Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol 18(1), January 2019, pp 34-40

Anti-hyperglycaemic study of Eladi Churna in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats

Komal Bansal1,#, KRC Reddy*,1,+ & Anshuman Trigunayat2 1Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India; 2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail: [email protected]; #[email protected]

Received 03 May 2018; revised 12 November 2018

Diabetes mellitus is the seventh leading cause of death worldwide, with a frequent occurrence of Type II diabetes as compared to Type I. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic effect of a classical herbomineral preparation Eladi Churna in STZ induced Type II diabetic rats. Thirty adult charles foster albino rats were allocated in to five groups with six animals in each group: Group I (Control Group), Group II (Diabetic control group without any medication), group III (Standard drug Glibenclamide at 1mg/kg of body weight), group IV (Eladi Churna at 300 mg/kg of body weight), group V (Eladi Churna at 600 mg/kg of body weight). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at dose level of 35mg/kg. The whole study was conducted for 28 days. The animals were examined for blood glucose levels on 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 days respectively and other biochemical parameters such as serum cholestrol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides, SGOT, SGPT were evaluated on day 0 and 28, respectively. The results showed that a gradual reduction in blood glucose level was assessed on administration of Eladi Churna at two different dose levels. But it was more significant at dose level of 600 mg/kg as p<0.05 with a mean±SD value of 107.34±2.67 on day 28 as compared to mean±SD value of 494.40±43.99 on day 3 (after induction of diabetes mellitus). And the results were almost analogous to potent antidiabetic drug glibenclamide with a mean±SD value of 95.44±7.44 on day 28. And the drug was also responsible for maintenance of alterations in other biochemical parameters, associated with diabetes mellitus, thus depicting its potent anti hyperglycaemic and hypolipidaemic actions.

Keywords: Antihyperglycaemic, Diabetes mellitus, Eladi Churna, Streptozotocin. IPC Code: Int. Cl.18 A61K 31/427, A61K 38/00, A61K 36/00, A61K 38/00

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome mellitus and is taking place both in developed and characterized by hyperglycaemia due to disturbances developing nations and meticulously in India. The in carbohydrates, proteins and fats metabolism diabetic burden in India mainly relates to adoption of resulting from defect in insulin secretion, insulin western lifestyle and dietary habits. Health experts are action or both. Diabetes mellitus is not new to 21st alarmed because the onset of Type II diabetes mellitus century rather it was widely known problem since tends to affect peoples in the west in 40 and 50 yrs of 1000 BC1. Globally an estimated 422 million adults age group, but the disease strikes Indians even in were living with diabetes in 2014, compared to young age. Type II diabetes mellitus currently affects 108 million in 1980. The global prevalence (age- about 26 million peoples in the U.S. and more than standardized) of diabetes has nearly doubled since 382 million peoples worldwide. As many as 79 million 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the adult adults in the U.S. have “pre-diabetes” and are at high population2. WHO projects that diabetes will be the risk of developing Type II diabetes mellitus4. Diabetes 7th leading cause of death in 2030. China, India and Mellitus is not a disease rather it is a syndrome leads to USA are amongst the top three countries with a high disturbance in normal physiological conditions of body number of diabetic populations3. The diabetes and incessant malfunctioning related with glucose epidemic relates particularly to Type II diabetes consumption. The treatment of diabetes mellitus don’t rely only upon the reduction of blood glucose levels —————— *Corresponding author but also to cope up with the complications associated BANSAL et al.: ANTIHYPERGLYCAEMIC POTENTIAL OF ELADI CHURNA IN STZ INDUCED DIABETIC RATS 35

