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11› From: Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 39: 12-45, 1977 1978

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11› From: Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 39: 12-45, 1977 1978 FISURIES AND MARINE SERVICE Translation Series No. 4374 Biology and management of the European lake char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) in Lake Zug (Switzerland) by Ch. Ruhle Original title: Biologie und Bewirtschaftung des Seesaiblings 11› (Salvelinus alpinus L.) im Zugersee From: Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 39: 12-45, 1977 Translated by the Translation Bureau (VNN) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Biological Station St. John's, Mid. 1978 54 pages typescript DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES CANADA DIVISION MULTILINGUES L/ 7/ TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN German English AUTHOR - AUTEUR Ch. Ruhle TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Biology and management of the European lake char (galvelinus capinus L.) in Lake Zug (Switzerland) TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS) Biologie und Bewirtschaftung des Seesaiblings (Salvelinus epinus L.) im Zugersee REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE,FOREIGN CHARACTERS. RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), ,AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÈRES ROMAINS. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie "EFERENCE IN ENGLISH - RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS ("Swiss Journal for Hydrology") PUBLISHER - ÉDI TEUR PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS not shown DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORIGINAL YEAR ISSUE NO. 12 - 45 VOLUME PLACE OF PUBLICATION ANNÉE NUMÉRO NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE PAGES not shown DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES 1977 39 1 50 REQUESTING DElliViTMENT DFE TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. 1486937 MINISTÈRE-CLIENT NOTRE DOSSIER NO Fisheries Branch, BRANCH OR DIVISION TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) V.N.N. DIRECTION OU DIVISION Nfld. Biological Station TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) PERSON REQUESTING Brian Dempson ug 25 BiB DEMANDÉ PAR *t UN ED 0 TR A Pi.".U„ A YOUR NUMBER ;o:.m.7, -;ii:ei on!y VOTRE DOSSIER NO For tn 1 TRADUCTION NON RPVISEE DATE OF REQUEST 17. 07. 1978 Information seulomont iiiiDATE DE LA DEMANDE SOS-200-10.6 (REV. 2/88) 7030-21-029-5333 • Secretary Secrétariat of State d'Ètat TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES • DIVISION MULTILINGUES CITY cuevcs NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCH VILLE N° DU CLIENT MINISTiRE DIVISION/DIRECTION Fisheries Branch D. F. E. St. John's, Nfld Nfld. Biological Station BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) N° DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) AUG 25 mu 1486937 German V.N.N. "Biologie und Bewirtschaftung des Seesaiblings (&alvelinus capinus L.) im .Zugersee," Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie 39(1), 12 - 35, 1977 Biology and management of the European lake char (Scavelinus capinus L.) l in Lake Zug (Switzerland) 2 by • Ch. Ruhle From the Institut fuer Gewaesserschutz und Wassertechnologie and der ETH (Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule) [Institut for Prevention of Water Pollution and Hydrotechnology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology], Zurich, Switzerland (Received on 7 March 1977) Summary - During the past 70 years, yields of European lake char fishery in Lake Zug have dropped from some 100,000 to 5000 fish per year. The present work was aimed ar developing methods for retarding and, perhaps, reversing this downward trend. In order to arrive at a proper base for developing new methods of fish stock management, the biology of the lake char was investigated. It was found that this fish is able to utilize the increased supply of food available in this eutrophie lake, but that the probability of natural reproduction is very low under the environmental conditions presently prevailing in Lake Zug. On the basis of the findings 1 Translator's note: This fish is also know as the European sea trout, a landlocked species found in southern Bavaria, Switzerland, and the Austrian Alps [Scavelinus capinus scavelinus]. 2 This work has been carried out at the Eidgenoessische Anstalt fuer Nasser- versorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewaesserschutz [Swiss Federal Institute of Water Supply, Wastewater Purification, and Prevention of Water Pollu- tion] (EAWAG), CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland L5 ;\IEDI T .)