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BOROUGH OF FOLSOM, N.J. 1993

Prepared by: Borough of Folsom Environmental Commission FOLSOM ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION

Appointed Chairman

Joseph Haug

Appointed Members

Jack Anastasia

Marie Anastasia

Robert L. Fennimore, Jr., M.S. Physical Scientist Meteorology/Hydrology/Geophysics

Judith L. Fennimore

Edward Gandolfi

Joel Spiegel

Advisory Member and Consultant Deborah V. Anderson, R.A.P.P. Architect/Planner/Wetland Scientist ....

- PREFACE -

Our primary purpose for initiating this Environmental Resource Inventory was to accumulate data relating to land use and the environment and provide it to Folsom's governing body and planning board in a format that could be used to assist them in future municipal - planning and legislation. It is also hoped that the information provided here will be of interest to the residents of Folsom and, perhaps, encourage a few residents to become more involved in their community. -

This report should be considered a starting point, not a finished product. It needs to be corrected, improved and amended as additional information becomes available. This

Inventory should grow with the community and be used by them to help preserve and protect the present high quality of Folsom's environment.

,..,

Joseph Haug Chainnan, F.E.C.

PRAISE TO THE CHAIN OF LIFE GIVING

Praise to the plants; whose roots, stems, leaves, seeds, and fruits we eat. Praise to the earth; whose elements and myriad life forms nurture the plants. Praise to the plants and animals; whose bodies have decomposed and became the earth. Praise to the sun, to the rain, to the air. Praise to the rhythms and cycles of the life spirit. Praise to the chain of life give.

Presented by Marie Anastasia- Author anonymous

II ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Environmental Resource Inventory was prepared by the Members of the Folsom Environmental Commission. The information and data gathered are the result of much endeavor by the commission members, who gave of their time, effort and expertise to produce this Report. It represents a joint effort of the commission and their individual contribution to its completion; however, three members deserve special recognition for the efforts they put forth on this project. Deborah Anderson, although having moved from the Borough and no longer a resident of Folsom, continued to serve as an advisory member and also as our consultant. Ms. Anderson's talent and expertise were invaluable tools due to her vast knowledge of geology acquired through similar past endeavors. Robert Fennimore was involved in virtually every aspect of this project. Mr. Fennimore, a physical scientist, applied his analytical capability and technical-writing expertise from onset to completion of this narrative. Judith Fennimore's organizational technique and proficiency of computer processing were essential elements.

We are grateful to the Borough Council, especially Mayor AI Effinger, and former Mayor Edward Gandolfi, for providing both encouragement and the needed funding. Our thanks are also extended to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy for Grant #9224, without which this Environmental Resource Inventory could not have been undertaken.

We also wish to thank the following individuals who assisted us with this report by generously providing significant information and sharing their various specializations and talents with us.

Robert Brewer Supervising Planner, Atlantic County Ronald Detrick Regional Forester, NJDEPE Robert Vettese Folsom Engineer, Adams, Rehmann & Heggan Joseph lngemi Folsom Tax Assessor Mary Beth Spiegel Cover Artist, Folsom School Teacher Nadine Spencer Folsom Resident Otto Zapecza USGS Lloyd Mullikin NJGS Claude Epstein Stockton State College

NOTE FROM THE FOLSOM ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION MEMBERS TO JOSEPH HAUG

We commend and thank our Chairman, Joseph Haug, for his steadfast guidance and encouragement which brought the commission members together as a team and motivated us toward our goal, which was the completion of a useful Environmental Resource Inventory for the Borough of Folsom. The Members of FEC

Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION HUMBER PAGE HO.

BOROUGH OF FOLSOM ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION I PREFACE ...... II ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... III

1. DESCRIPTION OF BOROUGH OF FOLSOM 1.0 - 1.1

2. LAND USE ...... 2.0 - 2.3 a) Land Use Map b) Zoning Map 3. HISTORY 3.0 - 3.2 4. CLIMATE ...... 4.0 - 4.4 a) Introduction ...... 4.0 b) Geographical Influences 4.0 - 4.1 c) Winds and storms .... 4.2 d) Temperature and Humidity . . . . 4.2 e) Precipitation . . . . . 4.2 f) Clouds and Sunshine . . 4.3 g) Air Quality ...... 4.3 h) Planning Considerations 4.3 i) Tabular Summary . . . . 4.4

5. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 5.0 - 5.18 Introduction - Formation of Land ...... 5.0 SECTION I - PHYSIOGRAPHY . . . . 5.0 - 5. 3 a) Surface Drainage ...... 5.1 b) Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks 5.2 c) Tertiary Life ...... 5.2 d) Miocene - Tertiary Period ...... 5.3 e) Physiography Map

SECTION II - GEOLOGY 5. 4 - 5.18 a) Tertiary ...... 5.4 - 5.6 b) Soils ...... 5.7 c) Hydrologic Formations 5.8 d) soil Conditions . . • . . 5.8 - e) Soils by Type . • . • . . 5.9 f) Marine Alluvium . . . . . 5.10 g) Marine Deposits . • . . . 5.10 h) Aquifer Bearing Formations 5.11 i) soil Legend ...... 5.12- 5.18 j) Geology Map

SECTION III - WETLANDS 5.19-5.28 a) Introduction - Wetland Definition 5.19 b) Wetland Hydrology - Definition . . . 5.19 c) Influencing Factors ...... 5.20 d) Classification ...... 5.21 e) Hydric Soils ...... 5.22 f) wetland Indicators ...... 5.22 g) Wetlands Communities ...... 5.23 h) Mapping ...... 5.23 i) Wetlands Legend ...... 5.23 - 5.25 j) Wetland Map ...... SECTION IV - PRIME AGRICULTURAL SOILS 5.26-5.28 a) Soils Map TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION HUMBER PAGE HO.

6. HYDROLOGY ...... 6.0 - 6.23 SECTION I - SURFACE HYDROLOGY. 6.0 -6.10

SECTION II - SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY/GROUNDWATER 6.11 - 6. 24 a) Introduction ...... 6.11 b) Geologic History ...... 6.11 - 6.14 c) Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System . . 6.14 d) Individual Aquifers and Confining Units and the Composite Confining Layer . . . . 6.15 e) Kirkwood Units and the Kirkwood­ Cohansey Aquifer System . . . . 6.16 - 6.18 f) Recharge, Discharge, Withdrawal and Water Quality ...... 6.18 - 6.19 g) Septic Suitability ...... 6.20- 6.21 h) Well Log for Nearest Well of Substantial Depth ...... 6.23

7. VEGETATION RESOURCE ...... 7.0 - 7.14 Introduction ...... 7.0 SECTION I - LOWLAND FOREST VEGETATION . . . . 7.1 - 7.2 a) The Hardwood Swamp ...... 7.1 b) The Cedar Swamp ...... 7.1 c) The Pitch Pine Lowlands ...... 7.2 d) Bogs ...... 7.2 SECTION II - UPLAND FOREST VEGETATION . . . 7.3 a) The PinefOak Forest ...... 7.3 b) The Oak/Pine Forest ...... 7.3 c) Forest/Vegatation Map SECTION III - RARE PLANT SPECIES OF FOLSOM 7.4 SECTION IV - FOLSOM BOROUGH PLANT LIST 7.5 7.14 8. WILDLIFE HABITAT ...... 8.0 - 8.18 SECTION I -GAME ...... 8.0 - 8.2 SECTION II - BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS . . . . 8.3 - 8.5 SECTION III - BIRDS ...... 8. 6 - 8.18 9. BIOLIOGRAPHY ...... 9.0 - 9.3 DESCRIPTION OF BOROUGH OF FOLSOM

Folsom is a predominantly rural community of about 2000 people lying entirely within the Pine lands National Preserve. Three separate population clusters exist within the borough; Collings Lakes, The Village, and Penny Pot.

The Borough occupies a flat-to-gently-rolling, rectangular, eight-square-mile area of mostly forest and wetland straddling the Great Egg Harbor River, designated in 1993 by the US Dept. of the Interior as a Wild and Scenic River. Folsom is centrally located within the interior of Southern New Jersey, both geographically and demographically, see the locator map on next page. Its position at the western end of Atlantic County is approximately at the midpoint along the major surface transportation corridor connecting metropolitan Philadelphia and Atlantic City, approximately 30 miles to the northwest and southeast, respectively. This corridor includes one major highway passing through the borough itself (The Black Horse Pike), and two major highways (The Atlantic City Expressway and The White Horse Pike) and the Atlantic City Rail Line, all accessible a few miles to the northeast in neighboring Hammonton.

While maintaining a serene rural character, in close harmony with its natural and agricultural surroundings, it claims easy access to the many recreational and cultural offerings and economic opportunities of Atlantic City, the Jersey Shore, Philadelphia and its metro area, New York City and Washington, DC, the latter two about 2.5 hours by car. Considerable commerce, much of it agricultural commodities, moves along the Route 54/Route 206 corridor connecting Vineland/Millville through Folsom and Hammonton with the Trenton/Princeton area. A few light industries, several small service/retail establishments, and a number of farms operate within Folsom, but the commercial activities of most borough residents are carried out elsewhere. Recreational pursuits that can be played out nearby include camping, bicycling, and canoeing on the many wilderness lands and waterways in the Pine Barrens. The facilities maintained within Folsom by various governing units for swimming, non-power boating, team sports and general frolic are tabulated on the following page.

1.0 - Folsom's Recreational and Park Facilities

Name Location Facilities

Jack L. Mays Landing Road Six acres, partly wooded; 1 double tennis court; 1 little league ball - Eckhardt and 13th Street field; 1 basketball court; approved children's playground Park (Village) equipment; 30 + parking spaces; water and electric; maintained by the Borough of Folsom (ball field by Little League Association) - Pine Lane Pine Lane and S. Mini-playground, approx. 2/3 acres; playground equipment for Park River Drive (Collings children; maintained by Borough of Folsom Lakes Subdivision)

Penny Pot Lake Drive and Mini-playground, wooded area; playground equipment for children; Park Oakwood Drive maintained by Borough of Folsom (Penny Pot Subdivision)

CLCA E. Collings, Fenimore Three swimming beaches; gravel basketball court; picnic area; Recreational Drives (Collings lake water tested annually; maintained by Collings Lakes Civic Facilities Lakes Subdivision) Association (CLCA)

Rt. 54/Mays Route 54 and Mays Twelve acre site; 1 little league ball field; maintained by Borough Landing Landing Road of Folsom and the Little League Association Road Park (Village)

Folsom Mays Landing Road One baseball field and 1 basketball court (both outdoors); gym Elementary (Route 561) (Village) (basketball court) - available for eligible groups - School

Great Egg Runs west to east Recently designated as a Wild and Scenic River; canoeing; fishing Harbor River through Folsom

Hospitality Runs west to east Boating; swimming; hunting; picnicking Stream thru Collings Lakes

Eighth St. Eighth Street - 500 Property owned and maintained by Atlantic County Parks; site Canoe ft. south of Rt. 561 located at Eighth Street and Great Egg Harbor River Launch

Penny Pot South side of Black Swimming; boating; hunting; land surrounding lake is privately Lake Horse Pike - Penny owned; public fishing occurs off Eighth Street Pot

Lutheran Mays Landing Road Zion Reformed established approx. 1855, recognized in late and Zion (Rt. 561) (Village) 1980's in the National Historic Register; Lutheran Church probably Reformed built in the late 1850's Church

The late Gertrude Eckhardt's Book, entitled The History of Folsom. 1845-1976 has more detailed information.

1.1 - FOLSOM

FOLSOM BOROUGH LOCATOR MAP LAND USE

Folsom Borough is 5,625 acres of which approximately 120 acres is water. The land use in Folsom for the purpose of mapping, has been divided into six categories. 1 . Residential 2. Commercial 3. Industrial 4. Agricultural (cultivated land and tree farms). 5. Public and semi-public (government offices, parks and recreation facilities, school, fire houses and churches. 6. Vacant (also includes public owned woodlands and farm assessed private woodland).

The residential pattern of Folsom is comprised of 710 single family residences on about 1,225 acres. This represents over 21 percent of the Borough, and averages about 1. 72 acres per dwelling unit. The basic residential pattern falls into three basic categories. 1 . Single family homes in lake communities on 1/4 to 1/2 acre lots. (Collings Lakes and Penny Pot). 2. Single family homes along highway frontage on lots typically of 1 acre or more (Mays Landing Road, Route 54 and the Black Horse Pike). 3. Older homes and farm house in the Old Folsom Village area.

The 1990 census reports Folsom's total population to be 2,181 of which 2,176 are classified as rural non-farm and 5 as rural farm. There are 2,060 residents who live in owner occupied homes, and 121 are renters. The average persons per household is 3.2, the median age is 32.2 years, median household income is $40,035 and the median home value is $91 ,500.00.

Commercial land use occupies only 76 acres, which is slightly more than 1 percent of the Borough. The uses are predominately highway oriented, mostly scattered along the Black Horse Pike. We list 44 businesses within Folsom, including 8 restaurants, 3 motels, 6 auto repair/gas stations, 3 liquor stores/inns, and 2 greenhouses. The following is a complete list of business in Folsom as compiled by Edward Gandolfi and Marie Anastasia in June 1993.

2.0 School Restaurants Folsom Elementary School Angelo's Pizzeria Dedicated November 18, 1967 Folsom Inn Folsom Place - Physicians New Athens Diner Walter Crane, D.O. New China Restaurant Michael Jung, D.O. Family Pizza & Deli Pine Crest Snack Bar Stern Light Inn Businesses Ace Insurance Company Adrian Lewis Anglers Pro Shop Fraternal Organization Bell Liquor Folsom Volunteer Fire Dept. Blue & Gold Sports Shop Ladies Auxiliary Bud & Larry's Tire Supply Collings Lakes Food Market Collings Lakes Motel Political Organization Collings Lakes Service Station The Folsom Regular Republican Club Collings Lakes Video Coming Attractions Custard Factory Self-Hel12 OrganizaliQn Dee's Variety Shop Alcoholics Anonymous Folsom Fuel Stop Men & Women meet at George's Auto Service St. James Parish Ginny-Lou Greenhouses Green Terrace Motel - Home Systems Company Churches L&M Building Supplies Fellowshi~ Assembl~ of God NAPA Auto Parts Rev. Jack Schaser Pine Crest Motel St. James Lutheran Pine View Lodge Pastor Michael Ronning Rest-A-While Inn Zion Evangelical & Reformeg 7 D's - Cement Ornamental Pastor Emeritus Skip-Tree Green House Rev. Charles String Stoc-up Rev. Thomas J. Arey Tavarez Auto Repair Tri-Cell Block & Supply Company Other Organizations Two WAWA Food Markets The Folsom Taxpayer's Association Wilkens' Repair Zvanya's Golf Shop State Agency The A-1 Pipe Company DCA Dept of Community Affairs Atlantic Sweetener, Inc. Bureau of Local Code Enforcement The Bell Telephone Company American Galvanizing Co., Inc. Training School C&E Canners Folsom Training Center for Creamer Brothers, Inc. Construction and General Kerr Concrete Pipe Co., Inc. Laborers Local #172 South Jersey Industries Statewide Highway Safety, Inc. Select Concrete Products 2.1 - There are 10 industrial sites in Folsom, occupying about 132 acres. The below table is a list of the industries in Folsom as of June 1993.

INDUSTRIES

1. The A-1 Pipe Company 2. Atlantic Sweetener, Inc. 3. The Bell Telephone Company 4. American Galvanizing Co., Inc. 5. C&E Canners 6. Creamer Brothers, Inc. 7. Kerr Concrete Pipe Co., Inc. 8. South Jersey Industries 9. Statewide Highway Safety, Inc. 10. Select Concrete Products

Folsom has 85 acres classified as "farm regular" and 1,147 acres classified as "farm qualified" for a total of 1,232 acres of assessed farmland. Only about 445 acres or 36 percent of the assessed farmland is cultivated land or that which is typically thought of as farms. The remaining 787 acres are privately owned woodlands that qualify for farmland assessments. We did not include farm assessed woodlands as agricultural land in our mapping.

There are 731ine items representing the 1,232 acres of assessed farmland. The average tract size is slightly less than 1 7 acres. There are 8 line items classified as farm - regular, this is farmland with improvements (i.e., farmhouses). The 1990 census lists only 3 farm houses in Folsom.

There are approximately 11 0 acres of public and semi-public land in Folsom. The - Borough owns about 450 acres in Folsom, however, less than 25 acres are developed. The rest is vacant woodlands. There is a 20 acre County Park at Eighth Street at the Great Egg Harbor River, most of this park is undeveloped. The Folsom Elementary School is located on 25 acres, Churches occupy about 15 acres and the fire house is on approximately 5 acres. The State of New Jersey owns about 23 acres in Folsom, most of which is the Department of Transportation Maintenance Yard located on Route 54.

2.2 - The largest percentage of land in the Borough is vacant. The below land use table lists 2,006 acres as vacant. This figure represents only land classified as vacant on the Folsom tax list. We have added to this number; 787 acres of woodland listed as farm qualified; 425 acres of woodland owned by the Borough and 20 acres owned by the Natural Lands Trust. - This gives us a total of 3,238 acres of vacant land which is over 57 percent of the land within Folsom. -

Land use in Folsom is affected by many factors. In addition to local boards and laws, there are also numerous State and Federal laws relating to environmental quality which govern future development in the Borough. All of Folsom is located within the Pinelands National Reserve and is subject to conform to the Pinelands Protection Act and Comprehensive Management Plan, this has greatly influenced all development in Folsom since the Act was passed in 1979. All future development within Folsom is subject to Pinelands approval; therefore, for the foreseeable future, any development in Folsom can be expected to be minimal. LAND USE

LAND USAGE ACRES PERCENT

Residential 1,226 21.80

Commercial 76 1.35 -

Industrial 126 2.24

Public 559 9.94

Church 15 .27

Fire House 5 .08

School 25 .44

Farm Regular 85 1.51

Farm Qualified 1,147 20.39

Vacant 2,006 35.66

Lakes 89 1.58

Railroads 22 .40

Roads & Highways 244 4.34 Total 5,625 100.00 2.3 - GLOUCESTER COUNTY ----­------­CAMDEN OOU~TY -- TWP. of WINSLOW

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The earliest inhabitants of this area were the Lenni-Lenape Indians, one of the tribes of the Algonquin family, later know as the Delawares. Lenni means pure or original and Lenape means people, hence it is said that their name may mean "the first people". In 1758 at Indian Mills, (first named Edge Pillock, later Brotherton and also Shamong) the first Indian Reservation in the country was established. It was there that the Lenni Lenape lived out their last days in New Jersey.

White men began arriving in force in the early 1700's. First to come were the woodcutters. Attracted by the waterpower which was to lure others in later years, they erected sawmills in large numbers. There was an abundant supply of pine, oak and cedar. Cedar wood was used exclusively to build, it was excellent for shingles, post and lumber, it was also used to heat homes and for cooking. It wasn't long before the devastation of the forest was so great as to cause alarm, even in those days of general indifference to problems of conservation. It was Benjamin Franklin who in 1749 urgently advocated conservation and intelligent forestry to combat what was described as reckless and wanton slaughter of the woods.

As the early 1700's moved along there came the men of iron, men such as Charles Read, Isaac Potts, Colonel John Cox, Joseph Ball, William Jesse, and Samuel Richards to name a few. They discovered bog ore in the stream beds and hastened to exploit it.

Prior to being settled, the land Folsom occupies today was a portion of the vast Weymouth Tract; a sprawling 125,000 acre tract of land, owned by Samuel Richards (1769- 1842). Mr. Richards was a successful industrialist who owned 4 of the 30 iron furnaces in - southern New Jersey. The land that occupied the Weymouth Tract possessed an abundance of two principal requirements for iron manufacturing: power from the streams, and fuel from the forest. However, in the mid-1800's, the mining industry in New Jersey crumbled to ruin due to the great expense of mining the ore from the deep beds in New Jersey. After the death of Samuel Richards in 1842, his heirs and executors of his Estate, laid out land from the Weymouth Track in 25 acre plots to be sold at $1.00 per acre. This enabled a group of people, mostly of German descent, to purchase a two mile stretch of woodland located on the

3.0 - Old Stage Coach Road, (today known as Mays Landing Road). The settlers arrived by stage or in their ox-drawn wagons; they chopped the forest, pulled the stumps, plowed the ground, built their homes, churches and a school and established a community in the wilderness. They settled the town of "New Germany" between 1845 and 1850. -

It was about 1885 when the local residents of New Germany wanted a Post Office of - their own. The postal authorities agreed, with one stipulation, they would be to required to change the name of their village to one word. The town was renamed, "Folsom". It is said that it was in honor of Ms. Frances Folsom, the young bride of President Grover Cleveland. The Folsom Post Office operated from 1886 until 1921. The Post Office was closed when Folsom was added to the rural delivery routes of the Hammonton Post Office.

In the early 1900's Folsom was still a section of Buena Vista Township- On May 6, 1906 Folsom was incorporated as a Borough. In 1911 Folsom railroad station was established and operated until 1930; the depression forced the removal of station. In 1912 telephone lines were erected. In 1929 the Black Horse Pike was completed. It became a major thruway creating easy access from Philadelphia to the Atlantic Ocean. Folsom residents had the pleasure of living in the country, yet the excitement of working in the City of Philadelphia or frolicking on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

All the temperate-zone fruits- peach, pear, apple, cherry, quince, grape, bush and vine berries can be grown successfully in New Jersey, the state is also noted for its fine orchards. In addition to suitable soils, fruit-growing as a business demands a climate that is free from early killing frosts. The climate of New Jersey, tempered by the nearness of the Atlantic Ocean, meets this demand and thus makes the production of fruit possible in all parts of the state.

The low, marshy lands bordering the small streams in Folsom made excellent conditions for cranberry growing. In 1879 Mr. Edward Z. Collings developed these swamps into cranberry bogs. This proved to be a successful and profitable operation until the early 1930's wherein the bogs became depleted. They were partially destroyed by fire and were in dire need of modernization and mechanization. It was at this time that Mr. Collings decided to retire from the cranberry business and sell his holdings. However, it wasn't until 1951

3.1 that Mr. Collings actually sold his bog land to a developer known as Mr. David Miller, who selected the late Earl Rehman of Hammonton, to lay out the development.

The bogs were flooded to form a chain of lakes sheltered by pine woods. Mr. Rehman had the privilege of naming the lakes and streets. Lake Cushman, and Lake Braddock were named for former landowners, Charlotte Cushman and Elwood Braddock. Lakes Jay and Robin were namned for the sons of Mr. David Miller, the developer. Lake Albert was named for Albert Leppi, the contractor. Lake George was named for Mr. George Daminger, a surveyor on Mr. Rehamn's staff. The developer went on to establish a community known today as Collings Lakes. It is located on 5 beautiful lakes and a reservoir strung together in a 500 acre tract of Pineland just south of the "Old Folsom". Three hundred and fifty acres of the tract fall within the boundaries of the Borough of Folsom. The remainder lies in Buena Vista and Monroe Township.

From 1969 to 1975, 246 new homes were built in Folsom in the sections known as Collings Lakes and Penny Pot. The development of Collings Lakes and Penny Pot lead to the school population increase from 142 to 270 between the years 1967 and 1975. Folsom's population was listed as 482 in the 1960 census; and 1,742 in the 1970 census this represents a 21 6 percent increase in population and 90 percent increase in school population.

One of the most interesting parts of Folsom, from an historic standpoint, is Penny Pot. Penny Pot lies within the southeastern border of the Borough. The Hospitality Branch is dammed here to form a beautiful lake. About a hundred yards from the dam, the Hospitality is joined by the Great Egg Harbor River. Together they wind their way through the laurel, pine and cedar around horseshoe bends past the historic towns of Weymouth and Mays Landing to the ocean. Penny Pot is on what was once known as "The Old Stage Route" which - stretched from Camden to Absecon.

Folsom is unique in that the community has changed little through the years. Regardless of our changing culture, Folsom, has managed to conserve its value, rustic beauty and rural intensity of its beginning days.

3.2 CLIMATE

a. Introduction

The weather and climate of Folsom is determined by forces and influences acting on local and distant scales. For instance, air arriving in Folsom from the southwest on a June day after passing over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico and then the sun-baked Southeastern U.S. landmass may set the stage for a hot, humid afternoon. However, Nature's local air conditioner, the nearby cool waters of the Atlantic Ocean, will frequently generate a refreshing southeasterly seabreeze that undercuts the prevailing hot, humid southwesterly airstream and rescues Folsom from the steamy conditions, typically around 1 or 2 PM. The climatology of Folsom is presented here along with a discussion of the interplay of land, water, air and astronomical forces that determines it, hopefully giving the user a better understanding of how to apply the climatology to a particular situation.

b. Geographical Influences

The four large geographical features with immediate impact on Folsom's weather are the Canada/Alaska landmass, the U.S./Mexico landmass, the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Generally, the Canadian/Alaskan landmass produces cold dry air, the Mexican/American landmass- hot dry air, the Gulf of Mexico- warm moist air and the Atlantic Ocean - cool moist air. Air masses from the two continental source regions and the Gulf source region are frequently organized by atmospheric dynamics to swirl about a low pressure center originating or intensifying just east of the Rockies. The three air masses rotate about these lows (storms) as they cross the nation, mixing to some degree and modifying according to the surfaces they contact.

The storms usually track well north of Folsom in Summer drawing the air masses across Folsom from a westerly direction, resulting in our typical summer pattern alternating from hot & humid to thundershowers to cooler & drier to warmer & more humid to repeat. Winter storm tracks may be north of, directly over, or south of Folsom, drawing air masses across

4.0 -

Folsom along a variety of paths. Also, cool moist air (the fourth air mass of prior mention) is frequently drawn in across Folsom from the Atlantic. This allows us to experience a great variety of Winter weather sequences, cold normally bringing along dry, clear conditions and warmth usually arriving with moist air, clouds and precipitation. Warm, sunny days and cold, wet (snowy) days are relatively rare in winter. Spring and Fall scenarios are some combination of the Winter and Summer scenarios, depending on which extreme season is closer. Fall tends to be calmer and drier than Spring.

