.1. OPAC(M)- Openness of mother-adolescent communication, PFC(M)-Problems in mother- adolescent communication. * p<.05
This table shows suicidal ideation and extraversion has a moderating effect on parent- adolescent communication. Extraversion has significant influence only on problems in mother-adolescent communication, and another dimension is insignificant. Problems in mother-adolescent communication and extraversion has a significant interaction with suicidal ideation (β = 0.0158, p<.05). The problems in mother-adolescent communication strong the relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation (R²= .047, F = 4.8773, p<.05).
Hypothesis 2 accepted in the area of problems in mother-adolescent communication.
There is a significant conditional effect of extraversion on suicidal ideation is seen when the values are low on problems in mother family communication. At the mean score value of problems in mother-adolescent communication, there is non-significant relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation, β = -.0949,p =.0986, 95% CI (-.2076, .0178).
When the score value of problems in mother-adolescent communication is high, there is also a non-significant relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation, β =.0167,p=0.83,
95% CI(-.1313, .1697).
Figure 2. The relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation in problems in mother- adolescent communication Figure 2 shows the relationship among suicidal ideation and extraversion in problems in mother-adolescent communication. When the problems in mother-adolescent communication are at a low level, there is a negative relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation and the relationship is found significant. While when the problems in mother-adolescent communication are at the mean, there is a negative relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation and at the high level, there is a positive relationship, and the relationship is found to be not significant at the mean and high level.
Table 6 The moderating role of parent-adolescent communication in relation to openness to experience and suicidal ideation IV Beta value Std.Error t R² R² - F change OPAC (M) -1.1387 0.4359 -2.612
Openness to Experience -1.2216 0.5306 -2.302 0.0492 0.0172 5.1025**
OPAC (M) * Openness to Experience 0.29 0.0125 2.3133
PFC (M) -0.0159 0.4927 -0.032
Openness to Experience 0.0754 0.0142 -0.219 0.0265 0.0002 2.6836
PFC (M) * Openness to Experience -0.0031 0.0142 -0.219
Note.1. OPAC(M)- Openness of mother-adolescent communication, PFC(M)-Problems in mother- adolescent communication. * p<.01 This table shows suicidal ideation and openness to experience has a moderating effect on openness in mother-adolescent communication. Only openness in mother-adolescent communication has significant influence, and another dimension is insignificant. Openness in mother-adolescent communication and openness to experience has a significant interaction with suicidal ideation (β = 0.29, p<.01). The openness in mother-adolescent communication strong the relationship between openness to experience and suicidal ideation (R²= .0492, F =
5.1025, p<.01). Hypothesis 2 accepted in the area of openness in mother-adolescent communication.
Figure 3. The relationship between openness to experience and suicidal ideation in openness in mother-adolescent communication Figure 3 shows the relationship between openness to experience and suicidal ideation in openness in mother-adolescent communication. When the openness in mother-adolescent communication is at a high level, there is a negative relationship between openness to experience and suicidal ideation. While when the openness in mother-adolescent communication is at the mean, there is no such relationship between openness to experience and suicidal ideation and at a high level, there is a positive relationship, and the relationship is found not significant at a mean and high level.
Table 7 Mann Whitney U test comparing suicidal ideation and gender Variable Gender N Mean U Z Sig. Rank Suicidal Male 134 168.11 8762.000 -3.186 .001 Ideation Female 166 136.28
* p< .01
As the data not normally distributed a non-parametric Mann Whitney test was conducted to compare the scores of suicidal ideation between males and females. Male (Mdn=3.5) scored higher than female (Mdn =2) on suicidal ideation (U = 8762, p = .001). The result of the U test presented in table established that the hypothesis- there will be a significant difference between suicidal ideation and gender is accepted.
Discussion
The current study aimed at analysing how the parent-adolescent communication moderates one's personality type and suicidal ideation.
