The Function and Selection of Ester Plasticizers
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II. Plasticizer-Free Polyvinyl Chloride, Plasticizer-Free Copolymers of Vinyl
This is an unofficial translation. Only the German version is binding. II. Plasticizer-free Polyvinyl Chloride, Plasticizer-free Copolymers of Vinyl Chlo- ride and Mixtures of these Polymers with other Copolymers and Chlorinated Polyolefins Containing Mainly Vinyl Chloride in the Total Mixture As of 01.01.2012 The monomers and other starting substances as well as additives used in the production of plasticizer-free polyvinyl chloride, plasticizer-free copolymers of vinyl chloride containing mainly vinyl chloride, mixtures of these polymers with other copolymers, and chlorinated polyolefins containing mainly vinyl chloride in the total mixture are subject to the requirements of the Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. Otherwise, there are no objections to the use of these plastics for commodities in the sense of § 2, Para. 6, No 1 of the Food and Feed Code (Lebensmittel- und Futtermittelgesetzbuch), pro- vided they are suitable for their intended purpose and comply with the following conditions: 1. The use of monomers and other starting materials for polyethylene is subject to the stipula- tions of the Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. The evaluation presented in the following refers to polymers from the following monomeric starting substances: a) Vinyl chloride b) Vinylidene chloride c) Trans-dichloroethylene d) Vinylesters of aliphatic carbonic acids C2-C18, in so far as covered by the positive list of the Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 e) Esters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and/or maleic acid or fumaric acid with -
Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Phthalates, and Bisphenol a and Gynecologic Cancers- Cervical, Ovarian, Uterine Cancers Marisa Morgan
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@Florida International University Florida International University FIU Digital Commons Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Environmental Health Sciences Work 10-31-2016 Association between Exposure to Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors - Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A and Gynecologic Cancers- Cervical, Ovarian, Uterine Cancers Marisa Morgan Alok Deoraj Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, [email protected] Quentin Felty Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Florida International University, [email protected] Changwon Yoo Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, [email protected] Deodutta Roy Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/eoh_fac Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Morgan M, Deoraj A, Felty Q, Yoo C, Roy D (2016) Association between Exposure to Estrogenic Endocrine Disruptors - Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Phthalates, and Bisphenol A and Gynecologic Cancers- Cervical, Ovarian, Uterine Cancers. J Carciong Mutagen 7: 275. doi: 10.4172/2157-2518.1000275 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Health Sciences by an -
Flame Retardant Nylon Moulding Resins with Improved Physical Properties
Europaisches Patentamt J European Patent Office CO Publication number: 0418210A1 Office europeen des brevets EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 90870144.4 © int. CIA C08K 5/00, C08L 77/00, //(C08K5/00,5:1 2,5:3492) © Date of filing: 12.09.90 © Priority: 15.09.89 US 407464 © Applicant: MONSANTO COMPANY Patent Department 800 North Lindbergh © Date of publication of application: Boulevard 20.03.91 Bulletin 91/12 St. Louis, Missouri 63167(US) © Designated Contracting States: @ Inventor: Jenkins, George H. AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE Deceased(US) Inventor: Sprenkle, William Edward, Jr. 149 Woodlawn Street Springfield, Massachusetts 01108(US) © Representative: Ernst, Hubert et al Monsanto Services International S.A., Patent Department, Avenue de Tervuren 270-272, Letter Box No. 21 B-1150 Brussels(BE) © Flame retardant nylon moulding resins with improved physical properties. © A flame retardant nylon molding resin with improved physical properties comprising a nylon resin, melamine cyanurate flame retardant and either diundecyl phthalate or dioctyl phthalate as a wetting agent. 00 Q. HI Xerox Copy Centre EP 0 418 210 A1 FLAME RETARDANT NYLON MOLDING RESINS WITH IMPROVED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Background of the Invention: The present invention relates to flame retardant polyamide molding resins with improved physical properties. More particularly, it relates to a polyamide molding resin containing a melamine cyanurate flame 5 retardant and an alkyl phthalate compatabilizer or wetting agent. Melamine and other triazines and certain salts of said compounds are known to function as flame retardants when melt blended in polyamides at from above 5% by weight to about 20% by weight. -
Using an Inhibitor to Prevent Plasticizer Migration from Polyurethane Matrix to EPDM Based Substrate Rezaei-Vahidian Hadi, Farajpour Tohid, Abdollahi Mahdi