On a regional scale, we are influenced by the Appalachian Mountains to our west and the immediate offshore waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay. The Appalachians protect us from the dreary overcast and snow showers that affect the Midwest in Winter by forcing the air flowing southeastward behind cyclones and cold fronts to descend onto the coastal plain, thereby warming it by compression and drying it out, giving us delightfully rapid clearing after the precipitation that falls ahead of these cyclones and cold fronts. In warmer times, the waters that partially surround the South Jersey "peninsula" focus daytime sea breeze currents toward the interior of the peninsula, cooling us somewhat. This convergence of air may also touch off an afternoon thunderstorm, sometimes over Folsom.

The only local influence is the fairly homogeneous interior South Jersey coastal plain on which Folsom lies. The subtle variations of surface color and texture are mainly due to variations in vegetative cover (primarily pine/oak forest with agriculture secondary). Both surface types radiate strongly in the infrared, resulting in rapid nocturnal cooling of the ground and the surface layer of air. When the overall winds are light, nocturnal buildup of cold air atop the slight surface topography results in nocturnal drainage currents that flow toward streams and depressions and then downstream along the streams. In addition, upward­ moving nocturnal convection currents form over the warmer lakes (often visible as steam columns that frequently contain steam vortices) and draw the surface drainage flows toward the lakes. Conversely, pine forests are strong absorbers of solar radiation, contributing to rapid daytime heating. Other than slight variations in surface character, there are no local features of any consequence to the climate.

4.1 c. Winds and Storms Winds prevail from a westerly direction, more southerly and lighter in the summer, more northerly and stronger in winter. Deviations from the prevailing westerly flow are more frequent in winter and spring, when counterclockwise rotating cyclonic storms are stronger and pass south of New Jersey more frequently, inducing a southeasterly to northeasterly airflow off the Atlantic, occasionally strong enough to classify as a "nor'easter". The strongest individual gusts occur in spring and summer thunderstorms, usually from a westerly direction reaching speeds typically 30 to 50 mph and occasionally 70 mph. Folsom averages 27 thunderstorms per year. Severe thunderstorms occur about once per year in the Spring or Summer and may contain intense lightning, torrential rain, hail, powerful wind gusts (70 mph), and about once a century, a tornado. Hurricanes visit Folsom every 20 years or so, usually in August or September, with sustained winds from 50 to 70 mph with gusts to 100 mph, similar to the winds of a very strong nor'easter. More frequent are tropical storms (a lower-intensity hurricane), occurring about once every two years in summer or fall.

d. Temperature and Humidity Temperature varies over the year through four distinct seasons, with an annual average of 53· F and a spread of 42 • F between the daily averages of January (32 ·F) and July (74 ·F). Relative humidity is fairly constant throughout the year and high by worldwide standards, with an annual average of 73%. Diurnal ranges of temperature and humidity average 20·F and 25%, respectively. Superimposed on these well-behaved annual and daily cycles are erratic fluctuations with periods from days to months that affect both temperature and humidity. The result can be a week, a month, or an entire season that is anything but average, such as the month of December 1989 or the summer of 1988.

e. Precipitation Precipitation is ample and evenly distributed throughout the year, with minimum and maximum monthly averages in June (2. 78") and August (4. 72"), respectively. The remaining months average around 3 to 4 inches of precipitation, resulting in a yearly total that averages 42". Excessive precipitation usually does not cause problems (heavy surface runoff, standing water, or stream flooding), owing to the permeable soil. Droughts, on the other hand, are

4.2 -

frequently a nuisance to homeowners and a serious threat to agriculture, to the extent that many farmers, especially blueberry growers, have installed irrigation equipment. Snowfall averages about 17" per year, and is highly variable from winter to winter. Most snow is accounted for by singular heavy snowstorms (nor'easters depositing 10 to 20 inches) erratically distributed in time, with an average frequency of occurrence every second or third year.

f. Clouds and Sunshine Considering our ample rainfall, we are fortunate to also receive ample sunshine, an annual average 56% of that possible. This fact derives from the tendency for clouds to flow rapidly into or form quickly in this area, produce their rain at a substantial rate, and then clear out rapidly. Lingering overcast producing light drizzle or no precipitation (as in London and Seattle) is rare and usually associated with sustained easterly flow off the Atlantic. Fog is a rather frequent result of our high relative humidity, occurring an average of 44 days per year, usually on clear nights as "radiation fog". -

g. Air Qualitv The quality of the air in Folsom is determined primarily by events that occur outside our - boundaries. There are no sources of air pollution within the borough that compare in significance to the sources located outside. Pollutants are advected into Folsom from these outside sources by winds that pass over them.

h. Planning Considerations In the design of buildings and infrastructure, planners should consider the climatic means and extremes tabulated below. For instance, a designer would place any outdoor plumbing at least two feet below the surface in Folsom, all else equal, because a cold wave such as that resulting in a monthly mean temperature of 19.7 • F (January 1977) would freeze most ground to two feet depth. Building architects would call for materials and structural configurations capable of withstanding a snowload of three feet (monthly snowfall of February 1967) and an instantaneous wind speed of 81 mph (peak gust in July 1990).

4.3 i. Tabular Summary The closest station for which a full climatological data set exists is Atlantic City International Airport in Pomona, NJ, 20 miles southeast of Folsom. The site is flat with interspersed pine/oak forest and meadows, almost identical to the topography and surface cover of Folsom, and responds to climatic stimuli (e.g. solar radiation) the same way. Pomona is 10 miles inland and feels a little more of a moderating influence from the sea than Folsom, which is 30 miles inland. The Pomona data is an excellent representation of the climate of Folsom and is presented here as such. Two minor differences related to the inland progression of Spring and Summer sea breezes are:

1. Spring and Summer daytime high temperatures are 1 to 2 • F cooler in Pomona than in Folsom.

2. The bias toward southerly winds in Spring and Summer (due to deflection of the sea breeze) evident at Pomona is less prominent at Folsom.

4.4 MEANS AND EXTREMES FOR ATU.NTIC CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, POMONA, NEW JERSEY (BASED ON 30 YEAR RECORD: 1951-1980)- REPRFSE"'TATIVE OF FOLSOM CI.JMATE

#Yn Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Iul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

TEMPERAlURE ('F)

~ Daily Maximum 30 40.6 42.4 50.3 61.6 71.0 79.6 84.0 82.5 76.7 66.1 55.4 45.0 62.9 Daily Avenge 30 31.8 33.2 41.0 51.0 60.5 69.2 74.4 73.0 66.6 55.5 45.6 35.8 53.1 Daily Minimum 30 22.9 23.9 31.6 40.4 49.9 58.8 64.8 63.5 56.4 44.8 35.8 26.6 43.3

~ Hiaheet Recorded 47 78 15 87 94 99 106 104 102 99 90 84 75 106 Yeu of Occurrence 1967 1985 1945 1969 1969 1969 1966 1948 1983 1959 1950 1984 6/69

I.Dweet Recorded 47 -10 -11 5 12 25 37 42 40 32 20 10 -7 -11 Yeu of Occurrence 1977 1979 1984 1969 1966 1980 1988 1976 1969 1988 1989 1950 2179

NORMAL DEGREE DAYS Heating (Mae 6S'F) 1029 890 744 420 165 26 0 0 27 298 582 905 5086 Cooling (Mae 6S'F) 0 0 0 0 26 152 291 240 15 0 0 0 792

PEllCENT OF POSSffiLE SUNSHINE (Slllllise to Stmaet) 30 so 52 55 55 55 60 61 64 61 58 so 46 56

MEAN SKY COVER (Tentba) Slllllise to Stmaet 32 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.1 6.2 6.0 5.1 5.4 6.2 6.4 6.1

MEAN NUMBER OF DAYS WITH THE FOUDWINO WEATHER:

Cleu (Sllllrile to Stmaet) 32 8.3 1.5 8.0 7.3 6.3 7.0 6.9 7.4 9.7 10.6 7.7 8.0 94.8 Partly Cloudy (Sunrise to Stmaet) 32 7.9 6.9 8.2 9.3 10.3 11.1 11.3 11.4 8.4 8.7 9.0 7.8 110.2 Cloudy (Sunrise to Suoaet) 32 14.8 13.8 14.8 13.5 14.3 11.9 12.8 12.2 11.9 11.7 13.3 15.2 160.3

Precipitation 0. 01 inchea or more 47 10.6 9.8 10.6 10.9 10.3 8.9 8.7 8.7 7.6 7.3 9.3 9.7 112.4 Snow/Ice PelldB 1.0 inchea or more 46 1.7 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 4.6

ThundentDIUII 32 0.2 0.4 1.0 2.3 3.4 4.8 6.3 5.2 1.9 0.8 o.s 0.2 27.0 Heavy F• (Viaibili1¥ l/4 mile or leu) 32 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.7 4.4 4.3 4.1 3.6 3.3 4.7 3.3 2.8 43.9

Muimum Temperature90'F or above 26 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 3.4 6.8 4.8 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.3 Maximwn Temperature 32'F or below 26 7.8 5.2 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.3 17.1

Minimum Temperature 32 • F or below 26 25.7 22.0 17.1 6.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 3.6 12.5 22.0 109.8 Minimum Temperature 0 • F or below 26 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.7

I I MEANS AND EXTREMES FOR A'fL4.NTIC CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, POMONA, NEW JERSEY (BASED ON 30 YEAR RECORD: 1951-1980)- REP.JlE<;E'ffATIVE OF FOI30M CLIMATE

#Yn Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

AVERAGE STATION PRESSURE (MilhD.n) 18 1015.3 1015.5 1014.3 1012.2 1012.5 1012.6 1013.3 1014.5 1015.7 1016.5 1015.9 1016.3 1014.5

MEAN RElATIVE HUMIDITY(%) 1:00AM (Local Time) 26 75 76 76 78 84 87 87 88 88 86 81 76 82 7:00AM 26 77 79 78 77 79 81 83 86 88 87 84 78 81 1:00PM 26 58 56 54 52 56 56 51 58 58 56 58 58 56 7:00PM 26 70 68 66 65 69 70 71 75 79 78 74 71 71

PRECIPITATION (Jnchea)

Water Equivalent Mean 3.47 3.34 4.04 3.20 3.07 2.78 4.02 4.72 2.89 3.06 3.73 3.61 41.93 Maximum Monthly 47 7.71 5.98 6.80 7.95 11.51 6.36 13.09 11.98 6.27 7.50 9.65 7.33 13.09 Year of Occurrence 1948 1958 1953 1952 1948 1970 1959 1967 1966 1943 1972 1969 7159 Minimum Monthly 47 0.26 0.82 0.62 0.84 0.40 0.10 0.51 0.34 0.41 0.15 0.68 0.62 0.10 Year of Occurrence 1955 1980 1945 1976 1957 195420 1983 1943 1970 1963 1976 1955 6/54 Maximum Daily 47 2.86 2.59 2.66 3.37 4.15 .91 6.46 6.40 3.98 2.95 3.93 2.75 6.46 Year of Occurrence 1944 1966 1979 1952 1959 1952 1959 1966 1954 1958 1953 1951 1159

Snow /lee PeUeta Mean 5.3 5.5 2.7 0.4 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 0.4 2.3 16.7 Maximum Monthly 46 20.3 35.2 17.6 3.9 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 7.8 9.3 35.2 Year of Occurrence 1987 1967 1969 1990 1989 1990 1967 1989 2167 Maximum Daily 46 16.3 17.1 11.5 3.9 T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T 7.8 1.5 17.1 Year of Occurrence 1987 1979 1969 1990 1989 1990 1967 1960 2179

WIND

Mean Speed (MPH) 32 11.0 11.4 11.9 11.8 10.2 9.2 8.5 8.1 8.4 9.0 10.5 10.6 10.1 Prevailing Direction through 1963 WNW w WNW s s s s s ENE w w WNW s

Faateat Wmd Sustained for 1 Minute Compaaa Direction From (Degreea) 3l 290 270 240 070 170 290 260 120 320 290 270 36 320 Speed (MPH) 3l 47 43 46 46 37 37 37 35 60 41 40 55 60 Year of Occurrence 1971 1960 1973 1961 1990 1964 1970 1971 1960 1961 1960 1960 9/60

Peak Gust Direction 7 w s s w s NW N s NW w NW w N Speed (MPH) 7 48 53 56 47 55 51 81 46 69 56 61 55 81 Year of Occurn:nce 1990 1989 1987 1985 1989 1988 1990 1988 1985 1990 1989 1988 7/90 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Introduction - Formation of the land An investigation into the physical characteristics of the land surface on which a town is built often reveals fundamental factors which have shaped its pattern of land development. In Folsom, topography and soil characteristics have determined development to a very great extent, as further sections of this report will show.

I. PHYSIOGRAPHY Configuration of the modern continental land masses developed during Tertiary and Quaternary times. Many major modern seaways are shrunken remnants of the widespread seas of the Late Cretaceous, when the ocean surfaces of the world were at their greatest extent. Great mountain-making movements (orogenies) and occasional uplifts of large segments of the Earth's crust alternated with fluctuating transgressions andre-expansions of the seas over land areas. Orogenies and uplifts nevertheless grew progressively greater at the expense of the earlier seas as Tertiary time wore on and culminated in the great Late Alpine orogenic uplifts which occurred in Pleistocene time. See Also CENOZOIC; CRETACEOUS; PLEISTOCENE. Folsom is part of the outer coastal plain province of New Jersey, land which has emerged from the Atlantic Ocean and which shares the physical characteristics of the present ocean floor. The area generally is almost flat and the gently rolling land form has been created almost entirely by stream erosion. The highest land elevations in Atlantic County occur in the Folsom area, and its basic land form is that of a deeply eroded highland, with two ridges elevated above the broad, flat valleys created by the Egg Harbor River and its branches. Just west of the borough is an extensive swamp along the main stream, and an arm of this extends into Folsom as far as Twelfth Street. Otherwise, the Egg Harbor River, unlike the Mullica farther north, is not marked by swamps and marshes, although its valley floor is characteristically water-logged and the stream itself meanders and twists in the same complicated pattern as do other rivers in the coastal area. Unlike portions of central and northern New Jersey, the portion of the outer coastal plain shared by the lower portions of Burlington County and all of Atlantic County and Camden County, the last great Ice Age did not affect the formation of those geologic strata

5.0 -

above the "basement" or bedrock which, in the case of Folsom, lies approximately 2,300 feet below the current higher land masses at the northernmost end of the Borough to over 3,400 feet below the current more level and swamp prone southern portions of the Borough. The minimum elevation of the stream beds in the Borough is less than 60 feet and the highest points on the ridge on which the village is built exceed 130 feet. The greater part of the Borough, however, east of Twelfth Street and south of the river lies at a height of 70 feet or less and forms a gently undulating surface. Folsom, thus, lies at the edge of the rolling hilly landscape which prevails in the area roughly bounded by Hammonton, Egg Harbor City, and Weymouth. The processes of erosion have produced some of the landform which exist in Folsom and also account for much of the variation in soil types as well. The entire coastal plain consists of layers of sand of differing kinds deposited in different geologic eras. In large portions of Folsom, the recent more fertile soils have been washed away by water action, exposing much more ancient sands, in particular those areas recently deforested to create farmland and cranberry bogs. The area around the village proper which has been developed less for agricultural purposes consists of uneroded sands deposited in the glacial period which - form the best drained, highest and most fertile section of the Borough. The glacial period mentioned above occurred during the first great Ice Age. Later glacial periods did not come down as far as Folsom.

a. Surface Drainage Folsom lies entirely within the drainage basin of the Great Egg Harbor River and the action of its waters has carved out wide, almost flat valleys. The floor of these valleys consequently is characteristically water-logged or with a water table not more than a foot below the ground surface. The stretch of the river from Twelfth Street to the Camden County line is bordered by extensive swamps, and fingers of very poor drainage areas extend into almost every part of the Borough. These water-logged soil areas take up almost all of the land surface of Folsom which lies below an elevation of 60 feet. The areas of best drainage coincide with the yellow gravel soils of the Bridgeton formation and have an elevation of 70 feet or more. In other more deeply eroded areas, although the soils are equally permeable, the ground water table approaches the surface more closely and decreases the rate of water absorption. Refer also to Section 6. Hydrology sub-sections (a) and (b) for additional subject specific information.

5.1 GENERAL DATA

r·-· /. \.~· Pf.~NSYLVA~IA '(.

ATLANTIC OCEAN

J l I

MAP OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY - Geologic Map of New Jersey with Site Location

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS D ,llltlec"'e · Wlta~~tin Te•,..ll\•t Cl"OIOIC ()ual~f'ftary .. Rl'tl'ftt · d•ooa•u of D ,....,,..,,. ..,.,., of [all"~' Glo~lol S•,.dY ltoott and lftl' olfefton Dar -- aha•" tn ... tut«. l't~•••oce-ned•~· Loh P'ouooe 111 not ahown. - Nt$0IDIC I @iJ Crnotroua .. ,.. t- ~ Triuaic 1 I P'AUOlOIC i Siluria" j Ordov•c•an

-._, i L-! Cambrian

I i- P'II[·CUI liliAN m f"n.,klift La.

IGNEOUS ROCKS

TIIIA551C

IS] Oiab:o..w

~ DUDit

I P'OST·OIIDOVICI~N

~:: Senoe""''• hi ~ :;ephellne·S~·e,ite (n)

I III[·CAIIIIIIA:I

I Gne11a. G:a.,ne. Gabbro. I •nd rnetamor;:tftic rocka

•ojI I I I I I

-

GEOLOGIC MAP OF

" NE\V JERSEY 1959 r £LA IVA I Scale: t-I.ODD.OOO Cap.,..s.l - B A Y ~-_;;...._.~_....,;._....;u )til•• I • ,, ..... -'.)9" SCALE OF GEOLOGIC TIME

Subdh·isions of Geologic Time Apparent Ages Relative Len~ths of (millions of years Major Time Divisions, Eros Periods Epochs A~es before the present) to True Scale

.... ? '\ PRECAMBRIAN '\ '\ (No worldwide subruvisions) '\ .... '\

Ul ·cCll Cll - Ul 0( t::: '"0 t::: 0 0. :r. Cll '­ t::: '- 0 E u ;:l 0 - u u :lC 0 0 Cll :lC Cll ...c:: t::: ..... ::tl t::: Cll Cll ·;::; Cll -:9 Ul Cll "0 Triassic '­ Cll Cll N u .ctil ·a u cc 0 0 0- 0. u Cll t5 Jurassic .....Cll '- 0 .c C/) u til Cll ~ Cll Cll E r... ~ Cll 0 Cretaceous z .c- u 0 0. Paleocene Cll t::: 1----- 58 --...... j Eocene < u 1----- 36 --...... j 5 Tertiary Oligocene N 1----- 25 -----4 0 Miocene z 1----- 13 --...... j ~ Pliocene u 2.5(?) Pleistocene Quaternary . ' (Recent)

Redrawn from Longwell, Flint, Sanders Physical Geology John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1969 COLUMNAR SECTION

2 ~ ~ c .. l!!i c .."' "'c SUIDIVI SION LITHOLOGY ..)o "' .. "'.. '~ ~ lii~

..z 1.10~~. il:.~. t;UY o- 0 ... STREAM DEPOSITS AND ":lloW!l. 10 )o <.1 ar: ...ar: c ...... z r- ar: r;t.AC!.~ :-:u. • ~oss ... 3£DD£J ~-:"I:::.'LAA o- .. n.l.-1!.\l. ~EPOSITS OF c SAND, CLAY -'o~D (liiAVEL lO r :I PENSAUKEN 0 l I.ICH!' - '1'0 CRAT, PINK CRADI&II QUAIITZ o- 10 l~ COHANSEY SILTY &. IIICo\CEDUS SAND lO ~ a "~~ N · ~1!. . PINK QUAIIT% SAND 0 ... z z lllTH LA YEllS DP a..\T o- 20 ~ ... IUftKWOOD 1.. UIIIT • - '1'0 GRAY SILTY 60 u ,. 8 PIN& GIIAIN&II lllTH I.ICNITB c i c I UPP!R t"!II'l' _S~JI.•. I.ICH!' GRAY j: ' '1'0 IIIIOWN CALC.>UOIIS c Illz rDm GUDII. o- Ill 25 1'j VINCENTOWN LO!!p! ~IT • c.w:AIIJHITB, .. GR££:1 I '1'0 GRAY, IIICN:IOUS, 1100 ...0 CI.AIJCafiTIC, ..c ~ITa SAND, DUP CIIEDf, et.\n:!', L011111 PAJ!T ftAIISI'l'IONAL o- i HOftNEftSTOWN c:RftACIIlUS. 25 25 ----z.__ ~UDDISH'I'O SUGift'I.Y SILTY, --~~.;. QUAIITZ SAND Vl'ftl TUCSS BD. GIIADIID CUUCCINITB I. r.IONITII I· r•. III:DIDIG I.IGH1' GRAY, IIICliCIIXIS AND !tED lANK • SIL'fDil AT liAS&, TIIITDN I!IIIZI: R~IR - IIDSTLY I.IGift' o- 30 ._, VIRY riNII GIIAIHED 140 lAND AND SILT WITH TUCSS IIICA. IHIU. J!l&tllllllftl AND GI.AUCIIII ITB. IIICaiiiiS GIIAY, r.lONrrrc:, SIL'l'ID Vl'ftl _. CUIJCCIIITB AT liAR

GUIIIIDH GIIAY lllGIILY CUIICilNI'l'IC LDift riNII SIL'l' II1'IH 'l'IIAoCII PDIJI ' (lUAIITZ SAND GUDII MID IIIIU. IIAVESIIIIC IUGIDI'S IIICaiiiiG UIIDJD 30 35 ...... Vl'ftl MD. 1'0 CllUIID GUDII AT I~ PDII GIIADID, t.IGHl' caAY '1'0 liT. LAUREL • 'I'M, SILTY, ~ SU8MIGUI.AII QlfAIIn SAND II1'IH - GI.MJCIONITB 75 135 WEIIONAII AND aiiDIS IIIIDIIII

• DAIIl caAr SLIGift'LY lllCACIIIIIUS ~ fDm SIL'l' - _. CUIJCCIIITB, 0 IIAitiNALLTOWN 40 ..... • Ill " ~ u ' 0 c u ~~MD. '1'0 c:auaa ~a&D~m, GL\T Ill .. 'I'M QUMft SAND, SLIGHn.Y u 0 Ill AND r.%0NI'1'IC, et.\Y OR N c ENILIIHTOWN :tOO ,40 c IUl.'l'r SAND .III1'DLAYJJIG CIIGSS KDDIHG. 0 .. u • Ill .. c a u ~~!!:~ ~i1H ICDica ~ria WOODIUitT• »iii- - III'I'O 1HI 111111111- c l.YJMO IIIIlCH U DAU '1'0 125 ,42 Ill .ltCHAIITVILLE ~!!!!!. IIICM:IIIIS CI.AIII SD.'l' AND .. SAND, ~ DAD ~ACIIIIIS..aiCII ~~.!'. t:Uor CIIUIUD SAHDII AND IIAIOTNT c:::.r::r-c.Aa; DI'IIMD III'I'O 125 42 ~ - ~ I~· 1'0 c:auaa GIIADID lllll'R '1'0 r.:talll' ltAitiTAII I=~=D:.r:~ uo. 41 llll:tft OR V~ Cl.o\1' LAJDS, . - ;:. ..IAIIICKCIII ·l•aa--... .,

...... ·~- ....~'"7"- .. 11! .:-.---~-~."!,.~-.·.:. - i 1;1 - II oi.UUNIIICI l.,IC. IEP'T UJ. MAITIIIQ, LAIIM . MAY .. ,. ·- -, ... -.··-- .. -

(a) (b)

(d) (e) Fig. 2. Marine invertebrates of Tertiary Period. (a) Eo­ scutella coosensis. echinoid. (b) Loxocardium brenerii, pelecypod. (c) Pseudo/iva dilleri, gastropod. (d) Ve/ates schmidelianus, gastropod. (e) Eocemina hannibali, gas· tropod. (f) Turrite//a uvasana. gastropod. (From R. A Stir­ ton, Time, Life and Man, copyright© 1959 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; reprinted by permission) b. Tertiary Sedimentary Rocks Tertiary sedimentary rocks occur widely as a relatively thin veneer of marine deposits, such as those left north and west of a shrinking Gulf of Mexico and on the nearby Atlantic seaboard of North America. Much greater thicknesses were attained in the borderlands around the Pacific Ocean and on the flanks of the rising Alpine-Himalayan chain. In the Santa Barbara-Ventura region of south-central California, tertiary strata are more than 50,000 ft. thick. Nonmarine sedimentary strata are generally thinner and are more widespread in the interiors of the modern continents. Outpourings of Tertiary volcanic rock have been extensive, especially around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, and in the Mediterranean area and Iceland, and also in the intervening submarine region. It should be noted that the occurrence of the "basement" (term given to the top of the Tertiary sedimentary rocks which is also the bottom of the sand formation described in sub-section (a) Geology). Under laying the Borough of Folsom has been mapped and that map is included in this report for readers perusal (see Map 2.) Further there are several regions in the Borough where the basement of Tertiary sedimentary rocks has pierced the sand formation and is visible due in large part to surface mining of the materials adjacent to it for commercial uses. The location of one such outcrop is adjacent to Thirteenth Street and Fourth Avenue on the north side of the railroad tracks.

c. Tertiary Life Tertiary life is distinguished by fossil animals which, both specifically and in the aggregate, resemble much more nearly those living today and those living during the intervening Quaternary (1 0% extinct species at most) than they do those of the preceding Cretaceous. However, plant life began taking on a comparably modern aspect earlier, within the Cretaceous Period. Thus, the difference between Late Cretaceous and Tertiary life is more conspicuous among fossil animals than among plants. Like the stocks which dominate them, the marine shellfish faunas of today first appeared in rudimentary ancestral form in earliest Tertiary times. Like the bird-mammal faunas on land, which have been more conspicuously modified from time to time, all these faunas attained their present composition and extent through the natural selective interplay of hereditary and environmental forces operating through the fluctuating geographic space relationships of Tertiary and Quaternary time.