In line with literature and correlation, there is a negative correlation between agreeableness and suicidal ideation. "Agreeableness is a personality trait manifesting itself in person behavioural characteristics perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, and thoughtful" (Thomson, 2008). A previous study that suggested that traits that characterise individuals who score low on agreeableness hindered these individuals from making new friends and recommended that the absence of close companions may increase the risk of suicidal ideation (Kerby, 2003). Moreover, low dimensions of agreeableness might cause difficulties in forming interpersonal relationships, indirectly cultivating feelings of not belonging to a social group (Van Orden, Cukrowicz, Witte, & Joiner, 2012).
Similarly, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience has a positive relationship on the openness of both father and mother communication.
Extraversion is another personality dimension that is vital for well-being. It is related with characteristics as being excited, friendly, and not silent (Asendorpf & van Aken, 2003).
Therefore, it is not surprising that essential interactions show up between extraversion and relationship quality. Agreeableness is an "interpersonally oriented personality characteristic"
(Jensen-Campbell, Gleason, Adams, and Malcolm, 2003). In reality, highly agreeable adolescents have been discovered to apprehend much less conflict among other people
(Graziano, Jensen Campbell, Gleason, Adams, & Malcolm, 2003). Conscientiousness is a broad dimension of personality that encompasses a person's tendency to control their behaviour in socially acceptable ways (Roberts, Jackson, Fayard, Edmonds, & Meints, 2009).
Higher conscientiousness tends to associate with better health, greater contentment with life, scholastic and occupational success, as well as less substance use and criminal behaviour.
Highly conscientious people tend to be particularly willing to obey authority and follow the rules. The researchers observed that children whose parents have been affectionate in the direction of them tended to score better on conscientiousness than participants whose mother and father have been more distant (McCrae & Costa, 1988). Openness to experience explains the extent to which an individual likes novel experiences, creativity and has a interest in everything they do. So as these factors increase in adolescents, there will be more open communication between parents.
It also is seen that there is a negative correlation between the openness of mother and father adolescent communication with suicidal ideation. Holstein (1972) and Stanley (1978) found that conversation between mother and father and youngsters will help in the development of moral reasoning among children. So as the communication between parents increases, adolescents will be less likely to commit suicide. Proper contact with the parent decreases the chance of suicidal ideation in male and female across all age groups (Samm,
Tooding, Sisask, okõlves, Aasvee, & Värnik, 2010). Virtually, if young people can speak about their uncertainties with their parents, they are less likely to feel suicidal thoughts. Besides, young people who had issues in communicating with their mom had a better possibility for suicidal ideation than folks who did no longer meet or see their mom (Samm et al., 2010). Outcomes of a previous study indicated that family bonding, parent-adolescent communication, and parental support had negatively related to adolescent risk behaviour
(Anderson & Henry, 1994). Adolescents who had the choice to communicate with their parents about their troubles are less probably to commit risky behaviours. Good relations with parents are fundamental in balancing between stressful life events and risk behaviour in promoting the mental health of young persons. The benefit of speaking about their issues with parents has a protective impact. Kandel, Raveis & Davies (1991) observed suicidal ideation had been related to lack of both closeness to mother and father and feeling more closeness towards friends than mother and father and delinquency and risk-taking.
A significant positive relationship was seen between problems in mother and father adolescent communication with suicidal ideation. Lanpher (1999) suggest family dysfunction is radically related to suicide ideation. Children who have poor communication styles with their mother and father are more likely to develop behaviour issues (Barnes & Olson,1985).