with the increased blood glucose levels7. Though a Deenanath (Raw drug market), Varanasi. All the wide range of antidiabetic drugs are available in collected crude drugs were pharmacognostically contemporary science but even then people desire to identified and confirmed in the Department of pivot on herbal drugs as they carry very little or no side Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU. The effects if administered in a prescribed way, i.e., right collected herbal drugs were cleaned and dried in the dose to be taken on right time with right adjuvant as sunlight. The dried plant materials were then rightly advised by the physician. Ayurvedic herbal and grounded into fine powder form by using mechanical herbomineral formulations, a combination of multiple pulverizer in Ayurvedic Pharmacy, Banaras Hindu ingredients with multidimensional approach carry the University, Varanasi, India. Mineral ingredient competence to target the multiple etiology in diabetes Shilajit was procured from Dabur India Limited, mellitus like insulin management in β cells of pancreas, Kaushambi, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad (U.P.) and its utilization of blood glucose by peripheral tissues, physico-chemical assessment was done in the inhibit gluconeogenesis from liver cells, etc. with the Department of Rasa-Shastra and Bhaishajya help of therapeutic properties of individual ingredients Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS, BHU. After as well as synergistic effect of other ingredients used in authentication, Shodhana of Shilajit was done and the formulation5. kept for dryness. After complete drying, it was Eladi Churna, one of the classical herbomineral grounded in to fine powder form by end runner. formulations has been mentioned as Prameha Afterwards all the powdered ingredients i.e. herbal Rogahara by Acharya Vallabhacharya in the and mineral drugs were mixed properly to prepare treatise Vaidya Chintamani (15th Century). Eladi Eladi Churna. Churna contains four ingredients in equal proportion (Ela- Elettaria cardamomum L., Pippali- Piper longum Experimental Animals L., Pashanbheda- Bergenia lingulata Wall., Shilajit- Thirty adult charles foster albino rats with an Asphalatum punjabinum)6. Prameha or Madhumeha average weight of 180±20 gm and with either sex (a type of Prameha) can be correlated with Diabetes were selected for this study. The animals were mellitus on account of prodromal symptoms, clinical obtained from the Central Animal House, IMS, BHU, symptoms and complications associated with the both. Varanasi. The animals were housed in suitable cages The anti-hyperglycaemic potential of individual and acclimatized for about one week. All the rats ingredients of Eladi Churna has been validated through were freely allowed to eat pellet chow (obtained from many scientific research. The purpose of this research Amrut Laboratory Animal Feed, Pranav Agro was to experimentally assess the anti-hyperglycaemic Industries Limited, Sangali) and water ad libitum effect of Eladi Churna in Streptozotocin-induced during the study period. The study was conducted diabetic rats and to compare it with glibenclamide after getting approval from Institutional Animal as a reference standard. Clinically used glibenclamide Ethical Committee (No. Dean/2016/CAEC/47) of (a sulphonylurea drug) is known to lower the serum BHU and the principles of laboratory animal care as glucose by stimulating β-cells to release insulin. per NIH guidelines were followed continuously 8 during the whole study . Materials and Methods Experimental design Chemicals The study was conducted in the animal house of Streptozotocin was sponsored by Department of the Department of Pharmacology, IMS, BHU. Thirty Rasa-Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of animals were erratically allocated in to five groups Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras with six animals in each group namely group I Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, wherein the (Normal Control), group II (Diabetic Control without chemical was purchased from Himedia Laboratories Pvt. any medicines), group III (Standard drug Ltd. Dindori, Nasik, India. And glibenclamide, used as Glibenclamide 1mg/kg of body weight), group IV standard anti-diabetic agent, was purchased from (Eladi Churna 300 mg/kg of body weight), group V Emcure SANOFI, trade name Daonil in India. (Eladi Churna 600 mg/kg of body weight). Procurement of drugs and preparation of Churna Considering adult dose of Churna Kalpana with The herbal ingredients of Eladi Churna, i.e., Ela, reference to various Churnas mentioned in AFI, Pippali and Pashanbheda, were procured from Gola 3-6 gm of human adult dose of Eladi Churna was 36 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, JANUARY 2019

