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Trace Elements Biotechnologies in Anaerobic Trace Trace Elements in Anaerobic Biotechnologies Edited by Fernando G. Fermoso, Eric van Hullebusch, Gavin Collins, Jimmy Roussel, Ana Paula Mucha and Giovanni Esposito The use of trace elements to promote biogas production features prominently on the agenda for many biogas-producing companies. However, the application of the technique is often characterized by trial-and-error methodology due to the ambiguous and scarce basic knowledge on the impact of trace elements in anaerobic biotechnologies under different process conditions. This book describes and defines the broad landscape in the research area of trace elements in anaerobic biotechnologies, from the level of advanced chemistry and single microbial cells, through to engineering and bioreactor technology and to the fate of trace elements in the environment. The book results from the EU COST Action on ‘The ecological roles of trace metals in anaerobic biotechnologies’. Trace elements in anaerobic biotechnologies is a critical, exceptionally complex and technical Collins, Gavin Hullebusch, van Eric G. Fermoso, Fernando by Edited challenge. The challenging chemistry underpinning the availability of Esposito and Giovanni Mucha Roussel, Ana Paula Jimmy trace elements for biological uptake is very poorly understood, despite the importance of trace elements for successful anaerobic operations across the bioeconomy. This book discusses and places a common understanding of this challenge, with a strong focus on technological Trace Elements tools and solutions. The group of contributors brings together chemists with engineers, biologists, environmental scientists and mathematical modellers, as well as industry representatives, to show an up-to-date vision of the fate of trace elements on anaerobic biotechnologies. in Anaerobic Biotechnologies Edited by Fernando G. Fermoso, Eric van Hullebusch, Gavin Collins, iwapublishing.com Jimmy Roussel, Ana Paula Mucha and Giovanni Esposito @IWAPublishing ISBN: 9781789060218 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789060225 (eBook) FundedFunded by the by Horizon the Horizon 2020 2020Fr amew Frameworkork Pr ogramme Programme of theof Euthero Europeanpean Unio Unionn Trace Elements in Anaerobic Biotechnologies Trace Elements in Anaerobic Biotechnologies Edited by Fernando G. Fermoso, Eric van Hullebusch, Gavin Collins, Jimmy Roussel, Ana Paula Mucha and Giovanni Esposito Published by IWA Publishing Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: +44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: +44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2019 © 2019 IWA Publishing Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Disclaimer The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Editors and Authors will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9781789060218 (print) ISBN: 9781789060225 (eBook) DOI: 10.2166/9781789060225 This eBook was made Open Access in June 2019 © 2019 The Author(s) This is an Open Access book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits copying, adaptation and redistribution, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Cover: icons from Flaticon. This publication is based upon work from COST Action, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Our Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation. www.cost.eu Contents About the Editors ....................................... xiii List of Contributors .................................... xvii Chapter 1 Biogeochemistry of major elements in anaerobic digesters: carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and iron ............. 1 Eric D. van Hullebusch, Sepehr Shakeri Yekta, Baris Calli and Fernando G. Fermoso 1.1 Introduction . 2 1.2 Carbon Biogeochemistry in Anaerobic Digesters . 3 1.3 Nitrogen Biogeochemistry in Anaerobic Digesters . 6 1.4 Phosphorus Biogeochemistry in Anaerobic Digesters . 9 1.5 Iron Biogeochemistry in Anaerobic Digesters . 10 1.6 Sulfur Biogeochemistry in Anaerobic Digesters . 