Preceding research has identified that proper communication with the parent decreases the risk of suicidal ideation in each gender and every age (Samm et al., 2010). Koopmans (1995) indicated that an adolescent's suicidal behaviour reflects an inability on the part of the attempted to interact effectively with significant others. Adolescents who perceive that they cannot speak about their problems to their caregivers are more probably to have suicidal ideation and depressive feelings than adolescents who can talk about their issues in their immediate family environment. Ease of conversation with mother and father. Social support from parents and family connectedness and is expected as a crucial source of support throughout the adolescent (Currie et al., 2008). The problems in mother-adolescent communication moderates the extraversion and suicidal ideation. When the values are low on problems in mother family communication, we find that the indirect effect of extraversion on suicidal ideation is significant. The leading cause of both physical and mental issue is poorer parent-adolescent communication
(Brenning, Soenens, Braet, & Bal, 2012; Chhabra & Sodhi,2012). Samm et al., (2010) states that individuals who had problems in speaking with their mothers had a greater probability for suicidal ideation. Strong parent-adolescent communication provides the adolescent with the capacity to manage self-harm or suicidal ideation (Lai-Kwok & Shek, 2010; Latina,
Giannotta, & Rabaglietti, 2015). Lai-Kwok and Shek (2010) reported that their study fell in line with previous research where suicidal adolescents said having not frequent and dissatisfying parent-adolescent communication (Everall, Bostik, & Paulson, 2006). People who scored less on extraversion are much more likely to be in more risk of mental distress, along with suicidal ideation, because of reduced social interaction and probably decrease perceived social aid.
The openness in mother-adolescent communication moderates the openness to experience and suicidal ideation. Open parent-child communication performs an essential role in keeping the wholesome function of the family and adolescent's development
(Guilamo, Jaccard, Dittus, & Bouris, 2006). Open conversation and relationship with mother and father allow the adolescent to hold robust mental health (Chhabra & Sodhi, 2012).
Individuals who scored low on openness to experience has an increased risk for suicide, these individuals may have difficulty in processing and regulating emotions. They're less probably to report having thoughts of death to others, lowering the chance of intervention. Excessive levels of openness connected to inability to think, loss of insight, and impulsivity that can additionally explain the relation with suicide behaviours (Piedmont, Sherman, 2012;
Piedmont, Sherman, Dy-Liacco, Williams, 2009). Father adolescent communication does not moderate the relationship between big five personality trait and suicidal ideation. So we reject the third hypothesis. There is a large amount of research where the support system can see as funnelled through the mother but fewer investigations to prove the role of the father in shaping one's personality and reducing suicidal ideation.
The suicide rate or completed suicide is more common amongst men; however, the attempted suicide is more common among females (Gould, 2003). Males required in-depth care and involved a greater chance of death than females when attempting suicide
(Stefanello, Cais, Mauro, Freitas, Botega & Braz, 2008). Inconsistent with the literature on gender and suicide, the rate of suicide among males defined regarding traditional gender roles. The gender role played by male commonly tend to emphasise extra levels of energy, independence, hazard-taking behaviour, financial status, individualism (Payne, 2008; Rudmin
& Lyod, 2003; Schrijvers, Bollen, Sabbe, 2011). This kind of gender role among male often prevents them from looking for help for suicidal thoughts (Moller-Leimkuhler & Anne,
2003). Males have usually been determined to be greater impulsive than females, as overrepresented in aggressive behaviour, injuries, violence-associated accidents, drug use, extracurricular activities especially activities, and criminal conduct (Cross, Copping, &
Campbell, 2011).
Furthermore, Cross et al., (2011) said that males are extra impulsive than girls, particularly regarding punishment, threat-taking, and sensation seeking. All this proof strongly indicates that guys are more impulsive, which can provide a reason for why the suicide rate is higher in males, for the reason that suicidal behaviour is related to impulsivity.
Expressing and confiding in peers is a distinctive experience for men and women, in that for women it could consolidate friendships via encouraging intimacy, at the same time as men are supposed to hold back feelings and so discussing such troubles negatively impacts friendships. Moreover, they said that the lack of expression of emotion ought to account for the better rate of suicide in males, as they repress their feelings (Rickwood & Braithwaite,
1994).
Summary and Conclusion
The purpose of the present study was to find the moderating role of parent-adolescent communication in relation to personality type and suicidal ideation.
Family or communication between mother and father plays an utterly essential position in shaping the persona and intellectual health improvement of youngsters.