- TR /M--i ;2:r ; • I For 'Tf;ADIC.1.1"..);`; NON SEC 5-25T (6/76) .Informailon • - 2 - obtained, the following measures have been recommended for improving lake char yields: (1) Intensified stocking (using yearlings, if possible); (2) use of gill nets with larger mesh size (35 mm); (3) discontinuation of fishing outside of the spawning season; and (4) setting up of new (ar- tificial) spawning grounds in shallow water zones with good oxygenation conditions. The measures for improving the stock of lake char will be expensive. Even with maximum yields, the cost-benefit balance of lake char management will be negative. It is concluded that only the histori- cal significance of European lake char fishery in Lake Zug can justify the great expenditure of public funds involved. 1. Introduction The Lake Zug lake char is a fish with tradition. It has been mentioned for the first time in a treaty written in the year 1281, which document settled an important transaction between the House of Habsburg and the Austrians (31), and, as in that document, the lake char has been mentioned • in various other documents from the late Middle Ages as tithe or tribute by subordinate courts. In the years 1759 and 1788, the council of Zug had to deal with this fish (30); these two council matters dealt with the mutual rights and duties of line-fishermen and net-fishermen, requiring official regulations for the common practuce of lake char fishing. The renewal of these regulations led in 1844 to the foundation of a fishermen's association in Walchwil, which was still in existence one hundred years later. These rather incomplete data in the role playes by the lake char in the local history of Zug explain why the people of that region--although they are now working chiefly in administration, commerce and industry--still possess a strongly developed "lake char awareness." That awareness not only finds expression in the fact that this fish has been raised to the rank of a historical curiosity; it is also expressed in the enactment of • official regulations dealing with the specific promotion of this "typical" fish. And, last but not least, that awareness is reflected in the desire, above all, of the local government of Zug, but also of many businesses, associations and individuals to be able to enjoy that historic delicacy at least once a year during the lake char season. Around the turn of the century and during the first decades of this century, the fishermen of Lake Zug were still able to catch relatively large numbers of lake char. In the fishery lake classification (27; 63), Lake Zug was listed as one of the characteristic lake char lakes. Yields of 90,000 to 100,000 lake chars per year, representing 85 per cent of the total catch (58), confirmed the validity of the assignment of Lake Zug to that lake type, which is distinguished by steno-oligothrophic properties, cor- responding depth as well as as continuously low temperatures and high oxygen • contents across the entire profile (27). As is indicated by the data plotted in Figure 1, the situation has greatly changed since then; in the average of the last ten years, only 8400 lake chars have been caught per year; that number of lake chars corresponds to about two to three per cent of the total catch taken from the Lake. For some time now, these catches are no longer large enough to satisfy the demands of the local market, which have been estimated to amount to approximately 20,000 lake char per year (46). That situation (and the high proce resulting from the discrepancy between supply and demand) as well as the conviction of the most important buyers--the restaurant and hotel owners--that the native fish, for reasons of quality, cannot simply be re- placed by lake char caught in other lakes have already led to a number of attempts to revitalize lake char fishery and management in Lake Zug. How- • ever, the goals aimed at have not been reached. For that reason, it became • - 3 - Figure 1 - Yields (numbers of fish caught) of lake char fishery, 1900 - 1974. Key: 1, Illegible; 2, Year. • necessary to study the biology of the lake char in Lake Zug within a wider 14 framework than had been done in the past, and to work out management mea- sures, insitution of which would prevent a further decrease of the yieldd and, perhaps, even make possible an increase. 2. Description of Lake Zug 2.1. Geography, geology, morphometry, and hydrology Lake Zug is a lake of the Alpine foothills (middle of its longitudinal axis: latitude 47 ° 04' north, longitude 8 ° 29' east), located between the Rigi Mountain (approximately 1800 m above sea level), the Ross Mountain (1600 m), the Zug Mountain (1000 m), and the foothills of the Root Mountain (850 m) (Figure 2). Two peninsulas project into the lake from the west; the bigger one of these peninsulas, the Kiemen (Chiemen), divides the lake into two, morpho- • • Figure 2 - Lake Zug. Table 1 - Morphometric and hydrological data of Lake Zug. Key: 1, Alti- tude above sea level; 2, Maximal length; 3, Maximal width; 4, Minimal width; 5, Maximal depth; 6, Mean depth; 7, Lake surface; 8, Lake volume; 9, Catchment area; 10, Inflow; 11, Inflow into the upper lake; 12, Inflow into the lower lake; 13, Residence time (theoretical); 14, Residence time; 15, Upper lake; 16, Lower lake. • "1 '. Nleereshübe 413 m 2 . Grüsste Lânge 13.4 km 3. Grüsste Breite 4,6 km 4 . Kleinste Breite 0.8 krn 5 • Gri.iste Tiefe- . 198 m .. Mittlere Tiefe ; . ' ; 80 .nt . 7.
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