5.2 - d. Miocene -Tertiary Period

The next to the youngest of the five major worldwide divisions (epochs) of the Tertiary Period (Cenozoic Era); the epoch of geologic time extending from the end of the Oligocene to the beginning of the Pliocene; and the rocks (series) formed during this epoch and the fossils therein. See CENOZOIC; OLIGOCENE; PLIOCENE; TERTIARY. Miocene time embraces two widespread re-expansions of the sea,. separated by an interval of localized mountain making and shifting of the seaways. Miocene strata include all the normal marine and terrestrial deposits. Extrusive volcanic rock is cllmmon; Miocene plutonic rocks are locally (Philippines) exposed. The term Miocene was proposed in 1833 by Charles Lyell for the middle subdivision of the Tertiary, with "rather less than" 18% living species. It was first conceived with reference to the sequence at Superga Hill near Turin, Italy.

pjagram 5.3.1

I PRECAMBRIAN i CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN SILURIAN "G> f"' DEVONIAN ~ -n N Mississippian ""> e ~r: n Pennsylvania oo c:zen, PERMIAN TRIASSIC JURASSIC MESOZOIC CRETACEOUS TERTIARY QUATERNARY CENOZOIC

5.3 --1

"'

GLOUCESTERCOUNTY CAMDENCOUNTY

WINSLOW .,

~" ...... z

·~ 0 a 0

Hlii U i zed F Plager rom: ~-:-::~ a,.. ~a,. ,.p~ Information "'", Cl "'-• NEWTONVILLE, N.J. ·_· 0. lT EG ST /\ TES = .,o..:od... It, ~~:t~

"" ~ Jnformation

• I 'v1appea · > ana r.Jbl shE.1 '" l1t vi' ~ ~ i

Pj )ntr U~·u..,.,~ . ... USCI , r~et1Jersr r;e"ldet.c Sur.e. • ,grap~ / r Jllure and aramJge rn part ""'::'· € · . !CPa ,,. ·• ... tJI<.en 195 1 Topography by f "' •at e urv' ·•

- IA5l lilA I' ~EPAII£01Y ~ . ol'?.,\/ 1? BOROUGHOF FOLSOM .ADAWS,RfHMAHN a HEGOAN .@) ,...... a .. ro• . •n ~u•n PHYSIOGRAPHY I ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION IIAIT£" "~Alii,..D'AII[D IY ' 1 - - p P d b y : o~AMU at McGRATH, P'.P'. ·- Ma repare J:TUMT 1C IX)UifTT. J(ll$0 7 ~ CT ...... _ __ ec:-.c .. "'~'- .· • ..., DEBOAAK IJ . AND E RSON R . A .P.P II. GEOLOGY a. Tertiary The older major subdivision (period) of the Cenozoic Era, extending from the end of the Cretaceous (youngest of three Mesozoic periods) to the beginning of the Quaternary (the younger Cenozoic period). The term Tertiary is also applied to all rocks formed during this period and to all the fossils they contain. Tertiary sedimentary rocks include widespread limestones, sandstones, marls, mudstones, and conglomerates; igneous rocks include extrusive and intrusive volcanic and locally some rock of more deep-seated (plutonic) origin. Tertiary life was characterized particularly by (1) a diversification and multiplication of pelecypods (clams, cockles, scallops, ark shells) and gastropods (conchs, cones, periwinkles), of sea urchins and sand dollars, of microscopic foraminiferans, and of some other marine shellfish; (2) a great development of shrubs, grasses, and other flowering plants; and (3) the rapid diversification and expansion on both land and sea of birds and mammals, the latter having provided for the Tertiary the more informal designation, Age of Mammals (Fig.1 ).

Diagram 5.4.1

PRECAMBRIAN

Paleocene ~ CAMBRIAN 1"1'1 Eocene 3 ORDOVICIAN Oligocene > SILURIAN "G> -< f"' . Miocene " DEVONIAN -n ~ Pliocene Mississippian "'"> g ~r: n "G Oo . c;;·G' Pennsylvania c:z 0 ~ c: "'· > PERMIAN sG ~ 1"1'1 TRIASSIC ~ r > JURASSIC MESOZOIC G -< a " CRETACEOUS TERTIARY QUATERNARY CENOZOIC

5.4 -

The geologic formations which occur in Atlantic County are products of the Quaternary (glacial) and Tertiary (pre-glacial) ages and are represented on the geologic map of New Jersey as: Beach Sand and Gravel Cape May Formation Bridgeton Formation Cohansey Sand Formation Kirkwood Sand Formation

A further breakdown of specific soil types 1 in the Borough are as follows:

Ac - Atsion Sand AmB - Aura Loamy Sand ArB - Aura Sandy Loam Bp - Berryland Sand BS - Berryland Sand, flooded 2 DoA - Downer Loamy Sand EvB - Evesboro Sand FL -Fill Land - FM - Fill Land Over Marsh 2 HaA - Hammonton Loamy Sand KmA - Kiej Loamy Sand La A - Lakehurst Sand LeB - Lakewood Sand MtA - Matawan Sandy Loam MU - Muck2 SaB - Sassafras Sandy Loam

1 The list of soil types end symbols ie from the Department of Agrioulture'e Soil ConHrvetion Service, Atlentio County Book.

2 It should be noted that more recent end ever increasing levels of elluviel eolle ere entering the principal waterways in the Borough due to increased runoff from developed eren n well n farmland. Further, greeter development In both Camden end Gloucester Counties hee further increased the movement of alluvial eolle Into the eree.

5.5 northweet

Cohanaey Sand and ow_.... ~·

upper aand unll of Klrttwood Formation

Mo Grande wat.,...,.ama 1one

bwer confN1g unll

upper aand unll Atlantic City conft1l11g un11

bwer aand lf1ll

Compoelte conllr*1g unll

eheloweet pre-Kirkwood water-beemg 10M

Block diagram showing subdivisions of Kirkwood Formation and their relationship to adjoining units. GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTION

FOLSOM Philadelphia ICamden County County

...... '-. .. . ·.·· . .. . ·-~~d~o-~k···:;; ...:......

0

II orl7.ontnl Snale In M Jle!l Vertical Exaggeration 40 x 1

..-~~~.. Bedrock-Precambrian Granite .... ·...... ·. Raritan and Magothy Formations ...... ·.· ... . . Merchantville and Woodbury Clays Source: Bureau of Geolo11y end Topography • • • • • • Englishtown Sand Marshalltown Formation The horizontal axis cuts through the center of ._...... _ .. Mount Laurel and Wenonah Sands Camden County and is basically accurate. Navesink and Hornerstown Marls The vertical axis is exaggerated forty times ._.~....,..._. Kirkwood Sand more than the horizontal. Vertical distortion ...... Cohansey Sand Is for visual impression; therefore vertical measurement is not recommended. The top of the Raritan and Magothy at the Camden BJ::] Aquifer Bearing Formation County-Atlantic County boundary is approxi­ c:::J Non-Aquifer Bearing Formation mately 1000 feet below sea level. It should also be pointed out that in several areas of the Borough, a limited quantity of sandstone exists and is visible due to surface strip mining operations. This sandstone outcrop has been so exposed as to reveal their various formations, including later fossil deposits of smaller marine invertebrates. Unfortunately, changes taking place during the Tertiary period precluded any abundant fossil remains, as conditions for their growth diminished.

Of the four major formations, the Kirkwood and Cohansey sand formations are perhaps the most important and the youngest, dating approximately 13 to 25 million years ago, and formed when mastodons were prevalent in North America. The Bridgeton formation and Pennsauken formation, while being younger than the Kirkwood and Cohansey formations, do not play as important a role in the formation of the aquifer.

One of these formations characterizes Folsom: the pre-glacial Cohansey sands, which have been exposed through erosion, and the later Bridgeton sands. 3 The Cohansey sands are a marine formation and consist mostly of uniform sand with some clay layers. The Bridgeton formation is made up of stratified silt, sand and gravel in varying proportions, with some clay intermixed, and it forms a discontinuous cover of varying thickness over the underlying Cohansey sand formation. 3 It should be noted that the Bridgeton formation Is not consistent in its structure in the Borough due to the preeenoe of other formations: namely the Cepe Mey, Pennsauken end Beacon Hill gravel interspersed with the Bridgeton formation.

Apart from the fact that the physical properties of a particular geologic formation can affect construction possibilities in the area in which it occurs, the primary importance of identifying such formations is that they provide a good index to water resources. The water­ producing capacities of the two geologic formations which occur in Folsom are among the highest in the State. The Cohansey sand formation (a Tertiary marine formation) is classed as potentially the most important aquifer in the coastal plain. The maximum reported yield from wells sunk into this formation is 2,000 gallons per minute. The characteristics of the Bridgeton formation are somewhat less favorable, although the thicker channel sands are capable of yielding large quantities of water, with a maximum reported yield of 1 ,200 gallons per minute. However, the Cohansey sands underlie all the later Quaternary alluvial deposits and can be tapped by deeper wells drilled through those other formations.

5.6 - b. Soils As referred to on Page 2 in the Introduction, Formation of the Land, soils are one of the main elements found as a contributing factor towards the development of Folsom.

Table 1. Hvdric soils of New Jersey These soils are grouped according to their degnee of association with wetlands. Note: Alluvial Land as mapped by soil surveys does include wetland,however, due to its variability (including wet and dry environments),it could not be categorized within one of the three groups. Also, wet phases of somewhat poorly drained soils not on this list may also on occasion be associated with wetland.

Group 1 Soils that nearly always display consistent hydric conditions. Soil Series of Land Type Taxonomy Berryland Typic: Haplaquods

M~k NM

Group 2 Soils displaying consistent hydric conditions in most places, but additional verification is needed.

Soil Series or Land Type Taxonomy Atsion Aerie Haplaquods

Group 3 Soils displaying hydric conditions in few places and additional verification is needed.

Soil Series or Land Tyoe Taxonomy Hammonton Aquic: Hapludults Klej Aquic: Quartzipsamments

5.7 Geologic and hydrogeologic units of the New Jersey Coastal Plain

ln'DROOEOLOOIC S\'STE.\1 SERIES GEOLOGIC 1JNIT un1oLOCY HYDROOEOLOOIC UNIT CIJARACTF:RJmCS Alluvul deposus Sand· silt· black mud. Surliria.l marcrill, C"OIIUIIOnly llydnu· Holocene Beach sand and Sand, medium to coanc, light rolorcd, tically connected to underlying aq11i· I navel I quanL acbblv. fen. Locally IOniC unill may act as 1----4-J~~----.-+.:C::!!=..t=~..._------f Undiffcrcnriarcd Cape May ronfining beds. Thicker uncia arc Pleistocene Formation Clpilblc of yielding laiJe quanrirau of Pcnsa 11 kc~ Sand, hcteqcneo111, lighr-C"Oiorcd, warer. ~Fo=::rm~•::.:'i.:::on::.....---i quaru, cl.ycy, pebbly Bridger on Gro11nd·,.-arcr OCCIIrl genenlly under Formarion water-table conduions. lnterC"OIIncction wirh Cohanscy Sand OCCIIA wtlcrc J...!!Bc~a!!ro~n..!:H!.!i!.!.ll~G~n!:ve~l-+'G~nw!:!.l!l..!!.liRi!lh:!!r~-n~~lo~rc~d~._:cQlll:_an~z ..,:sa:;n=clv::...·· --i Kirkwood·Cohanscy aquifer upper and lower confining uniu of the Sand, medium to coanc,lipt-C"Oiorcd, ll)'llcm Cohanacy Sand Kirt."')C)d an: nor prucnt. In Cape ' quan:z. acbblv: local ctav beds. May County, the Coha!IK)' Sand is under ancsian conditions.

upper Miocene ronfininiP! unir Thitk diaromarco"' clay unit occun Diaromacco111 Rio Gnndc along coasr and for a uon distance clay unit water-bearing inland. A lhin watcr-bcarin& sand Sand, very finc to medium, lrl)' and l!z:!i!o!!:nc~--~ occun wirhin tbc middle of this unit. Kirkwood 1111, quaru, micarco111; dark-colored lower Fonnation diaiOIUCCOUI clay. ronfinin• unir upper sand unir Atlantic City Atlantic City A major aquifer along the C"OUI. IIQO.foot sand ronfinin1 unit lower sand unit basal rlav Poorlv permeable scd•mcnli. ACGSbeta .J Oligocene' J....::un:::':=...'----1·1~~ Sand, fine to coanc. quanz; glauronitc. Piney Poinr Yiclcla moderate quan&iriu of water Ma)" c. ii 1 aq11ifcr~ locally. Landini uni1 t' ~ 1------1 Shark Rivet. · ~ &f 1-!-Fo:::rm=•::.":::·o:::n_....L.-~ Cay, pen, gny and bro1011, silty and Eocene sandy, &Jaucorutic; fine q11aru sand. Manasquan Poorly permeable scdamcnli Formation Sand, fine to coanc, pay and pen, Vinrcntown quaru, pauconitic; biOWII, clayey, very Vinccnrown Yiclcla small to modentc quanta tics of Formation fouilifcroUI &JaUC"Onitc and quanz .. aquifer •-arcr in and ncar '"outcrop area. Paleocene calcarenite. l Horncnto...n Sand, fine to coanc, dark pea, clayey, • • I Form arion ! !lauconiric. ~ Poorly permeable scdimcnli Tinron Sand Sand, fUIC to coanc, biOWII and pay, Red Bank Yrclcla amall quanuracs of•-atcr in and Red Bank Sand quanz, glauconlrie, clayey, mieatcOUI. sand near irs ou&~roDarca. Navesink Sud. medium 10 COliC, pen and Poort)· permeable scdimcnu. Form arion blaclt tlavcv. siltv.Rlauconiric. Sud, rmc 10 COinc, browa and lrl)'. Mount Laurel Sand I auan:z. slilhtlv Rlauconiric Wcaonab·Mount Laurel A major aq11ifcr . .-.------~='*-=:~=~..~~:===-----1 aquifer Wenonah Sand, very fine 10 fmc, pay and biOWII, Formarion lilty,ltiptly pauconitic .,_;.------+-...:.;.....:-..:..::....------l Nanllallrown·Wcnonah Upper Manballlown Cay, dark pnailb lrl)', 5ilry; COIIfming unit A leaky conrming unit. Orctarco111 ~F~o~rm~•~c~io~n~-----+l~~~~uco~n~it~ic~to~,ua~ra~sa~nd~.._------l------~------1 En&Jishtown Sud, fmc 10 mdium, tan and lrl)', A major aquifer. 1"'0 sand unili rn En&Jishtown aquifer system Formation I quanz: local rlav beds. Monmourh and Ocean Counraes. Woodburv Oav O.V. u.v and black· miearco111 silt. A major confining unit. Locally tbe Cay, pay and black, pauconitic, Mcn:banrvillc·Woodbury Mcn:hanrvillc Mcn:hallrville Formation may conl.lan lllicac&ous; locally very line quaru and confining unir Formation a tbin warcr-bearing sand. ~uconitir sand. Magothy Sand, fmc 10 COIIK, tight-pay quartz; upper aquifer A major aquifer system. In the Formation local beds of dark-..nv. liamitic clav. aonhcnr coutal plain, cbc upper Su4, fmc 10 COIIK, Jipropay, quanz, ronraninr unir aq11ifer is cquivalcnr to tile Old Bnd&c lbri&an Formation pebbly, arkalir:; red, wbitc, and middle aq11ifcr and the middle aqyifcr i5 tile varicplcd day aouifcr cquivalcnr of lhc FamnJton aq11ifcr. In l=ro=:n.:.:fin:::i:..n-.. u-n-ir-l tile Delaware River wiley, lbrcc aquircn arc rccogmucl. lrr &Ire deeper l.owcr PotOIIIIc Group AIICIIIAiing rlay,lilt, sand and pvel. sub6ur1acc. unus below lhc upper '-raquifer OrctatcOUI aq11ifcr arc undiffcrcnna&cd Precambrian and lower Paleozoic No -115 k~ 10 ob~&an -•cr from aystaUinc rocka, Kbill aad pcils; Bedrock locally Triaait sandstone and lbalc, Bedrock conftnUIJ unit lhcse C"OJIIOiaclatcd rDCU. Cltcpr alonl Fall Line. Jurusrc drahasc. fram Poore and &\tlcll. 19&. p.l lrram ou..on and or hers. 1980. p. S49 - - c. Hvdrologic Formations

Two formations characterize Folsom: the pre-glacial Cohansey sands, which have been exposed through erosion, and the later Bridgeton sands. The Cohansey sands are a marine formation and consist mostly of uniform sand with some clay layers. The Bridgeton formation is made up of stratified silt, sand and gravel in varying proportions, with some clay intermixed, and it forms a discontinuous cover of varying thickness over the underlying Cohansey sand formation. Apart from the physical properties of a particular geologic formation which can affect construction possibilities in the area in which it occurs, the primary importance of identifying such formations is that they provide a good index to water resources. The water-producing capacities of the two geologic formations which occur in Folsom are among the highest in the State. The Cohansey sand formation is classed as potentially the most important aquifer in the coastal plain. The maximum reported yield from wells sunk into this formation is 2000 gallons per minute. The characteristics of the Bridgeton formation are somewhat less = favorable, although the thicker channel sands are capable of yielding large quantities of water, with a maximum reported yield of 1200 gallons per minute. However, the Cohansey sands underlie all the later alluvial deposits and can be tapped by deeper wells drilled through those other formations.

d. Soil Conditions The soils in Folsom are divided into two general types, each of which is associated with a particular geologic formation and with the effects of stream erosion. The greater area is covered by the Cohansey formation, which has been exposed by erosion and lies mainly below the 70 foot contour line. These are Lakewood soils in type, formed on dry sands. They are deep, acid, sandy materials with very little silt or clay content, and the light grey color of the topsoil results from leaching. These soils tend generally to be droughty, but in lower positions they are wet because of the high water table, and become peaty in character. Generally speaking, this soil area remains in pine-oak forest and very little land is under cultivation. The higher Bridgeton formation remains in two areas of the Borough. The agricultural area around the village in the northwest part of town and relatively narrow strip between the Buena Vista boundary and the Hospitality Branch consists of sassafras soils, sometimes intermixed with the predominant Lakewood soils.

5.8 - - Sassafras soils are among the best in New Jersey, and their good aeration and drainage together with their loose sandy quality make them ideal for vegetable production. They are - light, easy to work and warm easily in the spring; however, their excellent drainage qualities tend to make them droughty. The sassafras soils of Atlantic County are sandy and yellowish­ brown, and they commonly have a thin, bleached layer at the surface. Because of their - unusual sandiness, somewhat droughty character and lower nutrient retentive capacity, they are sometimes separated into a different category from other sassafras soils under the name - of Downer soils. In Atlantic County some vegetables and orchard crops are grown on these soils but most of the land in the county is idle or is in forest. In Folsom the accessible areas of this soil type along the Mays Landing Road have been turned into good agricultural land, but the section south of Hospitality Branch remains forest. The final soil type to be found in Folsom consists of soils which have been directly affected or transported by stream action. It includes mainly recent alluvium which has been - deposited in the form of low flatlands adjacent to the streams. This alluvial material is mainly silt and sand, with some clay and a significant amount of organic material near the surface. Considerable gravel is present in the channels of more swiftly-flowing streams, particularly in their upper reaches. The drainage of these alluvial areas is extremely poor because of the nearly level ground surface, heavy-textured soil and shallow elevation, and in places they form swamps, where the ground water table is at the ground surface most of the year and the surface or near-surface soils are generally high in organic content. e. Soils by Tyoe

The Rutgers Engineering Soil Survey of New Jersey differentiates soils by a system of capital letters and numbers. The capital letters refer to the type of geologic formation which supports the soil. For example, AR refers to recent alluvium. The numbers in the soil symbol identify soil textures and refer to particle size. The range of these numbers is from 1 to 7, with the highest numbers identifying smallest particle size. When two numbers are shown, as in AM-24, particle size ranges from 2 to 4. In Folsom soils generally are alluvial or marine in origin and relatively coarse with a range in particle size from 1 to 4.

SYMBOLS REFERRED TO IN THE FORGOING ARE FROM THE RUTGERS ENVIRONMENTAL SOIL SURVEY AND DO NOT CORRESPOND TO THE CAPE-ATLANTIC SOIL CONSERVATION LEGEND AND MAP INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT.

5.9 - J GLOUCESTER : - --_}_~CAMDEN ) I I -- - --1-- ·loa

-- .I___ ~-~=------r-;;._,j>~-... -- .. ( -~- I 1-- "- --~ . . ------H-~ -- ..:..__,6o FOLSOM L_J: . ---._ ~ --. ~' CUMBER;:;.No i --- -· . ------;-~ ~ J! -"2-ou --.-:....__ - -- . - ATLANTIC------._ I~._ ~ / ./_.... ------:::------"-'-c:. :---- - ~6 u . . . / - - - - -""'::::::: """ ~ , ~ ,..., - -- ~-- '~ •!c:.o -: ../'/ / """"- ~· r..),//-/ /,_-- -...... ---...... --- --...... ,~ t...... J.-·Y/ / / / _ ...... _, -...... _ "- ~ , 'l BURLINGTON .r / / / / """'- 0 ...... _ "- "-'"- ,. c..·" / / ...-~1-t.l'- ' -IS, "\. ' '-'- ...... ,p / / ' "' -3s~ / / / / /-.... \ \ \ \ " 'i~ / / / / \ \ ' \~ ~ ,tl' //// // \ \ \ \ \ '-l ""----::;~-- ·S<, , / I \ T' \ \ \ ·., '· .. \ \ '\ "' ~-~~ \ '\. ""' V'-·..A. 's;.~~ '~ ...... -- ""- ......

STRUCTURE CONTOURS OF THE BASE OF THE KIRKWOOD-cOHANSEY AQUIFER SYSTEM, NEW JERSEY

Base from U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. 1980, 1 :250.000 FOLSOM NRI - 9/13/93

AQUIFER BEARING FORMATIONS There are five major water-bearing geologic formations in Atlantic County (which are directly related to Folsom Borough) that contain aquifers. The five which contain Artisan Aquifers are as follows: GENERALIZED FORMATION OUTCROPS • Bridgeton sands Kmr Raritan and Magothy Formations • Raritan and Magothy Formations Ket Englishtown Sand • Englishtown Sand Tkw Kirkwood sand • Kirkwood Sand Tch Cohansey Sand The fifth aquifer is a Water Table type: Tbf Bridgeton Sands • Cohansey Sand

Due to its proximity to the surface, the Tch-Cohansey Sand in this area is considered a water table aquifer - Note: Subject to being polluted.

~-- CAMDEN COUNTY

FOLSOM' ~ ..... ' " -, \ \ ATLANTIC \ '-, COUNTY \ • Source: U. S. Geological Survey

\ s 0 5 10 15 20 ! MN I I I ) PUT IN THOUSANDS i f. Marine Alluvium AM 1 2 Soils: These soils constitute only one small area on the southern slope of the hill on which the village is built. They are part of the more recent Bridgeton Formation, with Cohansey sand underlying at depths greater than ten feet. They are classed as sassafras in type, and consist of stratified layers of sand, silt and clay with gravel scattered throughout. Their position in Folsom is typical, since these well-drained soils usually occur at higher elevations as part of the rolling landform of the Bridgeton formation. Although they characteristically occur along ridges and hills, they are not of sufficient extent to influence land form in the Borough.

AM 23 Soils: These soils are from areas of limited extent in Folsom on the opposite side of the hill from the AM 12 areas described previously and in the area between Hospitality Branch and the Borough boundary. They also are related to the Bridgeton formation and overlie Cohansey sand at depths of 10 feet and more. They consist of acid blueberry soils of sassafras type intermixed with St. John's and Lakewood sands. They have watershed and eroded to an undulating form. Drainage ranges from very poor to excellent, but in elevated areas such as the one where they occur in Folsom, tends to be good.

AM 24/M23 Soils: Soils of this type make up most of the hill where in a characteristic fashion they are accompanied by areas of other types of marine alluvia. They also form part of the Bridgeton formation but differ from their associated soil types in that depth to the underlying Cohansey sand greater, although this compound symbol represents areas in which this depth is shallower than in pure AM 24 areas. It is probable that the pronounced hill where this soil type occurs has resisted erosion because of underlying layers of ironstone.

g. Marine Deoosits M 23 Soils: These soils are the most general type in Folsom and occur in the areas where erosion has cut through the Bridgeton formation and exposed the ancient Cohansey sands. The underlying formation is Kirkwood sand and the soils themselves are predominantly of the Lakewood sand group, intermixed with considerable sassafras. They are permeable and drainage quality depends primarily on depth to the water table. The only areas of good to excellent drainage for this soil type in Folsom occur along the stream divides which form characteristic gently rolling areas which slope southward as they narrow towards the stream junctions. 5.10 - h. Aquifer Bearing Formations There are five major water-bearing geologic formations in Atlantic County (which are directly related to Folsom Borough) that contain aquifers. The four which contain Artesian Aquifers are as follows:

• Bridgeton Sands • Raritan and Magothy Formations • Englishtown Sand The fourth aquifer is a Water Table type: • Cohansey Sand • Kirkwood Sand

Due to its proximity to the Surface the Tch-Cohansey Sand in this area is considered a water table aquifer Note: Subject to being (in fact becoming more) polluted.

5.11 ~.;,;.....,_.. ~ = - · ---- · .--- ...... &~-- -· - r-. - - - 1- -- -" ------GLOUCESTERCOUNTY CAMDENCOUNTY

TWP. of MONROE ~- " TW P. of WINSLOW 1

(,. •.. I Tl. Tjkw 1 Tbf 1Yh . ,

...... 1 .. ,.

~ .. '"D .. " I. d z~ ...0 :r: )> ~ I: ~ -4 0 ~ z :-o -4 II 0 I z .J.--__r 2. 1 I ___ l _ __l _ =-----,. 11!11lA J!1 J

--- + L -~-~~- "

~ch i WJ.N)J.

~ch I ---- - · .. I I- ~-~~~-·-- • ,.0 ,.u a oD

llf i I h . ------<

____ j___ _ · _ j_ ___ . _l_L _itl_' U ~ ! lL t· L l- I .1.1 1 •.1.1 ll

.. ..

!L -<{:.. I L_ __...... _ -- J. - l -

~~I

_, --·I • t j_l I Tch

~

· T W P. of l __l

,,,...... c...... ~......

. ~ II.V ""(~I IT : BOROUGH OF FOLSOM ADAMS ,lltDfMA_,. • HUGAJr & · ...._ ...... ~ ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION Mntlt ... ..,. llllri'Uo(.D .. ' GEOLOGY MAP .tii\.NmC .IDISC\' t;;;;--- 7 - ~ lrll ...u&£1 lit. IIIICOIUTH. '·~'· M•P Prep• r ec:l by : ..., .....--· ··- -~~ ....-- - DEB O RA~ V . AN D E R S O N R . A . P . P -, i. Soil Legend

The first letter, always a capital, is the initial letter of the soil name. The second letter is a capital letter if the unit is broadly defined; otherwise it is a small letter. The third letter, where applicable, A,B, or C, indicates the slope. Most symbols without a slope letter are for nearly level soils, but some are for miscellaneous land types. It should be noted that all of the soil types shown herein are present within the confines of the Borough of Folsom.