converted in to animal dose based on the body surface Statistical analysis area ratio using the table of Paget and Barnes 1969 Results were expressed as mean±standard (Human adult dose × Body surface area ratio deviation of mean by using statistical software SPSS convertible factor i.e. 0.018) And human dose of version 16.0. All statistical comparisons between the glibenclamide is given as 10 mg OD9 and the suitable groups were made by means of One Way ANOVA dose for rats was calculated by referring to table of (Analysis of Variance) with post hoc multiple 10 Paget and Barnes . comparison test. Within the group comparison was The rats were kept on fasting overnight prior to done by paired ‘t’ test. The p value < 0.05 was STZ administration day. STZ solution was induced in regarded as statistically significant and < 0.01, < rats of group II, group III, group IV and group V at a 0.001 were taken as statistically highly significant. dose of 35 mg/kg through insulin syringes as it has been depicted through various researches that STZ at Results a lower dose is known to resemble Type II diabetic Modulatory effects of medications on model and does not kill pancreatic β cells. The concentration of glucose are depicted in Table 1 STZ solution was freshly prepared by dissolving it in which revealed that a significant difference in the 50 mg of sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5) to prepare a levels of blood glucose were present in intragroups on final concentration of 1 mg/mL, just prior to its day 0 and on day 28 which was confirmed by intraperitoneal administration in rats for the induction applying t-test. Blood glucose concentration was of Diabetes Mellitus. Blood glucose levels of significantly increased in group II as compared to STZ induced rats were estimated after 72 h with control group. And in groups treated with one touch verio flex glucometer. On affirmation of glibenclamide and Eladi Churna at two different hyperglycaemia after 72 h, rats of group III were doses showed a significant decrement in blood treated with standard antidiabetic drug Glibenclamide glucose levels from the day 3 onwards. The results at a dose of 1mg/kg of body weight and rats of group were highly significant in group IV and V as IV and V were administered with Eladi Churna at a p < 0.001. Decrement in mean values of blood glucose dose of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of body weight, of group V was almost comparable to group III. respectively. While the rats of group II were not given Similarly, in intergroup comparison, by applying one any treatment. 5 mg tablet of Glibenclamide (Daonil) way Anova, it was found that a highly significant was finely powdered and dissolve in distilled water. difference (p < 0.01) in blood glucose levels of different The strength of the Glibenclamide solution was made groups were present from day 3 onwards while it was up to 1mg/mL/day per oral. Similarly the stock non-significant (p > 0.05) on day 0. To compare the solution for the trial drug Eladi Churna was prepared blood glucose levels of group II with that of group III, freshly by adding adequate quantity of distilled water. group IV and group V, post-hoc test was applied and it Fresh stock solution was prepared for all the three was seen that a highly significant difference in glucose drug samples i.e. Glibenclamide, Eladi Churna at levels were present from day 7 onwards or it can be 300 mg/kg and Eladi Churna at 600 mg/kg every day said that there was a decrement in blood glucose levels prior to its administration. The medicaments were on applying medicines, i.e., Glibenclamide and administered orally with the help of intragastric tube. Eladi Churna at two different dose levels. And And then the blood glucose levels were recorded on Eladi Churna at dose level 600 mg/kg showed results day 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, respectively or the study almost similar to that of glibenclamide treated group. was conducted for 28 consecutive days. At the end of The results of serum cholestrol, serum high density the experiment, the animals were sacrificed under lipoproteins (HDL), serum low density lipoproteins anesthesia with diethyl ether. Apart from blood (LDL), serum triglycerides, serum glutamate glucose levels, the animals were also assessed for oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate biochemical parameters such as serum cholestrol, pyruvate transaminase activity (SGPT) are compiled serum high density lipoproteins (HDL), serum low in Table 2. The data depict that in the rats of group II, density lipoproteins (LDL), serum triglycerides, there was an increment in the mean values of above serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), mentioned biochemical parameters while in control serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activity group it remained almost constant on day 0 and day (SGPT) on day 0 (initial day) and day 28 (final day). 28. In treatment groups, i.e., group III, group IV and BANSAL et al.: ANTIHYPERGLYCAEMIC POTENTIAL OF ELADI CHURNA IN STZ INDUCED DIABETIC RATS 37

Table 1 — Mean±SD of Blood Glucose levels (mg/dl) in control (Normal & Diabetic) and treatment groups