Using an Inhibitor to Prevent Plasticizer Migration from Polyurethane Matrix to EPDM Based Substrate Rezaei-Vahidian Hadi, Farajpour Tohid, Abdollahi Mahdi Cite this article as: Rezaei-Vahidian Hadi, Farajpour Tohid, Abdollahi Mahdi. Using an Inhibitor to Prevent Plasticizer Migration from Polyurethane Matrix to EPDM Based Substrate[J]. Chinese J. Polym. Sci, 2019, 37(7): 681-686. doi: 10.1007/s10118-019-2251-y View online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-019-2251-y Articles you may be interested in Antistatic PVC-graphene Composite through Plasticizer-mediated Exfoliation of Graphite Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2018, 36(12): 1361 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-018-2160-5 SYNTHESIS OF POLYURETHANE MODIFIED BISMALEIMIDE (UBMI) AND POLYURETHANE-IMIDE ELASTOMER Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2008, 26(1): 117 Synthesis and Properties of Reversible Disulfide Bond-based Self-healing Polyurethane with Triple Shape Memory Properties Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2019, 37(11): 1119 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-019-2268-2 增塑剂对碱木质素/HDPE复合材料性能影响研究 The Effect of Plasticizer on the Properties of Alkali Lignin/HDPE Composites 高分子学报. 2014(2): 210 https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1105.2014.13204 泊肃叶流中环形高分子的迁移行为及与线性高分子的差异 Migration of Ring Polymers in Poiseuille Flow and Comparison with Linear Polymers 高分子学报. 2019, 50(11): 1229 https://doi.org/10.11777/j.issn1000-3304.2019.19074 聚醚硅油表面迁移行为对聚苯乙烯表面极性的影响 THE IMPROVEMENT OF POLARITY OF POLYSTYRENE SURFACE BY THE SELECTIVE SURFACE MIGRATION OF POLYETHER SILICOME OIL 高分子学报. 2007(2): 165 Chinese Journal of POLYMER SCIENCE ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-019-2251-y -
Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers With
materials Review Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration Joanna Czogała 1,2,3,* , Ewa Pankalla 2 and Roman Turczyn 1,* 1 Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Research and Innovation Department, Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe K˛edzierzynS.A., Mostowa 30A, 47-220 K˛edzierzyn-Ko´zle,Poland; [email protected] 3 Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (R.T.) Abstract: This paper reviews the current trends in replacing commonly used plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, formulations by new compounds with reduced migration, leading to the enhance- ment in mechanical properties and better plasticizing efficiency. Novel plasticizers have been divided into three groups depending on the replacement strategy, i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, and internal plasticizers. Chemical and physical properties of PVC formulations containing a wide range of plasticizers have been compared, allowing observance of the improvements in polymer per- formance in comparison to PVC plasticized with conventionally applied bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and di-n-octyl terephthalate. Among a variety of newly developed plasticizers, we have indicated those presenting excellent migration resistance and advantageous mechanical properties, as well as those derived from natural sources. A separate chapter has been dedicated to the description of a synergistic effect of a mixture of two plasticizers, primary and secondary, that benefits in migration suppression when secondary plasticizer is added to PVC blend. -
Test Method: CPSC-CH-C1001-09.2
Statement of Policy: Testing of Component Parts With Respect To Section 108 of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act A. Background The Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) was enacted on August 14, 2008 (Pub. L. 110-314). Section 108 of the CPSIA permanently prohibits the sale of any “children’s toy or child care article” containing concentrations of more than 0.1 percent of three specified phthalates.1, 2 Section 108 also prohibits, on an interim basis, the sale of “any children’s toy that can be placed in a child’s mouth or child care article” containing concentrations of more than 0.1 percent of three additional phthalates pending the recommendation of a Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP).3, 4 The CHAP will recommend to the Commission whether to make the interim ban permanent and whether other phthalates or phthalate alternatives should be declared banned hazardous substances. The terms “children’s toy,” “children’s toy that can be placed in a child’s mouth,” and “child care article” are defined in section 108 of the CPSIA. These prohibitions became effective on February 10, 2009. To gather comments and information about implementation of this section of the CPSIA, the Commission published a “Notice of Availability of Draft Guidance Regarding Which Children’s Products are Subject to the Requirements of CPSIA section 108; Request for Comments and Information,” on February 23, 2009 (74 FR 8058). Comments in response to the Notice demonstrate that many questions and concerns exist about the requirement that products comply with the phthalates limits of section 108 of the CPSIA and, specifically, the testing procedures used to determine the percentage of phthalates in such products. -
A Relevant Screening of Organic Contaminants Present on Freshwater and Pre-Production Microplastics