SYMBOL NAME Ac Atsion sand AmB Aura loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes ArB Aura sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes Bp Berryland sand BS Berryland sand, flooded* Do A Downer loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes EvB Evesboro sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes FL Fill land* FM Fill land, over Tidal Marsh* HaA Hammonton loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes KmA Klej loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes La A Lakehurst sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes LeB Lakewood sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes MtA Matawan sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes MU Muck* Po Pocomoke sandy loam SaB Sasssafras sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

*The composition of these units is more variable than that of other units in the survey area but has been controlled well enough for interpretations to be made for the expected uses of the soils.

Excerpted from SCS Book pgs. 11 through 26 soil types (note difference in symbolism used in sub­ heading soils by type as promulgated by the Rutgers Environmental Soil Survey).

5.12 Definitions of Soil Legends - Ac--Atsion Sand Bp--Berryland sand This nearly level soil has the profile described as representative This soil is nearly level to depressional. of the series. Most areas are large and Most areas are large and have irregular have irregular shapes. some areas that are shapes, but some areas along small adjacent to streams are long and narrow. streams are long and narrow. In some Included in mapping are Atsion, Lakehurst, areas this soil has a clayey substratum, and Pocomoke soils; Berryland sand, dominantly below a depth of 40 inches. flooded and Muck.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand. Also included are areas of Lakehurst soils in higher positions. In very low positions, areas of Berryland and Pocomoke soils and of Muck are included.

AmB--Aura loamy sand. 0 to 5 percent slopes BS--Berryland sand. flooded This nearly level soil has a profile similiar to the one This soil has a profile similar to the one described as representative of the series, but the typical firm, organically stained described as representative of the series. The surface layer of this soil is loamy sand, subsoil is not as consistently developed. The surface layer is black, dark brown, or however, and the subsoil is not so firm as the one in the represetatvie profile. This very dark gray. In places it is mucky, soil has nearly level or gentle, slightly generally to a depth of less than 16 inches. The underlying sand is grayish brown and convex slopes. In some large areas the soil in places has a considerable content of is nearly level in the center of the areas and rounded quartzose gravel. This soil is near gently sloping near the edges. Included in Atsion and Lakehurst soils and areas of the mapping are areas of Downer and Fort Muck. Included in mapping are areas of all Mott soils. these soils.

ArB--Aura sandy loam. 2 to 5 percent This soil is subject to frequent flooding, slopes because it is adjacent to the meandering perennial streams and rivers. Stream This soil has the profile described as channels are shallow in most places, and representative of the series. It is gently floodwaters spread readily to this soil sloping and is on convex side slopes where they deposit much debris and and broad ridgetops. additional soil particles. Most areas of this soil are subject to annual flooding, but Included with this soil in mapping are about 5 to 10 percent of the areas are moderately well drained Woodstown subject to flooding every 5 to 10 years. and Matawan soils in small depressional areas. Also included are small areas of Sassafras soils. Areas of Aura soils that have a gravelly surface layer are indicated on the map by gravel symbols. Small areas of soils that contain ironstone are indicated on the map by stone symbols. 5.13 DoA--Downer loamy sand. 0 to 5 EvB--Evesboro sand. 0 to 5 percent Percent slooes slopes

This nearly level or gently sloping soil has This soil has the profile described as the profile described as representative of representative of the series. It is nearly the series. Most areas are large and have level or gently sloping. Most areas are irregular shapes. large and have irregular shapes.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas Included with this soil in mapping are small of Hammonton, Klej, and Lakehurst soils in areas of Lakewood soils and, in places, slightly lower positions; areas of Evesboro, areas of Klej and Lakehurst soils in small Sassafras, and Aura soils in higher depressions and narrow drainageways. positions; and areas of Downer sandy The areas of Klej and Lakehurst soils loam. Also included are very small generally need drainage if they are depressional areas of poorly drained and cultivated. Also included are small very poorly drained soils that are indicated depressional areas of poorly drained soils, on the map by a wet spot symbol; small indicated on the map by wet spot symbols, areas of soils that have slopes of 5 percent and some very narrow areas of sloping to or more; and, in places, areas of well­ very steep soils adjacent to streams, drained soils that have a gravelly surface indicated on the map by escarpments layer. These gravelly areas are indicated symbols. A few areas of Evesboro soils on the map by gravel symbols. that have a clayey, slowly permeable substratum are also included. Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have been cleared and are used for growing fruit and vegetables. Doughtiness is the EwB--Evesboro sand. clayey main limitation to the use of this soil. substratum. 0 to 5 oercent slopes This Cover crops help to maintain the content of soil has a profile similar to the one organic matter. Large, exposed areas of described as representative of the series, this soil are subject to soil blowing, and but it has a sandy clay or clay layer at least privet windbreak hedges are generally used 12 inches thick at a depth of 40 to 60 to control it. Capability unit lls-6; inches. Permeability in the substratum is woodland suitability group 3o1. slow. In places in areas where the soil is gently sloping, water moves laterally over the clayey substratum.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of Klej, clayey substratum, soils in small depressions. Drainage is generally necessary in these areas when the soil is farmed.

Limitations of this soil for septic filter fields are severe, because the substratum is slowly permeable. Doughtiness, low fertility, and the hazard of soil blowing are the main limitations to use of this soil for crop production. Cover crops are used to control soil blowing and to maintain the content of organic matter. Capability unit IVs-8; woodland suitability group 3s 1.

5.14 FL-Fill Land where the fill material is 6 feet or more in thickness. Drainage is impeded and - This land type consists of areas in the permeability is slower in areas where the upland part of the county that have been fill material is less than 6 feet thick. filled in with several feet or more of material, mainly quartz sand and gravel. Limitations for most urban uses are severe The FAA Technical Center, shopping due to the hazard of flooding. Methane centers, schools, and other places where and hydrogen sulfide gases form in most excavation and filing have disturbed most areas from the decaying underlying of all of the original characteristics of the vegetation, and these gasses tend to cause soil profiled are in the mapped areas. undesirable conditions of dwellings constructed in these areas. Onsite In most areas this land type is low in investigation is needed to determine the natural fertility, has a very low content of suitability of each area. Not assigned to a organic matter, and has low available water capability unit or woodland suitability capacity. Permeability in most places is group. rapid. If the fill contains much fine­ textured material, however, available water HaA--Hammonton loamy sand. 0 to 3 capacity is higher and permeability is percent slopes This soil has the profile slower. The fill material is excessively described as representative of the series. drained in most places, but drainage is Included in mapping are areas of Klej, impeded where the sandy material has Downer, Fort Mott, Pocomoke, Atsion, and been placed over poorly drained and very Lakehurst soils. poorly drained soils. Depth to the water table is quite variable, depending upon the KmA--Kiej loamy sand, 0 to 3 Percent depth in the original soil material and the sloPes This nearly level soil has the profile thickness of the fill material. described as representative of the series. Included in mapping, however, are some Limitations for urban uses of Fill land are areas of soil that have slopes of more than quite variable, depending upon the original 3 percent. Also included are areas of soil and the thickness of fill material. Downer, Evesboro, Hammonton, Lakehurst Onsite investigation is needed to determine and Atsion soils. the suitability of each area. Not assigned to a capability unit or woodland suitability This soil is rapidly permeable throughout its group. profile. Low fertility, the hazard of soil blowing, and wetness are the main FM--Fill land over Tidal marsh limitations to the use of this soil for growing crops. If this soil is drained, the This land type consists of Tidal marsh that low available water capacity is likely to has had several feet or more of sandy fill limit crop growth. If high-value crops are material deposited or pumped on it. In grown, this soil needs drainage by places the fill material was pumped from subsurface drains or open ditches. It has a nearby streams in dredging operations. In slight hazard of water erosion and a other areas the material was trucked in. moderate hazard of soil blowing where Most areas of this land type are subject to large areas are used for growing crops. flooding from extremely high tides during Winter cover crops and windbreak hedges coastal storms. are generally used to control soil blowing. If this soil is to be used for septic filter The fill material of this land type has low fields or as a site for a house that has a natural fertility and a very low content of basement, deep drainage is necessary. organic matter. The soil material is This soil has a hazard of ground-water excessively drained in most places. The pollution. Capability unit lllw-16; available water capacity is low in this land woodland suitability group 3s 1 . type, and permeability is rapid in areas 5.15 - LaA--Lakehurst sand. 0 to 3 percent slopes C2g-39 to 60 inches, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sand; common, medium, faint, This soil has the profile described as pale brown ( 1 OYR 6/3) mottles; single representative of the series. Included in grained looses; 1 0 percent rounded mapping are areas where the soil has quartzose pebbles, very strongly acid. slopes of slightly more than 3 percent. Also included are areas of Klej, Downer, Evesboro, Atsion, and Lakewood soils. Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches, but the average thickness is It is subject to blowing in cleared areas. about 26 inches. The solum is dominantly Windbreak hedges and cover crops can be sand, but in places it is loamy sand. The used to control soil-blowing and maintain soil material is less than 10 percent gravel the content of organic matter. This soil is in most areas, but in places parts of the C poorly suited to crop production because of horizon are as much as 30 percent gravel. the very low fertility, low available water Mottling is faint or absent in many profiles. capacity, hazard of soil blowing, and wetness. The loose sand limits the use of this soil for campsites (fig. 11 ). Capability The A 1 horizon is black ( 1OYR 2/1), very unit IVw-17; woodland suitability group dark grayish brown (1 OYR 3/2), or dark 4s1. gray (10YR 4/1). In the A2 horizon value is 5 or 6, and chroma is 1 or 2. The B Representative profiled of Lakehurst sand, horizon ranges from dark reddish brown 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a wooded area in (5YR 3/2) to yellowish brown (10YR 5/6). Mullica Township, 3 miles south of In general, thickness of the Bh horizon Pleasant Mills on County Road 23, 200 ranges from 0 to 6 inches. The average feet east of road: thickness is about 1 inch. Boundaries of the Bh horizon range from wavy to broken. A 1-0 to 2 inches, black ( 1OYR 2/1) sand; Mottling is apparent in less than half of the weak, medium, granular structure; very 83 horizon. Higher chroma mottling is friable; many roots; extremely acid; abrupt, present in the 83 horizon of some profiles. smooth boundary. the C horizon is sand, gravelly sand and sandy loam. Hue is 1 OYR, value is 5 or 6, and chroma is 2 to 6. Mottles that have A2-2 to 11 inches, light gray ( 1OYR 6/1) chroma of 2 to 6 are generally in the lower sand; single grained; loose; common roots; parts of the C horizon. extremely acid; abrupt, wavy boundary.

Lakehurst soils are near areas of B2h-11 to 14 inches, dark reddish brown Lakewood, Atsion, Evesboro, Klej, and (5YR 3/2) loamy sand; loose; single Berryland soils. Unlike Atsion and grained; few firm nodules; few roots; very Berryland soils, Lakehurst soils have strongly acid; clear, wavy boundary. yellowish-brown hues in the lower part of the B horizon; unlike Lakewood soils, they have low-chroma colors, in the C horizon. 83-14 to 32 inches, yellowish brown Lakehurst, unlike Klej and Evesboro soils, (10YR 5/6) sand; many, coarse, distinct, have a bleached A2 horizon more than 7 light gray ( 1 OYR 7/2) mottles; single inches thick. grained; loose; very strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary.

C1 g-32 to 39 inches, light brownish gray ( 1OYR 6/2) sand; common, coarse, distinct, yellowish brown (1 OYR 5/4) mottles; single grained; loose; very strongly acid; abrupt, smooth boundary. 5.16 LeB--Lakewood sand. 0 to 5 percent slopes MU--Muck - This nearly level or gently sloping soil has This nearly level, very poorly drained soil the profile described as representative of consists of finely decomposed organic the series. Most areas are on broad matter ranging in thickness from 1 6 inches uplands near large streams. to 4 feet or more. The underlying material in most places is sand or gravelly sand, but Included with this soil in mapping are areas in some places this material is finer of Evesboro, Lakehurst, and Klej soils. The textured. Muck occupies areas adjacent to Klej soils are in depressions. Some areas streams. It is generally on broad flats of more sloping Lakewood and Evesboro under a dense forest of Atlantic white soils are also included. They are indicated cedar. on the map by escarpment symbols. Small depressional areas of poorly drained soils Muck has medium natural fertility and a are indicated on the map by wet spot high content of organic matter. It is symbols. extremely acid throughout the profile. Permeability is rapid, and available water Areas of this soil that are cleared and used capacity is high. for farming are subject to soil blowing. Windbreak hedges or cover crops can be used to control soil blowing. Very low fertility, low available water capacity, and the hazard of soil blowing are the main limitations to crop production. Capability unit Vlls-8; woodland suitability group 5s1.

MtA--Matawan sandy loam. 0 to 5 percent slopes

This soil is nearly level or gently sloping. Some areas of it are in depressions.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of soils that have a surface layer of loamy sand. Also included are areas of Sassafras and Aura soils in slightly higher positions than those of this soil and areas of very poorly drained Pocomoke soils in narrow drainageways.

Wetness is the main limitations to the use of this soil. Areas that are cleared and used for crops generally need open-ditch drainage. Land grading, diversions, open ditches, and random tile systems are used to reduce wetness and drain depressions. Capability unit lle-2; woodland suitability group 2o1.

5.17 Po--Pocomoke sandy loam The solum ranges is from 22 to 40 inches in thickness and averages about 32 inches. This soil is in broad, nearly level or Rounded quartzose pebbles are generally most abundant in the C horizon, but in some profiles depressional areas and in narrow they are in the A and B horizons. drainageways. Some narrow areas of this soil are adjacent to small streams and are In the A 1 horizon hue is 1OYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; subject to flooding. value is 2 or 3; and chroma is 1 or 2. In the Btg horizon hue is 1 OYR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value is Included with this soil in mapping are areas 3 to 6; and chroma is 0 to 2. Mottles in this of Berryland soils, Muck, and Atsion soils. horizon range from faint to prominent and from Also included are large areas of soils that few to many. In the C horizon, hue is 1 OYR to do not have a thick, dark surface layer and 5Y, value is 3 to 6, and chroma is 0 to 2. The whose subsoil is not as gray. In most C horizon generally has stratified layers of sand places the soils in these areas have mottles and loamy sand. Texture ranges to sandy loam that range from few to many and from or sandy clay loam in this horizon below a faint to prominent. In places the depth of 40 inches. substratum is sandy clay or clay that is generally below a depth of 40 inches and ranges considerably in thickness. These Po--Pocomoke sandy loam areas are not continuous enough to be mapped separately. Pocomoke soils are near areas of Atsion, Berryland, Hammonton, and Woodstown Representative profile of Pocomoke sandy soils. They do not have the dark colored loam in a wooded area, 1 mile west of Bh horizon typical of Atsion and Berryland Atlantic Shores Council Girl Scout Camp in soils. Unlike Hammonton and Woodstown Hamilton Township: soils, Pocomoke soils have a gray B horizon. 01--3 to 0 inches, leaf mull and root material.

A 1--0 to 10 inches, black (1 OYR 2/1) sandy loam; weak, medium, granular structure; very friable; many roots; extremely acid; abrupt, SaB--Sassafras sandy loams. 2 to 5 smooth boundary. percent slopes A2g--1 0 to 18 inches, gray ( 1OYR 5!1) sandy loam; weak, medium, subangular blocky This soil is gently sloping, but it is structure; friable; common roots; common otherwise similar to the one described as medium pores; extremely acid; clear, smooth representative of the series. The average boundary. length of slopes is about 400 feet.

B2tg--18 to 28 inches, gray (5Y 6/1) sandy Included with this soil in mapping are areas loam; common, medium, faint, pale olive (5Y of Downer, Fort Mott, and Aura soils. Also 6/3) mottles; weak, medium, subangular blocky included are areas of Sassafras soils that structure; friable; few roots; common medium have short slopes of more than 5 percent. pores; clay bridges between sand grains; very Small areas of soils that have a gravelly strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary. surface layer are indicated on the map gravel symbols. C1 g--28 to 40 inches, gray ( 1OYR 6/1) gravelly sand; single grained; loose; 20 percent rounded quartzose pebbles; very strongly acid; clear, smooth boundary.

C2g--40 to 60 inches, grayish brown (1 OYR 5/2) sand; single grained; very strongly acid.

5.18

~-----~------

Ill. WETLANDS a. Introduction - Wetland Definition

Wetlands include the variety of wet habitats commonly called marshes, bogs, and swamps. They are lands where saturation with water or periodic flooding during the growing season determines the nature of soil development and types of plants and animals living there. The Service specifically defines "wetland" as follows: "Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. For purposes of this classification, wetlands must have one or more of the following three attributes: (1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes, (2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil and, (3) the substrate is nonsoil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during the growing season of each year" (Cowardin, et al. 1979).

b. Wetland Hydrology - Definition The term "wetland hydrology" encompasses all hydrologic characteristics of areas that are periodically inundated or have soils saturated to the surface at some time during the growing season. Areas with evident characteristics of wetland hydrology are those where the presence of water has an overriding influence on characteristics of vegetation and soils due to anaerobic and reducing conditions, respectively. Such characteristics are usually present in areas that are inundated or have soils that are saturated to the surface for sufficient duration to develop hydric soils and support vegetation typically adapted for life in periodically anaerobic soil conditions. Hydrology is often the least exact of the parameters, and indicators of wetland hydrology are sometimes difficult to find in the field. However, it is essential to establish that a wetland area is periodically inundated or has saturated soils during the growing season.

5.19 ------~ GLOUCESTER COUNTY CAMDEN COUNTY

TWP. of WINSLOW 1

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EMN6 • emergent Wetlend, Ri~i!ulerlyFlooded, Ohgohahne S ~!tam!end Sub5ysrem5: EMP6 • emergent Wetland. Irregularly ll'loOCSed,Ollao,.,alrne EMR • Emergent Wetlsno, Seasonally Floodod·T•dal M I • M111n1 Subtrdal R 3 • Rive•ine Upper Perrenr1l FL • Flet M 2 • Merine lnterl•del R 4 • Riverrne lntermi1t1nt FO 1 • Forested Weller-1. Broad-leaved Oec•duous E 1 • Estuerine Subl•dal L I • Lecuslnne L•mnehc F02 • Forested Wellend. Needle-leaved Dec•duous E 2 • Estuer~nelnttrlldal L 2 • Lacustnne LlltDflll F04 • Forested Wetlend. Needle-leaved Ever:~reen Wetlands areas within the Borough R I • Rrvarrne Tldel · P • Peluslrrne OW • Open Water/Unknown Bottom R 2 • Rrvet~neLower Pernlr'llll U • Upland SS 1 • Scrub·Shrub Walland, Broad leaved Oec•duous SS3 • Scrub·Sivub Wetland, Broad-leaved Evergreen SS4 • Scrub·Sivub Wetland. Needle-leav•d Evergreen

cruses Isubclasses and mod•l~ersdesigneted wt.ere appropr~atel: SS5 • Scrub-Shrub Wellend, Dead SS7 • Scrub·S,.,rub 1.'/etlend, Evergre1n ...... -- " : BOROUGH FOLSOM ~ ,MHIIA - • N£0Cl.. OF ...- ...... IWE TLA ND MAP ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION IIUTU ~-~ .,... II. TJI.._• . •• ... P Prep ared b, : ...a ..__ mAIITtc: DStr __~ __,, ~! -"'· .. D E B O Y . AN ---.~·-··· _. AAK DERSON R.A.P.P -\ /

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WETLAND(S) VALUES AND FUNCTION - c. Influencing Factors

Numerous factors (e.g., precipitation, stratigraphy, topography, soil permeability, and plant cover) influence the wetness of an area. Regardless, the characteristic common to all wetlands is the presence of an abundant supply of water. The water source may be runoff from direct precipitation, headwater or backwater flooding, tidal influence, ground water, or some combination of these sources. The frequency and duration of inundation or soil saturation varies from nearly permanently inundated or saturated to irregularly inundated or saturated.

Topographic position, stratigraphy, and soil permeability influence both the frequency and duration of inundation and soil saturation. Areas of lower elevation in a floodplain or marsh have more frequent periods of inundation and/or greater duration than most areas at higher elevations. Floodplain configuration may significantly affect duration of inundation. When the floodplain configuration is conducive to rapid runoff, the influence of frequent periods of inundation on vegetation and soils may be reduced. Soil permeability also influences duration of inundation and soil saturation. For example, clayey soils absorb water more slowly than sandy or loamy soils, and therefore have slower permeability and remain saturated much longer.

Type and amount of plant cover affect both degree of inundation and duration of saturated soil conditions. Excess water drains more slowly in areas of abundant plant cover, thereby increasing frequency and duration of inundation and/or soil saturation. On the other hand, transpiration rates are higher in areas of abundant plant cover, which may reduce the - duration of soil saturation.

5.20 - d. Classification Although the interactive effects of all hydrologic factors produce a continuum of wetland hydrologic regimes, efforts have been made to classify wetland hydrologic regions into functional categories. These efforts have focused on the use of frequency, timing, and duration of inundation or soil saturation as a basis for classification. A classification system developed for nontidal areas is presented in Table 5. This classification system was slightly modified from the system developed by the Workshop on Bottomland Hardwood Forest Wetlands of the Southeastern United States (Clark and Benforado 1981). Recent research indicates that duration of inundation and/or soil saturation during the growing season is more influential on the plant community than the frequency of inundation/saturation during the growing season (Theriot, in press). Thus, frequency of inundation and soil saturation are not included in Table 5. The WES has developed a computer program that can be used to transform stream gage data 1 to mean sea level elevations representing the upper limit of each hydrologic zone shown in table 5.

Table 5 Hydrologic Zones* - Nontidal Areas

Zone Name Duration** Comments

It Permanently inundated 100% Inundation >6.6 ft maan water depth

II Samipermanently to nearly permanently >75%- Inundation defined as :S 6.6 ft mean inundated or saturated <100% water depth

Ill Regularly inundated or saturated >25% -75%

IV Seasonally inundated or saturated >12.5%- 25%

v Irregularly inundated or saturated ~5%- 12.5% Many areas having these hydrologic characteristics are not wetlands

VI Intermittently or never inundated or <5% Areas with thsse hydrologic saturated characteristics ara not wetlands .. Zones adapted from Clark and Benforado (198ll . •• Refers to duration of inundation and/or soil saturation during the growing season. t This defines an aquatic habitat zone.

' R.F. Theriot, Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, - P.O. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180. - 5.21 - e. Hydric Soils - The presence of undrained hydric soil is one of the three major criteria used to define wetlands (Cowardin, ~- 1979). Hydric soils are soils that are either: (1) saturated at or near the soil surface with water that is virtually lacking free oxygen for significant periods duiring the growing season or (2) flooded frequently for long periods during the growing season (U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service 1982).

f. Wetland Indicators Indicators of wetland hydrology may include but are not necessarily limited to: Drainage patterns, drift lines, sediment deposition, watermarks, stream gage data and flood predictions, historic records, visual observation of saturated soils, and visual observation of inundation. Any of these indicators may be evidence of wetland hydrologic characteristics. Methods for determining hydrologic indicators can be categorized according to the type of indicator. Recorded data include stream gage data, lake gage data, tidal gage data, flood predictions, and historical records. Use of these data is commonly limited to areas adjacent to streams or other similar areas. Recorded data usually provide both short and long-term information about frequency and duration of inundation, but contain little or no information about soil saturation, which must be gained from soil surveys or other similar sources. The remaining indicators require field observations. Field indicators are evidence of present or past hydrologic events (e.g., location and height of flooding). Indicators for recorded data and field observations include:*

• Indicators aralisted in order of decreasing reliability. Although all are valid indicators, soma are stronger indicators than others. When a decision is based on an indioator appearing in the lower portion of the list, re-avaluata the parameter to ensure that tha proper decision was reached.

5.22 - g. Wetlands Communities Wetlands plants (i.e., hydrophytes) enable us to readily define most wetland(s) area(s), but not all areas. For example "Phragmites Australis has been found to grow in upland areas, on the side slopes of hills, etc. The rationale here is due, in part, to the fact that this plant, which is a true wetland(s) plant, sends out a horizontal runner which may stretch for hundreds of feet, that runner begins at the parwent community located in principal wetland(s) location or on its fringe and then migrates horizontally over land and establishes a secondary community in any depression available that will hold water for at least six to twelve hours, providing it with the means to further extend its coverage area(s). The initial runner sent from the parent community is similar in shape and size to that of a garden hose and will carry water along with other necessary nutrients in order for the secondary community to establish a location and thrive. "Hydrophytes" are defined as any plant growing in water or on a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water content (Cowardin, et al. 1979).

h. Mapoing A map is enclosed indicating those areas within Folsom Borough where wetland(s) are known to exist.

i. Wetlands Legend Wetland data are displayed on maps by a series of letters and numbers (alphanumerics). Mixing of classes and subclasses are represented by a diagonal line. The more common symbols are shown below; less common symbols have been omitted for simplicity. For identifying these latter symbols, the reader should refer to an actual NWI map legend.

