SCIENTIST GEO VOLUME 24 NO 7 u AUGUST 2014 u WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST The Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London UK / Overseas where sold to individuals: £3.95

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Crowd Sourcing What does ‘citizen science’ have to offer the geological sciences?

UNDER THE SUN GOD SILENT SPRING NO PROSPECT OF A BEVVY Engineering geology of Lima’s Society should condemn the James Hutton’s unsung spectacular adobe pyramids use of synthetic chemicals contribution to home brewing

GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS

20 24

10 16

FEATURES IN THIS ISSUE... 16 Under the sun god Engineering geologist John Dixon ponders early earthquake-proofing in Lima’s adobe pyramids

REGULARS

05 Welcome Ted Nield reflects on how casual sexism can kill 06 Society news What your Society is doing at home and abroad, in London and the regions ON THE COVER: 09 Soapbox Chris Mackenzie urges the Society to back off CO2 and include synthetics in its campaigns 10 Crowd sourcing 20 Letters We welcome your thoughts Sourcing from the crowd - Helen Quinn asks 22 Books and arts Four new books reviewed by Steve what ‘citizen science’ has to offer Earth sciences Rowlatt, Maurice Tucker, John Milsom and Mark Tyrer and where its limitations lie 24 People Geoscientists in the news and on the move 26 Obituary John Myles Bowen 1928-2013 ONLINE SPECIALS Carbon Capture & Storage Bryan Lovell reports on the recent joint GSL/AAPG meeting on Carbon Capture & Storage 27 Calendar Society activities this month

CORRECTION: The July Issue second feature, on the Carne Collection, written by author Douglas 28 Obituary Adolf Seilacher 1925-2014 Palmer, wrongly described him as Director of the Sedgwick Museum – a post held (of course) by regular Geoscientist contributor Ken McNamara. Apologies to all concerned. Editor 29 Crossword Win a special publication of your choice

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 03

GEOSCIENTIST WELCOME Geoscientist is the ADVERTISING EXECUTIVE ~ Fellowship magazine of Jonathan Knight NEW TECHNOLOGY OPENS UP NEW WAYS FOR PUBLIC the Geological Society T 01727 739 193 of London E jonathan@centuryone PARTICIPATION IN SCIENCE. HELEN QUINN EXPLORES THE publishing.ltd.uk The Geological Society, PROGRESS AND LIMITATIONS OF ‘CITIZEN SCIENCE’ Burlington House, Piccadilly, ART EDITOR Front cover image: karavai / Shutterstock.com London W1J 0BG Heena Gudka ~ T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 DESIGN & PRODUCTION E [email protected] Sarah Astington (Not for Editorial - Please contact the Editor) PRINTED BY Century One Publishing House Publishing Ltd. The Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7, Copyright Brassmill Enterprise Centre, The Geological Society of Brassmill Lane, Bath London is a Registered BA1 3JN Charity, number 210161. T 01225 445046 ISSN (print) 0961-5628 F 01225 442836 ISSN (online) 2045-1784

Library The Geological Society of London FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK: T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 accepts no responsibility for the F +44 (0)20 7439 3470 views expressed in any article in this publication. All views expressed, E [email protected] except where explicitly stated otherwise, represent those of the EDITOR-IN-CHIEF author, and not The Geological Deadlier than the male Professor Peter Styles Society of London. All rights reserved. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, EDITOR copied or transmitted save with Dr Ted Nield written permission. Users registered t’s official. Tropical cyclones of the and recall of storm information, this E [email protected] with Copyright Clearance Center: the Journal is registered with CCC, 27 North Atlantic – hurricanes, to practice also taps into well-developed Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970, EDITORIAL BOARD USA. 0961-5628/02/$15.00. Every you and me – are more deadly if and widely held gender stereotypes, Dr Sue Bowler effort has been made to trace they are more ‘Victoria’ than with unanticipated and potentially Mr Steve Branch copyright holders of material in Dr Robin Cocks this publication. If any rights have ‘Victor’. A study by scientists at deadly consequences”. Prof. Tony Harris been omitted, the publishers offer I the Illinois and Arizona State True: but only since 1979. Storms Dr Howard Falcon-Lang their apologies. Dr Jonathan Turner No responsibility is assumed by the universities, published in the have been ‘named’ since 1947, first Dr Jan Zalasiewicz Publisher for any injury and/or Proceedings of the National Academy using the phonetic alphabet. This was damage to persons or property as a Trustees of the matter of products liability, of Sciences, revealed in June that - even confusing, so in 1953 a new phonetic negligence or otherwise, or from any Geological Society use or operation of any methods, excluding outliers like Katrina and alphabet using female names was of London products, instructions or ideas Prof David Manning contained in the material herein. Audrey - of the 47 most damaging introduced. Naming storms in this way (President); Although all advertising material is hurricanes since 1950, those with evoked wild, tempestuous, termagant Mrs Natalyn Ala (Secretary, expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this feminine names killed on average 45 females, emerging from the (feminine) Professional Matters); publication does not constitute a Dr Mike Armitage (Vice guarantee or endorsement of the people, compared to 23 deaths in ocean, to be eventually soothed into president); Dr Nigel quality or value of such product or of ‘masculine’ storms. quiescence by contact with the Cassidy; Prof Neil the claims made by its manufacturer. For the mathematically challenged, (masculine) land. Women’s libbers, as Chapman; Dr Angela Coe; Subscriptions: All correspondence Mr Jim Coppard; relating to non-member that’s almost double - a statistically they were known, hated it, and rightly Mr David Cragg (Vice subscriptions should be addresses president); Mrs Jane to the Journals Subscription significant result. Indeed, the authors so. In 1979 the World Meteorological Dottridge; Mr Chris Eccles; Department, Geological Society Publishing House, Unit 7 Brassmill state that “changing a severe Organization introduced new lists with Dr Marie Edmonds; Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, hurricane’s name from Charlie… to male names included. It was hailed as Professor Alastair Fraser Bath, BA1 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 (Secretary, Science); 445046. Fax: 01225 442836. Eloise… could nearly treble its death a triumph for equal rights. Mr David Hopkins; Email: [email protected]. The toll”. Why? Because people don’t It is easy to make fun, but the Mr David Jones (Vice subscription price for Volume 24, 2014 (11 issues) to institutions and president); Dr Adam Law non-members is £125 (UK) or £143 take storms with female names exclusive use of one gender’s names (Treasurer); Prof Alan Lord / US$286 (Rest of World). seriously, and so are less likely to was invidious and patronizing and had (Secretary Foreign & External Affairs); Dr Brian © 2014 The Geological Society take precautions. to stop. Unfortunately, gender Marker OBE; Dr Gary of London As PR people are fond of reminding stereotyping is too deeply rooted in the Nichols; Prof David Geoscientist is printed on FSC mixed Norbury; Dr Colin North credit - Mixed source products are a scientists, perception is reality. subconscious for this to be the end of (Secretary, Publications); blend of FSC 100%, Recycled and/or “When under the radar, that’s when the matter. We are all victims of it, no Mr Keith Seymour; Dr Lucy Controlled fibre. Accredited by the Slater; Mr Michael Young Forestry Stewardship Council. [sexism] has the potential to influence matter how right-thinking or politically our judgments”, Sharon Shavitt correct we consider ourselves. Published on behalf of the (University of Illinois) told reporters. Things done for the right reasons Geological Society of London by Everyday sexism can, and does, kill. can, in this chaotic world, have Century One Publishing Ironically this phenomenon has come unintended consequences. Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam Road, St Albans, Herts, about thanks to 1970s anti-sexism. And if irrationality can control AL3 4DG The report states: “Although using survival behaviour, how much more T 01727 893 894 F 01727 893 895 human names … has been thought by likely is it to affect our political, or for E enquiries@centuryone meteorologists to enhance the clarity that matter, scientific judgement? publishing.ltd.uk W www.centuryone DR TED NIELD, EDITOR - [email protected] @TedNield @geoscientistmag publishing.ltd.uk

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 05 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

What your society is doing SOCIETYNEWS at home and abroad, in London and the regions The great geobakeoff

Sarah Day reports on the most successful geology-based baking Geobakeoff returns with a Schools Special, for Earth Science competition in the entire history of the world, like, ever. Week (13-19 October). See our blog for details. Back in April, we set readers of the Geological Society’s blog a challenge. With Easter around the corner, how many geologically Geobakeoff winners themed cakes could they bake in a four-week period? Challenges And the 10 winners were, in reverse order: ranged from a simple sandstone layer cake for 10 points, to classic u 100 points Hannah Moss Davies (@hannah_MD24), formations such as Durdle Door and Giant’s Causeway, to the 100- Rachel J (@rachisaurus) point challenge – to recreate the Velociraptor-hatching scene from u 130 points Leanne Roden (@leanneroden90), Dheyna Jurassic Park in edible form. (@dheyna_x), Catherine Kenny Thus the geobakeoff phenomenon was born, and almost 100 entries u 140 points Rehemat Bhatia (@livelovesurf24) came pouring in via facebook, twitter and email (disappointingly, none u 160 points GeoBus (@Geobus_StA) by parcel post). Incredibly, every challenge was met – including the u 310 points Gwenno Talfryn hatching Velociraptor – plus a few extra ones created along the way. u 360 points Carrie Soderman (@carriesoderman) Thank you to everyone who baked, shared the #geobakeoff hashtag, u 580 points Liz Laycock (@longrat) and to those who send in pictures of their own geological cakes – we had no idea there were so many geobaking possibilities. ➤ All the entries are available to see on our Flickr page www.flickr.com/ Congratulations to our 10 winners, who are all the proud recipients of photos/geolsoc Keep up to date with geology baking and other stories one of our coveted, near-mythical rock hammer USB sticks, and a by reading our blog geolsoc.wordpress.com lovingly designed wooden spoon trophy.