Understanding the importance of communication may also help the adolescents from the suicidal mind. The family performs a vital role in young people lifestyles. Ease of conversation with mother and father, social support from mother and father and family connectedness, and is expected as a crucial source of support throughout the adolescent period (Currie et al., 2008). According to Gliatto and Rai (1999) suicidal ideation also called thinking about suicide or associate different concern with death. Thomas Joiner in his interpersonal-psychological theory states that someone cannot commit suicide till s/he has the preference to die through suicide and moreover the functionality to commit suicide. The idea stresses that once people maintain the two mental states (perceived burdensomeness and experience of low belongingness) concurrently, they increase the choice for dying (Joiner,
2005). Parent-child conflict can boom as children's get into adolescence. Even though this style isn't always inevitable, it's familiar and can be pretty distressing for parents and adolescents. Each will experience baffled about what took place in the most cooling old days of own family concord. Each parent offers distinct socialisation experiences for adolescents.
Mothers document more deep communication, a more significant amount of arguments and less effective relationships with adolescents than do fathers (Collin & Russell, 1991).
Mothers are extra concerned with parenting their adolescents than fathers and because of this get warfare with them more often (Wierson, Armistead, Forehand, Thomas, & Fauber, 1990).
The researcher used the technique of convenience sampling method and collected data from five schools. The target population was adolescents from various academic institutes in Kerala. The sample consists of 300 adolescents. The first step was to acquire permission from the educational institutes to conduct the study and also from students and their parents. The principle of confidentiality maintained. The age group of the participants was between 12 to
18 years. The tools given out were parent-adolescent communication scale, big five personality inventory, Beck suicidal ideation scale. The parent-adolescent communication scale (Barnes & Olson, 1985) consists of twenty items assessing the value of communique amongst adolescent and parent. This became used to determine the extent of openness to exchange thoughts, facts, and worries among the generations. This scale will become used to measure communique as perceived via young people. The dimensions contain two subscales.
The first subscale is the openness of parent-adolescent communication which includes ten items that investigates freedom in verbal exchange and satisfaction with the discussion. This subscale assesses the degree to which family individuals experience free and satisfied with the communication of their own family. The other subscale is the problems in parent- adolescent communication which also contain ten items that discover obstacles between mother and father and adolescents. This may examine the degree to the ones negative factors of communication. Beck scale for suicide ideation (SSI) used to quantify intensity in suicide ideation. This scale is a nineteen-item instrument that examines the presence and severity of suicidal thoughts during a week before analysis. The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report personality inventory designed to measure the dimensions of big five, i.e., extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness and openness to experience. Around 45 minutes were given to the participants to complete the questionnaires. The collected data were then analysed using the measures of Spearman's rank order correlations, moderation analysis and Mann Whitney U test. From the normality test, the researcher understood that data not normally distributed so non-parametric tests conducted. The hypothesis of the study was as follows: There will be a significant relationship between parent-adolescent communication, big five personality traits and suicidal ideation, is accepted. The second hypothesis was mother-adolescent communication moderates the relationship between big five personality traits and suicidal ideation, and this hypothesis is accepted in the areas of problems in mother-adolescent communication moderates the relationship between extraversion and suicidal ideation also the openness of mother- adolescent communication moderates the relationship between openness to experience and suicidal ideation. The third hypothesis was father adolescent communication moderates the relationship between big five personality traits and suicidal ideation, is rejected. The fourth hypothesis was that there would be a significant gender difference in suicidal ideation among adolescents, this hypothesis is accepted.
Major Findings of the Study
There was a significant relationship between parent-adolescent communication, big five personality trait and suicidal ideation. Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience has a positive relationship on the openness of both father and mother communication. It also is seen that there is a negative relationship between the openness of mother and father adolescent communication with suicidal ideation. A significant positive relationship observed between problems in mother and father adolescent communication with suicidal ideation. A significant negative correlation was seen between agreeableness and suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation and extraversion have a moderating effect on problems in mother-adolescent communication. Suicidal ideation and openness to experience have a moderating impact on openness in mother-adolescent communication. Father adolescent communication does not moderate the relationship between big five personality trait and suicidal ideation. There is a significant gender difference in suicidal ideation. There is no significant relationship between a number of siblings, religion, socioeconomic status, residence, family type, and income on suicidal ideation.