12 1.7 Major Elements Biogeochemistry Interplay in Anaerobic Digesters . 15 1.8 Concluding Remarks . 17 Acknowledgements . 17 References . 18 viii Trace Elements in Anaerobic Biotechnologies Chapter 2 Biogeochemistry of trace elements in anaerobic digesters 23 Lucian C. Staicu, Stephane Simon, Gilles Guibaud, Sepehr Shakeri Yekta, Baris Calli, Jan Bartacek, Fernando G. Fermoso and Eric D. van Hullebusch 2.1 Introduction . 24 2.2 Total Versus Bioavailable Trace Elements . 25 2.3 Biogeochemical Processes . 27 2.3.1 Introduction . 27 2.3.2 Non-redox sensitive elements . 28 2.3.3 Redox-sensitive elements . 30 2.4 How to Assess Speciation and Bioavailability of TE in Anaerobic Digesters . 35 2.4.1 Sampling . 36 2.4.2 TE speciation in liquid samples . 38 2.4.3 TE analysis in solid samples . 39 2.5 Concluding Remarks . 43 Acknowledgements . 43 References . 43 Chapter 3 Trace element enzymes in reactions essential for anaerobic digestion ...................................... 51 Juan M. Gonzalez and Blaz Stres 3.1 Introduction . 52 3.2 Major Pathways and Trace-element Requirements in Anaerobic Digestion . 54 3.2.1 Organic carbon processing . 55 3.2.2 Nitrate and sulfate reduction . 58 3.2.3 Methanogenesis . 58 3.3 Major Enzymes Influenced by Trace Elements . 63 3.3.1 Methyl-coenzyme M reductase . 63 3.3.2 Heterodisulfide reductase . 64 3.3.3 Formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase . 64 3.4 Perspectives . 67 Acknowledgements . 68 References . 68 Contents ix Chapter 4 Engineering of trace-element supplementation ............ 73 Jimmy Roussel, Cynthia Carliell-Marquet, Adriana F. M. Braga, Mirco Garuti, Antonio Serrano and Fernando G. Fermoso 4.1 Introduction . 74 4.2 Management Tools . 76 4.3 Influence of Reactor Type on TE Supplementation . 78 4.4 Influence of Operational Conditions on TE Supplementation . 80 4.4.1 Organic loading rate . 80 4.4.2 Temperature . 81 4.4.3 Two phase anaerobic digestion/pH role . 82 4.4.4 Hydraulic retention time . 83 4.5 Importance of Feedstock Characterization on TE Supplementation . 84 4.5.1 Sulphide-rich feedstock . 84 4.5.2 Phosphate-rich feedstock . 85 4.5.3 Lipid-rich feedstock . 88 4.5.4 Lignocellulosic waste . 90 4.6 Conclusion . 92 References . 92 Chapter 5 Mathematical modelling of trace element dynamics in anaerobic digestion environments ....................... 101 Bikash Chandra Maharaj, Maria Rosaria Mattei, Luigi Frunzo, Artin Hatzikioseyian, Eric D. van Hullebusch Piet N. L. Lens and Giovanni Esposito 5.1 Introduction . 102 5.2 Mathematical Modelling of Sulfur and Phosphorus Cycles in Anaerobic Digestion Systems . 106 5.2.1 Sulfur modelling . 106 5.2.2 Phosphorus modelling . 112 5.3 Mathematical Modelling of Physicochemical Processes in Anaerobic Digestion Systems . 113 5.3.1 Precipitation . 113 5.3.2 Adsorption . 126 5.3.3 Aqueous complexation . 129 5.4 Modelling the Effect of TEs on Biokinetics . 130 5.4.1 Modelling the biouptake of TEs . 130 5.4.2 Dose-response modelling of TE effect in AD . 132 5.5 Conclusion . 141 x Trace Elements in Anaerobic Biotechnologies References . 142 Appendix . 152 Notation . 152 Chapter 6 Assessing fate and bioavailability of trace elements in soils after digestate application ......................... 153 C. Marisa R. Almeida, Ishai Dror, Mirco Garuti, Malgorzata Grabarczyk, Emmanuel Guillon, Eric D. van Hullebusch, Andreina Laera, Nevenka Mikac, Jakub Munoz,̌ Dionisios Panagiotaras, Valdas Paulauskas, Santiago Rodriguez-Perez, Stephane Simon, Jan Šinko, Blaz Stres, Sergej Ustak,̌ Cecylia Wardak and Ana P. Mucha 6.1 Introduction . 155 6.2 Digestate – Production and Application on Soil . 156 6.2.1 Biogas plants: a general overview . 157 6.2.2 Separation of liquid and solid fraction of digestate . 158 6.2.3 Technologies for application of digestate on soils . 159 6.3 Soil Physico–Chemical Characteristics and Trace Element Mobility . 161 6.3.1 Total trace elements in soils . 161 6.3.2 Mechanisms regulating trace elements distribution in soils . ..
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