CHAPTER 9 Hypersensitivity Disorders Mediated by Allergen- Specific Ige Antibodies
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CHAPTER 9 hypersensitivity disorders mediated by allergen- specific IgE antibodies. These same principles hold true today, more than100 years later, for current Allergen Immunotherapy Extract allergen immunotherapy. Preparation Manual There is good evidence that allergen immunotherapy Michael R. Nelson, MD, PhD, FAAAAI is effective for the treatment of2-25: Linda Cox, MD, FAAAAI • Allergic rhinitis • Allergic conjunctivitis • Asthma • Atopic dermatitis TABLE OF CONTENTS • Insect allergy (Hymenoptera) 1. Introduction 2. Practitioner Qualifications Multiple studies have demonstrated the effectiveness 3. Allergen Extracts of allergen immunotherapy in these conditions 4. Allergen Extract Mixing Conditions for both children and adults.2-25 The degree of 5. Allergen Immunotherapy Prescriptions effectiveness may vary for the individual patient. 6. Color Coding, Labels and Expiration Dates Clinical improvement should occur within or soon 7. Mixing Individual Patient Allergen Extract Treatment Sets after the first year of treatment, and this benefit may 8. Stinging Insect Allergen Extract Preparation improve with continued treatment. The Allergen 9. Allergen Extract Stability and Storage Immunotherapy Practice Parameters26 suggest 10. Summary 11. References that, “If clinical improvement is not apparent after 12. Appendices 1 year of maintenance therapy, possible reasons for lack of efficacy should be evaluated. If none are found, discontinuation of immunotherapy should be considered, and other treatment options should INTRODUCTION be pursued.” It has been observed that some patients may experience a worsening of their asthma, atopic Allergen immunotherapy was first introduced dermatitis and allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis by Leonard Noon in 1911.1 Dr. Noon originally symptoms during treatment, especially during the hypothesized that patients suffering from “hay first few months of therapy. fever” were sensitive to a “toxin” contained in grass pollen. He proposed that patients would benefit by There is no consensus on when to discontinue stimulating the immune system against the toxin aeroallergen immunotherapy, but benefits are often by use of inoculations of pollen extract. These maintained for years after stopping therapy in some inoculations involve giving increasing amounts of individuals, and indefinitely in others. In grass- allergen extracts to reduce symptoms on re-exposure pollen allergy, a three-year course of subcutaneous 25 to those particular allergens. The procedure has been immunotherapy gave prolonged relief of symptoms. widely used since its inception to treat immediate For many patients with stinging insect allergy, 3-5 AAAAI-0114-420 AAAAI Practice Management Resource Guide, 2014 edition 1 years of treatment may be sufficient for sustained allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, asthma and effectiveness after discontinuing therapy. Patients stinging insect allergy (Hymenoptera). Each patient’s experiencing more severe reactions to stings may immunotherapy prescription is unique, and the be considered for longer durations of treatment, administration schedule (buildup or maintenance) given the risk of the recurrence of a life-threatening may also vary. Each patient should be evaluated reaction over time. prior to the immunotherapy administration visit to determine whether any recent health changes Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy is not might require modifying or withholding the used for patients with food allergies. Although immunotherapy treatment. Risk factors for severe studies have demonstrated an increased tolerance immunotherapy reactions include symptomatic to peanut challenge in patients who received asthma and injections administered during periods 27, 28 subcutaneous peanut immunotherapy, there was of symptom exacerbations. Clinical judgment is an unacceptably high incidence of systemic reactions required when altering the dose or schedule of (e.g., anaphylaxis) in most of the patients during administration. State laws may differ with regard to 28 treatment. personnel who may give injections. Adverse reactions to allergen immunotherapy do Allergen immunotherapy carries a significant occur, including death from severe systemic allergic risk for life-threatening anaphylaxis and therefore reactions. Although very rare, deaths associated with requires even more competency training for both immunotherapy may be due to clerical and medical nursing personnel and physician supervisors. The errors by healthcare personnel. Examples include responsibility for supervision and competency administering a wrong dose or wrong extract to the of the staff preparing and administering allergen wrong patient. Other factors