Implications of the study
From the study, it can conclude that the communication between adolescent and parent are essential, especially in the phase of adolescence. It is a duration in life that can be difficult, leaving teens feeling isolated from own family or friends. So the simplest way to equally apprehend their child's behaviour, parents should obtain necessary information concerning the developmental changes that will happen in adolescence. Second, to adapt to their adolescent's changing desires, parents should have the information required regarding effective parenting throughout the adolescent years
The study also stresses the role parents have to play when their child gets into adolescence. Giving the adolescent the threat to disclose and speak about their emotions will help to relieve some of the intense feelings, and make that person feels less lonely.
The study emphasises the importance of quality time between adolescent and parents.
However, a good relationship between adolescents and his/her parents cannot arise unless they spend time collectively The study also stressed the importance of discussing more overtly regarding suicide and cut back the stigma that persists around mental illness.
Limitations of the study
The limitations of the study involve extraneous variables together with fatigue or tiredness, tension, temper, the attitude of the individuals in the direction of psychological research, response bias and so forth. Experienced by the individuals that couldn't be assessed or managed by the researcher. The researcher should have explored the qualitative element of the variables studied so that it will have gained information concerning different contributing factors. The main sample of this study drawn from different schools of Kerala. There was a chance to prejudice the area. The convenience sampling method became used in this study.
The problem is that the sample can not attribute to the general population.
Scope for Further Research
Future research can focus on interventions to understand how this intervention is sufficient to lower the suicidal ideation in adolescence. In this study, researcher no longer considered adult or old age group so future studies can deal with other participants above 18 years of age. The quantitative analysis used as a statistical method in the present study. The future researchers might also use qualitative methods which include case studies, interviews that could increase the scenario and fruitfulness to the conclusion. The future research can geographically similarly disperse the sample. The influence of different attachment relationships which includes friends, siblings on the variables studied can take for future research.
Running Head: PARENT ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION PERSONALITY TYPE AND SUICIDAL IDEATION
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Appendix A Assent Form This is a letter inviting you to participate in a research study undertaken by Anju S under the guidance of Dr. Baiju Gopal, CHRIST (Deemed to be university), Bangalore. The purpose of this study is to analyse how parent adolescent communication moderates the personality type and suicidal ideation among adolescents. The study has been approved by the Institutional Review
Board of Christ (Deemed to be university), which is the committee that oversees protection of human subjects in research.
Procedures
If you are willing to participate, you will be given a set of questionnaires which will talk about parent adolescent communication in relation to personality type and suicidal ideation. This will take about only 45 minutes.
Voluntary participation and Right to withdraw
Your participation in this research is voluntary. It is as much as you to determine whether or no longer to take part in this study. If you make a decision to take part in this research, you'll be requested to sign an assent form. Once you sign the assent form, you are nevertheless free to withdraw at any time and without giving a reason. There may be no repercussions for withdrawing.
If you withdraw from the study before data collection is finished, your records will be destroyed.
Benefits
There might be no instant and direct gain to you for participating. but your participation is in all likelihood to help us discover more about the topic and these findings can serve as the inspiration for future research.
Risks
Participating in this research does no longer contain risks more than those one encounters in day to day lifestyles. It is feasible that you may experience emotional discomfort when asked to answer some of the questions. If any question makes you uncomfortable for any reason, you can skip the question, or stop filling the questionnaire.
Confidentiality of your information
Principle of confidentiality would be need to be limited due to concerns about harm to self. The researcher may breach the confidentiality of only those participants who is in danger to themselves or others and will inform the parents. Only the researcher will have access to your name and contact information. Extreme care will be taken to ensure that this research study does not cause any psychological harm. The data will be stored in the laptop and consent forms will be kept in a locked cabinet. Once the research study is done the data will be deleted so that nobody will get access to any other sensitive or personal details which would have been shared by the participants. .
What will be done with the results
We plan to share the results without any identifying information (i.e., names and phone numbers) in journal articles so we can begin to implement solutions to prevent suicide.
Contact Information
If you have any questions, you can ask them now or later, even after the study has started out. If you want to ask questions later, you could contact any of the following: Anju S (+919544223914, e- mail: [email protected].