5.23 - 1. Examples of Alpha-numerics E2EMN6 = Estuarine (E), Intertidal (2), Emergent Wetland (EM), Regularly Flooded (N) Oligohaline (6)

E2FL = Estuarine (E), Intertidal (2), Flat (FL) - PF01 = Palustrine (P), Forested Wetland (FO), Broad-leaved Deciduous (1) - PEM/OW = Palustrine (P), Emergent Wetland/Open Water (EM/OW)

PFO/SS1 = Palustrine (P), Forested Wetland/Scrub-Shrub Wetland (FO/SS), - Broad-leaved Deciduous (1)

2. Symbology

Systems and Subsystems:

M 1 = Marine Subtidal R 3 = Riverine Upper Perrenial M 2 = Marine Intertidal R 4 = Riverine Intermittent E 1 = Estuarine Subtidal L 1 = Lacustrine Limnetic E 2 = Estuarine Intertidal L 2 = Lacustrine Littoral R 1 = Riverine Tidal P = Palustrine R 2 = Riverine Lower Perrenial U = Upland

Classes (subclasses and modifiers designated where appropriate): -

AB = Aquatic Bed BB = Beach/Bar EM = Emergent Wetland EMN6 = Emergent Wetland, Regularly Flooded, Oligohaline EMP6 = Emergent Wetland, Irregularly Flooded, Oligohaline EMR = Emergent Wetland, Seasonally Flooded-Tidal FL = Flat F01 = Forested Wetland, Broad-leaved Deciduous F02 = Forested Wetland, Needle-leaved Deciduous F04 = Forested Wetland, Needle-leaved Evergreen ow = Open Water/Unknown Bottom SS1 = Scrub-Shrub Wetland, Broad-leaved Deciduous SS3 = Scrub-Shrub Wetland, Broad-leaved Evergreen SS4 = Scrub-Shrub Wetland, Needle-leaved Evergreen SS5 = Scrub-Shrub Wetland, Dead SS7 = Scrub-Shrub Wetland, Evergreen

5.24 - Wetlands areas within the Borough and associated wetlands plant communities found within them.

Wetland Type

Mapping Symbol Dominance Types Common Names Water Regimes

Typha angustifolia Cattail Seasonally Flooded Tidal Phragmites australis Reed

Typha latifolia Cattail Seasonally Flooded Carex stricta Tussock Sedge Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife Polygonum spp. Smart weeds Calamagrostis canadensis Blue Joint Pontederia cordata Pickerelweed Semipermanently Flooded Zizania aquatics Wild Rice Semiparmanently Flooded Phalaris arundanacea Canary Grass Temporarily Flooded and Others

PSS1 1 Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush Semipermanently Flooded Alnus spp. Alder Seasonally Flooded and Others Cornus amonum Silky Dogwood Vaccinium corymbosum Highbush Blueberry Viburnum dendatum Arrowwood Clethra alnifolia Sweet Papperbush Acer rubrum (saplings) Red Maple Salix spp. Willows

Acer rubrum Red Maple Seasonally Flooded Nyssa sylvatica Black Gum Fraxinus spp. Ashes Acer saccharinum Silver Maple Temporarily Flooded Platanus occidentalis Sycamore Quercus palustris Pin Oak Salix nigra Black Willow Betula nigra River Birch Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak - Chamaecyparis thyoides Atlantic White Cedar Seasonally Flooded and Saturated Tsuqa canadensis Hemlock Seasonally Flooded and Saturated

- 1 See Wetland(s) Legend for description of symbols as shown above. Characteristic hydric soils defining wetland(s) area(s):

See Table 1 (attached).

Refer also to Geology within the Borough of Folsom as described in "Physical Characteristics" section - of this report. -

5.25 IV. PRIME AGRICULTURAL SOILS

The Prime Agricultural soils in the Borough of Folsom are as follows:

Ac--Atsion Sand Wetness is the main limitation to the use of this soil. Most cleared areas are used for - growing blueberries or cranberries or for limited vegetable production. Current blueberry cultural practices include land smoothing, drainage, and controlled water tables. Irrigation is - necessary during extended dry periods. The soil has good sites for ground-water ponds, and it is well suited to this use. Capability unit Vw-26; woodland suitability group 3wl. - - AmB--Aura loamy sand. 0 to 5 percent slopes Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have been cleared and are used for growing - fruit trees or vegetables. This soil is suited to fruits and vegetables. The moderately deep rooting zone is the main limitation to the use of this soil for corps. Irrigations is necessary for high-value crops. Soil blowing can be controlled by the use of cover crops or privet windbreaks. Capability unit llls-1 0; woodland suitability group 3o1. - - ArB--Aura sandy loam. 2 to 5 percent slopes This soil is well suited to growing fruits and vegetables. It has a moderate hazard of erosion. Runoff is medium in areas of intense cultivation and where the soils are compacted. Some cultivated areas have gullies in places. Crop production - is limited by the moderately deep rooting zone; few roots extend a depth of 25 inches into the firm lower layer of the subsoil. Cover crops are used to increase the content of organic matter and available water capacity and reduce compaction and available water capacity and reduce compaction. Erosion-control practices are needed in cultivated areas. Irrigation is necessary for high-value crops. Capability unit lls-9; woodland suitability group 3o 1.

5.26 Bo--Berryland sand Most areas of this soil are wooded. Cleared and drained areas are used for growing blueberries or cranberries. Current management practices for growing blueberries or cranberries include drainage, controlling the water table, and land smoothing. Flooding is needed for growing cranberries. Irrigation is necessary during extended dry periods. This soil is well suited to ground-water ponds. Capability unit Vw-26; woodland suitability group 3w1.

BS--Berryland sand. flooded Nearly all areas of this soil are wooded. Native vegetation is quite variable. Nearly pure stands of Atlantic white cedar grow where the surface layer is mucky, the vegetation includes pitch pine, blackgum, sweetgum, and a dense understory of holly, highbush blueberry, greenbrier, gallberry, and sweet pepperbush. This soil is suited to dug ponds, but there is a hazard of overflow. It has a constantly high water table that is controlled by the - adjacent streams. The water table is at the surface in winter and drops only about 1 foot in summer, except during periods of extreme drought. Capability unit Vw-26; woodland - suitability group 3w 1 .

EvB--Evesboro sand. 0 to 5 percent slopes Most cultivated areas of this soils are used for growing sweetpotatoes, peaches, grapes, and cantaloupes. Large exposed areas that have been cleared and farmed need protection from soil blowing. Protection is provided by cover crops and - privet windbreak hedges (fig. 1 0). Frequent irrigation is necessary for satisfactory production of high-value crops. Cover crops are used to reduce the hazard of erosion. - This soil has slight limitations to use for septic filter fields and has a hazard of ground­ - water pollution. Capability unit Vlls-8; woodland suitability group 4s1. HaA- Hammonton loamy sand. 0 to 3 percent slopes: - Most areas of this soil are wooded. This soil is suited to growing most fruit and vegetable crops when it is drained. Wetness is the main limitation of this soil in its natural - condition., Where the soil is drained, doughtiness is a limitation during long dry periods. Winter cover crops and windbreak hedges are used to control soil blowing. Capability unit - llw-15; woodland suitability group 2o1. 5.27 Po--Pocomoke sandy loam Drainage is necessary if this soil is used for crops. If the soil is adequately drained, late vegetables can be grown. It is not suited to such perennial plants as peaches, apples, and grapes. If outlets are available, open ditches or subsurface drains can be used to lower the water table. This soil is well suited to blueberries if the water table is controlled. It is generally a good site for ground-water ponds. In places where the soil has a thick, clayey substratum, the rate of recharge may be slow. Capability unit lllw-25; woodland suitability group 2w1. -

SaB--Sassafras sandy loams. 2 to 5 oercent slooes This soil has a slight to moderate hazard of erosion. Cover crops generally are sufficient to maintain the content of organic matter and soil structure. Irrigations is profitable, and it improves most high-value crops. Capability unit lle-5; woodland suitability group 3o1.

-

5.28 ------tJ

GJ..OUCESTER COUNTY LG.b CAMDEN OOU~TY

MONROE f4tJl ~c.'·· WINSLOW

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I~ 0

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I. SURFACE HYDROLOGY Folsom Borough is bisected by the Great Egg Harbor River, as it flows from its origin in Eastern Gloucester/Camden Counties to its drainage point into the Great Egg Harbor Bay. Two major tributaries also flow through Folsom and intersect the Great Egg Harbor River here, these being the Hospitality Branch and Penny Pot Stream. (Reference Map, Great Egg Harbor River Congressional Wild and Scenic River Study). Historically, the Great Egg Harbor River has supported much industry, dating to Pre­ Revolutionary War times. Farming, bog ore mining, iron, paper and glass-making all helped shape the major river towns during this era. Today, agriculture (irrigation) and recreation are its major uses. The headwaters of Penny Pot Stream arise in Winslow Township. The overwhelming volume of water flowing through the stream comes from groundwater discharging from the underlying Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer. The stream itself then flows approximately seven (7) miles in a southeasterly direction through Hammonton, and reaches its point of confluence - with the Great Egg Harbor River, in the Penny Pot section of Folsom Borough. The Penny Pot Stream drainage basin consists of southwest Hammonton, portions of Folsom and Winslow Township (Map 1). A large proportion of the precipitation falling within the drainage basin infiltrates the surface soil, providing recharge to the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer. This recharge occurs primarily in the upland region, or land northeast of the stream. Recharged groundwater then converges on the Penny Pot Stream floodplain, where it emerges to supply water to the floodplain, vegetation and the stream itself.

The Folsom portion of the floodplain covers 3.85 square miles, or 2,467 acres (Table 1). The floodplain of Penny Pot Stream may be grouped into three basic segments (Map 2). The upper segment, or headwaters area, has been disturbed by man-made activity, including irrigation ponds, small dams, railroad track beds and the Atlantic City Expressway. As a result, width varies up to 17 feet, and depth 1 to 2 feet. The middle floodplain is much wider and swampy, with extensive stormwater storage capacity. The flow of Penny Pot Stream through this segment splits into several channels, but overall water levels fluctuate less due to the greater overall floodplain width.

6.0 -

TABLE 1 -

DRAINAGE BASIN AREA

I PENNY POT STREAM I TOWNSHIP ACRES SQUARE MILES

Hammonton 3,955 6.18

Folsom 2,467 3.85

Winslow 1,494 2.33

Total 7,916 12.36

Source: U.S. Geological Survey Topographic Maps (Atsion, Hammonton, Newtonville & Williamstown, New Jersey Quadrangles)

6.1 - GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER CONGRESSIONAL WILD AND SCENIC RIVER STUDY

Eligible River Segments and Proposed Classification

~Scenic ~Recreational

• I • I • I WINSLOW • • • 'I., ., • • ' ' •

- HAMIL TON \ ...... ~~ .... • \ • \ • \ Upper Watershed ;,.:1 IJAI~ I ,.ll'." · CiO:.cxli~AL 'Uit~U ~· ··:~·:··· .. , ' 'tf \1 . \ \ I ,j / •\ ,II ' . ..,,-....._..._,, •fl. I ·...' \

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MAP 1. Drainaqe Basin of Penny Pot stream. H4MMCUH0N O,,;AU•u·. UNIHD '"'£$ ··; .·. Dt"••tvucr or • rll ~~TtK•OII :1 "'"'Utl ...... u•1a ~··"" ,•c..:r: •• ·• ct~•t•~ su•vH ',~, ..,. ,...... ;:~.,:: ...~.------~- .. ~·:-" ,,_, ...... ·- .. ., . . . / I • ,'<( . " . .'. . ·· . I , '( ·" .I · .. 'I ,., I ' I \ ., I· ··:~.:::-:- ;• .. , . ·'I ...... t'' , - ...,,\:.'t . ·.~. . . ·, .,. .(.. . c: .... i!·.·· • . ._, ___ .. ., ...... (. .. .,.· , ~.. . .Y. " .I . '1.. I - J • ··.. ..~·' ;,~·

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Little water quality information is available. A table of sampling data from the Eight Street location, taken in 1991, is attached for reference. However, Penny Pot Stream has been determined to be eligible for Congressional Wild and Scenic River status, between 14th Street in Folsom and its confluence with the Great Egg Harbor River, a length of 4.1 miles. This eligible segment does include the Eighth Street Sampling location. The classification for this segment is recreational.

The Great Egg Harbor River is one of two major River systems in the Pinelands National Reserve, the other being the Mullica. They may be considered "sister" rivers, since both arise from headwaters near Berlin, New Jersey, flow roughly parallel with an average separation of about 17 miles, and a total length of about 50 miles.

The Great Egg Harbor River was one of the earliest coastal rivers explored by Europeans, with records dating back as far as 1614. Today, the Great Egg Harbor River is a federally protected wild and scenic river (this status achieved in October, 1992). The 29 major and 12 minor tributary streams and 25 lakes and ponds, constituting a sum total of almost three hundred (300) linear miles of clean flowing water, make it the longest canoeable river in the New Jersey Pine Barrens.

Recreational opportunities abound, with canoeing and fishing topping the list. Folsom Borough boasts a mini-park and canoe landing on Eight Street, just north of Route 322. This site was established by the Atlantic County Division of parks and recreation, under the green acres local assistance program, part of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy. The sign at this location reads "This site dedicated to permanent recreation and open space".

Although Penny Pot can be reached by canoe from Sicklerville, occasionally low water, sharp turns and downed trees can make it difficult. A more popular canoe route would be to enter at Penny Pot, proceed downstream to Weymouth Park (about nine river miles) and continue on to Lake Lenape (another eight river miles). 6.2 -

Streamflow Data - Great Egg Harbor River and Its Tributaries

USGS Drainage Average 7-day, 10-year Gauging Area Discharge Low Flow Station (Sq. Mi.) (cfs) (cfs) Great Egg Harbor River 1.9 0.9 0.0 at Berlin Great Egg Harbor River 15.1 17.0 2.3 at Sicklerville Great Egg Harbor River 37.3 13.3 near Blue Anchor Great Egg Harbor River 57.1 86.2 22.0 at Folsom Tuckahoe River at 30.8 44.3 11.0 Head of River Penny Pot Stream 5.3 5.3 0.4 near Folsom Babcock Creek 20.0 23.0 2.8 at Mays Landing Fourmile Branch 5.3 5.5 1.0 near Williamstown Fourmile Branch at 6.2 8.1 1.6 Winslow Crossing Fourmile Branch 7.7 11.0 3.0 at New Brooklyn Deep Run 20.0 36.0 7.3 at Weymouth Hospitality Branch 20.0 38.0 6.3 at Berryland

Source: USGS, Low-Flow Characteristics and Flow Duration of New Jersey Streams,

January, 1982, and USGS, Unpublished data, September, 1984

6.3 - The Great Egg Harbor River Watershed lies primarily within the Pinelands National Reserve. The river is primarily recharged (89%) by the Cohansey-Kirkwood Sand Aquifer Formation, discharging mainly through swamps and wetlands. Aquifer replenishment is solely by precipitation. Forty-four percent of the annual rainfall percolates through the sandy soil surface. Many species of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world make their home in this watershed.

The Great Egg Harbor River Basin drains approximately 304 square miles. Folsom represents approximately 57 square miles (about 19% of the total). Average discharge rate in Folsom is 86 cubic feet per second, with 7-day, 10-year flow at 22 cubic feet per second. Typical of Pinelands waterway, the Great Egg Harbor River is relatively shallow and slow­ moving. The characteristic brownish color of the river water is due to the abundance of an organic iron complex, derived from the oxidation of iron ions dissolved in groundwater, and mixed with tannin, an acidic product from decomposing vegetation.

Four ambient water quality monitoring stations have been established on the Great Egg Harbor River. This monitoring represents most of the freshwater reaches of the river. The overall quality profile of the river is from severely degraded in the headwaters near Sicklerville to fair quality downstream. The pH in the Sicklerville area averages 6.3, which is indicative of alkaline penetration, and quite a bit higher than the natural acidic range of 3.5 to 5.5 for Pinelands surface waters.

Downstream in Folsom, the Great Egg Harbor River water quality is much improved. Total phosphorus is still nearly double state criterion, but lower total inorganic nitrogen, adequate dissolved oxygen concentrations and more normal pH levels support this contention. Fecal Coliform counts are low enough to classify the Great Egg Harbor River as meeting the swimmable use/goal in the 10 mile region around Folsom and Weymouth.

Biomonitoring has been performed at Folsom. Pollution intolerant Macroinvertebrates comprised 30% of the 1988 substrate sample, a further indication of favorable dissolved oxygen levels. Biomonitoring over the past 10 years has suggested that there has been a gradual improvement in water quality over time at Folsom station.

6.4 GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER BASIN - PENNYPOT STREAM PCGE3

Summary Statistics **

Param~ter Unit N MIN MAX MEAN STD

Dissolved Oxygen mg/1 2 8.3 11.9 10.1 2.5 PH-FIELD ph 2 5.4 5.5 5.4 (5.4) PH-LAB ph 2 5.5 5.8 5.6 (5.6) SPECIFIC umhos 2 53.0 72.0 62.5 13.4 CONDUCTIVITY -LAB ALKALINITY mg/1 1 3.1 3.1 3.1 ACIDITY mg/1 1 4.3 4.3 4.3 HARDNESS mg/1 2 10 19 15 6 SULFATE (tot) mg/1 2 8.2 8.5 8.4 0.2 N02-N mg/1 2 <.05 <.10 N02+N03-N mg/1 2 0.12 1.26 0.69 0.81 NH3+NH4-N mg/1 2 0.02 0.81 0.42 0.56 TOTAL KJELDAHL-N mg/1 2 1.90 2.09 2.00 0.13 ORGANIC N mg/1 2 1.09 2.07 1.58 0.69 N03-N mg/1 2 0.12 1.26 0.69 0.81 TOTAL N mg/1 2 2.02 3.35 2.69 0.94 TOTAL ORTHO PAS mg/1 2 <.01 0.05 0.03 0.04 p

TOTAL PAS P mg/1 2 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.01 TURBIDITY JTU 2 2.1 7.0 4.6 3.5 TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/1 2 83 91 87 6 SOLIDS

**Summary statistics were calculated using the data presented in this report and the two previous Pinelands Commission reports published in 1989 and 1990.

6.5 - GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER BASIN

PENNYPOT STREAM PCGE3

STATION LOCATION: EIGHTH STREET. FOLSOM. ATLANTIC COUNTY

PARAMETER UNIT STORET SAMPLING DATE CODE

Month 3 5 Day 12 7

Year 91 91

Weather code P00041 0 0 Water Temperature deg. C P00010 4.0 16.0 Dissolved Oxygen mg/1 P00299 11.9 8.3 PH-FIELD pH P00400 5.4 5.5

PH-LAB pH P00403 5.5 5.8

SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY- umhos P00095 53.0 72.0 LAB

ALKALINITY mg/1 P00410 3.1

ACIDITY mg/1 P00436 4.3

HARDNESS mg/1 P00900 10 19

SULFATE (tot) mg/1 P00945 8.5 8.2

N02-N mg/1 P00615 <.05 <.10 N02+N03-N mg/1 P00630 1.26 0.12

NH3-N mg/1 P00610 0.02 0.81

TOTAL KJELDAHL-N mg/1 P00625 2.09 1.90

ORGANIC N mg/1 P00605 2.07 1.09 N03-N mg/1 P00620 1.26 0.12

TOTAL N mg/1 P00600 3.35 2.02

TOTAL ORTHO PAS P mg/1 P70507 <.01 0.05 TOTAL PAS P mg/1 P00665 0.06 0.08 TURBIDITY JTU P00076 2.1 7.0

TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/1 P70300 91 83 SOLIDS

6.6 GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER BASIN - GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER PCGE1

STATION LOCATION: ROUTE 54. FOLSOM. ATLANTIC COUNTY

PARAMETER UNIT STORET SAMPLING DATE CODE

Month 3 5 Day 12 7

Year 91 91

Weather code P00041 0 0 Water Temperature deg. C P00010 4.5 15.5

Dissolved Oxygen mg/1 P00299 11.5 8.3

PH-FIELD pH P00400 5.3 5.2

PH-LAB pH P00403 5.5 6.1

SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY- umhos P00095 37.0 39.0 LAB

ALKALINITY mg/1 P00410 2.4

ACIDITY mg/1 P00436 2.4

HARDNESS mg/1 P00900 13 14

SULFATE (tot) mg/1 P00945 6.8 2.3

N02-N mg/1 P00615 <.05 <.10 N02+N03-N mg/1 P00630 0.56 <.10 NH3-N mg/1 P00610 0.02 0.35

TOTAL KJELDAHL-N mg/1 P00625 1.58 3.30

ORGANIC N mg/1 P00605 1.56 2.95

N03-N mg/1 P00620 0.56 <.10

TOTAL N mg/1 P00600 2.14 3.30 TOTAL ORTHO P AS P mg/1 P70507 <.01 0.06 TOTAL PAS P mg/1 P00665 0.06 0.08

TURBIDITY JTU P00076 2.3 3.3 TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/1 P70300 74 79 SOLIDS

6.7 GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER BASIN

GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER PCGE1

Summary Statistics **

Parameter Unit N MIN MAX MEAN STD

Dissolved Oxygen mg/1 2 8.3 11.5 9.9 2.3 PH-FIELD ph 2 5.2 5.3 5.2 (5.2) PH-LAB ph 2 5.5 6.1 5.7 (5. 7) SPECIFIC umhos 2 37.0 39.0 38.0 1.4 CONDUCTIVITY-LAB ALKALINITY mg/1 1 2.4 2.4 2.4 ACIDITY mg/1 1 2.4 2.4 2.4 HARDNESS mg/1 2 13 14 14 1 SULFATE (tot) mg/1 2 2.3 6.8 4.6 3.2 N02-N mg/1 2 <.05 <.10 N02+N03-N mg/1 2 <.10 0.56 0.28 0.40 NH3+NH4-N mg/1 2 0.02 0.35 0.19 0.23 TOTAL KJELDAHL-N mg/1 2 1.58 3.30 2.44 1.22 ORGANIC N mg/1 2 1.56 2.95 2.26 0.98

N03-N mg/1 2 <.10 0.56 0.28 0.40 TOTAL N mg/1 2 2.14 3.30 2.72 0.82 TOTAL ORTHO PAS mg/1 2 <.01 0.06 0.03 0.04 p

TOTAL PAS P mg/1 2 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.01 TURBIDITY JTU 2 2.3 3.3 2.8 0.7 TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/1 2 74 79 77 4 SOLIDS

**Summary statistics were calculated using the data presented in this report and the two previous Pinelands Commission reports published in 1989 and 1990.

6.8 GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER BASIN - HOSPITALITY BRANCH PCGE2

STATION LOCATION: ROUTE 322. FOLSOM. ATLANTIC COUNTY

PARAMETER UNIT STORET SAMPLING DATE CODE Month 3 5 - Day 12 7 Year 91 91

Weather code P00041 0 0 Water Temperature deg. C P00010 5.0 18.0

Dissolved Oxygen mg/1 P00299 11.0 7.3

PH-FIELD pH P00400 5.2 5.7 - PH-LAB pH P00403 5.5 6.0 SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY- umhos P00095 29.0 39.0 LAB

ALKALINITY mg/1 P00410 2.4

ACIDITY mg/1 P00436 2.6

HARDNESS mg/1 P00900 10 11 SULFATE (tot) mg/1 P00945 6.2 4.3

N02-N mg/1 P00615 <.05 <.10

N02+N03-N mg/1 P00630 0.35 <.10

NH3-N mg/1 P00610 <.10 0.20 TOTAL KJELDAHL-N mg/1 P00625 1.58 2.70

ORGANIC N mg/1 P00605 1.58 2.50

N03-N mg/1 P00620 0.35 <.10

TOTAL N mg/1 P00600 1.93 2.70 TOTAL ORTHO P AS P mg/1 P70507 <.01 0.04 TOTAL PAS P mg/1 P00665 0.04 0.06

TURBIDITY JTU P00076 2.5 3.0 TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/1 P70300 80 44 SOLIDS

6.9

- GREAT EGG HARBOR RIVER BASIN

HOSPITALITY BRANCH PCGE2

Summary Statistics **

Parameter Unit N MIN MAX MEAN STD

Dissolved Oxygen mg/1 2 7.3 11.0 9.2 2.6 PH-FIELD ph 2 5.2 5.7 5.4 (5.4) PH-LAB ph 2 5.5 6.0 5.7 (5. 7) SPECIFIC umhos 2 29.0 39.0 34.0 7.1 CONDUCTIVITY-LAB ALKALINITY mg/1 1 2.4 2.4 2.4 ACIDITY mg/1 1 2.6 2.6 2.6 HARDNESS mg/1 2 10 11 11 1 SULFATE (tot) mg/1 2 4.3 6.2 5.3 1.3 N02-N mg/1 2 <.05 <.10 N02+N03-N mg/1 2 <.10 0.35 0.18 0.25 NH3+NH4-N mg/1 2 0.10 0.20 0.11 0.13 TOTAL KJELDAHL-N mg/1 2 1.58 2.70 2.14 0.79 ORGANIC N mg/1 2 1.56 2.50 2.03 0.66

N03-N mg/1 2 <.10 0.35 0.18 0.25 TOTAL N mg/1 2 1.93 2.70 2.32 0.54 TOTAL OR THO P AS mg/1 2 <.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 p

TOTAL PAS P mg/1 2 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.01 TURBIDITY JTU 2 2.5 3.0 2.8 0.4 TOTAL DISSOLVED mg/1 2 44 80 62 25 SOLIDS

**Summary statistics were calculated using the data presented in this report and the two previous Pinelands Commission reports published in 1989 and 1990.

6.10 -

II. SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY - GROUNDWATER

a. Introduction Folsom's hydrology concerns two distinct water systems. One is surface water, comprising all the water bodies visible atop the ground surface (permanent open water such as lakes, ponds, rivers and streams; and semipermanent shallow water such as swamps, marshes and bogs, collectively referred to as wetlands). The other is groundwater, comprising all the water that has gravitationally percolated underground into porous, permeable (sponge­ - like) sediment layers called aquifers. Though the two water systems are conceptually distinct, the physical boundary between them is fine, and they are not totally isolated from each other. In fact, the sandy texture of Folsom's surface soil layer allows water to move through and in/out of the ground with less resistance than in most regions of the earth. The level at which one encounters gravitationally static water if they were to dig a hole in the ground is called the water table. Generally, areas where the water table is below the ground surface are dry lands and areas with the reverse situation are wetlands or open water. b. Geologic History Folsom lies atop a remarkable 2900-foot-thick layer of predominantly unconsolidated sediment, meaning that the sediment is loose, more like soil, sand or gravel than solid rock. Most of this loose sediment material was eroded from the ancient Appalachian Mountains by long-ago streams and weathering forces. The Appalachians are composed of granite and sedimentary rock formations created by an orogeny- a buckling of the earth's crust resulting from a collision between the African and North American continental plates occurring about 250 million years ago (mya). The history that continues here is a compilation of material presented by Epstein (1990), McGregor (1984), and Oliver (1980). A separation between Africa and North America began opening well after the collision, about 180 mya, exposing a basin of granite bedrock. The bedrock was formed by geologic events occurring in Precambrian time (prior to 570 mya, well prior to the Appalachian orogeny). This basin was in the present-day location of our continental margin, which includes the inland coastal plain and offshore continental shelf and slope. The basin is called the Baltimore Canyon Trough, evidence of which has been discovered today, mostly through offshore oil exploration.