06 | AUGUST 2014 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

August special offer

Emily Milroy (GSL Publishing Books Archive, plus all other titles House) on a special cut-price published from 2010 to the present day subscription to the Full Book u You can read individual chapters Collection, available this month! from new books online soon after they Fellows who have not previously are accepted for publication and before taken advantage of the Full Book the volume is collated through our Collection in the Lyell Collection can Online First publishing system. become online subscribers for the remainder of the year for the reduced price of £37.50 (normally £75). ➤ Find out more about the Full FROM THE LIBRARY To sign up, please contact the Book Collection at: www.geo lsoc.org.uk/fellowsaccess. Fellowship Department by 29 August To take advantage of this offer, u Literature searching 2014 (see right). contact: membership@geo u Not enough time or struggling to find the information Features more than 420 books, lsoc.org.uk. comprising all books included in the you need ? We can search a wide range of resources on your behalf and send you the results directly to your inbox. To find out more about this service, please email [email protected] u New acquisitions If you would like to receive by email or post a list of titles recently added to our library catalogue, please contact [email protected] or call 020 7432 0999. u Document delivery Not based in London or simply too busy to come to the library ? We can send you by post or fax photocopies Geological Society Club of articles from our collection. To find out more about this service, please email [email protected] or The Geological Society Club, coffee and port. (The Founders' Dinner, call 020 7432 0999. successor to the body that gave birth in November, has its own price to the Society in 1807, meets structure.) There is a cash bar for the u Postal loans monthly (except over the field purchase of aperitifs and wine. You do not need to live in London to borrow books, season!) at 18.30 for 19.00 in the u 2014: 24 September; 15 October. maps or journals from the library – we can post them to Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall, or at you ! For more information, contact another venue, to be confirmed [email protected] or call 020 7432 0999. nearer the date. Once a year there is ➤ Fellows wishing to dine or also a buffet dinner at Burlington requesting further information about u Sponsor a Fish the Geological Society Club, please House. New diners are always Thanks to everyone who has so far donated to our email Cally Oldershaw (Hon Sec) welcome, especially from among at cally.oldershaw@btopen appeal to conserve and digitise the three thousand younger Fellows. Dinner costs £57 world.com or T: 07796 942361. DR watercolours from the fossil fish collection of Louis for a four-course meal, including Agassiz. More information about the appeal can be found at www.geolsoc.org.uk/sponsorafish. Society Awards u Inter-library loans If the item you want is not in our collection, we may be Fellows of the Society are invited to able to obtain it from another library. To find out more submit nominations for the FUTURE MEETINGS about this service, please email [email protected] or call 020 7432 0999. Society’s Awards for The dates for meetings of 2015 to the Awards Council and Ordinary General u Sponsor a Book Committee. Full details Meetings until June 2015 will Sponsor a book and support the conservation of of how to make be as follows: important titles from the Geological Society’s collection. nominations are on the u OGMs: 25 September, To find out more about this project: website at: www.geo 26 November 2014; www.geolsoc.org.uk/sponsorabook. lsoc.org.uk/gsl/awards. 4 February; 8 April 2015 Nominations must be u Council: 25 & 26 September received at the Society no (residential), 26 November 2014; ➤ The library is open to visitors Monday-Friday 0930- later than 1 October 2014. 4 February; 8 April 2015 1730. For a list of new acquisitions click the appropriate Stephanie Jones link from www.geolsoc.org.uk/library

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 07 William Smith Meeting 2015 PART OF THE WILLIAM SMITHMAPBICENTENARY PROGRAMMEOFEVENTS 0 Yaso mt’ Map ofSmith’s 200Years • aims toaddress: This bicentenarymeeting map. In1794, asasurveyor first nationwidegeological geologist whocreated the William SmithwasanEnglish • • • • • • ‘A DelineationoftheStrata of the publicationin1815of Bath, Smithprogressed to map ofthestrata around order ofstrata. From his1799 enabled himtoworkoutthe contained uniquefossils. This stratigraphic horizon Smith recognised thateach for theSomerset CoalCanal, time tobecomeaccepted. disseminated widelybuttook England and Wales’. His ideas surveyor andlecturer. sections anddocuments. into survivingSmith maps, Past andpresent research geological surveyandmap Contemporary conceptsof land drainer, mineral including canalbuilder, His variouscareers Geological Societyof His relationship withthe His contemporaries His fossilcollection his impactonthestateof Smith’s achievementsand design London geology inhistime Confirmed Keynote Speakers Meetings in2015. the first of2Geological Society William Smith The HistoryofGeologyGroup (HOGG)isorganising Field Excursion inOxfordshire: 25 April 2015 House: 23-24 April 2015 Conference attheGeologicalSociety, Burlington 2015 22 April Private ExhibitionatNatural HistoryMuseum: will beaddressedtotheconference that shortpresentationsofselectedposters posters arealsoinvitedanditisintended contribution of William Smithtogeology, Given thefundamentallygraphic Posters [email protected] by 31 August 2014toJohnHenry: 500-word abstractsshouldbesubmitted no financialassistancecanbegiven. contributions aremostwelcome, although on topicsofrelevance. International minute oralpresentationsandposters participants tosubmitabstractsfor25 We arepleasedtoinviteallinterested Call forPapers David Williams, CherryLewis, JohnHenry. Convenors Torrens, TomSharpe. Professor SimonKnell, ProfessorHugh The 2nd2015 William SmithmeetingwillbeinNovember. W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/wsmithNov15 T: 02074349944E: [email protected] W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/wsmith15 The GeologicalSociety, BurlingtonHouse, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG For furtherinformation abouttheconferencepleasecontact: NaomiNewbold, ConferenceOffice, Further information Follow thiseventon Twitter #wsmith15 W: www.historyofgeologygroup.co.uk Smith HeritageCentreinChurchillvillage. History, andSmith’s birthplaceandthe Oxford UniversityMuseumofNatural April wewillvisittheSmith Archive atthe Natural HistoryMuseum. OnSaturday25 Smith’s fossilandrockcollectionsatthe During theconferenceweaimtovisit Field andothervisits also invited. proceedings fromtheconferenceare contributions tosupplementthe abstract. Suggestionsforwritten contribute apaperwhensubmittingyour Please indicateyourwillingnessto Geological SocietySpecialPublication. proceedings willbepublishedasa It isintendedthattheconference Publication [email protected] by 31 August 2014toJohnHenry: 250-word abstractsshouldbesubmitted audience priortothepostersessions. GEOSCIENTIST SOAPBOX