Groups Day 0 Day 3 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28 Intra Group Comparison (Paired ‘t’ Test) Day 0 vs Day 28 Group I (NC) 67.80±2.28 68.00±2.89 68.20±1.78 69.32±3.20 68.28±2.85 68.00±2.91 0.200±1.09 t=0.40 p=0.70 Group II (DC) 67.40±3.84 512.80±80.99 513.12±77.47 513.36±79.20 511.26±79.42 511.48±78.36 444.08±76.95 t=12.903 p=0.000*** Group III 69.60±3.84 461.60±121.53 222.00±45.83 138.08±7.38 114.82±5.51 95.44±7.44 25.84±8.58 (SDG) t=6.73 p=0.03* Group IV 68.80±3.03 460.40±67.37 268.22±37.73 195.36±17.20 153.12±14.40 123.94±4.89 55.14±4.22 (EC 300) t=29.16 p=0.000*** Group 71.20±2.28 494.40±43.99 268.52±13.70 168.14±14.18 129.84±3.91 107.34±2.67 36.14±2.44 (EC 600) t=32.99 p=0.000*** Inter Group F=1.173 F=31.30 F=65.67 F=108.56 F=122.24 F=138.28 Comparison p=0.353 p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** (One way Anova) Post Hoc test 2(DC) vs p=1.000 p=1.000 p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** 3(SDG) 2(DC) vs p=1.000 p=1.000 p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** 4(EC300) 2(DC) vs 5(EC600) p=0.699 p=1.000 p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** p=0.000*** ( vs- versus, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001, NC- Normal Control, DC- Diabetic Control (No medication), SDG- Standard Drug Glibenclamide with dose of 1mg/kg of body weight, EC 300- Eladi Churna with dose of 300mg/kg of body weight, EC 600- Eladi Churna with dose of 600 mg/kg of body weight)

group V, on day 0, the observed mean values were Discussion comparable to that of control group and on day 28, Diabetes mellitus is a complex and heterogeneous there was not much divergence in the values of disorder presently affecting more than 100 million biochemical parameters or it was nearly analogous to people worldwide and causing serious socio- control group showed that even after administration of economic problems. Animal models of diabetes are STZ, if there was an augmentation in biochemical constructive and indispensable research tools to parameters, it got normalized after administration of perceive the molecular basis, pathogenesis of medications. The utmost significant decrease was complications, and the utility of therapeutic agents in observed in group V concerning total cholestrol diabetes. The most prominent diabetogenic chemical (mean±Sd=131.000±2.985) as p value is < 0.05. in diabetes research is streptozotocin (STZ)11. Though both group IV and V were found to be Administration of STZ at a dose of 35 mg/kg responsible for maintenance of biochemical replicates the natural pathogenesis of Type II Diabetes parameters in a requisite range but rats of group V mellitus which resembles to human disease with were screening results approximately comparable to presence of insulin resistance. Following STZ rats of group III, i.e., treated with standard injection, an acute triphasic response has been antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. No significant results observed in rats: (a) early hyperglycemia at 2–4 h were obtained on the levels of SGOT and SGPT in all which may be due to mobilization of liver glycogen the treatment groups. (b) hypoglycemia observed 6–10 h after injection due 38 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, JANUARY 2019

Table 2 — Mean± SD of Biochemical Parameters in control (Normal & Diabetic) and treatment groups Biochemical Parameters Group I (NC) Group II (DC) Group III (SDG) Group IV ( EC 300) Group V (EC 600)

Total Cholestrol 141.900±4.822 139.360±.909 139.680±1.801 138.880±2.119 139.920±.576 mg/dl (Day0) Total Cholestrol 141.720±3.662 216.760±4.966 134.060±5.119 120.660±7.810 131.000±2.985 mg/dl (Day28) *** ### * ### ** ### HDL mg/dl (Day0) 39.920±.8075 39.620±.8075 38.320±1.409 38.580±.521 38.820±1.110

