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DNA Barcoding Evidence of the Tropical Invasive Lineage of Sinanodonta Woodiana in Costa Rica

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DNA Barcoding Evidence of the Tropical Invasive Lineage of Sinanodonta Woodiana in Costa Rica DNA Barcoding Evidence of the Tropical Invasive Lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana in Costa Rica William G. Bauer, Donald T. Stewart, Rebeca Quesada Céspedes, Sidey Arias Valverde, and Russell H. Easy No. 5 Neotropical Naturalist 2021 NEOTROPICAL NATURALIST Board of Editors ♦ The Neotropical Naturalist (ISSN 2327-5472) is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles on all David Barrington, Department of Plant Biology, Uni- aspects of the natural history sciences of terrestrial, freshwater, and marine organisms and the environments versity of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA of the neotropics from Mexico through the southern tip William G. R. Crampton, University of Central of South America. Manuscripts based on field studies Florida, Orlando, FL, USA outside of this region that provide information on Paulo Estefano Dineli Bobrowiec, Instituto Nacional species within this region may be considered at the de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brazil Editor’s discretion. Valentina Ferretti, Universidad de Buenos Aires, ♦ Manuscript subject matter - The Neotropical Argentina Naturalist welcomes manuscripts based on fieldwork, Danny Haelewaters, Ghent University, Belgium observations, and associated lab work that focus on Matthew Halley, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, terrestrial, freshwater, and marine fauna, flora, and USA habitats. Subject areas include, but are not limited Christopher M. Heckscher, Department of Agriculture to, field ecology, biology, conservation applications, behavior, biogeography, taxonomy, evolution, and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, anatomy, and physiology. 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Vencl, Stony Brook University, Stony ♦ Indexing - The Neotropical Naturalist is a young Brook, NY. National Museum of Natural History, journal whose indexing at this time is by way of Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA author entries in Google Scholar and Researchgate. Kevina Vulinec, Department of Agriculture and Its indexing coverage is expected to become Natural Resources, Delaware State University, comparable to that of the Institute's first 3 journals Dover, DE, USA (Northeastern Naturalist, Southeastern Naturalist, and Journal of the North Atlantic). These 3 journals are included in full-text in BioOne.org and JSTOR. org and are indexed in Web of Science (clarivate. com) and EBSCO.com. ♦ The journal's staff is pleased to discuss ideas for manuscripts and to assist during all stages of manuscript preparation. The journal has a page charge to help defray a portion of the costs of publishing manuscripts. Instructions for Authors are available: (http://www.eaglehill.us/neon). ♦ It is co-published with the Northeastern Naturalist, Southeastern Naturalist, Caribbean Naturalist, Urban Naturalist, and Eastern Paleontologist. ♦ It is available online in full-text version on the journal's website (http://www.eaglehill.us/neon). Arrangements for inclusion in other databases are pending. Cover Photograph: Chinese Pond Mussel (Sinanodonta woodiana), from the aquaculture facility of the Universidad Técnica Nacional de Costa Rica, near Cañas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Photograph © Oscar Pacheco Prieto. The Neotropical Naturalist (ISSN # 2327-5472) is published by the Eagle Hill Institute, PO Box 9, 59 Eagle Hill Road, Steuben, ME 04680-0009. Phone 207-546-2821 Ext. 4, FAX 207-546-3042. E-mail: [email protected]. Webpage: http://www.eaglehill. us/neon. Copyright © 2021, all rights reserved. Published on an article by article basis. Special issue proposals are welcome. The Neotropical Naturalist is an open access journal. Authors: Submission guidelines are available at http://www.eaglehill.us/ neon. Co-published journals: The Northeastern Naturalist, Southeastern Naturalist, Caribbean Naturalist, Urban Naturalist, and Eastern Paleontologist, each with a separate Board of Editors. The Eagle Hill Institute is a tax exempt 501(c)(3) nonprofit corpora- tion of the State of Maine (Federal ID # 010379899). 