6.11 Streams and rivers carried the ancient material out of the mountains, pulverizing it into a mixture of smooth gravel, sand and silt along the way, and then fanned it out onto the granite floor of the basin. A sediment layer built rapidly and held the surface of the basin near sea level, keeping pace with the sinking of the bedrock floor that resulted as the gap between Africa and North America widened. The sediments were initially deposited above sea level in river, lake and swamp environments. The basin flooded with seawater more often as time advanced and coastal and marine deposition environments became more prevalent, eventually allowing a coral reef to form on the North American side of the basin. This deposition regime dominated during the Jurassic period of geologic time, 180 to 135 mya. It left a thick layer of sediment in the interior of the basin that later consolidated into shale and sandstone as pressure from subsequent sedimentation mounted, forming a present-day layer of sedimentary bedrock atop the original granite bedrock. This layer may contain oil and gas deposits. Only thin and scattered deposits of the Jurassic sediment remained on the coastal plain, on which southern New Jersey and Folsom lie, as the coastal plain was at the northwestern edge of the basin, resulting in most sediments washing past on their way to filling the rapidly subsiding interior. The Jurassic consolidated layer thickens offshore, reaching maximum thickness in the continental shelf region (the former basin interior). Beneath the southern New Jersey coastal plain, the upper surface of the original Precambrian granite bedrock forms the "rock-bottom" limit to all water-bearing strata, and it slopes down to the southeast at a dip of about 125 feet per mile. As the intercontinental separation grew wider, the zone of subsidence moved southeast of the original basin, which was now filled. Material washing out of North America could no longer keep pace with the subsidence, and the Atlantic Ocean began to form in earnest southeast of the original basin, setting up the continental margin structure that exists today. Erosional material began to deposit over an area wider than the original basin (now the continental shelf), backing up onto the coastal plain and spilling over the shelf edge down the continental slope into the deep Atlantic. This is when the sequence of sedimentation began that produced the aquifers, and the intervening confining layers, on the South Jersey coastal plain. Most importantly, significant material first began to accumulate on the bedrock below the present-day coastal plain as the overall slope of the continental margin decreased to a point where material did not wash past the coastal plain.

6.12 -

Deposition environments on the South Jersey coastal plain were similar to those during the preceeding Jurassic period, i.e., alternating continental, coastal and marine. Continental environments were more prevalent toward the northwest, and marine toward the southeast, with the shoreline (coastal zone) in between advancing and receding with the cyclic rise and fall of worldwide sea level. Continental environments included river floodplains and deltas, whose relatively rapid waters favor deposition of coarser material, e.g., coarse sand and gravel. This environment results in a sediment layer that is relatively porous (able to store large quantities of water in the gaps between pebbles and grains) and permeable (able to transmit water through the gaps with little resistance). These layers later became aauifers. Shoreline environments include the beach (barrier island), smaller bays, salt marsh and interconnecting tidal channels. The resulting sediment layer is discontinuous and heterogeneous, i.e., it is composed of undulating pockets and networks of materials of differing coarseness (and attendant differing porosities and permeabilities). Viewed from above, the pattern mimics the pattern of a shoreline environment, with networks of coarse material (deposited by fast-moving waters of barrier islands and channels) surrounding pockets of fine material (deposited by slow-moving waters of marshes and bays). The fine textured materials are relatively non-porous and impermeable and tend to be confining while the coarse - textured materials are relatively porous and permeable and tend to be water-bearing. This pattern results in a stratigraphic layer called an aquifer system. It is composed of discontinuous, hydraulically-connected water bearing units separated by discontinuous, leaky confining units. Marine environments are composed exclusively of the offshore ocean or larger-bay seafloors, which tends to recieve the finer material, e.g., silt and fine sands, that do not settle out inland. Slower-moving ocean currents winnow the material into a horizontally continuous and homogeneous layer, once it settles out of suspension. The resulting sediment layer is relatively non-porous and impermeable and becomes a confining layer.

When sediment first began to accumulate atop bedrock on the South Jersey coastal plain (135 mya), it was deposited in a predominantly continental environment. Since the continental margin continued to subside until about 35 million years ago, the shoreline progressed inland, submerging the coastal plain from southeast to northwest. The deposition environment of a given location therefore grew increasingly marine during the first 100 million years of deposition. Worldwide geologic and climatic events caused fluctuations in sea level that were superimposed on the general subsidence, causing the shoreline to periodically 6.13 recede and advance. Each advance recovered more ground than the prior recession lost, in keeping with the overall inland shoreline progression. These fluctuations gave the deposition a cyclic nature, which gave rise to smaller-scale structures within the major sediment layers. Physically, this process can be envisioned as zones of continental, shoreline and marine deposition migrating back and forth, sifting the materials according to grain size ("panning" them) as they accumulated.

The continental margin rose during the last 35 million years of deposition, reversing the pattern of the previous 100 million years. The shoreline retreated southeastward and the coastal plain re-emerged during the last 35 million years of deposition, aside from periodic advances due to worldwide sea level fluctuations. Deposition environments generally grew more continental at a given location, though a cyclic component was superimposed by the sea level fluctuations.

c. Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System The first geologic period during which a major sediment layer accumulated on the South Jersey coastal plain is the early half of the Cretaceous (the entire Cretaceous period runs from 135 to 63 mya). Owing to the alternating continental and shoreline deposition environments, this layer is composed primarily of coarse material (sand and gravel) interspersed with discontinuous layers of finer material (silt and clay) and is about 1800' thick beneath Folsom. It is designated the "Potomac-Raritan-Magothy" (PRM) aquifer system, and consists of a lower aquifer adjacent the bedrock, a leaky confining unit above, a middle aquifer, another leaky confining unit, and an upper aquifer. Since the intervening confining units are leaky, the three aquifers are hydraulically connected, meaning water flows freely between them. Potential water yields from the PRM are great (manifested as actual well yields up to 2000 gal/min in wells drilled elswhere into the PRM), should we here in Folsom ever find incentive and funding to drill through the 1100 feet of material above. The PRM has a hydraulic conductivity of 1000 to 2000 gallons per day/square foot. Hydraulic conductivity is a measure of the permeability of the sediment, the inverse of its resistance to water flow, related to its porosity and the shape, orientation and size distribution of the sediment particles. Physically, it is the volume (gallons) of water that would flow through a one square foot area if the hydraulic head surface in the aquifer sloped at a 45 degree angle (i.e., the hydraulic head gradient was 1 foot/foot). 6.14 -

Hydraulic head is the height to which water would rise in the well casing of a well drilled into the aquifer, equal to the water table in the aquifer's outcrop zone, which is the geographic area where the stratigraphic unit is exposed to the surface. Climatic and hydrologic conditions in the outcrop zone determine the water budget for an aquifer, aside from well withdrawals and leakage to other aquifers. The outcrop zone for the PRM is along and several miles southeast of the Delaware River. Outcrop zones are discussed further in the section below on "Recharge, Discharge, Withdrawal and Water Quality". Potential well yields are proportional to both the thickness and the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer. A good indicator of the potential well yield is the transmissivity, the multiple of aquifer thickness and hydraulic conductivity, or the volume of water that flows through a one foot wide strip extending over the entire depth of the aquifer under unit hydraulic head gradient. Transmissivity for the PRM comes to about 1800 ft. x 1500 gallons per day/square foot = 2, 700,000 gallons per day/foot.

d. Individual Aauifers and Confining Units. and the Composite Confining Layer The second period during which a major differentiated stratum (group of related similar strata, distinct from adjacent groups) accumulated is the later half of the Cretaceous through the Paleocene (63 to 58 mya) and Eocene (58 to 36 mya) periods. The shoreline continued to progress inland, and by mid-Cretaceous the deposition environment had become predominantly marine, with continuing cyclic migration of the shoreline environment back and forth across the plain. This led to the deposition of a series of individual aquifers and confining layers. In order of deposition (deepest to shallowest) they are the Merchantville­ Woodbury confining unit, Englishtown aquifer, Marshalltown-Wenonah confining unit, and the Wenonah-Mt. Laurel aquifer. The downdip limit of the Englishtown aquifer parallels the western border of Atlantic County, splitting Folsom in half. This aquifer is therefore present only in the northwestern half of Folsom. The Marshalltown-Wenonah confining unit merges with the Merchantville-Woodbury confining unit downdip (southeast) of this limit. As the sea deepened further, a stratum was deposited that contained mostly fine confining material, with spatially-restricted zones of coarser water-bearing material (aquifers) embedded within, called the "Composite Confining Layer". These restricted aquifers are, in order of deposition, the Red Bank Sand, Vincentown, and Piney Point aquifers. According to Zapecza (1984), the Red Bank Sand aquifer is only as close es the Monmouth/Ocean County area and the downdip limit of the Vincenttown aquifer reaches only as close to Folsom as Berlin. The 6.15 Piney Point aquifer is the only aquifer present within the Composite Confining Layer beneath Folsom. Deposition of the upper part of the Composite Confining Layer (encompassing the Piney Point aquifer) actually occurred in the next major period, after the sea had begun its retreat but was still generally quite deep. A private communication with Lloyd Mullikin (3/23/92) of NJGS includes a cross section constructed using geophysical well logs (information derived by lowering sensing devices down the borehole) from three wells along Route 559 from downtown Hammonton to a few miles southeast of Weymouth Furnace. The wells are Hammonton Water Dept. (316 ft. depth), Arawak Paving Co. (550 ft. depth), and Atlantic County Girl Scout Camp (945 ft. depth). He indicates that the Composite Confining Unit is the first confining unit encountered below Folsom, the top of which is at a depth of about 300 feet below surface. The first confined aquifer is the Piney Point, its top encountered at about 360 feet below the surface. All stratigraphic units beneath the coastal plain vary in their thickness, horizontal extent, and depth below the surface. Zapecza (1984) depicts the strata for the entire South Jersey coastal plain in a series of contour maps, cross sections, and tabulations for specific wells used to generate the displays. These strata are delineated via interpolation for the eastern and western sections of Folsom and tabulated at the end of this section.

e. Kirkwood Units and the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System The third major period represents the time during which the coastal plain re-emerged from the sea, encompassing the Oligocene (36 to 25 mya), Miocene (25 to 13 mya), Pliocene (13 to 2.5 mya) and Recent (2.5 mya to present) periods. The shoreline was still well inland during the Oligocene and very early Miocene periods, and finer material continued to accumulate in a heavily marine environment, forming the upper portion of the Composite Confining Layer, encompassing the Piney Point aquifer. A new deposition regime began in the early Miocene period and continued through mid­ Miocene time, establishing the aquifers and confining layers that, by virtue of their relatively close proximity to the surface, are of immediate concern to Folsom. The sea retreated to the point where the shoreline and marine environments alternated, depositing a series of individual aquifers and confining units collectively referred to as the Kirkwood Formation. The individual units are, in order of deposition, the Lower Atlantic City 800' Sand aquifer, Atlantic City confining unit, Upper Atlantic City 800' Sand aquifer, the Lower Diatomaceous Clay confining unit, the Rio Grande Water Bearing Zone (a very thin aquifer) and the Upper Diatomaceous Clay confining unit, and finally the upper sand unit (water bearing) of the Kirkwood Formation. 6.16 -

The updip limit of the Diatomaceous Clay Units and the intervening Rio Grande Water Bearing Zone comes only as close to Folsom as Weymouth Furnace, and therefore these units are not present beneath Folsom. Also, the Atlantic City 800' Sand units merge and narrow west of a NE-SW line through Weymouth Furnace into a single Kirkwood Sand unit that underlies the Cohansey Sand and outcrops in a zone running along a NE-SW line that passes through central Camden and Gloucester Counties. The Kirkwood Sand unit is hydraulically connected to the Cohansey Sand, forming the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer under Folsom. By mid/late Miocene time, the South Jersey coastal plain was emerged to the extent that it experienced the final recessions of the sea that led to the present location of the shoreline. Before any deposition occurred atop the Kirkwood Formation, the coastal plain was exposed to erosional forces that "shaved off" sediment, more extensively toward the northwest, exposing the Kirkwood strata in a series of outcrop zones. After this event, deposition resumed atop the erosional truncation in a predominantly shoreline environment, resulting in the Cohansey Sand stratum, which, owing to the truncation, has a much lesser dip than the underlying strata. The Cohansey Sand stratum is hydraulically connected to the aquifer strata in the Kirkwood Formation below. These interconnections occur where Kirkwood confining units are not present, and they are collectively referred to as the Kirkwood-Cohansey Aquifer System where the interconnections occur. This system is an unconfined (water table) aquifer system as there is little sediment and no extensive, continuous confining units above the Cohansey Sand northwest of peninsular Cape May County. The Kirkwood stratum underlying all of Folsom is the westward extension of the Atlantic City 800' Sand aquifer. It is hydraulically connected to the Cohansey Sand unit and establishes the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system as the water table aquifer for all of Folsom. Deposition atop the whitish-gray Cohansey Sand occurring late in the Pliocene, in a continental environment, left a layer of yellow/orange river sand and gravel, with some intermixed clay, called the Bridgeton Formation. Deposits left in Recent time were, for the most part, eroded away by streams and weathering forces occurring in the same time frame. These same forces eroded away most of the Bridgeton Formation, exposing the Cohansey Sand to the surface in most areas. However the Bridgeton Formation remains in some areas, including the northwestern and southeastern portions of Folsom, usually coinciding with higher topography. It is fairly porous and therefore hydraulically connected to the Cohansey Sand, a relevant fact in areas where the Kirkwood-Cohansey water table extends into this formation.

6.17 There are no wells of any substantial depth drilled in Folsom (the deepest is the South Jersey Land Companies (SJLC) well at 166 feet depth, located where Route 54 intersects the Hammonton-Folsom border) and therefore the depths and thicknesses of the strata beneath Folsom must be inferred (interpolated) from the regional stratigraphy and the records of nearby wells penetrating to substantial depth. A 1992 report, "Water Management Study of the Penny Pot Stream" by Claude Epstein, cites 21 irrigation well drilling logs (including the SJLC well) pointing to the existence of a thin (avg. 20 ft. thick), discontinuous layer of clay at shallow depth (avg. 8-28 ft. below the surface) in the portion of Hammonton bordering Folsom. This nonporous layer contrasts to the generally porous nature of Cohansey Sands and Bridgeton gravel. In the portions of Folsom through which the clay extends (it is present in the SJLC log from 14 to 21 ft. depth), it forms a partial barrier between the immediate surface water and the main water mass of the Kirkwood Cohansey, thereby slowing the spread of any contamination percolating down from surface sources, such as septic leach fields and excess fertilizer application. Most private well intake screens are located 50 to 100 feet below the surface, well below this clay layer.

f. Recharge, Discharge, Withdrawal and Water Quality According to Rhodehamel (1970), half the annual average precipitation of 45 inches, or an annual average 22.5 inches of water, enters Folsom's unconfined water-table aquifer (Kirkwood-Cohansey) through local and Pinelands regional soil surfaces. The remainder of the precipitation is accounted for by runoff (averaging 22.5 inches/year). In order for the quantity of water stored in the aquifer to remain constant (its water budget remain balanced), 22.5 inches of water leaves the Kirkwood-Cohansey annually through evapotranspiration, more so by plant transpiration than by direct evaporation from soil or open water. The aquifer is recharged when precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration plus runoff and discharged when evapotranspiration plus runoff exceeds precipitation. Recharge generally occurs November through March and discharge April through October. Runoff can be split into two components, direct and indirect. Direct runoff occurrs only immediately after precipitation via overland flow to streams or via precipitation falling directly into streams. Indirect runoff occurrs more continuously through flow of groundwater to streams, where it discharges into the stream through springs or directly through the streambed. In the Pinelands, indirect runoff is about 10 times direct runoff. Normal well withdrawal taps into the indirect runoff portion of the water budget, ultimately reducing stream flow only. If massive withdrawals occur, streams dry up and then wells begin tapping 6.18 - the basic storage of the aquifer. This situation is called water mining. Epstein (1992) reports that a mining situation is being approached in the agricultural areas of Hammonton due to irrigation well withdrawal. However, the effect on streamflow in Penny Pot Stream is attenuated by the aforementioned clay layer, which forces water to be drawn toward this area from the aquifer below rather than from the immediate near-surface stream basin. Well withdrawals in Folsom are primarily residential and do not even remotely approach the agricultural usage levels of Hammonton. Water quality in the Kirkwood Cohansey can be adversely affected by septic leach fields, industrial discharges, landfills, chemical and fuel spills, illegal dumping, deicing salt application, general roadway runoff, and excess fertilizer application, among others. The concentration of such sources within the Pinelands is generally light. The confined aquifers deep below Folsom are recharged in the outcrop zones to the west in the counties bordering the Delaware River. Water quality depends on contamination sources in these areas and the rates at which contaminants decay (or are filtered out) and are transported by dispersion and water flow. Given the large concentration of potential contamination sources in these heavily industrialized and urbanized outcrop zones, future water quality in the confined aquifers is questionable. Most withdrawal from the confined aquifers occurs in or near their recharge zones. Heavy withdrawals in these areas have - caused water mining and salt water intrusion from the Delaware River.

6.19 g. Septic Suitability Two primary factors determine the suitability of a particular site for a septic system, the permeability (or hydraulic conductivity) of the soil layer into which the leach field is installed, and the depth to the water table at the site. The propensity for flooding at the site is also a factor for obvious reasons. All flood-prone areas are considered unsuitable. In order for the system to function at all (i.e., for water to flow through it under the force of gravity), there must be a hydraulic head gradient between the water level in the tank and the water level in the leach field. The leach field is generally positioned a foot or so lower than the outlet from the tank in order to gravitationally induce water flow through the distribution pipes. Since most all septic tanks are at least a foot below the surface, the water table must therefore be at least two feet below the surface in the leach field area, assuming a level surface between septic tank and leach field. In addition, the U.S. Public Health Service and the NJDEPE require 6 feet of unsaturated soil between the base of the leach field and the water table. This is so that pathogens and chemical contaminants have time to be filtered out or biologically altered before the effluent water percolates down to the groundwater, where it may then flow rapidly to wells. The depth factor functionally eliminates all wetland areas of the Borough from septic suitability consideration, and legally eliminates all areas in close proximity to wetlands (specifically, all areas below 8 feet elevation above water table). Refer to both the contour map (physiography) and the wetlands map contained within this report in order to determine septic suitability based on this factor alone. If the site is suitable with respect to the depth factor, one can now proceed to determine suitability with respect to soil permeability, which is a factor less readily assessed through intuition alone. Permeability expresses the rate at which water passes through a particular soil, in inches per hour, under the force of gravity, much the same as hydraulic conductivity

1 2 expresses this rate per unit hydraulic head gradient, in gal day· tt· • They are actually equal, but hydraulic conductivity is used when discussing flow through saturated soil (aquifers) when both gravity and water pressure (hydraulic head gradient) are at play, and permeability is used when discussing downward percolation through unsaturated soil, which involves gravity alone and is the situation under consideration where septic systems are concerned.

6.20 -

Permeability depends mostly on the porosity of the soil and on other flow-resistance properties to a lesser degree. If the soil is relatively impermeable (permeability less than 1.0 in/hr, such as in the case of soils with high clay content) then it is unsuitable for septic systems for the simple reason that water percolation into the soil would be negligible, and effluent would pool in the leach field and eventually overflow onto the surface, an unpleasant situation at best. Soils in the permeability range 2.0 - 6.0 in/hr (sandy/loamy soils) are considered ideal for septic systems, as water drains from the leach field at a feasible rate yet does not percolate so rapidly downward as to introduce pathogens and chemical contaminants to the groundwater. Soils with permeabilities as high as 20 in/hr exist in the Pinelands, and soils in the permeability range 6.0- 20 in/hr (sandy soils) are considered septic-suitable, but may require that steps be taken to deter the rapid percolation of contaminants toward the groundwater. The Bridgeton, Kirkwood and Cohansey formations account for all the surface soils in Folsom, and are all high in sand content, rendering all of Folsom's soils septic-suitable on the basis of permeability alone. A soils map presented in the Folsom Wastewater Management Plan (G.S. Sawhill and Associates, 1989), depicts the areas unsuitable for septic systems in a dark shading. This pattern generally mimics the wetlands areas and flood-prone areas (also highly correlated) shaded on the respective maps for these properties, also presented in the Wastewater Plan. This provides verification of the conclusions drawn above, based on information condensed from "An Assessment of the Impact of Septic Leach Fields, Home Lawn Fertilization and Agricultural Activities on Groundwater Quality", New Jersey Pinelands Commission, 1980.

6.21 - Table 1 -Delineation of Aquifers and Confining Units beneath Folsom. with Potential Water Yield Indicators for Aquifere

Unit Top (ft. above aealevell Thickness (ft. I Hydraulic Conductivity• Transmissivity•

West Eut Weet East (gal day·' ft'11 (gal day·' ft'11

Kirkwood·Cohanaey 100 (lfc.l 100 (efc.) 275 350 1000 300,000 Aquifer Syltem

Compoeite Confining ·175 -250 60 85 ------· Unit (Upperl

Piney Point Aquifer -235 -335 50 70 N/A N/A

Composite Confining -285 -405 415 445 ------Unit (Lowerl

Wenonah-Mt. Laurel -700 -850 90 85 100 9,000 Aquifer

Marehalitown-Wenonah -790 -935 30 80 ...... ---- Confining Unit

Engliehtown Aquifer -820 -1015 50 0 100 5,000

Merchantville· -870 ·1015 130 135 ------Woodbury Conf. Unit

Upper PAM Aquifer ·1000 ·1150 120 120 1250 150,000

Upper PAM Confining ·1120 -1270 150 150 -- --- Unit (Leakyl

Middle PAM Aquifer ·1270 ·1420 250 280 1250 330,000

Lower PAM Confining -1520 -1700 280 325 ---- ...... Unit (Leakyl

Lower PAM Aquifer -1800 -2025 875 1050 1250 1,200,000

Bedrock -2675 -3075 - - - -

• Hydraulic Conductivity values are thoee preeented by "Hydrogeology Aaae81ment", NJ Pineland• Commi811on (19801. Traneml11ivity values are the multiple of hydraulic conductivity and mean ealt-to·welt aquifer thickne11.

6.22 Table 2 - Aquifer Water Qu.Utles • and Outcrop Zones !Condition• Here Detennlne Quality of Recharge Water)

Unit Temperature pH Total Iron Diuolved Nitrate Outcrop Zone (°FI (mg/11 Solids (mg/11 (mg/11 (Updip Recharge Areal

Kirkwood-Cohensey 58 6.2 1.8 67 6.9 The Cohanaey formation liea at the surface over most of the Plnelanda. while

Aquifer Syatem the Kirtc.wood formation outcrops in 11 3 to 5 mile wide strip paralielling the Delaware River 7 to 1 2 miles to its southeast.

Piney Point Aquifer N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A The Piney Point aquifer' a updip termination ia below the surface.

Wenonah-Mt. laurel 59 7.9 0.24 121 0.3 Outcrops In 11 2 to 4 mile wide strip parallelling the Delaware River 4 to 8 miles Aquifer to ita southeast.

Englishtown Aquifer 55 7.6 0.64 145 0.3 Outcrops In 11 1 to 3 mile wide strip parallelling the Delaware River 2 to 6 miles to its southeaat.

Upper PAM Aquifer 80 7.2 2.1 326 0.3 Outcrops in 11 1 to 2 mile wide strip parallelling the Delaware River 0 to 3 miles to ita southeast.

Middle PAM Aquifer 80 7.2 2.1 326 0.3

These units outcrop in 11 common zone consisting of 11 2 to 5 mile wide strip straddling the Delaware River, adjacent to the layer above. Lower PAM Aquifer 80 7.2 2.1 326 0.3

• AI value• are average a computed from well aamples tabulated In "Hydrogeology Aaaeurnent". NJ Pineland a Commission ( 19801. To obtain the value a for the Kirkwood-Cohanaey aquifer, well aamplea from Atlantic, Camden and Gloucester Counties were used. The only samples available for the Wenonah-Mt. Laurel and Englishtown aquifel"8 were from Burlington County. Samples from Ocean. Camden and Burtlngton Counties were used for the PAM aquifel"8, and they did not distinguish the three layel"8.

I h. Well Log for Nearest Well of Substantial Deoth In order to give an idea of the grain types and minerals composing the coastal plain sediments, Mullikin's (1990) lithological well log for the Atlantic County Girl Scout Camp well is presented here. It was drilled in 1984 and penetrates to a depth of 945 feet below the surface. The well is located midway between Weymouth Furnace and Lake Lenape along the Egg Harbor River. This log is representative of the strata beneath Folsom. It delineates the Cohansey Sand and Kirkwood Sand units, consistent with prior delineations, and then identifies some previously undelineated units. These are the ACGS Beta Unit, Mays Landing Unit, ACGS Alpha Unit, Shark River Unit, and Manasquan Formation. According to Epstein (1990) and others, the ACGS Beta Unit and Mays Landing Unit comprise the previously­ delineated Piney Point Aquifer and the lower three units comprise part of the lower unit of the Composite Confining Layer. The upper unit of the Composite Confining Layer (composed of considerable clay and silt) appears to be included in this log as the lowest portion of the Kirkwood Formation, as is often the practice. Some of the terminology and abbreviations appearing in the log may be unclear. They are defined here: Sediment Color - Common descriptive colors are used along with a precise identification according to a standard chart (e.g., "5YR 5/6" which is hue 5YR, value 5, and chroma 6, meaning light brown with a yellowish-red hue). Grain Size Classification -

Sediment Class Sediment Subclass Grain Size (mm diameter) Boulder > 256 Cobble 64- 256

Gravel Pebble 4-64 Granule 2-4 Very Coarse Sand 1 - 2 Coarse Sand 1/2- 1 Medium Sand 1/4- 1/2 Sand Fine Sand 1/8 - 1/4 Very Fine Sand 1/16 - 1/8 Silt 1/256- 1/16 Mud Clay < 1/256

6.23 - Bioturbation - The churning or stirring of a sediment by organisms. Carbonaceous - Rich in carbon or containing organic matter. Diatomaceous- Consisting of, containing, or pertaining to diatoms, which are microscopic, single-celled aquatic plants related to the algae. Diatoms secrete a siliceous material that accumulates in sediments. Glauconite - A green mineral closely related to the micas and essentially a hydrous potassium iron silicate. It is abundant in greensand, and is an indicator of very slow sedimentation. Lignite - A brownish-black coal that is intermediate in grade between peat and sub­ bituminus coal. Lamination - The thinnest recognizable layer in a sediment or sedimentary rock, differring from the other layers (laminae) in color, composition, or particle size. Also called a streak. Micaceous- Consisting of, containing, or pertaining to mica.