HDL mg/dl (Day28) 40.380±1.293 34.420±1.543 37.040±.723 38.880±.690 36.940±1.006 ** # ### * # LDL mg/dl (Day0) 59.640±.884 59.260±.904 58.840±.536 58.220±.626 59.440±.517 LDL mg/dl (Day28) 59.120±.914 70.260±1.348 57.100±1.210 57.420±1.375 56.320±3.610 *** ### ### ### Triglycerides mg/dl (Day0) 101.960±.251 102.120±.443 102.200±1.224 103.260±1.219 101.980±.465 Triglycerides mg/dl (Day28) 101.980±1.247 140.340±3.700 101.160±2.352 120.200±5.711 101.840±1.346 *** ### ** ### ### SGOT IU/L (Day0) 30.720±.816 31.880±2.068 31.460±1.043 30.480±.311 32.160±.904 SGOT IU/L (Day28) 33.660±1.863 39.800±.620 31.320±1.439 34.120±1.084 31.640±.971 ** ### ### ** ### ### SGPT IU/L (Day0) 27.880±.491 28.220±.878 27.580±.356 28.320±1.071 27.860±.577 SGPT IU/L(Day28) 28.560±.589 33.920±.729 28.680±.593 29.980±.356 29.940±.517 ** ### * ### * ### ** ### (HDL- High Density Lipoproteins, LDL- Low Density Lipoproteins, SGOT-Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate transaminase, SGPT- Serum Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (* in intra group comparison), #p<0.05, ## p<0.01, ### p<0.001 (# intergroup comparison of treatment groups with diabetic control group), NC- Normal Control, DC- Diabetic Control (No medication), SDG- Standard Drug Glibenclamide with dose of 1mg/kg of body weight, EC 300- Eladi Churna with dose of 300mg/kg of body weight, EC 600- Eladi Churna with dose of 600 mg/kg of body weight). to increased serum insulin levels and (c) permanent showed comparable efficacy to pioglitazone in hyperglycemia from 24 h onwards, characterized by preventing dexamethasone induced hyperglycaemia14. polyuria, glycosuria, hyperglycemia12,13. And also ethyl acetate extract of four different In this present research work, it was found that varieties of cardamom obtained from Mysore, Eladi Churna at two different dose levels showed the Malabar, Vazhukka and Guatemala showed wide significant anti-hyperglycaemic potential in STZ antioxidant potential and found to be effective against induced diabetic rats. But the utmost significant oxidative stress caused by hyperglycaemic condition reduction was observed with Eladi Churna at 600 mg/kg in diabetics15. Similarly research work done on oral body weight dose level and the results were almost administration of ethanolic extract of plant Pippali comparable to that of standard drug glibenclamide (Piper longum L.) showed that it restored the normal treated group. The therapeutic effectiveness of Eladi blood glucose levels in diabetic rats within 45 days, Churna can be alleged on the account of its individual which indicates that the extract stimulated the ingredients. All the individual ingredients of Eladi activities of the liver to maintain the normal Churna (Ela, Pippali, Pashanbheda and Shilajit) homeostasis of blood glucose during diabetes16. possess significant anti-hyperglycaemic activities that And aqueous extract of the plant at a dose of have already been validated through various scientific 200 mg/kg.b.w.in streptozotocin (STZ) induced researches. Fine powder suspension of Ela (Elettaria diabetic rats was found to possess significant cardamomum L.) or queen of spices was studied on antidiabetic activity after 6 h of the treatment17. albino rats having hyperglycaemia due to induction of Alcoholic extract of Pashanbheda (Bergenia lingulata dexamethasone and its therapeutic efficacy was Wall.) reduced the blood glucose levels in diabetic compared with pioglitazone (45 mg/kg). Cardamom rats and it was assumed that the antidiabetic effect is BANSAL et al.: ANTIHYPERGLYCAEMIC POTENTIAL OF ELADI CHURNA IN STZ INDUCED DIABETIC RATS 39