Plastic spring

May I respectfully ask the Society to think twice about its Amended Climate Change Statement? asks Chris Mackenzie*

all me a ‘denialist’ if you have to, do we really need more data to realise that but please let’s have a broader the unintended consequences of synthetic environmental debate. Carbon chemical usage are huge? SOAPBOX dioxide is fine, it occurs in nature, We are all concerned about ‘sustainable C it has been around acting as an development’ and other such Newspeak CALLING! agent of evolution far longer than buzzwords. But looking back on billions of oxygen. Plants make themselves from it. years of evolution, it is clear that the main Nature deals with it. issues facing this planet resulted from the Soapbox is open to contributions But the biosphere is suffering from a huge transition of one primate from a hunter- from all Fellows. You can always increase of man-made substances which gatherer lifestyle to that of farmer. As soon write a letter to the Editor, of nature cannot deal with. Should we not be as human populations came to control their course: but perhaps you feel you more concerned about any chemicals that do food supply, rather than the food supply need more space? not occur in nature, and hence have not been controlling the size of human population, “evolved for” by anything in nature? things began to go seriously awry. If you can write it entertainingly in CFCs (remember them?), PCBs, BPA and a We cannot turn the clocks back. We must 500 words, the Editor would like whole host of other catchy acronyms are a minimise our impact, and massively reduce to hear from you. Email your case in point. All plastics and synthetic the amount of synthetic, non-natural piece, and a self-portrait, to products, overwhelmingly produced by Big chemicals in the biosphere. We must revert ted.nield@geolsoc. org.uk. Oil, are a huge environmental catastrophe in to the use of natural materials where Copy can only be accepted the making. Non-natural radionuclides are possible, rather than plastics and synthetics. electronically. No diagrams, tables another example. The clamour to demonise Even as an eternal optimist, I personally hold or other illustrations please. CO2 does us a disservice by blinding us to little hope of progress, given the quality of other threats. debate about CO2. Rachel Carson never saw Pictures should be of print Nothing ever evolved to deal with 2,4,5- even the tip of the iceberg. In one village in quality – please take photographs Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. When mixed Tanzania where I work recent river on the largest setting on your with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and sediments contain up to 5% plastic debris. camera, with a plain background. dioxins it made an effective herbicide. Silent Spring was written a long time ago; Today we know a lot more about ‘Agent now synthetic chemicals are far more Precedence will always be given

Orange’. The swathes of tropical rainforest abundant, far more complex and long-lived, to more topical contributions. against which it was used are still suffering, and appear to be making significant inroads Any one contributor may not

decades later. Humans died, nature died, into the natural environment at a cellular appear more often than once per and the poison persists - bio-accumulating, level. That is a clear and present danger, volume (once~ every 12 months). like all these poisons which cannot be one about which I hear nothing about from metabolised by nature. my Society. Nowadays, neonicotinoids are implicated in the loss of our bee colonies. While the * Chris Mackenzie works in mineral exploration ALL PLASTICS scientific evidence may not yet be concrete, and is based in Windhoek, Namibia AND SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS, ARE A HUGE ENVIRONMENTAL CATASTROPHE IN THE MAKING. THE CLAMOUR TO

DEMONISE CO2 DOES US A DISSERVICE BY BLINDING US TO OTHER THREATS Chris Mackenzie ~ Perfidious plastic Chris Mackenzie

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 09 CROWDSOURCING SCIENCE

arly in the new millennium, Goldcorp for so long. More than 1400 Helen Quinn* the Chief Executive of scientists, engineers, and geologists Goldcorp, a Canadian gold from 50 countries around the world investigates the producer, took the unusual accepted the virtual exploration E step of making a large amount challenge and for Goldcorp the gamble potential of ‘citizen of private commercial data public. His paid off. The value of the gold employees thought he was mad, but discovered in the Red Lake district has science’ for geology Goldcorp was in trouble and facing the so far exceeded $6 billion, helping make very real prospect of going under. Goldcorp one of the fastest growing The company posted all of its data gold producers in the world. for the Red Lake mine in Ontario online Today, reaching out to a virtual crowd - staking $575, 000 in prize money to is becoming more common within the anyone who could identify the best scientific community. By outsourcing Above: Hands up – who wants to be a target for the next six million ounces of tasks to an unknown, widely distributed citizen scientist gold. This early example of crowd- group, crowd-sourcing can enable Right: Gold from the Goldcorp Red Lake sourcing was a last-ditch effort to find researchers to gain a large amount of Mine, Ontario, Canada the gold that had been eluding data, often exploiting the fact that the

10 | AUGUST 2014 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST ~ CROWD-SOURCING CAN ENABLE RESEARCHERS TO GAIN A LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA, OFTEN EXPLOITING THE FACT THAT THE CROWD CAN CONTAIN MORE KNOWLEDGE THAN INDIVIDUALS~ Image: With thanks to Goldcorp www.goldcorp.comImage: With

Gold pour at Goldcorp’s Red Lake Mine Image: With thanks to Goldcorp www.goldcorp.comImage: With Image: bikeriderlondon / Shutterstock.com Image: via Wikimedia Commons Image: via Wikimedia

Gregor Mendel, father of genetics: once upon a time, all scientists were Red Lake iine, Ontario, Canada citizen scientists

crowd can contain more knowledge than on the side, at some point in history we connectedness of our world that has individuals. Goldcorp’s early example decided to professionalise science.” increased these opportunities for of geological crowd-sourcing was a huge The gentlemen who found scientists to seek help from non- success but is it something that could be themselves dabbling in the scientific specialists, and also thrown up greater more widely applied in Earth sciences, world a couple of centuries ago may opportunities. There has been a and how useful are ‘citizen scientists’ in have been surprised to hear themselves convergence between professional and the world of geological research? described as ‘citizen scientists’, but the citizen science, it is becoming blurred active involvement of again, because citizen Nothing new amateurs in scientists can process and Citizen science is nothing new according science, and correct data.” to Dr Chris Lowry of Buffalo University, specifically New York, who has pioneered a citizen geological Data collection science project, measuring water levels sciences, is The USGS has been across different drainage basins something actively encouraging throughout America. “Originally Chris is keen ordinary citizens to get everyone was a citizen scientist” say to exploit. involved in their projects

Chris, “You had a job and science was “It is the for over a century. ▼ Image: Courtesy of USGS

The National Map volunteer contributions April 2013 to April 2014

▼ The organisation, one of the most renowned mapping institutions in the world, began mapping the American continent 135 years ago. What started as mineral exploration, very quickly turned into the creation of a topographic map covering the whole of the United States of America. Today this map is known as ‘The National Map’ and although built on the mapping expertise of the USGS, the map has greatly benefited from the contributions of volunteers throughout its existence. When the USGS began work on the National Map, it quickly realised that vast areas had to be covered and USGS employees alone could not complete the work. “We have been collecting forms for over 100 years. In the past half century we would post questionnaires and the postmaster would fill it out and return it here” says Dr David Wald, a citizen science project leader at USGS. A simple river gauge The postal surveys were designed to provide topographic information in areas that USGS surveyors could not practically reach, and although the best option at the time, they were for obvious reasons limited. Postmasters could not always be relied on to fill them in and the areas covered were perforce confined those connected by the postal system. Usually about a hundred surveys would come back and processing took between six months and a year. “It was a huge amount of work,” says David. What has changed is the advent of the Internet, and mobile phones. Today we are connected like never before, so the possibility of reaching the ‘crowd’ has never been so high. For the last five years, the National Map Corps at USGS has collected all its citizen updates ‘Crowdsource hydrology’ in online. 12,000 volunteers across the action in the UK country have submitted more than GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE Image:Tim1965 via Wikimedia Commons via Wikimedia Image:Tim1965 25,000 data points, allowing USGS to Chris and Mike are very keen to acquire and check data from citizens understand what motivates people to with local knowledge. become involved in a scientific project. For citizen science to be successful the Often, mutual benefit is enough to trick is creating the right conditions to guarantee a crowd. They have enable researchers to tap into and discovered that canoeists in some of their harness the collective knowledge out study basins actively participate, there. The USGS, with decades of frequently texting data because canoeists mapping expertise behind it, has been themselves have found the information able to incorporate the work of useful - water levels being crucial to their volunteers into an existing project to activities on the river. Next summer supplement and update its vast Chris and Mike hope to target such foundations of knowledge. The public groups rather than relying on chance has a very simple role - no expert participation, moving from passive knowledge is required. crowd-sourcing to actively targeting willing volunteers. Simple ideas Having a very simple premise certainly Natural crowd helps when setting up this type of In other areas of geoscience, finding a Above: People gathering outside in Washington, D.C. in project. Dr Chris Lowry, in partnership crowd is not so hard. Natural disasters the wake of the 2011 earthquake which registered M5.9. There were around 150,000 ‘Did you feel it?’ responses with Dr Mike Fienen at USGS, is using automatically bring people together and to the Virginia earthquake, 80-90% of these were in the the crowd to collect water-level data. “I regular earthquakes across the United first hour ~ like to think every American can read a States have provided the USGS with ruler” Chris says, and with this in mind an already-assembled, active and he realised that crowd-sourcing for extra connected crowd. FOR A PROJECT TO hydrological data on his projects could Last year, after a successful pilot become a reality. “We can’t afford to project, USGS launched a nationwide BE SUCCESSFUL IT MUST collect all this data ourselves - I needed project known as “Did you feel it?” which HAVE A LOW BARRIER TO higher resolution and lower costs; and asks citizens to detail their experiences of ENTRY. THIS IS NOT so we realised we could put giant rulers any earthquakes in their area. “I call it into streams with signs saying ‘please citizen-based science: the person filling BECAUSE THE CROWD IS text me the water level’.” out the form just has to be an observer. UNINTERESTED BUT Chris and Mike set up a series of such Anyone who feels an earthquake can be rulers in streams and lakes around their a valid contributor” says Dr David Wald, BECAUSE PEOPLE ARE study basins. “We definitely could not project leader of Did you feel it?. GENERALLY BUSY, AND do this much data on this many sites “Mother nature shocks you into it, it’s an IF IT IS TOO MUCH using more traditional methods; we just experience you can’t get away from. couldn’t afford it. Economically it People are often truly scared, providing HASSLE PEOPLE SIMPLY doesn’t make sense” says Chris. what you feel is a kind of catharsis, WON’T BOTHER For a project to be successful it must people want to share their experience have a low barrier to entry. This is not and we are tapping into that.” ~ because the crowd is uninterested but The USGS has always been a source of because people are generally busy, and earthquake information for citizens of if it is too much hassle people simply the United States. Members of the public won’t bother. But a well thought-out come to their website for advice about simple premise can throw up surprising earthquake activity in their area and revelations. For Chris and Mike, the while online often discover Did you feel location of their ‘giant rulers’ was the it?. Next time there is key to the project’s success. Initially an earthquake they went for sites with a high footfall, they are invited but surprisingly these often turned out to submit to be sites where the lowest number of information about people got involved. their experiences. “We learned good lessons,” says By answering questions Mike. “We thought boat landings would such as: If you were sleeping, be a good place but the sites were did it wake you? Was there any horrible traffic jams, not relaxing damage to your building? and: places”. In this frame of mind people Did pictures on the wall move were disinclined to participate. Popular or get moved askew? fishing spots also turned out to be Citizens are thus able to unpopular for texting in data. It seems contribute actively to USGS’s that if you are out for a relaxing day knowledge of earthquakes around fishing, you are more likely to keep your the United States. The questions are