If you think that you are in need of counselling or other emotional support services, you may contact the helpline number : 91- 484- 2540530, e-mail: [email protected] , address:
MAITHRI, ICTA Shantigram, Changampuzha Nagar (P.O.), Kalamassery, Kochi - 682 033,
Kerala, India.
Thank you for your consideration. We are very grateful for your help.
CONSENT
I have read and I understand the provided information and have had the opportunity to ask questions. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at any time, without giving a reason and without cost. I voluntarily agree to take part in this study.
Participant's signature ______Date ______
Investigator's signature ______Date ______
Appendix B Consent Form
This is a letter inviting your child to participate in a research study undertaken by Anju S under the guidance of Dr. Baiju Gopal, Christ (Deemed to be university), Bangalore. The purpose of this study is to analyse how parent adolescent communication moderates the personality type and suicidal ideation among adolescents. The study has been approved by the Institutional Review
Board of Christ(Deemed to be university), which is the committee that oversees protection of human subjects in research.
Procedures
If you agree for your child to participate, she/he will be given a set of questionnaires which will talk about parent adolescent communication, personality type and suicidal ideation. This will take about only 45 minutes.
Voluntary participation and Right to withdraw
Your participation in this research is voluntary. It is as much as you to determine whether you want your child to take part in this study. If you make a decision to take part your child in this research, you'll be requested to sign this form. The child is free to withdraw at any time and without giving a reason. There may be no repercussions for withdrawing. If your child withdraw from the study before data collection is finished, his/her records will be destroyed.
Benefits
There might be no instant and direct gain to you for participating. but your child’s participation is in all likelihood to help us discover more about the topic and these findings can serve as the inspiration for future research.
Risks
Participating in this research does no longer contain risks more than those one encounters in day to day lifestyles. It is feasible that your child may experience emotional discomfort when asked to answer some of the questions. If any question makes her/him uncomfortable for any reason, she/he can skip the question, or stop filling the questionnaire.
Confidentiality of your information
Principle of confidentiality would be need to be limited due to concerns about harm to self. The researcher may breach the confidentiality of only those participants who is in danger to themselves or others and will inform the parents. So that it would be helpful if you provide your contact number. Only the researcher will have access to your name and contact information. Extreme care will be taken to ensure that this research study does not cause any psychological harm. The data will be stored in the laptop and consent forms will be kept in a locked cabinet. Once the research study is done the data will be deleted so that nobody will get access to any other sensitive or personal details which would have been shared by the participants.
What will be done with the results
We plan to share the results without any identifying information (i.e., names and phone numbers) in journal articles so we can begin to implement solutions to prevent suicide.
Contact Information
If you have any questions, you may ask them now or later, even after the study has started out.
If you want to ask questions later, you could contact any of the following: Anju S (+919544223914, e-mail: [email protected]).
If you think that your child is in need of counselling or other emotional support services, you may contact the helpline number : 91- 484- 2540530, e-mail: [email protected] , address:
MAITHRI, ICTA Shantigram, Changampuzha Nagar (P.O.), Kalamassery, Kochi - 682 033,
Kerala, India.
Thank you for your consideration. We are very grateful for your help.
CONSENT
I have read and I understand the provided information and have had the opportunity to ask questions. I understand that my child’s participation is voluntary and that he/she is free to withdraw at any time, without giving a reason and without cost. I voluntarily agree for my child to participate.
Child’s name ______
Parent's signature ______
Parent’s Phone number ______
Investigator's signature ______Date ______
Appendix C
Demographic Sheet
Please answer the following questions as honestly as possible where indicated or by responding tick mark in the space provided for each question that has options. Please remember that all answers will remain anonymous and that your identity will not be revealed elsewhere once the questionnaire has been completed.