due to the stimulation of cells of pancreatic islets or are mainly responsible to breakdown complex mediated through stimulation of insulin release carbohydrates molecule in to glucose molecule and resembling the oral hypoglycemic sulphonylureas18. inhibition of these enzymes leads to decrement in And flavanoids present in root of plant also exhibits production of glucose: hence helpful in lowering alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and acting as blood glucose concentration in diabetes mellitus. antidiabetic agents19. The mineral Shilajit present in D-limonene, a monocyclic monoterpene was the herbomineral formulation is a complex natural administered orally at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg mixture of organic (60-80%) and inorganic compounds body weight and glibenclamide at a dose of 600 g/kg (20-40%) along with presence of trace elements. Shilajit body weight daily for 45 days in STZ induced at a dose of 100mg/kg leads to significant reduction in diabetic rats. At the dose of 100 mg/kg the levels of blood glucose level and also shows improvement in lipid blood glucose and HbA1c got decreased26,27. As profile of alloxan induced diabetic rats20. Aqueous Eladi Churna consists of four ingredients, it can be extract of Shilajit exhibited DPPH radical-scavenging said that due to synergistic action of a number of activity with IC50 value of 11.9 μg/mL and found to be phytoconstituents with their specified mechanism of helpful in diabetes associated oxidative stress and also actions in the final preparation, i.e., Eladi Churna inhibits lipid peroxidation21. makes it a more persuasive antidiabetic agent in As it is splendidly recognized that plant material comparison to individual drug material. The results of are a complex mixture of different phytoconstituents drug have also been found to be analogous to that of which are principally accountable for a plant to glibenclamide. Glibenclamide is a second generation exhibit its therapeutic potential. The individual plant potent sulfonylurea oral antidiabetic drug. It performs drug mainly consists of flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins, its action by closure of ATP sensitive K+ channels terpenes, polyphenols, essential oil, etc. and mineral (prevents K+ efflux) causing depolarization of Shilajit chiefly depicts the presence of 14–20% membrane. This further opens the voltage dependent humidity; 18–20% minerals; 13–17% proteins (with Ca channels, leads to Ca+ influx. This Ca brings about marked amylase activity); 4–4.5% lipids; 3.3–6.5% release of insulin that is stored in granules of beta steroids; 18–20% nitrogen-free compounds; 1.5–2% cells and also increases the sensitivity of peripheral carbohydrates; and 0.05–0.08% alkaloids, amino tissues to insulin by increasing the number of insulin acids and other compounds. These constituents are receptors. As Eladi Churna at 600 mg/kg showed the known to possess glucose lowering affect by various effects similar to that of glibenclamide9. So it can also mechanisms of actions. be assumed that Eladi Churna may possess the action Flavanoids regulate the glucose levels by inhibiting similar to that of glibenclamide and reduces blood starch digestion, delaying the gastric emptying rate glucose levels by release of insulin from the and reducing active transport of glucose across pancreatic β cells and increasing the sensitivity of intestinal brush border membrane. Also inhibition of peripheral tissues to insulin and it also support the fact intestine sodium–glucose cotransporter-1 (Na-Glut-1) that STZ used at lower dose level induces Type II along with inhibition of α-amylase and Diabetes mellitus by decreasing sensitivity of α-glucosidase activity makes them a potential peripheral tissue to insulin instead of destructing candidate in the management of hyperglycemia22,23. β cells. And also showed positive effects on other Tannins have been observed to enhance the glucose biochemical parameters associated with diabetic uptake through mediators of the insulin-signaling condition such as alteration in lipid profile and liver pathways, such as PI 3K (Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase) functions because the individual drug material has and p38 MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) also been documented for their hepatoprotective and activation and GLUT-4 translocation. Tannins are hypolipidaemic activities. known to induce β cell regeneration and a direct action on adipose cells that enhances insulin Conclusion activity24. The mechanism of action of alkaloids From the above mentioned results, it can be include inhibition of aldose reductase, inducing concluded that oral administration of Eladi Churna in glycolysis, preventing insulin resistance through STZ induced diabetic rats showed a gradual remarkable increasing insulin receptor expression25. Terpenes act reduction in blood glucose levels and also helpful in by inhibiting the activity of α-amylase. α-amylases normalizing the alterations present in other biochemical 40 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, JANUARY 2019

parameters such as serum cholestrol, HDL, LDL and cardamomum) with pioglitazone on dexamethasone induced triglycerides. The modulatory effect of the Eladi Churna hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia in albino rats. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research was partial, but rather it was significant in a dose 2015; 6 (3): p.136-40. dependent manner, i.e., more significant at a dose level 15 Amma K.P.A.P, Rani M.P, Sasidharan I, Nisha VNP. of 600 mg/kg and was nearly analogous to potent Chemical composition, flavonoid- phenolic contents and antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. radical scavenging activity of four major varieties of cardamom. Int J Biol Med Res 2010; 1(3):p. 20-24. Acknowledgement 16 Manoharan S, Silvan S, Vasudevan K, Balakrishnan The authors are thankful to Dr Shardendu Mishra S.Antihyperglycaemic and antilipidoperoxidative effects of and Ms Priyanka, PhD Scholar, Department of Piper longum dried fruits in alloxan induced Diabetic rats. J. Biol. 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