Pyrite - A common mineral, FeS 2• The most widespread and abundant of the sulfide minerals, which occurs in all kinds of rocks.

6.24 Hamilton Township Well 010 Geographic code: 0112 WELL 010 Owner or name: Atlantic City Expressway ATLANTIC CITY EXPRESSWAY Location: N393302 W744408 Driller: A.C. Schultes ELECTRIC LOG Quad.: Egg Harbor City Comp. date: 08/17/1964 Resistance Atlas Sheet no. 32.41.465 Elevation: 8S ft Spontaneous Potential (mv) (ohms) Permit no. 32474 Depth drilled: 186 ft Thickness Depth Lithology + (ft) (ft) 2 0-2 Topsoil 10 2-12 Sand, brown, clayey 11 12-23 Sand, coarse, yellow; clay 26 2349 Cay, yellow and white, sandy; brown sand at 3849 ft 78 49-127 Sand, brown; very fine, clay at 49-60 ft; gravel, 60-86ft; fmc to coarse at60-79 ft and 86-127 Ct; coarse at 79-86 ft; some clay, 86-127 ft 54 127-181 Sand, dark-brown; fine to coarse at 127-137 Ct; coarse to small gravel at 137-181 ft 5 181-186 Cay, black

200 ------

Well 014 Geographic code: 0112 2 16-18 Sand, medium to fine, yellow (10YR7/6), Owner or name: Atlantic County Girl Scout Camp silty, with white (10YR8/2) oxidized layers Location: N392933 W744604 2 18-20 Sand, medium to coarse, light-gray Driller: U.S.Geological Survey (10YR7/1), silty; grading downward to al- Quadrangle: Dorothy Comp. date: 08/07/1984 ternating layeJS of yellow (10YR7/6) and Alias Sheet no. 35.05.436 Elevation: 40 Ct. white (10YRB/2), fine to medium sand Well Permit no. 354274 Depth drilled: 945 Ct. 2 20-22 Sand, medium to coarse, very pale-brown From Owens and others, 1988; exploratory corehole. (10YR7/4), silty at top, bottom of interval Geophysical log on p. 53 2 22-24 Sand, medium to coaJSe, very pale-brown Thickness Depth (10YR7/4), silty; grading downward to (ft.) (1!.) silt, light-gray (10YR7!1); overlying sand, Cobansey Sand: medium to coarse, white (10YR812) 2 0-2 Sand, medium, light-brownish-gray 2 24-26 Sandy silt, white (10YR812); overlying sand, (10YR6/2), silty; sand, fine to medium, medium to coarse, very pale-brown brownish-yellow (10YR6/8), silty (lOYRB/3), with more oxidized layers 2 2-4 Sand, fine to medium, brownish-yellow 2 26-28 Same as 24-26 ft.; sand, medium to coarse, (10YR6/8), silty; sand, medium to coarse, yellow (10YR7/8), heavily oxidized, very pale-brown (10YR7/4), scattered bottom 2 in. granules of rounded quartz, up to 0.25 inches 2 28-30 Sand, medium to coaJSe, yellow (10YR7/8); 2 4-6 Sand, medium to coarse, very pale-brown grading down to very coaJSe, white (10YR7/4), with scattered quartz (10YR8/1); grading to very coaJSe, dark- granules; sand, silty to very fmc, yellow reddish-brown (2..SYR3/4); grading to (10YR7/6), with scattered pebbles very coaJSe, brownish-yellow (10YR6/6) 2 6-8 Sand, silty to fine, very pale-brown (10YR7/4); 2 30-32 Sand, brownish-yellow (10YR618), well scattered pebbles and cobbles; abundant sorted, gravel; overlying silty, fine sand ilmenite 2 32-34 Sand, medium to coaJSe, brownish-yellow 2 8-10 Sand, silty to fine, very pale-brown (10YR7/4), (10YR6/8), clay-silt matrix; silt, with scattered pebbles light-gray, 3-4 inches thick at 33 ft. 2 10-12 Silt and silt with fine sand, very pale-brown 2 34-36 Sand, fmc to medium, yellow (10YR7/6), at (lOYRB/3); sand, dark-reddish-brown top of a downward~oaJSening sequence; (2.SYR3/4), limonite~emented, in bottom below is sand, medium to coaJSC, brownish- two inches; iron-stained bands scattered yellow (10YR6/6); overlying sand, medium throughout, reddish-yellow (7.SYR618) to marse, very pale-brown (10YR7/3); sand, co;use to very coarse, yellow 2 12-14 Oayey silt at top, light-gray (10YR7/1); (10YR7/3), silty, light-gray (10YR4/1) silt sand at bottom, silty to fine, reddish- partings, at bottom yellow (7.5YR618) 3 36-39 Saad, coaJSe toverycoaJSe, brownish-yellow 2 14-16 Oayeysilt,light-gray (10YR7/1), grading (10YR616); grading down to sand, fine to to sand, medium, zeddisb.,cllow (7.5YIW8), medium, yellow (10YR7/6) Silty, grading to saaCI, fine, .reCICiiSh-yellow 2 39-41 Sand, fme to meelium, yellow (10YR7/6); inter- (7.5YR8/6), well-sorted, at bottom bedded with sand, very c:oaJSe, well-sorted Hamilton Township

Well 014 (cooL) overlying sand. fine to medium, gray Thickness Depth Uthology (2.5YRS/O), well-sorted, with blebs of (Ct) (ft) c:Iayey silt and some coarse sand 2 41-43 Sand, very coarse, white (lOYRB/2); overlying 2 83-85 Sand. fine to medium, gray (7.SYR9/0): some sand, fine to medium, yellow (10YR7/6) coarse sand; traces of silt; grading to in- 2 43-45 No recovery, probably very coarse sand or creased silt, with some clayey silt lammae gravel 2 85-87 Sand, fine to medium, gray (7 .SYRS/0). silty 2 45-47 Sand, very coarse, light-brownish-gray 2 87-89 Qayey silt, very dark-gray (10YR3/0). with (10YR6/2); grading to medium. brownish· traces offme sand; grading to sand, yellow (10YR6/8); overlying medium to medium to coarse, very dark-gray fine, brownish-yellow (10YR618) (7.5YR310). silty 3 47-50 Sand, medium, light-brownish-gray (10YR6/2), 2 89-91 Sandy silt, very dark-gray (7.5YR310): thinly silty; grading down to sand, fine to interbedded with sand, fine to medium. medium, brownish-yellow (10YR6/6), very dark-gray (7.5YR3/l), clean with some silt panings at top 2 91-93 Sandy silt, very dark-gray (10YR3/1), 50-51 Sand, fine to medium, brownish-yellow micaceous; overlying sandy silt. dark- (10YR6/6), heavy-mineral content in- grayish-brown (10YR312). layered with creasing with depth fmc sand, gray (10YR6/1) 2 51-53 Sand, fine to medium, brownish-yellow 2 93-95 Cayey and sandy sill, dark-gray (10YR4/l ); (10YR618) interbedded with sand, medium to coarse. 2 53-55 Sand, fine to medium, yellow (10YR7/8), dark-gray (10YR4/l), micaceous. slightly with 0.08 inch light-gray c:Iay partings silty •nasers" 2 95-97 Sand. medium to coarse, dark-gray (lOYRS/1). 2 55-51 Sand, fine to medium, brownish-yellow silty; overlying sand, medium to coarse, (10YR618), silty, c:rossbedded, heavy medium-graytlOYRS/1) and light-gray mineral concentrations (10YR6/1), well sorted 2 57-59 Sand, medium to coarse, brownish-yellow 3 97-100 Sand. medium to coarse, dark-gray (10YR6/8) and very pale-brown (10YR4/1), silty; grading down to sand. (10YR7/4), occasional gravel beds; gravel, medium to coarse, gray (lOYRS/1). well- up to 0.5 inches sorted; grading to sand, medium to 2 59-61 Sand, medium, yellow (10YR7/8), poorly coarse, dark-gray {10YR4/l), silty sorted, oxidized in patches to brownish- 2 100-102 Sand, medium to very coarse, dark-gray yellow (7.5YR618) {10YR4/1 ), silty; overlying sand, medium 2 61-63 Sand, medium, light-gray (10YR7!2): trace to coarse, gray (lOYRS/1), well-sorted; or very fine ilmenite; overlying sand, overlying sand, medium to very coarse, medium to very coarse, brownish-yellow dark-gray (10YR4/l), silty, some gravel (10YR618), silty, some granules, pebbles and pebbles up to 0.2 inches and 0.16 inch wood fragments 2 102-106 Sand. fine to very coarse, dark-gray (lOYR-1/1). 2 63-65 Sand, fine to very coarse, brownish-yellow silty: coarse sand grains are angular and in- (10YR618), poorly sorted, silty, some c:Iude many c:Iear quartz shards up to 0.2 pebbles inches: inc:reasingpebblesatl04-106 Ct. 4 65-69 Sand, fine to very coarse, yellow (lOYR7 /8), 2 106-108 Sand, coarse to very coarse, gray (lOYRS/1). silty; silt, very pale-brown (10YR7/3), thin weU-sorted; grading down to sand, layers medium to coarse. very dark-gray 2 69-71 Sand, fmc to very coarse, yellow (10YR7/8), (10YR3/1), silty, with black (10YR2/l) poorly sorted, silty, with granules and streaks "possibly organic: fragments": over- pebbles lying sand, fine to medium, very dark- 2 71-73 Sand, medium to coarse, very pale-brown grayish-brown (lOYRJ/2). slightly silty (10YR7/4);.grading down to sand. inter: 2 108-110 Sand. fine to very coarse, dark-gray (10\'R-1/1 ). bedded medium and medium to coarse, silty, trace organic: material, inc:Iuding very pale-brown (10YR7/4) and brownish- rounded wood fragments up to 0.8 inches yellow (10YR6/8); ligh-gray silt partings 4 110-114 Sand, fmc to coarse. dark-gray (lOYR-1/1 ). silty near 71.5 Ct 2 114-116 Sand, fine to coarse. dark-gray (lOYR-1/1), 2 73-75 Sand, medium to coarse, very pale-brown silty, trace organic: material; overlying thin- (10YR7/4); interbedded with fmely layered Iy bedded, silt. dark-gray (10YR4/l) and very coarse sand with quartz granules sand, fmc to medium, gray (lOYRS/1 ): com- 2 75-77 No recovery pressed wood in two (0.2-0.4 inch) layers 2 77-79 Sand, medium to coarse, dark-reddish-brown near bottom (2.5YR3/4); overlying c:Iayey to sandy silt, 2 116-118 Sand, fine to very coarse, very dark-grayish- brownish-yellow (10YR618). interbedded brown (10YR3!2). silty, some quartz with sand, medium to coarse, gray granules; overlying sand, fine to very (10YR6/l),silty coarse, dark-gray (10YR4/l ). some silt. 2 79-81 Sand, very fine, dark-gray (7.5YR410). silty: 0.08-0.12 inch layers some silt, dark-yellowish-orange; overly- 3 118-121 Sand, fine to very coarse. dark-gray ingsand, fmc, dark-gray(7.SYR4/0), silty (10YR4/l ). silty: m-erlying sand. fine. 2 81-83 Sand, very fine, dark-gray (7.SYR410). silty, dark-gray (IOYR-1/1). slightly silty streaks and laminae of orange clayey cilt; GAMMA-RAY LOG ELECTRIC LOG FORMATION BULK NEUTRON LOG DENSITY LOG Resistance Radiation increases (GAMMA-GAMMA) (ohms) Radiation increases Radiation Increases

0

100

200

C1. 300 :E C( 0.... ::;:) 0 0 (/) ~ ~~~:t...J w 400 c--a: u. ...JC!J -::J: uii= t- 31:Z a. ::;:) w 0 c 0 -· 0 ;::: 500 z :3.... C(

600

700

800

900 Hamiltoa Township

WeU 014 (coaL) 344-345 Saad and liilly c:lay, olive-gray (SY3/2), inter­ Thickness Dcplh Lilbology bedded. Iindy lami.Datcd; liilld, fine. micaceous (ft) (ft) 3 345-348 NO!'CCOYCI)' 5 121-126 Sillyc:lay, dark-gray(lOYR4/l); lihcll frag- 2 348-350 Silly c:lay and und, interbedded, olive-gray mcnlli at bottom (SY4/l); und, fmc to c:oane, poorly 10 126-136 Sand, medium to fmc, dark-gray (10YR41l), sorted; lipitic: wood, a few luge picc:a poorly soned; overlying lialld, fmc to 3 350-353 No rcc:ovezy medium, mic:accOUii, liilly 8 353-361 Cay, olive-gray(SY4/l),laminatcd, with 19 136-155 No n:covezy tbia interbeds of liilly, vczy fine und; 7 155·162 Sand, medium to fme. olive-gray (SYJ/2), intCDiiC bioturbation; vczy c:arbonaccous 2 363-365 Silly c:lay, olive-gray (SY312). mic:aecous, c:layq, lic:attered pebbles Ollidizcd in pan to yellowish-gray (SY712) Kirkwood Formation: 2 361-363 No rcc:ovezy 1 162-163 Sand, fmc to medium, olive-gray (SYJ/2), 10 365-315 Cay,liilly fmc lialld, grayish-olive (lOY 4/2), c:1ayey; diatomli c:oaua011 interbedded, loc:ally Dlidizcd 10 dusky· 2 163-165 Vczy c:layq liilt, oiM-gray (SYJ/2); few ycUow (SY614); c:lay, laminated; lignite, interbeds of aad, medium, ligbt-ycUow; fmcly divided, lic:attercd lbrougbout; abundant diatolllli; liilt Olidizcd readily, IOiliC lilllllllibcU fragmeacs c:oatinJ c:orc with juolite 7 375-382 No rcc:ovezy 7 165-172 No n:covezy 3 382-385 Sand, medium to c:oarsc, dark-grayish-green (SGY4/l), c:1ayey; some limaU pebbles; 3 172-175 Sand, medium, o!M-gray (SY312) to pyilh- mollusk libclls, thin -lied. fragments, arc bJUWD (SYR312), c:layq, liilly, abuadant common; abuadaat finely dispelled diatom mpaic: matter and pynte 10 175-185 Saad, fmc, brownish-gray (SYR41l), vezy Dilic:oafonaily c:layq, mic:aCCOUii, faiDtly bedded; lillllll 8 385-393 Non:covezy piCCCii of wood, abundant at 180ft 2 393-395 Saad, medium to c:oarst, dusky-yellowish· 15 185-200 a.yey liilt to vezy fmc 1i811d, miclccoas, brown (10YR2/2), dare>~ pebbiCii vp to spariJIJiy diatomaccouli, laminated to 0.25 iac:bes; fmclydispcrsed organic: mat­ JDalilively bedded; lillllll piCCCii of wood ter and pyntc arc c:omm011 11 200-211 No n:covezy 8 39~ NorccoYCzy 2 403-405 Sand, YCI)' c:oanc, olive-gray (SY312), pebbly, 4 211-215 Silt, dllliky-ycUowish-bJUWD (10YR2/2),iiligbt· liligbtly c:layq 1y ~. mic:aceOUii, maiiM; thin ICallll 4 405-409 No rcc:ovezy vay tine 1i811d; dia101111 c:ommon at 213ft 1 409~10 Ca7eY liilt, olive-gray (SY312) 5 215-220 No n:covezy 2 41~12 No rcc:ovezy 15 220-235 aaycy liilt and fmc liaad, dllliky-ycllowilh- 23 412~35 Sand., fmc,lll)'ilh-brown (SYR 312) to brown (10YR2/2), mic:ac:cous, diatom­ moderate-bJUWD (SYR3/4), c:laycy, liilly, accollli; fmc picCCii of wood arc common illmiaatcd, mic:aecollli; abundant car­ 6 235-241 No n:covezy boaaceouli matter, finely dispersed; no 4 241·245 Saad, fiac, oiM-gray (SYJ/2), liilly,somc rcc:ovezy at 415~24 ft and 425-432 ft 10 435~5 quam Silly c:1ay and c:layq liilt, dark·grayJSh·brown granuleii, diatomaccollli; pholi­ (SYR314) to dark-ycllowisb-bJUWD phatc graiDii, blac:k, lihiny (10YJW2).lamiaated, mic:ac:eous; lic:at· Discoaformily tcred JDaiiCii of pyrite; carbonaceous 7 245-252 Non:covezy matter, abuadaat, fmcly dispcned 3 252-255 Saad, medium to c:oanc, olive-gray (SYJ/2), 5 ~so No rcc:ovezy liligbtly c:l~ pebbles up to 0.25 iac:hes 5 4S0-4SS Cla7eYiilt, moderate-brown (SYR4/l), 9 255-264 Non:covezy Ollidizcd locally to ycllowilih-brown 1 264-265 Shclls, olive-gray (SYJ/2), c:oarsc fragments, (10YR2/2),11181i1ive to finely laminated; thin beds i.D fmc und matrix 1111aU fCIIils. thin laycrii up Jo 0.40 inc:hes 10 455~ 7 265-272 Non:covezy 0a7eY liilt, brownilih-gray (SYR41l ), laminated; oc:cuional thin laycn of vczy 3 272-275 Shell layer, o!M-gray (SYJ/2), c:oane; flllC uad; lic:aUcred ~mall libclls, liOmc medium uad malrix; lihclls oriented paral- foramiaifcn lei to bedding plane 10 465~75 0a7eY liilt, moderate-brown (SYR3/4), 9 275-284 Non:covezy laminated, mic:aecollli; lihclly near 468 ft; 1 284-285 Silt and fmc und, interbedded, olive-gray mic:rofouilii abuadant at 473 fl (SYJ/2); fmcly divided woody fragmcnlli 10 47~ Saad, fmc, grayish-olive-green (5GY312), arcc:ommoa c:~. micaceous, bioturbated; 4 285-289 No n:covezy Jlauc:onitic:, especially in lower 5 f1; foraminifers, common ncar 476 and 484 fl 6 289-295 Cay a ad liilt, olive-gray (SYJ/2), i.Dtcrbcddcd UacoalormJty with und, vczy c:oane,ligbtcr colored, ACCS Bela aal&: pebbly; lignitic:, througbout i.DtCMII 28 4&S·513 No !'CCOYCI)' 29 295-324 Non:covezy 2 513-515 Sand, fmc, olive-gray (SY 4/1) to grayish· 324-325 Saad, olive-gray (SY 4/1 ); lihclls, c:oane, olive-green (5GY3/2), quanz; slighlly abundaat, broken, tbic:k-walled cJaycy and glauconitic; abundant worn 9 325-334 No rcc:ovezy libcll fragmcnlli 1 334-335 Saad and lilly day, i.Dtcrbcddcd; lialld, medium 4 515-519 Non:covezy to c:oarsc. olive-gray (SYJ/2); liilly c:lay, 1 519-520 Sand, fine to medium, olive-gray (5Y4/l) micaceous, lic:amcred lignite fragmcncs to olive-black (SY3/l), quanz.liilty; abun­ 9 335-344 No n:covezy dant worn lihclls and glauc:onitc und 5 520-525 No !'CCOYCI)' Hamilton Township

0.5 52.5-52.5.5 Sand, fine .to medium. olive-gray (SY4/l). 7 745-752 Sand, medium to coarse, dark-yellowish-gray quanz,silty; abundant sheU fragments and (SY7/2), glauconite quartz, massive; glaiiCOIIite Ynd fossiliferous, mosdy broken shells (hash); 7.5 52.5.5-563 No recovezy pyrite clusters; laminated, less glaucorute 12 563-575 Sand, fine to medium, grayish-green (IOG~/2), sand, intensely bioturbated, burrows are glauconitic quartz, indura1ed. lam•naled; filled with glauconite Ynd at 748-752 ft ~lihelly; no ~ry. 565-.569 ft; 571-57~ h 3 752-755 Sand, fme, dark~llowish-gray (SY7/2), clayey, Unconformity crudely stratified, glauconitic; scattered Mays Laudiag 1IDI&: mica; shells, large, worn, calcareous 2 575-577 No recovezy 6 755-761 Silty clay, bJ'OWDish-gray (SYR2/1 ); many 18 577-595 Silty clay and Ynd, thinly interbedded, small shells micaceous; silty clay, dark-greenish-gray Unconformity (5GY4/1); Ynd, fine to medium,lighl· Shark River Formation: 11'1)', glauconite quartz; woody fragments 24 761-785 Sand, medium to coarse, grayish-olive-green ~mon; fine shells throughoul, inrn:as- (5GY3/2), clayey, glauconitic; interbedded mgly at 585-595 ft wilh caiyey, silty, fmc quartz Ynd; intense 10 595-605 Sand, vczy fmc, olive-gray (SY2/1) to olive- bioturbation; scattered fOGils black (SY4/1 ), finely laminated, 7 785-792 Sand, medium to coarse, dusky-green (5G3/2), micaceous; liCattcred liiD&IIsbells; clayey, glauconite quartz; shells, large. oc:cuionallipitic wood fragments liCattcred; many burrows 605-«16 Sand, medium, dusky-green (5G3!1}, 3 792-795 Cayeysilt to fmc Ynd, pale-olive (10Y6/2), glauconltic,IOOie,sliglltly clayey laminated 9 606-615 Sand, fine, olive-black (SY2/1), clayey, 20 795-815 VezyclayeyYnd, dusky-yeUow-green maaive to laminated, micaceous; scat­ (5GY512), massive; quartz Ynd,slightly tered litn&U libells; some burrows glauconitic; intensely burrowed; man~· Unconformity smallsbells ACGS Alpha ani&: 20 815-835 Sand, fmc, dusky-yellow-green (5GY5/2), SubaaltC: glauconitic, crudely laminated; locally thin 10 615-625 Similar to 606-615 ft. interval, except bedded, cspccially near 820ft; burrov.-s; oc­ maaively bedded casional indlmlted layers at82.5-83S ft s 62.5-630 Norecovezy 34 835-869 Qayey silt, pale-olive (10Y6/2), massive to s 630-635 Sand, fmc, olive-black (SY2/1 ), vczy clayey, faintly bedded; glauconite grains, fine. maaive to laminated; lihells, thin, small, liCattcred; occasional large burrows, filled scattered with glauconite And; inchldcs an indurat­ 10 635-645 Cayey silt, dark-grc:elli.sil-11'1)' (SOY 4/1 ), ed pyritic layer containing flattened shells, laminated; libells, thin,IDIIU,IiCattered intensely burrowed, with burrows calcite 10 645-655 Cay and silt, dark-greenish-gray (SGY4/1) filled at 844 ft.; some medium quartz sand, to olive-11'1)' (SY3/2),laminated; common increaling glauconite li8Dd, inteDSCiy bur· rip-up microbreccias; pyrite DIUICS rm.ed at 864-869 ft. 20 655-675 Silt and clay, olive-gray (SY312), laminated; 16 869-885 Sand, vczy fme,ligllt-olive-gray (SY5/2), silty, smalllibells and wood pieces througllout; maaive, intensively bioturbated; fmc glaUCDIIite pains, fiDe to vay fine, 665-675 ft grains of glauconite scattered through­ 10 675-685 Vezyclayeysilt, olive-black (SY211) to out; crudely stratified at873-88S ft. grayish-olive-green (5GY312), laminated, 4 885-889 No recovezy micaceous; some glauconite And; shells, 4.5 889-893.5 Sand, vezy fine, light-olive-11'1)' (SY512), thin, litnall, scattered silty, interbedded with dusky-yellowish­ 10 685-695 Vezy clayey silt, bJ'OWDish-blaclt (SYR2/1 ), green (10GY3/2), vczy glauconitic Ynd, laminated; libells, thin,smaU. scattered; intensively bllfi'OWed; glauconitic Ynd is more glauconite And than last interval thickest from 891 to 893 ft; abundant Discoaformity pbospbatic debris "filii parts" and oc­ SubaaitB: c:asionalsmaU libark teeth; contact witb 20 695-715 Sand,liilt, interbedded, bioturbated; Ynd, underlying bed shup fme to medium, olive-black (SY2/1), thin­ Unconformity bedded, glauconite quartz; silt, Maaasq111111 Formation (part): nonglaucoaitic; shells, moderate-sized, 11.5 893.5-90S aayey silt, pale-olive (10Y6/2), crudely liCattered; burrows, larger at 705-715 ft, bedded, bllfi'OWed; litnaU amounlli of fine paniadarly near 710ft glauconite 1i8nd; liCaUcred large shells, 2 715-717 Cayeysilt .to fine Ynd, olive-black (SY211) but most fOiiliils are vczy ~m~U 2 717-719 Sand, med•um to coarse, grayish-olive-green 18 90S-923 Cayey silt, pale-olive (10Y612), finely (SGY3/2}, glauconite, quartz laminated; numerous litnaU burrows; 6 719-725 Sand, fine, olive-black (SY211 ), clayey, mas- abundantaucrofauna live, clayey; burrowed; some pyrite clusters 22 923-945 Qayey silt, pale-olive (10Y6/2), crudely 10 725-735 Cayey lilt,Ynd, interbedded; clayey silt, laminated, intensively bioturbated; some olive-black (SY2/1); li8nd, fine, layers wilh large burrows; abundant microfauna; in­ variable amouniS of glauconite; shells, creasing fine glauconite Ynd at941-945 ft large, scatJered, espcaally near 727 h Dlscoalormlly SubaaltA: 10 735-745 Sand and clayey Ynd. inlerbedded: Ynd medium to coarse, olive-gray (SYJ/2),' gla~nitic, with scattered pebbles up to 0.2.5 1ncbcs; clayey Ynd, fine to medium. puconitc qu.nz: large shells ncar 743 fl; some pyrite ctus1ers VEGETATION RESOURCE

Introduction

The land within the Borough supports a variety of natural and man-influenced vegetation communities. In this inventory we will only discuss the natural vegetation of Folsom. Natural vegetation refers to plant cover that, while subject to disturbance by man's actions, grows and develops without man's purposeful intervention. Much of Folsom has been left in its natural state, with a large and diverse forest cover.