1. Name:
2. Age :
3. Gender Male Female Transgender
4. Monthly income of Parent Less than 25,000 25,000-50,000 50,000 and above
5. Institution:
6. Family type Nuclear Joint
7. Stay With parents Hostel
8. Parents’ Marital status Married Unmarried and both parents living together Divorced or Separated
Widowed
9. Do you have siblings? Yes No
10. Number of family members (including parents and grandparents):
11. Residence Rural Urban
12. Religious Affiliation Hindu Christian Muslim No religion Others (if others, please specify)______
Appendix D
Mother- Adolescent Communication Scale
Using the scale below, please indicate how much you agree or disagree with EACH of the following statements about the general communication between you and your mother. Response choices: Strongly Disagree (Coded as 1) Disagree (Coded as 2) Neither Agree Nor Disagree (Coded as 3) Agree (Coded as 4) Strongly Agree (Coded as 5)
1. I can discuss my beliefs with my mother without feeling 1 2 3 4 5 restrained or embarrassed. 2. Sometimes I have trouble believing everything my mother tells 1 2 3 4 5 me. 3. My mother is always a good listener. 1 2 3 4 5 4. I am sometimes afraid to ask my mother for what I want. 1 2 3 4 5 5. My mother has a tendency to say things to me which would be 1 2 3 4 5 better left unsaid. 6. My mother can tell how I’m feeling without asking. 1 2 3 4 5 7. I am very satisfied with how my mother and I talk together. 1 2 3 4 5 8. If I were in trouble, I could tell my mother . 1 2 3 4 5
9. I openly show affection to my mother 1 2 3 4 5 10. When we are having a problem, I often give my mother the 1 2 3 4 5 silent treatment. 11. I am careful about what I say to my mother 1 2 3 4 5 12. When talking to my mother , I have a tendency to say things 1 2 3 4 5 that would be better left unsaid. 13. When I asked questions, I get honest answers from my mother 1 2 3 4 5 14. My mother tries to understand my point of view. 1 2 3 4 5 15. There are topics I avoid discussing with my mother 1 2 3 4 5 16. I find it easy to discuss problems with my mother 1 2 3 4 5 17. It is very easy for me to express all my true feelings to my 1 2 3 4 5 mother 18. My mother nags/bothers me. 1 2 3 4 5 19. My mother sometimes insults me when she/he is angry with 1 2 3 4 5 me. 20. I don’t think I can tell my mother how I really feel about 1 2 3 4 5 somethings.
Appendix E Father- Adolescent Communication Scale
Using the scale below, please indicate how much you agree or disagree with EACH of the following statements about the general communication between you and your father. Response choices: Strongly Disagree (Coded as 1) Disagree (Coded as 2) Neither Agree Nor Disagree (Coded as 3) Agree (Coded as 4) Strongly Agree (Coded as 5) 1. I can discuss my beliefs with my father without feeling 1 2 3 4 5 restrained or embarrassed. 2. Sometimes I have trouble believing everything my father tells 1 2 3 4 5 me. 3. My father is always a good listener. 1 2 3 4 5 4. I am sometimes afraid to ask my father for what I want. 1 2 3 4 5 5. My father has a tendency to say things to me which would be 1 2 3 4 5 better left unsaid. 6. My father can tell how I’m feeling without asking. 1 2 3 4 5 7. I am very satisfied with how my father and I talk together. 1 2 3 4 5 8. If I were in trouble, I could tell my father. 1 2 3 4 5
9. I openly show affection to my father 1 2 3 4 5 10. When we are having a problem, I often give my father the 1 2 3 4 5 silent treatment. 11. I am careful about what I say to my father 1 2 3 4 5 12. When talking to my father, I have a tendency to say things that 1 2 3 4 5 would be better left unsaid. 13. When I asked questions, I get honest answers from my father. 1 2 3 4 5 14. My father tries to understand my point of view. 1 2 3 4 5 15. There are topics I avoid discussing with my father. 1 2 3 4 5 16. I find it easy to discuss problems with my father. 1 2 3 4 5 17. It is very easy for me to express all my true feelings to my 1 2 3 4 5 father. 18. My father nags/bothers me. 1 2 3 4 5 19. My father sometimes insults me when she/he is angry with me. 1 2 3 4 5 20. I don’t think I can tell my father how I really feel about some 1 2 3 4 5 things.