that may contribute immunotherapy falls to the supervising physician. to immunotherapy fatalities include symptomatic Documentation of training and competency in asthma and delay in the administration of allergen immunotherapy as well as diagnosis, epinephrine during a systemic reaction. Nonetheless, treatment and prevention of anaphylaxis are critical allergen immunotherapy extracts are relatively easy quality management issues for all clinics involved to prepare and administer, and are usually well in the delivery of allergen immunotherapy. Until tolerated. Initial and ongoing training will improve recent recommendations from specialty societies the expertise of healthcare workers responsible for are uniformly adopted, many facilities that provide administering immunotherapy and, ultimately, the immunotherapy are forced to deal with a variety safety of their patients. of allergen immunotherapy extracts in a variety of packaging and labeling formats that further increase PRACTITIONER QUALIFICATIONS the risk for incorrect dosing during administration. Although efforts to standardize labeling and Allergen immunotherapy is an effective therapy documentation are underway, training in what to and is indicated for the treatment of patients with look for and how to ensure extract prescriptions are AAAAI Practice Management Resource Guide, 2014 edition 2 administered safely and effectively is crucial to safe third update.”26 This joint effort by experts from delivery of immunotherapy. AAAAI, ACAAI, and JCAAI focuses on evidence- based recommendations that will optimize TraininG Opportunities immunotherapy efficacy and safety. All healthcare providers involved in immunotherapy preparation There are a variety of ways to receive training and administration should be oriented to the in allergen immunotherapy preparation and contents of this practice parameter, which contains administration. Formats may vary from lectures to practical clinical information and sample forms. The hands-on training to meet the needs of each learner sample forms can be downloaded from www.aaaai. and include the following: org (members-only section). • On-the-job training from a qualified co- worker or supervisor Some suggested qualifications of extract preparation 26 • AAAAI and ACAAI workshops and personnel from Practice Parameters : seminars • Pass a written test on aseptic technique and • Manuals from allergen extract extract preparation manufacturers • Be trained in preparation of allergenic • Journal articles (i.e., Cox26) products • Online course at www.instanted.com. Click • Annually pass a media-fill test, as described on Project Immune Readiness, password in Addendum A in Table 9.1. = paper. Two modules (anaphylaxis and • Demonstrate understanding of antiseptic allergen immunotherapy overview) are hand cleaning and surface disinfection currently available. Allergen extract • Correctly identify, measure and mix preparation manual and exam are currently ingredients in development. • Should be appropriately trained health professionals, including, but not limited to, The most current and widely adopted registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, recommendations in the United States for all medical technicians, medical assistants, aspects of allergen immunotherapy are embodied physicians’ assistants, advanced practice in “Allergen immunotherapy: A practice parameter nurses and physicians AAAAI Practice Management Resource Guide, 2014 edition 3 TABLE 9.1. ALLERGEN IMMUNOTHerapY EXtract PreparatiON GUIDELINES Qualifications of extract preparation personnel: • Compounding personnel must pass a written test on aseptic technique and extract preparation. • Compounding personnel must be trained in preparation of allergenic products. • Compounding personnel must annually pass a media-fill test, as described in Addendum A. • Compounding personnel who fail written or media-fill tests would be reinstructed and re-evaluated. • Compounding personnel must be able to demonstrate understanding of antiseptic hand cleaning and disinfection of mixing surfaces. • Compounding personnel must be able to correctly identify, measure and mix ingredients. • Compounding personnel should be appropriately trained health professionals, including, but not limited to, registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, medical technicians, medical assistants, physicians’ assistants, advanced practice nurses and physicians. Physician responsibility: A physician with training and expertise in allergen immunotherapy is responsible for ensuring that compounding personnel are instructed and trained in preparation of immunotherapy with aseptic techniques as defined below and that they meet the requirements of these guidelines. Evidence of such compliance shall be documented and main- tained in personnel files. The physician is responsible for providing general