phone off! designed to be diagnostic of ▼ GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

▼ earthquake intensity and the citizen the preliminary data for this earthquake. projects in which they work with citizen response, through the application of a “It’s almost more than we can do to keep scientists. From soil studies, to flooding simple algorithm, can be translated into up with this growth; now it’s orders of and earthquakes to landslides, the BGS a quantitative intensity as measured on magnitude higher, we have higher is actively engaging with the British the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. population and huge Internet growth. public. “I am really enthused,” says The translation of citizen observations to It’s a game-changer. We just can’t collect Professor Mike Stephenson, Director of quantitative data is an important step that amount of data. We scratch the Science and Technology at BGS. “For us forward in citizen science, which has surface with our own resources.” it would be madness not to take into mostly relied on simple qualitative Data acquired from citizens is account what people observe. There are observations in the past. regularly tested against data from the lots of feet on the ground and lots of One of the quirks of Did you feel it? is USGS seismic stations to ensure errors eyes out there - it would be just nuts not that citizen information, via text and the are minimal. These types of checks are to use it. We have very much bought Internet, often get to the USGS faster being repeated in other studies such as into the idea of citizen science and than the seismic measurements. “It is a Chris Lowry and Mike Fienen’s crowd-sourcing, I don’t think we could unique form of traffic, everyone feels it hydrological project, where checks operate without it.” at the same time and people feel using pressure transducers and USGS Interestingly the BGS has actively connected and get online. Now we have borehole data provide error encouraged citizens to go beyond a much better sampling reach, a better measurements of less than 200th of a foot simple observations and to collect volume; we had around 150,000 (an increment of their giant rulers) for samples. Keen amateur volcanologists responses to the Virginia earthquake every measurement. This gives can send in ash samples to help [in 2011] and 80-90% of these were in the researchers confidence that this type of scientists understand the distribution of first hour” says David. controlled volunteer participation ash-fall after major volcanic events such Because large magnitude earthquakes can add scientifically valid data to as the Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 and are fairly rare along the East Coast, there existing projects. Grímsvötn in 2011. All of this can be were only a small number of done via a smartphone app known as seismometers installed nearby to record Global engagement myVolcano, which guides volunteers the Virginia earthquake event; citizen Closer to home the British Geological through the process of collecting scientists therefore provided much of Survey have at least seven scientific images, samples and data, while also

A USGS Community Internet Natural events like the eruption of Intensity Map of the 23 August Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland) trigger the need for 2011 Virginia earthquake ‘cathartic’ contributions, say crowd-sourcers GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

providing the user with information exciting time,” says Mike. for supplementing core research are and education about volcanoes around Not all of BGS’s public participation huge. At the heart of all citizen science the world. projects have so far met with projects lies the active involvement of The volcano project is being unqualified success however. Its amateurs in the work of the scientific undertaken on a worldwide basis, in GeoExposures website, which aims to community. Technology has made some conjunction with the Smithsonian allow citizens to record temporary of these connections feasible, but it is the Institute in Washington, and like many exposures, has logged only 13 such human behaviour that technology of the BGS’s citizen science projects exposures in the five years since its enables that makes crowd-sourcing such there is a real feeling of global reach. inception. These entries are of high an exciting option. Scientific projects are Mike is keen that BGS projects continue quality, but it appears that the level of capitalising on a much more connected to go beyond the shores of the UK and specialist technical knowledge required world and our deeply ingrained social is excited about the collaboration with is simply too high for it to qualify as a nature, offering exciting possibilities for aid agencies around the world, true ‘crowd source’ project. While the the geological sciences. potentially making disaster relief community appears keen in theory, As Mike Fienen reflects: “I really love increasingly accessible and more reactions seem to bear this out: the idea of people engaging in science quickly available. “The activation energy required is even if they are not ‘experts’. Whenever Worldwide projects come with their simply too high” one amateur field the general public and scientists come own problems, not least border and geologist confided. The USGS’s view together strongly it’s a way to engage language issues; but by bringing about ‘low barriers to entry’ seems to be and interact with the environment. I crowds together on a worldwide stage right on the money. love the idea that people feel engaged there is even more potential to gain with the environment around them and from the crowd’s collective knowledge. Awareness it’s a clever way to get more data, but “It’s the size of the information out Undertaking citizen science can be quite more important it is that engagement.” u there. It’s wonderful to develop unlike traditional methods of research relations with citizen scientists out and as a result it has sometimes jarred there and use these things. Astronomy with the scientific community. But, with * Helen Quinn, who studied geology has been doing it for a while, why is high levels of accuracy being recorded at Edinburgh University, works in the geology any different? It’s a very and awareness growing, the possibilities science department at the BBC. Image: Johann Helgason / Shutterstock.com Image: Imfoto / Shutterstock.com

The engagement aspects of citizen science are at least as important as their scientific contribution NOTHING NEW UNDER THE SUN GOD Image: Pablo Hidalgo / Shutterstock.com John Dixon* explores earthquake damping technology in the Pre-Columbian pyramid structures of Peru

s I sat in my office in one of the Modern construction and engineering high rise buildings in San techniques and codes are in place to help Isidro feeling the effect of a mitigate the effects of such events, but in relatively minor (M5.5) much of Lima these codes simply cannot A earthquake (the fifth of 2013, be applied because of the rapid growth which shook my surroundings like of the city and largely uncontrolled distant thunder) I was reminded that in building. It is for this reason that this plate-edge environment where seismologists are warning of significant earthquakes are far from infrequent the loss of life should Lima is struck by large peoples of Peru must have been coping quake, as is widely anticipated. with such instability since they first In the modern world we are, as appeared in the land. geologists and engineers, familiar with Image: Christian Vinces / Shutterstock.com Image: Christian Vinces The geological setting of Lima would such things as Maximum Design not perhaps be considered conducive to Earthquake criteria and associated peak construction. The city is built upon two ground accelerations and risk great alluvial fans of the rivers Rimac assessments based on these factors. It is and Chillon. These fans, of late Pliocene easy to forget that for most of human or early Pleistocene age, derived from the existence on the planet there were no igneous rocks of the Andes, comprise a such tools by which we could feel some thick sequence of sands, gravels, cobbles comfort or level of control when building and boulder beds sometimes showing town and cities. good gradation and localized No clear picture exists of the events stratification. As may be expected, the witnessed by early settlers. Little by way clasts are largely igneous with cobbles of records were kept in a society where Above: Delta fan material forming the cliffs in the and pebbles of Andean rock-types such verbal tradition was more important. Miraflores district of Lima, Peru granites, diorites and gabbros. They are But it is clear that there was a keen Left: The modern city of Lima, Peru, a site where weakly cemented and their erosion into interest in cyclical events, if only because earthquake-proofing may have a lengthy history gullies is well developed along the cliffs they needed to understand such things of Miraflores. as the effect of el Niño, and seasonal They do not strike the eyes of this variations, to be able to produce hard-rock geologist as good foundation sufficient food for a growing population. material; though clearly, over some 2000 It is probably within this context that years or more they have been just that - the people of, for instance the Lima or and these days high-rise buildings Huari cultures, first became aware of abound within the modern city limits. both the effect of earthquakes and the It is worth noting that erosion of the fact that, while they were not necessarily cliffs has occurred over a long time cyclical, they certainly occurred period since water is a rare commodity in frequently enough to warrant attention Lima, most being drawn from the Rio and concern. Rimac, with an annual rainfall of about None of this means that people did