2021 Neotropical Naturalist No. 5 2021 W.G. Bauer, D.T. Stewart, NEOTROPICALR. Quesada Céspedes, NATURALIST S. Arias Valverde, and R.H. Easy 5:1–8 DNA Barcoding Evidence of the Tropical Invasive Lineage of Sinanodonta woodiana in Costa Rica William G. Bauer1, Donald T. Stewart1,*, Rebeca Quesada Céspedes2, Sidey Arias Valverde2, and Russell H. Easy1 Abstract - Chinese Pond Mussels (Sinanodonta) are invasive freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) that are now widely distributed in non-native parts of Asia, Europe and, to a lesser extent, the Americas. In the present study, Chinese Pond Mussels were identified in a cox1 DNA barcoding survey of mussels from an aquaculture facility in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. These sequences are identical or nearly identical to those of the so-called “tropical invasive lineage” of Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea), probably introduced on aquaculture fish from a hatchery in Taiwan. Identification of the source of these mussels has implications for understanding their ecological adaptations and natural history. To our knowledge there are no assessments of the ecological impacts of Chinese Pond Mussels in Mesoamerica. Introduction Several species of freshwater bivalves can be considered invasive, including some members of the order Unionida (Sousa et al. 2014). For some, including members of the Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea) (Chinese Pond Mussel) complex, invasions are often achieved through the parasitic glochidia larval stage. Chinese Pond Mussels are native to the Amur and Yangtze Rivers of China, and Eastern Russia (Kondakov et al. 2018, Soroka 2005, Sousa et al. 2014, Zieritz et al. 2018). Other native regions may include parts of Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Taiwan, although these claims have been disputed by some (Raley et al. 2011). Addressing taxonomic controversies regarding the Sinanodonta woodiana complex is beyond the scope of this paper and will require more expansive sampling of members of the genus throughout eastern Asia. Consequently, we use the term “Chinese Pond Mussel” to refer to any member of the S. woodiana complex. While it is possible members of this broader complex were introduced to Romania in 1959, the earliest documented record of Chinese Pond Mussels in non-native habitats is from Hungary in 1963 (Watters 1997). These mussels have been described as originating from the Temperate invasive lineage of the Chinese Pond Mussel complex (Kondakov et al. 2018), as opposed to the Tropical invasive lineage (see below). The Temperate invasive lineage now possesses an expansive range throughout Europe and are in non-native regions in Asia (Raley et al. 2011, Sárkány-Kiss et al. 2000). Similar trends of invasive dispersal of Sinanodonta mussels are being documented in Mesoamerica (e.g., Watters 1997), but these are understudied compared to the European invasion (e.g., Kondakov et al. 2018). Sinanodonta species have been described as “hyper-successful” invaders (Sousa et al. 2014) and tend to outcompete native mussel species (Reichard et al. 2012. This is due to: (1) ability to survive in a broad range of freshwater conditions (Donrovich et al. 2017), (2) resilient glochidia that are host generalists (i.e., parasitize gills of most fish; Watters 1997), (3) relatively high growth and reproductive rates (Huber and Geist 2019), and (4) resistance to pollution and hypoxia (Sárkány-Kiss et al. 2000). When parasitized fish are introduced into non-native bodies of water, the parasitic mussels infesting them will also be introduced (Watters 1997). 1Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada B4P 2R6. 2Estación de Biología Marina, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Punta Arenas, Costa Rica 60101. *Corresponding author. Manuscript Editor: Matthew Halley 1 2021 Neotropical Naturalist No. 5 W.G. Bauer, D.T. Stewart, R. Quesada Céspedes, S. Arias Valverde, and R.H. Easy In addition to continuing to parasitize aquaculture species, glochidia can parasitize native fish (Donrovich et al. 2017), which subsequently distribute mussels across connected waterways. Studies in Europe have shown that once invasive populations are established, they can nega- tively affect the ecosystem by outcompeting native species for food or space, and changing the biotic composition and abiotic properties (e.g., Donrovich et al. 2017, Douda and Čadková 2018, Lopes-Lima et al. 2018, Reichard et al. 2015). These effects may be at play in Costa Rica, however, the impacts of Chinese Pond Mussels on Mesoamerican freshwater ecosystems have not yet been studied. Keferl (1995) provided the first record of Chinese Pond Mussels’ presence in Costa Rica (and Dominican Republic). Shortly after,
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