toxics Article A Relevant Screening of Organic Contaminants Present on Freshwater and Pre-Production Microplastics Claudia Campanale 1,* , Georg Dierkes 2, Carmine Massarelli 1 , Giuseppe Bagnuolo 1 and Vito Felice Uricchio 1 1 National Research Council, Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), 70125 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (V.F.U.) 2 German Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), 56068 Koblenz, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 October 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 9 November 2020 Abstract: Microplastics (MPs) have recently been discovered as considerable pollutants of all environmental matrices. They can contain a blend of chemicals, some of them added during the manufacture of plastic to improve their quality (additives) and others adsorbed from the surrounding environment. In light of this, a detailed study about the identification and quantification of target organic pollutants and qualitative screening of non-target compounds present on MPs was carried out in different types of samples: environmental MPs, collected from an Italian river, and pre-production MPs, taken from the plastic industry. Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were chosen as target compounds to be quantified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), while the non-target screening was carried out by High Resolution Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HRGC–MS). The target analysis revealed concentrations of 16 priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-PAHs) in the range of 29.9–269.1 ng/g; the quantification of 31 PCBs showed values from 0.54 to 15.3 ng/g, identifying CB-138, 153, 180, 52, and 101 primarily; and the detected OCPs (p,p’-DDT and its metabolites) ranged between 14.5 and 63.7 ng/g. -
Cross Linked Sulphonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) for the Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell
Cross Linked Sulphonated Poly(ether ether ketone) for the Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Abdul Ghaffar Al Lafi, MSc. A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Metallurgy and Materials, The College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. September 2009 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Synopsis Ion irradiation has been investigated as a route for the preparation of mechanically stable and highly durable cross linked sulphonated PEEK for fuel cell application. Ion irradiation was carried out using the University of Birmingham’s Scanditronix MC-40 Cyclotron operating at 11.7 MeV for H+ and 30 MeV for He2+ and the irradiated materials were characterized focusing on structural, thermal, morphological as well as dielectrical properties. Alterations produced in the molecular structure of amorphous PEEK by ion irradiation have been interpreted as due to chain scission and formation of cross links, as confirmed by sol-gel analysis in MSA using the well known Charlesby–Pinner equation. The thermal decomposition of irradiated PEEK was similar to that of untreated PEEK in that it occurred by a random chain scission process. -
High Performance Ester Plasticizers
High Performance Ester Plasticizers Abstract Traditional elastomer polymers, such as nitrile, polychloroprene, chlorinated polyethylene and chlorosulfonated polyethylene, have for years used moderate- to low- performance ester plasticizers. However, longevity requirements for rubber articles made from these elastomers have created a need for higher-performance ester plasticizers. With the increasing high-temperature demands required by automotive, other elastomers such as acrylic, high-saturated nitrile, epichlorohydrin and ethylene propylene diene monomer EPDM are replacing the more traditional elastomers. Plasticizers commonly used for the traditional and the high-temperature polymers are extractable, incompatible or too volatile. This paper provides information on plasticizers that are designed for traditional elastomers and high-performance polymers. The test data will include heat aging, extraction by hydrocarbons and low-temperature as molded after aging. The information provided indicates that the permanence of the plasticizer after these various agings is the key to the retention of physical properties. Introduction End uses for elastomer compounds are quite diverse, but they can be loosely categorized as being either general performance or higher performance applications. Each of these performance categories requires a different set of considerations in terms of compounding with ester plasticizers. An ester plasticizer, in its simplest concept, is a high-boiling organic solvent that when added to an elastomeric polymer reduces stiffness and permits easier processing.1 For general performance applications, compounders require moderate performance in several areas without particular emphasis on any one. Some general performance ester plasticizers used in the marketplace today are DOA, DIDA, DIDP, DOP, DINP and other phthalates and adipates made from straight-chain alcohols of 7–11 carbons in length. -
Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Several Child Day Care Centers
Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology (2001) 11, 449 – 458 # 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1053-4245/01/$17.00 www.nature.com/jea Levels of persistent organic pollutants in several child day care centers NANCY K. WILSON,a JANE C. CHUANGb AND CHRISTOPHER LYU a aBattelle, Durham, North Carolina bBattelle, Columbus, Ohio The concentrations of a suite of persistent organic chemicals were measured in multiple media in 10 child day care centers located in central North Carolina. Five centers served mainly children from low-income families, as defined by the federal Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) assistance program, and five served mainly children from middle-income families. The targeted chemicals were chosen because of their probable carcinogenicity, acute or chronic toxicity, or hypothesized potential for endocrine system disruption. Targeted compounds included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pentachloro- and nonyl-phenol, bisphenol-A, dibutyl and butylbenzyl phthalate, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, the organophosphate pesticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos, and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). Sampled media were indoor and outdoor air, food and beverages, indoor dust, and outdoor play area soil. Concentrations of the targeted compounds were determined using a combination of extraction and analysis methods, depending on the media. Analysis was predominantly by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD). Concentrations of the targeted pollutants were low and well below the levels generally considered to be of concern as possible health hazards. Potential exposures to the target compounds were estimated from the concentrations in the various media, the children’s daily time–activity schedules at day care, and the best currently available estimates of the inhalation rates (8.3 m3 /day) and soil ingestion rates (100 mg/day) of children ages 3–5. -
Benzyl Butyl Phthalate Or BBP)
Toxicity Review for Benzylnbutyl Phthalate (Benzyl Butyl Phthalate or BBP) Introduction Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) is a man‐made phthalate ester that is mostly used in vinyl tile (CERHR, 2003). BBP can also be found as a plasticizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for the manufacturing of conveyor belts, carpet, weather stripping and more. It is also found in some vinyl gloves and adhesives. BBP is produced by the sequential reaction of butanol and benzyl chloride with phthalic anhydride (CERHR, 2003). The Monsanto Company is the only US producer of BBP (IPCS, 1999). When BBP is added during the manufacturing of a product, it is not bound to the final product. However, through the use and disposal of the product, BBP can be released into the environment. BBP can be deposited on and taken up by crops for human and livestock consumption, resulting in its entry into the food chain (CERHR, 2003). Concentrations of BBP have been found in ambient and indoor air, drinking water, and soil. However, the concentrations are low and intakes from these routes are considered negligible (IPCS, 1999). Exposure to BBP in the general population is based on food intake. Occupational exposure to BBP is possible through skin contact and inhalation, but data on BBP concentrations in the occupational environment is limited. Unlike some other phthalates, BBP is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in medicine or medical devices (IPCS, 1999; CERHR, 2003). Based on the National Toxicology Program (NTP) bioassay reports of increased pancreatic lesions in male rats, a tolerable daily intake of 1300 µg/kg body weight per day (µg/kg‐d) has been calculated for BBP by the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (IPCS, 1999). -
A Review of Alternatives to Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate-Containing Medical Devices in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Journal of Perinatology (2011) 31, 551–560 r 2011 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. 0743-8346/11 www.nature.com/jp ORIGINAL ARTICLE A review of alternatives to di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-containing medical devices in the neonatal intensive care unit EDS Van Vliet, EM Reitano, JS Chhabra, GP Bergen and RM Whyatt Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA kinking.2 It is found in numerous medical devices and can Objective: To conduct an extensive literature and toxicological database comprise between 20 and 40% of the final polymer weight.2 review on substitute compounds and available alternative medical products As DEHP does not covalently bind to the PVC matrix, it can leach to replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and/or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate into solution with a rate dependent upon temperature, storage (DEHP), and conduct a DEHP-medical inventory analysis at a large time, solution flow rate, the amount of DEHP in the PVC product metropolitan neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). and the lipophilicity of the solute.3–16 Several studies have found Study Design: A systematic search for DEHP-free alternative products was that infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who performed using online databases. An informal audit of a large metropolitan undergo multiple medical procedures may be exposed to levels two NICU was undertaken in 2005 and 2006; 21 products were identified that to three orders of magnitude higher than the average daily adult, could potentially contain DEHP. Availability of DEHP-free alternatives was particularly when undergoing high-DEHP exposure procedures that determined through company websites and phone interviews.