Appendix F Big Five Personality Inventory
Here are a number of characteristics that may or may not apply to you. For example, do you agree that you are someone who likes to spend time with others? Please write a number next to each statement to indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with that statement.
Disagree strongly I see Myself as Someone Who...
1. Is talkative 23. Tends to be lazy
2. Tends to find fault with others 24. Is emotionally stable, not easily upset
3. Does a thorough 25. Is inventive job 26. Has an assertive personality 4. Is depressed, blue
5. Is original, comes up with new ideas 27. Can be cold and aloof
6. Is reserved 28. Perseveres until the task is finished
7. Is helpful and unselfish with 29. Can be moody others 30. Values artistic, aesthetic experiences 8. Can be somewhat careless 31. Is sometimes shy, inhibited 9. Is relaxed, handles stress well
10. Is curious about many different things 32. Is considerate and kind to almost everyone
11. Is full of energy 33. Does things efficiently
12. Starts quarrels with others 34. Remains calm in tense situations
13. Is a reliable worker 35. Prefers work that is routine
14. Can be tense 36. Is outgoing, sociable
15. Is ingenious, a deep thinker 37. Is sometimes rude to others
16. Generates a lot of 38. Makes plans and follows through enthusiasm with them
17. Has a forgiving nature 39. Gets nervous easily
18. Tends to be disorganized 40. Likes to reflect, play with ideas
19. Worries a lot 41. Has few artistic interests
20. Has an active imagination 42. Likes to cooperate with others
21. Tends to be quiet 43. Is easily distracted
___22. Is generally trusting ___44. Is sophisticated in art, music
Appendix G Beck Suicide Ideation Scale Examine each question cautiously and mark tick() in any of the three alternate response modes to signify your level of agreement with the specific content of the statement. The scale of suicidal ideation consists of 19 items which can be used to evaluate a patient's suicidal intentions. It can also be used to monitor a patient's response to interventions over time.
Sl Item Response Points moderate to strong 0 1 Wish to live weak 1 none 2 none 0 2 Wish to die weak 1 moderate to strong 2 for living outweigh for dying 0 3 Reasons for living/dying about equal 1 for dying outweigh for living 2 none 0 Desire to make active 4 weak 1 suicide attempt moderate to strong 2 would take precautions to save life 0 would leave life/death to chance 1 5 Passive suicidal desire would avoid steps necessary to save or 2 maintain life brief fleeting periods 0 Duration of suicide 6 longer periods 1 ideation/ wish continuous (chronic) or almost 2 rare occasional 0 Frequency of suicide 7 intermittent 1 ideation persistent or continuous 2 rejecting 0 Attitude toward 8 ambivalent indifferent 1 ideation/wish accepting 2 has sense of control 0 Control over suicidal 9 unsure of control 1 action/acting-out wish has no sense of control 2
would not attempt because of a deterrent 0 10 Deterrents to active attempt some concern about deterrents 1 minimal or no concern about deterrents 2 to manipulate the environment; get 0 attention or revenge Reason for contemplated 11 combination of desire to manipulate and to attempt 1 escape escape surcease solve problems 2 Method: specificity or not considered 0 12 planning of contemplated considered but details not worked out 1 attempt details worked out and well-formulated 2 method not available or no opportunity 0 method would take time or effort; 1 Method: availability or opportunity not readily available 13 opportunity for contemplated attempt method and opportunity available 2 future opportunity or availability of 2 method anticipated no courage too weak afraid incompetent 0 Sense of "capability" to 14 unsure of courage or competence 1 carry out attempt sure of competence courage 2 no 0 Expectancy/anticipation of 15 uncertain not sure 1 actual attempt yes 2 none 0 Actual preparation for 16 partial 1 contemplated attempt complete 2 none 0 started but not completed; only thought 17 Suicide note 1 about completed 2 none 0 Final acts in anticipation of thought about or made some arrangements 1 18 death made definite plans or completed 2 arrangements revealed ideas openly 0 Deception or concealment 19 held back on revealing 1 of contemplated suicide attempted to deceive conceal or lie 2