25mm mostly occurring as garúa (or, very not try to understand what was going fine drizzle). on, or try to mitigate the effects of the Earth’s power upon their built Lima quakes environment. So what sorts of ~ Lima is no stranger to earthquakes and techniques were available to the there are certainly many records dating pre-Columbian peoples of the area we back to the first arrival of the Spanish. now call Lima? Examination of the THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT Throughout the years since then there structures’ construction reveal that they EARTHQUAKES EVERY FEW are significant earthquakes every few employed two effective methods of decades or so as the Nazca plate slowly seismic damping. DECADES OR SO AS THE grinds its way under the South American Within Lima there are at least two NAZCA PLATE SLOWLY plate. For instance in 1940 there was a sites - in San Isidro and Miraflores - that M7.3 which devastated the town and this provide evidence of a level of evolving GRINDS ITS WAY UNDER THE was followed by a smaller one (M6.4) in understanding about the behaviour of SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE 1966 and another of M7.2 in 1974. earthquakes, demonstrating that these ▼ ~ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 17 By no means all of Lima’s modern buildings incorporate Maximum Design Earthquake criteria

▼ cultures were both aware of their effects significant spaces between them and The bricks at the Huaca Pucllana are and able to deal with them – at least to a between each layer, and it is believed that all rectangular prism-shaped, each certain degree. this behaved as damping system against formed by hand. Although they are all earthquakes. The effectiveness of this nearly the same size and generally ‘brick Huaca Huallamarca system is difficult to judge because of shaped’, the lack of any sort of mould The earliest of these structures is the alteration and restoration since its means there is inevitably some shape and Huaca Huallamarca in San Isidro. This is abandonment, c.700 AD. However, size variation. In total some 9,000,000 believed to have been constructed about significant areas of original adobe mud bricks were made to produce this 1800 - 2000 years ago in the form of a indicate the construction approach, and edifice, also thought to be solid – that is, stepped pyramid rising in three platforms suffice to say the structure remains - a containing no burial chambers. The to a height of about 19 metres. Each monument to the appropriate building change in the shape of the adobe may be platform is formed from roughly rounded skill of the Lima Culture at even this early a conscious development of older adobe, laid in rough stretcher courses, stage in development. building techniques in the light of with a clay layer of about 25mm experience gained at the earlier sites such separating each course. The mud bricks, Huaca Pucllana as Huaca Huallamarca. This is clear from all 3.5 million of them, are of a varied The second, slightly later structure is the the method of construction, which composition is so far as many are quite Huaca Pucllana, in Miraflores. The site is involved stacking the bricks in ‘soldier pebbly or contain shell material, considered to have held religious courses’ as they are known in the trade, indicating the source material came from significance for several hundred years like books on a shelf, but all with small local rivers. about 1600 years ago. It is a construction gaps between each brick. It has been much restored since the of mud brick and, tiered in a number of These gaps were not filled at all, with 1950s but the method of construction platforms, it forms a substantial pyramid no effort to use any form of mortar or indicates that it was a solid structure; its structure within a complex covering some cement. Between each course the use as a cemetery, some hundreds of 15 acres. The construction is entirely builders placed a binding layer of clay years after abandonment by its original from adobe, much as the Huaca about 25 - 50mm thick, as at the older site, builders, is purely coincidental. Rounded Huallamarca; but in this case there has before starting their next course. This mud bricks have by their very nature been an evolutionary change in design. means that the pyramid, reaching a total

18 | AUGUST 2014 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Clockwise from lower left (this page): The restored Huaca Huallamarca in San Isidro, Lima

Rounded adobe exposed at the edge of second platform. Note what appears to be an internal buttress and the restored level above

Rounded adobe fill to the interior of platform 1. Note the irregular surface formed by the roughly formed adobe

Huaca Pucllana rising to a height of over 22m

The stacks of adobe making the Huaca Pucllana

of 22m in height, was entirely a ‘dry brick’ structure. This may not appear at first to be inherently stable , but nevertheless it has stood with little damage for nearly 2000 years and in that time has withstood some large scale earthquakes. SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES IN LIMAS RECENT PAST It appears that the reason for the Date Location Strength pyramid’s seismic resistance lies not only in the fact that the building is 28 October 1746 Callao Region, Lima 8.7 essentially solid but in the deliberate gaps between all 9,000,000 bricks. 13 August 1868 Arica, Lima 9.0 Though there are some areas which may represent failure and repair, the greater 24 May 1940 Callao Region, Lima 7.3 use of deliberate inter-brick voids is believed to have further acted to 17th October 1966 Liam Region 6.4 dampen seismic effects.

While the homes of the people who 3 October 1974 Liam Region 7.2 invested so much time and effort in the construction of the Huaca Pucllana may 18 April 1993 Liam Region 6.0 have been destroyed, their great edifice remains to this day a symbol of their 15 August 2007 South Southeast of Lima 8.0 god´s power and the ingenuity of u engineering brains all those years ago. 25 September 2013 South southeast of Lima 6.8

*John Dixon is a consulting Engineering 25 November 2013 South east of Lima 5.5 Geologist, currently based in Lima, Peru

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 19 Geoscientist welcomes readers’ letters. These are published as promptly as possible in Geoscientist Online and a selection READERS’ printed each month. Please submit your letter (300 words or fewer, by email only please) to [email protected]. LETTERS Letters will be edited. For references cited in these letters, please see the full versions at www.geolsoc.org.uk/letters Ground-breaking? Number please, Carol Sir, I find the tacit acceptance of my article (Geoscientist 23.10 November 2013) about the unusually high incidence of riots in the 14 days before earthquakes in England and Wales between 1980 and 2012, highly encouraging. I thank Richard Batchelor for his supportive letter and naturally, any further comments or suggestions from Fellows would be welcome. The Hypotheses I tested were: ‘There is a significantly higher incidence of riots and disorder in the 14 days immediately before earthquakes of 2.5ML or greater [in England and Wales 1980 to 2012] than would be expected by chance.’ and... ‘There is a significantly lower incidence of riots and disorder after more than 140 days has passed since the last most recent earthquake and when more than 14 Still room for the innumerate geologist days remain before the following earthquake of 2.5ML or greater [in Sir, Ken Vines is quite off the mark when it comes to his “and maths is always going to be the England and Wales 1980 to 2012], most important”. I have always considered geology to be as much art as science. As a retired than would be expected by chance.’ senior geologist with Anglo American my working career was on several important Copperbelt Apparently, your readership does mines and prospects. We had the geophys and geostat fellers when we needed them but there not object to my conclusion that the was one amazing occasion when a quite senior chap, who had come up the ‘geo-maths’ ladder, probability of the stated hypotheses looked at the specimen I had picked up and said “what’s that?”. I said it was the local tillite. He being wrong is substantially less than said “don’t be ridiculous we are in the middle of Africa, it’s hot around here!”. 1%. I am delighted that the I achieved a maths ‘O’ level but went on to “A” level with biology, chemistry and physics. I geological community is at least not entered university quite late, having been through Teacher Training, qualifying in biology and rural dismissing the results of my research science, and then teaching general science. My intended university course was to be biology into this little-known phenomenon. with chemistry. I missed the first chemistry lecture and was told to read chapter one of a ALAN WATSON physical chemistry book. It was quite unintelligible - mainly because of all the maths. My personal tutor said: “I think there are still places on the geology course”. I never looked back. ➤ Follow us on Twitter, search for To those without maths I say - do not despair! Geoscientistmag or on Facebook JOHN WATERS www.facebook.com/geolsoc

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Small to Subseismic Scale Reservoir Deformation 29-30 October 2014 The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London Convenors: Mike Ashton Badley Ashton America

Russell Davies RDR

Steve Dee BP

Kachi Outcrop photographs courtesy of Thibault Cavailhes. Onyeagoro Shell Small to subseismic deformation features can negatively impact reservoir performance and/or be stimulated to enhance field recovery. In many cases such features are controlled by, or interact with, similarly scaled Ole Petter sedimentological features, complicating conventional views of intra-reservoir connectivity and flow unit Wennberg definition. Whilst the intra-reservoir distribution of these small-scale features has traditionally been ‘modelled’ Statoil in the subsurface by applying data from analogue outcrop studies, the recent advances in the acquisition and processing of both seismic and imaging techniques, such as helical CTscans, have provided greater resolution of the ‘subsurface’ than ever before.

