Lessons for Rural Water Supply in India
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LESSONS FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY Assessing progress towards sustainable service delivery India an initiative of IIRCNRCN TSTS IIndiandia RRptpt BBxx MModifiedodified 130611.indd130611.indd A 66/16/2011/16/2011 99:56:25:56:25 AMAM This study was conducted as a part of IRC’s Triple-S initiative with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. These documents can be downloaded at www.waterservicesthatlast.org. James, A.J., 2011. India: Lessons for Rural Water Supply; Assessing progress towards sustainable service delivery. The Hague: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and Delhi: iMaCS. / rural water supply / service delivery / sustainability / functionality / India Copyright © 2011 IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. Provided that the source is acknowledged, permission is granted for reproduction and adaptation of this material, in whole or in part, for educational, scientifi c or development-related purposes except those involving commercial sale. IIRCNRCN TSTS IIndiandia RRptpt BBxx MModifiedodified 130611.indd130611.indd B 66/16/2011/16/2011 99:56:37:56:37 AMAM LESSONS FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY Assessing progress towards sustainable service delivery India By: A.J. James IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague 2011 IIRCNRCN TSTS IIndiandia RRptpt BBxx MModifiedodified 130611.indd130611.indd i 66/16/2011/16/2011 99:56:37:56:37 AMAM IIRCNRCN TSTS IIndiandia RRptpt BBxx MModifiedodified 130611.indd130611.indd iiii 66/16/2011/16/2011 99:56:37:56:37 AMAM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview of the sector ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 The Triple-S initiative and country studies ............................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Case study countries .................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Key concepts...................................................................................................................... 2 2 Methodologies and analytical framework ....................................................................................... 5 2.1 Common analytical framework ............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Study outputs ..................................................................................................................... 5 3 Context ......................................................................................................................................... 6 3.1 Country background ........................................................................................................... 6 3.1.1 Political system and politics.................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 Social background ...............................................................................................8 3.1.3 Economic background ..........................................................................................8 3.1.4 Administrative units and administration ................................................................... 9 3.2 Development indicators .....................................................................................................13 3.2.1 Gross domestic product ....................................................................................... 13 3.2.2 Inequality ..........................................................................................................13 3.2.3 Human Development Index ..................................................................................13 3.2.4 Corruption Perception Index ................................................................................ 13 3.2.5 Other macroeconomic indicators .......................................................................... 14 3.3 State of water services delivery .......................................................................................... 15 3.3.1 Overview of rural water supply provision in India .................................................. 15 3.3.2 National-level institutional structure ....................................................................... 17 3.3.3 Position of the rural water sector in national development plans and strategies ........... 18 3.3.4 Main focus in rural water services delivery ............................................................ 18 3.3.5 Actual services provided ..................................................................................... 19 4 Service delivery models ............................................................................................................... 21 4.1 Enabling environment at national level ................................................................................ 21 4.1.1 Service delivery in national policies and the legal framework .................................. 21 4.1.2 Decentralisation policy for the water sector ............................................................ 23 4.1.3 Oversight (regulation) and accountability .............................................................. 24 4.1.4 Mechanisms for coordination, learning, support and technical assistance to intermediate level (sector learning) ....................................... 26 4.1.5 Sector fi nancing ................................................................................................. 27 4.2 Governance over service delivery at intermediate level ......................................................... 29 4.2.1 Defi nition of service delivery models and modalities in policy and laws .................... 29 4.2.2 Institutional responsibilities for the different stages in the life cycle of service provision 31 4.2.3 Coordination mechanisms and platforms at intermediate level ................................. 35 4.2.4 Monitoring and information systems for full service delivery ..................................... 36 4.2.5 Strategic planning for full life-cycle service delivery at intermediate level ................... 37 4.2.6 Project implementation approaches ...................................................................... 37 4.2.7 Capacity to fulfi l functions for service provision and governance .............................. 38 4.2.8 Embedding water services delivery in a framework for IWRM ................................. 42 4.2.9 Appropriate technology options ........................................................................... 44 4.3 Service delivery models at system level................................................................................ 44 4.3.1 Institutional arrangements for service provision....................................................... 44 4.3.2 Mechanisms and approaches for customer participation in the full life cycle of the service .............................................................................. 47 4.3.3 Financial arrangements for water service provision ................................................. 49 5 Organisational change towards harmonisation and coordination ..................................................50 5.1 History of the service delivery models (SDMs) ...................................................................... 50 5.2 Accompanying processes of organisational behaviour change ............................................... 51 5.3 Current state of harmonisation and coordination .................................................................. 53 5.4 Underlying triggers, incentives, drivers and challenges ..........................................................53 IIRCNRCN TSTS IIndiandia RRptpt BBxx MModifiedodified 130611.indd130611.indd iiiiii 66/16/2011/16/2011 99:56:37:56:37 AMAM 6 Analysis of service delivery models .............................................................................................. 54 6.1 Impacts on the sustainability of service ................................................................................ 54 6.2 Potential for scaling up ...................................................................................................... 55 6.3 Costs and benefi ts ............................................................................................................ 55 6.4 Underlying success factors and challenges ...........................................................................56 6.4.1 Success factors ................................................................................................... 56 6.4.2 Challenges ........................................................................................................56 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 58 7.1 Service delivery models ..................................................................................................... 58 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 59 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................ 62 Annex 1: Lessons learnt from the Maharashtra SDM .....................................................................62