This 2-day international conference will bring academic and industry geoscientists and engineers together, to examine: (i) how much extra geological detail modern seismic and imaging techniques are now able to Conference Sponsors: provide; (ii) how that expansion of detailed information is being approached and captured by interpreters - and tied back to real reservoir geology; (iii) what ‘new questions’ are now being asked of outcrop and well based studies in order to address the ‘unseen challenges’ of subseismic deformation; (iv) how this is influencing the level of detail that should be captured to define better subsurface flow characteristics within flow simulation models; and (v) how depletion and injection impact upon formation and reactivation of reservoir scale deformation features.

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Interpreting Aerial can prove problematic and argues strongly against making snap Photographs to Identify judgements. Things are not always as they at first seem! Natural Hazards Failure to recognise and characterise This small softback is geomorphic, geologic and hydrologic written in a rather dangers on the ground from aerial informal style and photography can contribute materially

contains many to the seriousness of natural disasters, Image: Totajla / Shutterstock.com diagrams, references damage to architectural structures, and and colour the subsequent loss of human life. photographs. Aerial photographs provide one of the It examines the most wide-scale, inexpensive and fundamental valuable tools to those with the principles of aerial knowledge and experience to use them. photography such as measurements in In summary, this book is well-written Stromatolites in Shark Bay the Ultraviolet, Near Infrared, Thermal and colloquial. It is suitable for many Infrared, and Microwave Regions. and good value. The author also discusses details of how internal structures to the nature of the aerial photographs are collected. Reviewed by Steve Rowlatt microbial community. First there is a brief discussion of the There are many other features of theory of light with just enough maths to INTERPRETING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS TO general interest in the region apart from explain absorption, reflectance etc. IDENTIFY NATURAL HAZARDS stromatolites. Most of the land surface is It explores the problems that may occur CHARLES E GLASS 2013, Published by Elsevier. covered by sand dunes in a variety of Softback. ISBN 978-0-12-420018-0 164pp with aerial photographs compared with List price: £30.99 www.elsevier.com types, well defined in digital elevation maps and how these can be counteracted maps (DEMs). One of these is used as the (e.g. issues with optics and elevation). front cover – really eye-catching. One It considers the best sort of film or other section describes the remarkable tsunami sensor to use. deposits that occur along the coast, facing On the hazards front, the book the open Indian Ocean. Boulders of concentrates on natural (e.g. earthquakes, The Geology of Shark Bay limestone (calcrete) torn up from faults, landslides, floods and ground shoreline cliffs were carried up to 400 subsidence) rather than man-made ones. This book is another metres inland and now rest on a flat The author gives examples of how to beautiful karstified surface up to 15m above interpret aerial photographs for these contribution from present sea level. hazards and how not to miss potentially the Geological One of the largest is 10 x 7 x 4 metres dangerous aspects that the untrained eye Survey of Western and is estimated to weigh 700 tons, might overlook. He considers the best Australia on one of demonstrating the awesome power of the representational formats for recognising the extra special waves. Another feature of natural hazards, concluding that places in Western sedimentological interest is the extensive stereoscopic images are generally better. Australia, indeed the Holocene Hamelin Coquina composed The author makes the important point whole world. Shark almost entirely of the shells of the bivalve that aerial photographs can save a lot of Bay, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has Fragum. The coquina is disposed in a expensive fieldwork. He considers contributed so much to our knowledge series of beach ridges, which developed factors such as developing drainage and understanding of stromatolites and over the last few 1000 years in response to patterns which are useful in interpreting featured in many television natural intense tropical cyclones with an average the photograph, and despite the emphasis history programmes that almost everyone frequency of around 100 years. on natural hazards that landscape traces will have heard of the place, not just This book is a delight to read and of human activities such as mining, roads, Earth scientists. delve into - lavishly produced, with easy- railways and excavations are briefly Although remote and sparsely to-read text, and much to be gleaned mentioned. The book is suitable for use populated, if you like sediments, Shark from the wonderful pictures. It is also by students, professional scientists, Bay is stunningly attractive – a true available free online as a pdf. engineers, estate managers, developers, ‘bucket-list’ place. The GSWA has been Now everybody can see the beauty construction personnel, land use mapping and studying the area for nearly of limestones! planners, lawyers, archaeologists, 50 years and its results are wonderfully national, county, and local policy makers illustrated here, with over 430 colour Reviewed by Maurice Tucker and regulators. photos and figures. The stromatolites Whether they are indicated by natural themselves are given nearly 100 photos THE GEOLOGY OF SHARK BAY terrain, geology, vegetation, hydrology or and are well described, along with an PHILLIP E PLAYFORD, ANTHONY E COCKBAIN, PATRICK F BERRY, ANTHONY P ROBERTS, PETER W land use patterns – it is important to account of their discovery and HAINES AND BRENDAN P BROOKE, 2013. Published recognise dangerous conditions when significance with regard to Precambrian by Geological Survey of Western Australia: Bulletin and where they occur. While the book microbialites. The various macro- 146 ISSN 0508-4741, 281p List price: A$70 plus offers instruction in recognising dangers morphologies of the structures are postage (www.dmp.wa.gov.au), limited edition, (300). Free online: http://geodocs.dmp.wa.gov.au it also gives examples of items which related to local energy regime, and the

22 | AUGUST 2014 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Would you like to receive a free book and write a review? Available titles are listed online, of which a small selection is shown below. Contact the editor for further information [email protected]

Seismic Data Analysis vibration sources. Ignoring this topic now and how it is likely to evolve in gives a totally false impression of current the future. Techniques in onshore practice. It is also a missed A good overview of metal recovery is opportunity, because the importance of presented alongside life cycle analysis, Hydrocarbon Exploration information on source signature, and the which is illustrated with three case studies What on earth has uses of correlation techniques and and concludes with the need for happened to deconvolution, can be explained with innovation; in education (concerning Elsevier? Can one of much greater ease when it is surveys sustainability) and legislative support, in the largest scientific made with controlled sources that are addition to technological advances. publishers on the being discussed. Chapters 4 to 16 focus on one or more planet no longer I cannot recommend this book as it specific metal (Sb, Be, Co, Ga, Ge, In, Li, afford to employ stands. I look forward to a much revised Mg, Rh, Ta, Nb, W, the lanthanides and copy editors? second edition. platinum group metals) but space This book could precludes a detailed description of each have been a useful, Reviewed by John Milsom here. All chapters are highly informative, though rather pricy, purchase for anyone succinct and very readable and any one wanting to make a start on understanding SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES IN would stand as an authoritative review how the seismic method is used in today’s HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION article in its own right. Together, they oil industry. It aims to cover not merely ENWENODE ONAJITE, 2014. Published by Elsevier represent a substantial body of work. the seismic method, but also Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-420023-4 237pp List price: The editor, Gus Gunn, (also a ££59.25 www.store.elsevier.com sedimentology and oil/gas formation contributing author) has led his 23 co- principles. The chapter that introduces authors from North America and Europe these subjects is followed by chapters on in producing a commendable and most seismic wave propagation, seismic enjoyable book. exploration and noise in seismic data. Overall, the text is very accessible and A second section aims to deal with the Critical Metals handbook requires no specialist knowledge of the sequence of seismic processing, CMP field; explaining the significance of its binning and sorting, deconvolution, NMO Our dependence on arguments and observations with great velocity analysis, DMO and stacking, new technologies clarity. The diagrams (many in colour) are residual statics and seismic migration. places increasing well-reproduced and highly relevant; Finally, there is a section covering seismic demands on the conveying important information with a interpretation methodology and (oddly supply of certain strong impact. It is a great credit to the late) reflection coefficients. Sadly, the text elements and this authors, editors and publishers in these is marred throughout by misprints, has become respects. It should be compulsory reading curious grammatical expressions and newsworthy, for politicians and financiers alike. typographic errors. It should never have making publication been published in its present form. of this volume both Reviewed by Mark Tyrer Seismic processing is, of course, the art timely and very welcome. of making elegant pictures that, we hope, The book opens (Graedel, Gunn & CRITICAL METALS HANDBOOK will provide some approximation to Tercero Espinoza) with an informed GUS GUNN (Ed.) 2014. Published by: American geological reality, and no book on the discussion of both metal resources and Geophysical Union/John Wiley, in collaboration with British Geological Survey. 439pp. ISBN 978-0-470- subject could succeed without plentiful the concept of criticality, reviewing 67171-9 List price: £90.00 http://eu.wiley.com/ illustrations. This book amply satisfies American studies from the 1970s and 80s that requirement, but the author has and following the debate through recent believed too strongly that a picture can work in both Europe and the US. BOOKS Available for review speak for itself. In many cases, only The authors show that criticality is very readers who already know quite a lot much a sliding-scale and that it is at Please contact [email protected] if you would like to supply a review. You will be invited to keep the about the subject will understand the times, highly non-linear, as shifts in review copy. See a full up-to-date list at point that an illustration is supposed to be favoured technologies impose rapid www.geolsoc.org.uk/reviews making. In some cases, also, the captions changes on the supply and especially, are simply wrong. The supposed demand of the metals required to u NEW! Coastal Wetlands of the World: Geology, minimum-phase wavelet shown is not implement these technologies. Ecology Distribution and Applications David minimum-phase, and the supposed zero- Chapter 2 (Humprhreys) concerns the Scott Jennifer Frail-Gauthier & Petre Mudie 2014 Cambridge UP. 349pp sbk phase wavelet is not zero-phase, and these mining industry and the supply of critical u errors occur not just once but twice. minerals, discussing the major producers NEW! Formation, Detection & Characterization of Extrasolar Habitable Planets 2014 Nader The illustration provided of a ‘2D seismic and their operations across the globe. Haghighipour (ed) IAU (CUP) 463pp hbk configuration’ shows only basic single- He discusses the supply in terms of u NEW! An introduction to Ocean Remote fold coverage, and the following natural, economic and institutional Sensing (2nd Ed) by Seelye Martin 2014 picture, of a ‘3D seismic configuration’, constraints, showing the complexity of Cambridge University Press 496pp hbk. merely shows a 2D line with multi-fold their interrelationships with a detailed u NEW! The Finite-Difference Modelling of CMP cover. discussion of the role of China as a major Earthquake Motions - Waves and Ruptures There are also curious omissions, of supplier of these resources. Chapter 3 2014 by Peter Moczo et al., Cambridge University which perhaps the most important is the (Hagelüken) discusses the role of Press 365pp hbk absence of any discussion of the use of recycling in the supply chain, as it stands

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 23 PEOPLE NEWS CAROUSEL IN MEMORIAM WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/OBITUARIES All Fellows of the Society are entitled to entries in this column. Please email [email protected], THE SOCIETY NOTES WITH SADNESS THE PASSING OF: quoting your Fellowship number. Baker, John Macrae Christian Wellstood* Francis, E Howel Crook, John P* Hull, John Hewitt* uRichard Boak In the interests of recording its Fellows' work for posterity, the Society publishes Richard Boak has taken up the position obituaries online, and in Geoscientist. The most recent additions to the list are shown of Water Resources Manager for Kenya in bold. Fellows for whom no obituarist has yet been commissioned are marked with for Tullow Oil, based in Nairobi, an asterisk (*). The symbol § indicates that biographical material has been lodged with responsible for planning, organising, and the Society. overseeing the company’s water If you would like to contribute an obituary, please email ted.nield@geolsoc. resources management plan covering org.uk to be commissioned. You can read the guidance for authors at operations in Kenya. Richard is www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. To save yourself unnecessary work, please do not a Chartered Geologist and Chartered Engineer, write anything until you have received a commissioning letter. previously working as an independent hydrogeologist Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary is forthcoming have their names and dates based in Shrewsbury. recorded in a Roll of Honour at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. u Edward Derbyshire Edward Derbyshire has been elected to one of several Inaugural Fellowships of The British Society for Geomorphology (FBSG) with effect from November 2013 "in recognition of significant contributions to the advancement of geomorphological research".

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DISTANT THUNDER An old stick and his carrots

Geologist and science insights about unconformities about Hutton's passion for But for Hutton, it must have writer Nina Morgan* and deep time – ideas that natural history in general, and been only in the name of revolutionised geological thinking geology in particular, and scientific enquiry, of course! discovers what James and formed the basis of the provided insights into Hutton's Hutton got up to in his concept of uniformitarianism private life: "...Though he ➤ Acknowledgement spare time discussed in such influential [Hutton] used to rise late, he The starting point for this books such as Lyell's Principles began immediately to study, and vignette was the article James As the geologist and polymath, of Geology, (published in 3 generally continued busy till Hutton Meteorologist, Geologist, James Hutton (1726-1797) volumes between 1830 and dinner. He dined early, almost Phonetician and Carrot Brandy might have put it, when it comes 1833)- Hutton's ground- always at home, and passed Expert by G Y Craig, published in issue 8 July 1997 issue of Earth to home brewing – there really is breaking concepts may never very little time at table; for he ate Heritage. Other sources include no vestige of a beginning, and have come to light had not his sparingly and drank no wine." Volume 1 of the Transactions of no prospect of an end to the colleague, John Playfair (1748- But Hutton apparently was not the Royal Society of Edinburgh, ingredients that can be used. It 1819), Professor of Natural adverse to dabbling in spirits. available on-line at is possible to ferment almost any History at the University of In 1788, he teamed up with his http://biodiversitylibrary.org/, vegetable or fruit – though Edinburgh, recognised their close friend, physician and which includes an account of whether you'd actually want to importance and taken the chemist Joseph Black (1728- the carrot brandy experiments drink the resulting product is trouble to present them in a 1799), and with James Russell (pp.28-29); as well as all four another matter. The same might more readable and (1754-1836, a Fellow of the parts of Hutton's Theory of the be said about Hutton's own understandable form. Royal College of Surgeons in Earth. Further biographical information was taken from written output. Edinburgh) to report on a entries in Wikipedia, Dictionary A frequent contributor to the Playfair process for producing 'an ardent of National Biography and Transactions of the Royal In 1822, in Volume IV of his own spirit from carrots'. www.electricscotland.com. Society of Edinburgh, Hutton collected works, Playfair also Presumably a lot of tasting wrote - at length - on topics provided an 88-page of the product was required ➤ If the past is the key to your ranging from philosophy to rain, Biographical Account of the Late to ensure quality control. present interests, why not language and speech, and much James Hutton, MD. In this he join the History of Geology else in between, and earned a not only waxed lyrical about Group (HOGG). For more reputation for producing dense, Hutton's work. He also information and to read the dull prose at inordinate length. revealed a bit latest HOGG Newsletter, visit www.historyofgeology His Theory of the Earth, first group.co.uk published in four lengthy parts in 1785 in the Transactions, is a case in point. Although it *Nina Morgan geologist and contains many important writer based in Oxford Image via Wikimedia Commons Image via Wikimedia

James Hutton as painted by John Playfair (1748-1819) is widely credited with Sir Henry Raeburn in 1776 popularizing Hutton’s turgidly expressed ideas

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 25 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY JOHN MYLES BOWEN 1928-2013

Pioneer of North Sea Oil who, against the prevailing ohn Myles Bowen view, discovered the Brent and Nelson oilfields the data revealed that the died at his home first well discovered what near Newton became known as the Abbot, Devon, Nelson field. J England. Myles, as Myles finally retired in he was universally known, 1992 to live in South Devon was born on a farm in Kent where he pursued his in 1928, called up in hobbies of ocean sailing, 1946,commissioned into the motorcycling, tractor driving Royal Artillery in 1947 and and local~ community matters. then studied forestry at Oxford, quickly switching to Geology, graduating with JOHN WILL BE First Class honours in 1951. REMEMBERED FOR A PhD at Edinburgh followed in 1954. HIS GENEROSITY AND GUIDANCE AND Borneo Myles then joined Royal INSTINCT FOR FINDING Dutch Shell and was sent PETROLEUM. HE HAD first to Borneo and then to FINE JUDGEMENT, Venezuela. In 1960 he was then assigned to “well sit” PERSEVERANCE, Slochteren-2 in the HUMILITY, AND Netherlands, the giant HUMOUR Groningen gas field discovery well. ~ After marrying Margaret Myles will be remembered Guthrie he was posted to for his generosity and Nigeria before returning guidance and instinct for to Venezuela as discovery. The subsequent metal exploration from six to finding petroleum. Exploration Manager. 4th round of licensing 22 countries. He had fine judgement, In 1969 he was moved to involved cash bids for perseverance, humility, and the UK as the Exploration blocks for the first and, in Enterprise humour. He was a great Manager of Shell Expro. public, last time. Shell kept He retired from Shell in 1982 communicator, teacher and The southern North Sea gas the Brent oil discovery a after 30 years’ service. Myles counsellor. He was awarded basin fields had been secret so it caused quite a was immediately appointed the Geological Society discovered and the sensation when they bid £21 Exploration Director of the Petroleum Group Silver prevailing view was that million for an adjacent newly formed Enterprise Oil Medal, the American there was no oil in the block, especially as the next Company. In the first five Association of Petroleum northern part of the North highest bid was £8 million. years a series of acquisitions Geologists’ Pioneer Award. Sea. Myles was not so sure. The first well on this increased the company’s He was even awarded His staff identified a vast “Golden Block” was dry, acreage, reserves, the OBE. tilted fault block on poor and it required a second production, exploration He is survived by quality seismic in Block well to prove that the bid activity and its market Margaret, his wife of 52 211/29 far north of any had been justified. capitalisation by years, and their three previous activity. They After eight successful approximately five times. daughters. applied for and were years in the UK Myles was His best deal was acquiring a awarded the block in the 3rd assigned to Billiton, a 100% interest in a block in ➤ By Dick Selley and Andrew UK licensing round. It was Shell metals subsidiary, as which a dry hole had already Armour. A longer version of drilled in June 1971 and an Exploration Vice been drilled by Shell and this obituary is available online. made the giant Brent oilfield President and expanded Gulf Oil. Re-examination of

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Ted Nield at the Society.

26 | AUGUST 2014 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CALENDAR Can’t find your meeting? VISIT www.geolsoc.org.uk/listings] [full, accurate, up-to-date

ENDORSED TRAINING/CPD COURSE DATE VENUE AND DETAILS Lapworth’s Logs n/a Lapworth’s Logs’ is a series of e-courses involving practical exercises of increasing complexity. Contact: [email protected]. Lapworth’s Logs is produced by Michael de Freitas and Andrew Thompson.

DIARY OF MEETINGS AUGUST 2014 MEETING DATE VENUE AND DETAILS

Field Meeting, Great Tew 2 August Leader: Andy Swift. For details see GA website www.geologistsassociation.org.uk. Geologists’ Ass. Contact: Sarah Stafford T: 020 7434 9298 E: [email protected]

The 25th Colloquium of African Geology & 11-16 Venue: Mwalimu Julius Nyerere International Convention Centre, Dar es Salaam, 3rd Young Earth Scientists Congress August Tanzania. See website for details, registration and contacts. E: [email protected] GS Africa Venue: Perth, Australia. This conference aims to provide current students and recent AusIMM New Leaders Conference 2014 12-13 graduates with skills and knowledge that may not be addressed during university AusIMM August studies. See website for registration, contacts and venue details.

Ninth International Mining Geology 18-20 Venue: Hilton, Adelaide, South Australia. Conference Chair: John Vann, AngloGold Conference 2014 August Ashanti, FAusIMM, FAIG. For all details about registration please see website. E: Siena AusIMM Deano [email protected]

The new book fromm TedTTeedd Nield

Out nowno

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 27 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY ADOLF SEILACHER 1925-2014

Distinguished palaeontologist, pioneer of dolph Seilacher was ichnology and philosopher of form and function suggested, based on their one of the most constructional morphology,

distinguished were ‘pneu’ structures

palaeontologists of unrelated to modern his generation, and metazoans, and termed A ~ an Honorary Fellow of the ‘Vendobionts’. Geological Society. He served as a soldier briefly in World War Two before work at the ANYONE University of Tübingen led to PRIVILEGED TO HAVE a PhD under Otto Schindewolf on trace fossils. KNOWN HIM WELL After short spells at the WOULD HAVE universities of Frankfurt and RECOGNISED A Baghdad he took a junior chair at Göttingen before STRIKING returning to Tübingen in 1964 COMBINATION OF to succeed Schindewolf as SHARP OBSERVATION Professor of Palaeontology. Image: Taken by Anthony Martin, July 2003 After 1987 he held an adjunct AND KEEN INSIGHT Professorship at Yale COMBINED WITH RICH University and subsequently IMAGINATION divided his time between the two institutions, before ~ retiring to Tübingen in his Among his many honours early 80s. he received the top medals of the Palaeontological Trace fossils Association and Seilacher’s numerous Paleontological Society and publications cover a range of the Crafoord Prize (1992) - the topics of which those on trace programme of Constructional evolution and form. only palaeontologist to have fossils are probably the best Morphology in which he Seilacher’s interest in pattern been awarded this. Anyone known, especially, for stressed the importance of formation led him to espouse privileged to have known geologists their bathymetric three factors determining the self-organisation models for him well would have significance, and the concept form of organisms: ecologic- the origin of form, the most recognised a striking of ichnofacies. This was later adaptive aspects history and famous of which are “pneu” combination of sharp expanded to include the constructional aspects. structures. These are fluid – observation and keen insight influence of substrate, The latter two factors are filled structures under tension combined with rich oxygen, salinity and so on. important sources of whose form is broadly imagination and excellent In addition he analysed many biological constraints. They determined by the need to draughtsmanship. Seilacher trace fossils in terms of acknowledge that both distribute tension across the retained a keen intellectual behaviour they represent, history and constructional surface. He may thus be curiosity and despite his leading to such work as a principles place limits on considered a structuralist. advanced age at death there is computer simulation of trace what can be achieved in bound to be a feeling of fossil morphology with David evolution, in at least the short Lagerstätten especial loss that someone of Raup in 1969. Much of this term. Such a view was Much of Seilacher’s other such formidable talents has work is summarised, influential on later workers concerned preservation and finally left us. together with new material, including Stephen Jay Gould taphonomy in general. His in his late book Trace Fossil and Richard Lewontin, in most controversial ➤ By Tony Hallam. A longer Analysis published by their well known paper on contributions arise from his version of this obituary is Springer in 2007. “spandrels” that criticised research on Ediacaran available online. In 1970 he announced his ‘panadaptationist’ concepts of assemblages, which he

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Ted Nield at the Society.

28 | AUGUST 2014 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOSCIENTIST CROSSWORD

CROSSWORD NO.182 SET BY PLATYPUS WIN A SPECIAL PUBLICATION!

The winner of the June Crossword puzzle prize draw was Fred Locke of Wareham.

All correct solutions will be placed in the draw, and the winner’s name printed in the October 2014 issue. The Editor’s decision is final and no correspondence will be entered into. Closing date - 22 August.

The competition is open to all Fellows, Candidate Fellows and Friends of the Geological Society who are not current Society employees, officers or trustees. This exclusion does not apply to officers of joint associations, specialist or regional groups.

Please return your completed crossword to Burlington House, marking your envelope “Crossword”. Do not enclose any other matter with your solution. Overseas Fellows are encouraged to scan the signed form and email it as a PDF to [email protected] ACROSS DOWN Name ...... 1 Permanently stratified lake (10) 1 Crust/Mantle seismic ...... discontinuity (4) 6 Part of a fault that cuts across datum surfaces in thrust/estensional systems 2 Part remaining (7) Membership number ...... (4) 3 Capable of being Address for correspondence ...... 9 Desert landscape consisting of high, rendered in numerical largely barren, hard, rocky plateaux (7) terms (13) ...... 10 Series of waterfalls in NE USA mountain 4 Loose necktie, originally of ...... range? (7) Croatian soldiers, hence the name (6) ...... 12 Process of converting organic matter into oil and gas (10) 5 Dipping (8) ...... 13 Hoppy light beer originally brewed for 7 Large Middle Eastern colonial export (1,1,1) desert shield (7) ...... 15 Starry (6) 8 Dominant (10) Postcode ...... 16 Wood spirit with blinding side-effect (8) 11 At the same time (13) 18 Crystal molecular arrangements (8) 14 Literally, and often figuratively, a talking shop. 20 Liquid because the Gibbs free energy SOLUTIONS JUNE (10) has become lower than for the solid (6) 17 Thin, clear hydrocarbon ACROSS: 23 Fourth order geological time unit (3) liquid with a density of 1 Discordant 6 Asia 9 Chilean 10 Cadmium 24 Ferruginous rocks (10) 0.78–0.81 g/cm3 (8) 12 Slipstream 13 Ult 15 Pusher 16 Mudslide 26 Genetically distinct geographic variety, 19 Seisms (7) 18 Ribosome 20 Pineal 23 CIA 24 Regionally population or race within species (7) 26 Echidna 27 Aviator 28 Esau 29 Mechanised 21 Cloverleaf (7) 27 'One damned thing after another' (7) 22 Chronic inflammatory DOWN: 28 Elongated, continuously growing front condition of the airways 1 Duct 2 Shields 3 Overpressured 4 Donate tooth (4) (6) 5 Nacreous 7 Stimuli 8 Admittedly 29 Millions of Hertz (10) 25 Visual organs (4) 11 Domestication 14 Spirochete 17 Amygdale 19 Brachia 21 Eoliths 22 Potash 25 Arid

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | AUGUST 2014 | 29 GEOSCIENTIST RECRUITMENT

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30 | AUGUST 2014 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST +

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