The forest vegetation of Folsom is characterized by two major forest complexes; the lowland forest and the upland forest.

The lowland forest is generally confined to areas which are sometimes flooded, or where water table elevations are at or near the surface during a sufficiently long period of each year to exert a recognizable influence on the density of plant growth and to act as a - selective agent on the species present. The upland forest occurs in areas where soil surface is dry throughout most of the year, with a water table generally two feet or more below the soil surface. The boundaries between upland and lowland forest can be broad and indefinite. Often a Transition forest will occupy a position between the upland and lowland type forests. -

7.0 -

I. Lowland Forest Vegetation The lowland forest is characterized by southern white cedar, trident red maple, black gum, sweet bay magnolia, pitch pine, gray birch and sweetgum. A great variety of vegetation occurs in the lowland forest. Growing under the trees are many species of shrubs, ferns, rushes, sedges, mosses and herbs. The lowland forest can be divided into several forest types: cedar swamp, hardwood swamps, pitch pine, lowland forest, marshes and bogs.

a. The Hardwood Swamo Trident red maple is the principal tree in the hardwood swamp forest. Black gum and sweet bay magnolia are the principal associates but gray birch, sassafras, pitch pine and white cedar are also present. Sweet pepperbush and high bush blueberry form the bulk of the shrub layer. Swamps azalea, leatherleaf, fetter bush, black huckleberry, bayberry, dangle berry and sheep laurel are also present. The herbaceous growth is not very dense but there is a wide variety of species present including yellow-eyed grass, fox tail, clubmoss, cinnamon fern, royal fern, bog panic grass, collins sedge, three fruited sedge, white beaked rush, sundew and pitcher plant. Hardwood swamp forest occurs in Folsom along the entire length of the Great Egg Harbor River running west to east through the center of the Borough. There is a narrow band of hardwood swamp along Hospitality Branch, east of Collings Lakes, extending to Penny Pot. Hardwood swamp also exists along the northern border of Folsom just east of Route 54 and extends to Penny Pot stream then follows the stream south until it connects with the hardwood swamp of the Egg Harbor River in the eastern part of the Borough. There are approximately 1 ,270 acres of hardwood swamps in Folsom.

b. The Cedar Swamp The cedar swamps are characterized by dense, even aged stands of narrow-crowned Atlantic white cedar. There are some small stands of white cedar in Folsom, but none large enough to be mapped. The cedar stands are included as part of the hardwood swamp forest of Folsom.

7.1 c. The Pitch Pine Lowlands This forest is characterized by a dense canopy almost solely of pitch pine. The understory is often dense supporting maple and black gum as well as a variety of lowland shrubs such as sand myrtle, sheep laurel, highbush blueberry, sweet pepperbush and swamp azalea. This dense undergrowth usually supports only a sparse herbaceous cover which includes species such as bracken fern, turkeybeard and teaberry. In Folsom most of the pitch pine lowland forest is located in the north-east corner of the Borough. A few very small parcels are found near the western border, north of Collings Lakes. There are approximately 165 acres of pitch pine lowland forest in Folsom.

d. Bogs A bog is a wet site with a very poor drainage in which large amounts of organic material (peat) accumulates but does not fully decay. The distinction between a bog and a swamp or marsh cannot always be clearly delineated. The key descriptive terms for the bog habitat are extreme acidity and infertility. This physical and chemical environment results in a plant association dominated by sphagnum moss and heath plants. The predominant shrubs are leatherleaf, sheep laurel, highbush blueberry, swamp azalea, sweet pepperbush and staggerbush. Tree growth is sparse but occasionally white cedar, red maple, black gum or sweet bay are found. There are three areas within Folsom classified as bogs. The first is near the Fourteenth Street Bridge, north of the bridge and to the west of Fourteenth Street. The second area is - an abandoned cranberry bog east of Eighth Street near the north east corner of the Borough. The third area is in Collings Lakes downstream from Jays Lake. This third bog is a part of the Hospitality Branch Priority Site. Total bog area in Folsom is only about 100 acres.

7.2 - II. UPLAND FOREST VEGETATION The tree layer of the upland forest is more varied in composition than that of the lowland forest, primarily because of the addition of several species of oak. Shortleaf pine also grows only in the upland sites. The lower layers of the upland forest are much less diverse, there are less shrubs present and there is a striking reduction in the diversity of the herbaceous flora. The upland forest is divided into two types- Pine/Oak Forest and Oak/Pine Forest. a. The Pine/Oak Forest Pitch pine is the predominate tree, a variety of oak species occur, including post, blackjack, black, chestnut, white, scarlet and red oak. Scrub oak, lowbush blueberry and black huckleberry are the most widespread shrubs, bearberry, broom crowberry, false heather, and trailing arbutus are also found. The herbaceous growth includes species such as bracken fern, turkeybeard, pyxie moss and teaberry.

The Pine/Oak Forest in Folsom is found mainly along the Black Horse Pike, Route 322. It starts just east of Collings Lakes and parallels Route 322 on both sides to the intersection of Mays Landing Road at Penny Pot. There is some Pine/Oak Forest in the south-east corner of Folsom just below the Penny Pot development, and also some along the Borough's eastern border north and east of the hardwood swamps of Penny Pot stream. At the other end of the Borough, west of Route 54, is scattered several smaller parcels of Pine/Oak Forest, all of them less than 50 acres. There is approximately 1,140 acres of Pine/Oak Forest in Folsom. b. The Oak/Pine Forest In this forest type oaks are far more numerous then pines. All of the oak species found in the Pine/Oak Forest are also found in the Oak/Pine Forest. The shrub and herbaceous layers are also similar to that of the Pine/Oak Forest. Scattered shrub oaks, mountain laurel and heaths form an upper shrub layer. Lowbush, blueberry and black huckleberry form a lower shrub layer. Species such as teaberry and bracken fern form a herbaceous ground layer. The Oak/Pine Forest is found in two areas of the Borough. The larger area of Oak/Pine Forest is located to the south and east of the Old Folsom Village and its sourrouding farms. The second Oak/Pine area is found south of Hospitality Branch between Route 54 and Eighth Street. There is approximately 1,275 acres of Oak/Pine Forest in Folsom.

7.3 0 ' ------CAMDEN OOU~TY TWP. of WINSLOW

... :u• a •m c: 1"'1z ~

,• :I•

. :LEGEND Water C] Developed Land l I I 0 t h e r ( G r a v e I P i t s/ L a n d f i II ) ,lrf.. . Oak/Pine Forest •===• Bog Pine/Oak Forest Agricultural Land Pitch Pine Lowland Forest

~~~ j H a r d w o o d S w a m p Mil IIU I'IIIHKD n : FOREST BOROUGH OF FOLSOM ADAMS,IIEHIIIAIIII a HIGGU VEGETATION ENVIRONMENTAL COMMISSION II&STIII-- f'LAII ·~- .,.~ 'ii 4AIIEI IL MCGRATH, P.P. '___,. •• - 1' M1p Prepued by : m.umc =-" 0 cw oiDIS£'r MAP ...... , .... : , -- ···­ DEBORAH. V . ANDERSON .R. A.P . P. --~"'--- ..\ Ill. RARE PLANT SPECIES OF FOLSOM

According to the Natural Heritage Database, five rare species of vascular plants occur in Folsom: 1 . The Pine Barren Boneset {Eupatorium Resinosum) is on the State Endangered list and is a candidate for Federal listing. 2. The Virginia False-Gromwell {Onosmodium Virginianum) is on the State Endangered list. 3. Curly Grass Fern {Schizaea Pusilla) is a rare plant found only in a few areas outside of the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Presently it is not on an Endangered list. 4. Lace-Lips Ladies Tresses {Spiranthes Laciniata) is on the State Endangered list. 5. Fringed Yellow-Eyed Grass {Xyris Fimbriata) is on the State Endangered list.

The Pine Barrens Boneset, mentioned above, is a globally rare plant species. It is found in Folsom along Hospitality branch below Collings Lakes. Its known habitat here has been designated as, "The Hospitality Branch Priority site". A priority site identifies boundaries of some of the most important sites in the State for endangered and threatened plants, animals and ecosystems. The Hospitality Branch site is the only area within Folsom to be designated as a priority site.

The five rare plant species listed above represent only those which have been documented to exist in Folsom. This is not to say that these are the only rare plants that exist here. To the contrary, the habitats found in Folsom suggest that many more endangered and threatened plant species probability do occur here.

In Threatened and Endangered Vascular Plant Species of the New Jersey Pinelands and their Habitats, Nicholas Calazza writes that the old literature reported that many of New Jersey's rare plants once occurred along the branches of the Great Egg Harbor River in Folsom. However, most of the old stations that were used to study and collect plants have been destroyed due to development in the area. Calazza recommends that further field surveys are needed to ascertain what rare species have survived.

7.4 - -

IV. FOLSOM BOROUGH PLANT LIST The following plant list is derived from A Field Guide to the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, by Howard P. Boyd. It is meant to be a representative list of the vascular plants that may be found growing in Folsom. The list excludes aquatic plants. It also exludes some non-flowing plants such as algae, fungi, lichens, mosses and liverworts. -

Common Terminology Botanical Terminology TREES Pine, Short-leaf Pinus echinata Pine, Scrub/Jersey Pinus virginiana Pine, Pitch Pinus rigida Cedar, Atlantic White Chamaecyparis thyoides Cedar, Red Juniperus virginiana Birch, Gray Betula populifolia Oak, White Quercus alba Oak, Post Quercus stellata Oak, Chestnut Quercus prinus Oak, Black Quercus velutina Oak, Scarlet Quercus coccinea Oak, Southern Red Quercus falcata Oak, Black-jack Quercus marilandica Sweet Bay/Swamp Magnolia Magnolia virginiana Sassafras Sassafras albidum Gum, Sweet Liquidambar styraciflua Cherry, Black Prunus serotina Holly, American Llex opaca Maple, Red/Swamp Acre rubrum Tupelo Sour Gum Nyssa sylvatica

Non-native Trees which have been introduced in area Norway Spruce Picea abies White Pine Pinus strobus Tulip (yellow poplar) Liriodendron Tulipifera Sycamore Platanus occidentalis 7.5 Common Terminology Botanical Terminology SHRUBS Bayberry /Candle berry Myrica pensylvanica Bayberry, Evergreen Myrica heterophylla Sweet-fern Comptonia peregrina Alder, Common/Smooth Alnus serrulata Oak, Dwarf Chestnut Quercus prinoides Oak, Bear-/Scrub Quercus ilicifolia Virginia-willow ltea virginlca Chokeberry, Red Pyrus arbutifolia Chokeberry, Black Pyrus melanocarpa Shad bush/Serviceberry Amelanchier canadensis Hawthorn, Dwarf Crataegus uniflora Blackberry, Sand Rubus cuneifolius Beach-plum Prunus maritima Sumac, Dwarf/Winged Rhus copallina Sumac, Poison Rhus vernix Winterberry/Biack Alder llex verticillata Winterberry, Smooth llex laevigata lnkberry llex glabra St. John's-Wort, Shrubby Hypericum densiflorum Pepperbush, Sweet Clethra alnifolia - Azalea, Swamp/Clammy Rhododendron viscosum Sand-myrtle Leiophyllum buxifolium Laurel, Mountain Kalmia latifolia Laurel, Sheep Kalmia angustifolia Staggerbush Lyonia mariana - Male berry Lyonia ligustrina Fetter-bush Leucothoe racemosa Leather-leaf Chamaldaphne calyculata Huckleberry, Dwarf Gaylussacia dumosa Dangle berry Gaylussacia frondosa Huckleberry, Black Gaylussacia baccota

7.6

·------

Common Terminology Botanical Terminology SHRUBS (continued) Blueberry, Low Vaccinium vacillans Blueberry, Highbush Vaccinium corym bosum - Blueberry, N. Jersey Vaccinium caesariese Button bush Cephalanthus occidentalis Witherord Viburnum cassinoides Withered, Naked Viburnum nudum SUB-SHRUBS Hudsonia, Golden/Pine-barren Hudsonia ericoides Hudsonia, Woolly/Beach Hudsonia Tomentosa Wintergreen, Spotted Chimophla maculata Arbutus, Trailing Epigaea repens Teaberry /Checkerberry Gaultheria procumbens Bearberry Arctastaphylos uva-wisi Pyxie Pyxidontheara barbulata Partridge-berry Mitchella repens VINES Greenbrier, Halberd-leaved Smilox pseudo-china Greenbrier, Common Smilox rotandifolia Greenbrier, Red-berried Smilox walteri Greenbrier, Glaucous-leaved Smilox glauca Greenbrier, Laurel-leaved Smilox laurifolia Dewberry Rubus flagellaris Blackberry, Swqamp Rubus hispidus Groundnut Apios Americana Milk-Pea Galoctia regularis Ivy, Poison Rhus radicans Virginia Creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia Grape, Summer Vitis aestivalis Cranberry, American Vaccinium macrocarpon Dodder Cuscuta compacta

7.7 Common Terminology Botanical Terminology INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS AND CACTUS Pitcher-plant Sarracenia purpurea Sundew, Round-leaved Drosera rotundifolia Sundew, Spatulate-leaved Drosera intermedia Sundew, Thread-leaved Drosera feleformis Prickly Pear {Cactus) Opuntia humifusa

GRASSES Fescue-grass, 6-weeks Festuca Octoflora Manna-grass, Blunt Glyceria obtusa Oat-grass, Wild Donthonia spicata Reedgrass, Nuttall's Calamogrostis cinnoides Hairgrass, Rough Agrostis hyemalis Bentgrass, Tall Agrostis altiasima Dropseed, Late-flowering Muhlenbergia uniflora Dropseed, Torrey's Muhlenbergia Torreyana Oat-grass, Black Stipa avenacea Poverty-grass Aristida dichotoma Cutgrass, Rice Leersia oryzoides Paspalum, Slender Paspalam setaceum Panic-grass, Warty Panicum verrucosum Switchgrass Panicum virgatm Millet-grass, Pursh' s Amphicarpum purshii Beardgrass, Broom Andropogon scoparius Broom-sedge Andropogon virginicus Beardgrass, Bushy Andropogon - Indian Grass Sorghastrum nutans

SEDGES Cyperus, Gray's Cyperus grayii - Sedge, Slender Cyperus filiculmis Sedge, Three-way Dulichium arundinoceum

7.8 -

Common Terminology Botanical Terminology SEDGES (continued) Spike-rush, Triangular-stem Eleocharis robbinsii Spike-rush, Green Eleocharis olivacea - Rush, Swaying Scirpus subtermininalis Rush, 3-square Scirpus americanus - Wool-grass Scirpus cyperinus Cotton-grass, Tawny Eriophorum virginicum Beak-rush, Small-headed Rhynchospora capitellala Beak-rush-White Rhynchospora alba Twig-rush Clodium mariscoides Sedge, Pennsylvania Carex pensylvanica Sedge, Walter's Carex walteriana Sedge, Long Carex folliculata Sedge, Bull Carex bullata - RUSHES Rush, Sot/Common Juncus effusus - Rush, Canada Juncus canadensis Rush, Bayonet Juncus militaris - Rush, Bog/Brown-fruited Juncus pelocarpus

OTHER PARALLEL-VEINED HERBACEOUS PLANTS Yellow-eyed Grass,Fringed Xyris fimbriata Yellow-eyed Grass, Twisted Xyris torta Yellow-eyed Grass, Carolina Xyris caroliniana Turkeybeard xerophyllum asphodeloides Bellwort, Pine-barren Uvulaira pudica Lily, Turk's-cap Lilium superbum Colicroot aletris farinosa Red root Lachnanthes tinctoria Stargrass, Yellow Hypoxis hirsuta Golden-crest Lopheola americana Blued-eyed Grass, Eastern Sisyrinchium atlanticum 7.9 - Common Terminology Botanical Terminology OTHER PARALLEL-VEINED HERBACEOUS PLANTS Blue Flag, Slender Iris prismatics Lady's-slipper, Pink Cypripedium acaule Orchis, Green Woodland Habenacia clavellata Orchis, White Fringed Habenacia blephariglottis Pogonia, Rose Pogonia ophioglossides Grass Pink Calamogon pulchellus Arethusa Arethusa bulbosa Ladies-Tresses, Nodding Sprianthes cernua Ladies-Tresses, lace lips Sprianthes laciniata

NETTED-VEINED HERBACEOUS PLANTS T oadflax, Bastard Comandra umbellata Jointweed Polygonella articulata Sandwort, Pine-barren Arenaria caroliniana Indigo, Wild Baptisia tinctoria Lupine, Wild Lupinus perennis Goat's-rue Tephrosia virginiana Tick-trefoil(s) Desmodium rizidum Bush-Clover, Wand-like Lespedeza intermedia Bush-Clover, Hairy Lespedeza hirta - Bush-Clover, Narrow-leaved Lespedeza angustifolia Pencil-flower Stylosanthes biflora - Flax-Yellow Unum intercursum Flax, Ridged Yellow Unum striatum Milkwort, Nuttall's Polygala nuttallii Milkwort, Cross-leaved Polygala cruciata - Milkwort, Short-leaved Polygala brevifolia Milkwort, Orange Polygala lutea Spurge, Ipecac Euphorbia ipecacuanhaem

7.10 - Common Terminology Botanical Terminology NETTED-VEINED HERBACEOUS PLANTS (continued) St. Peter'-wort Ascyrum stans St. Andrew's Cross Ascyrum hypericoides St. John's-wort, Coppery Hypericum denticulatum - St. John's-wort, Canada Hypericum canadense Orange-grass/Pinweed Hypericum gentianoides - St. John's-wort, March Hypericum virginicum Frostweed Helianthemum canadense - Frostweed, Pine-barren Helianthemum propinquim Pinweed, Thyme-leaved Lechea minor - Pinweed, Oblong-fruited Lechea racemulosa Violet, Birdfoot Viola pedata - Violet, Lance-leaved Viola lanceolata Violet, Primrose-leaved Viola primulifolia Loosestrife, Swamp Decodorr verticillatus Meadow-beauty Rhexia virginica Meadow-beauty, Maryland Rhexia mariana Seed box Ludwigia alternifolia Ludwigia, Globe-fruited Ludwigia sphaerocarpa - Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium Evening-Primrose, Common Oenothera biennis Evening-Primrose, Cut-leaved Oenothera laciniata Cowbane, Slender-leaved Oxypolis rigidior Indian-pipe Monotropa uniflora Pine sap Monotropa hypopithys Loosestrife, Yellow Lysimachia Terrestris Star-flower Trientalis borealis Sabatis, Lance-leaved Sabatia difformis Bartonia, Upright Bartonia virginica Bartonia, Twining Bartonia paniculata Dogbane, Spreading Apocynum androsaemifolium Butterfly-weed Asclepias tuberosa 7.11 - Common Terminology Botanical Terminology NETTED-VEINED HERBACEOUS PLANTS (continued) Milkweed, Blunt-leaved Asclepias amplexicaulis Bluecurls Trichostema dichotomum Bluecurls, Narro-leaved Trichostema setaceum Horse mint Monarda punctata Mountain-mint Pycnanthemum verticillatum Mt.-mint, Short-tooth Pycnanthemum muticum Bugleweed, Sessile-leaved Lycopus amplectens T oadflax, Blue/Field Linaria canadensis Hedge-hyssop, Golden Gratiola aurea Gerardis, Pine-barren Gerardia racemulosa Gerardia, Bristle-leaved Gerardia setacea False Foxglove, Downy Gerardia virginica False Foxglove, Fern-leaved Gerardin pedicularia - Cow-wheat Melampyrum lineare Chaffseed Schwalbea americana Bedstraw, Pine-barren Galiurn pilosum Buttonweed, Rough Diodia Teres Lobelia, Nuttall's Lobelia nuttallii

COMPOSITES Boneset, White Eupatorium album Boneset, White-braced Eupatorium leucolepis Boneset, Hyssop-leaved Eupatotorium hyssopifolium Boneset, Rough Eupatotorium pilosum Boneset, Hairy Eupatotorium pubescens Boneset, Rount-leaved Eupatotorium rotundifolium Boneset, Pine-barren Eupatotorium resinosum Blazing-star, Hairy Liatris graminifolia Everlasting, White Gnaphalium obtusifolium Cudweed, Purpple Gnaphalium purpureum Golden Aster, Maryland Chrysopsis mariana 7.12 -

Common Terminolog~ Botanical Terminolog~ COMPOSITES (continued) Golden Aster, Sickle-leaved Chrysopsis falcata Goldenrod, White Solidago bicolor Goldenrod, Downy Solidago puberula Goldenrod, Slender Solidago erecta - Goldenrod, Swamp Solidago uliginosa Goldenrod, Field Solidago nemoralis - Goldenrod, Fragrant Solidago odora Goldenrod, Pine-barren Solidago fistulosa - Goldenroad, Slender-leaved Solidago Tenuifolia Aster, Wavy-leaved Aster undulatus Aster, Late Purple Aster patens Aster, Showy Aster spectabilis - Aster Bushy Aster dumosus Aster, New York Aster novi-beligii Aster, Slender Aster gracilis Aster, Bog Aster nemoralis Aster, Stiff-leaved Aster linariifolius White-topped Aster, Toothed Aster paternus White-topped Aster Narrow-leaved Aster solidagineus Sunflower, Woodland Helianthus divaricatus Sunflower, Narrow-leaved Helianthus angustifolius Tickseed-Sunflower, Slender-leaved Bidens coronata Dandelion, Dwarf Krigia virginica Rattlesnake-root Prenanthes serpentaria Hawkweed, Vein-leaved Hieracium venosum Hawkweed, Hairy Hieracium gronvii

7.13 - Common Terminology Botanical Terminology FERNS Royal Osmunda regalis Cinnamon Osmunda cinnamonmea Curly-grass Schizaea pusilla Sensitive/Bead Onoclea sensibilis Marsh Dryopteris Thelypteris Bog/Massachusetts Dryopteris simulata Spleeenwort, Ebony Aplenium platyneuron Chain-fern, Virginia Woodwardia virginica Chain-fern, Netted Woodwardia areolata Brawcken/Brake Pteridium aquilinum

-

7.14

------·------WILDLIFE HABITAT

I. GAME Folsom has an excellent environment to support a wide variety of mammals, reptiles, fish and amphibians. Extensive wooded areas with natural vegetation, generally mild climate, swampland, wetland and three flowing bodies of water, are conducive to a wide game variety in the Borough. - The following lists have been selected from A Field Guide to the Pine Barrens of New Jersey (1991) by Howard P. Boyd, and are generally applicable to the entire Pine Barrens area.

MAMMALS

Opossum Red Squirrel Red Fox Masked Shrew So. Flying Squirrel Gray Fox Sort-tailed Shrew Beaver Raccoon Eastern Mole White-footed Mouse Long-tailed Weasel Little Brown Bat Red-backed Vole Mink Eastern Cottontail Meadow Vole Striped Skunk Eastern Chipmunk Pine Vole River otter Woodchuck Muskrat White-tail Deer Gray Squirrel Southern Bog Lemming Meadow Jumping Mouse

Of this list, most common and conspicuous are the white-tail deer, gray squirrel and the eastern cottontail rabbit. Lawn owners are familiar with the eastern mole and pine vole, by their obvious presence underground.

The little brown bat is readily observable on warm summer evenings, swooping up insects around street and yard lights. Otters have been sighted cavorting in the Hospitality Branch. With the possible exception of the Southern Bog Lemming and the River Otter, none of the above species are considered to be rare or endangered.

8.0 -

REPTILES

Common Snapping Turtle Northern Water Snake Musk Turtle Eastern Garter Snake Eastern Mud Turtle Eastern Hognose Snake - Spotted Turtle Northern Black Racer Eastern Box Turtle Rough Green Snake Eastern Painted Turtle Black Rat Snake Red-Bellied Turtle Northern Pine Snake* Northern Fence Lizard Eastern Kingsnake Eastern Milk Snake

*Listed as rare species under the NJDEPE Natural Heritage Program.

With the exception of the two indicated species, all of the above are locally common and generally abundant in the pine barrens. -

AMPHIBIANS

Marbled Salamander Pine Barrens Treefrog * - Red-Backed Salamander Northern Spring Peeper Four-toed Salamander Green Frog Eastern Spadefoot Toad Southern Leopard Frog - Fowler's Toad Carpenter Frog

*Listed as rare species under the NJDEPE Natural Heritage Program.

With the exception of the two indicated species, all of the above are locally common and generally abundant in the pine barrens.

8.1 - The surface waters of Folsom Borough are generally high in acidity as well as iron content, and nutrient concentrations are low. Due to these conditions the number of fish species is limited as follows:

Redfin pickerel American Eel Chain Pickerel Pirate Perch Eastern Mudminnow Yellow Perch lroncolor Shiner Mud Sunfish Creek Chubsucker Blackbanded Sunfish White Sucker Banded Sunfish Yellow Bullhead (Catfish) Bluespotted Sunfish Brown Bullhead (Catfish) Tesselated Darter Tadpole Madtom (Catfish) Swamp Darter Northern Pike (Catfish) Banded Killifish

Since the three flowing water bodies in Folsom Borough are generally warm, shallow and slow-moving, as well as dark or tea colored, the region's fish species tend to be darker in color and more strongly patterned than corresponding specimens from other areas.

8.2 - II. BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS of FOLSOM LEPIDOPTERA Uepido =scale: ptera =wing)

a. General Discription

Commonly four winged and largely covered with fine scales which rub off easily. - Mature mouth parts are tube-like for the purpose of sucking up liquids and coil up when not in use. Larvae of Lepidoptera are called caterpillars. These have chewing mouthparts and most are plant feeders. Metamorphosis is complete. The principal means of the separating families of Lepidoptera is based on wing venation.

Butterflies Moths

Antennas are long, slender, knobbed Antennas are feather-like, never at tips; knobbed at tips;

they rest with their wings held at rest their wings are folded flat and vertically over their body; roof-like over their bodies, or outstretched in a horizontal position;

butterflies are day fliers. most are night fliers, but a few moths are day fliers.

The moths and butterflies on the attached lists represents 36 families of - Lepidoptera. Some 30 more families exist in North America, including many inconspicuous moths. The following two moths are exceptions: Mimosa Webworm and Yucca Moth.

8.3 - BUTTERFLIES BUTTERFLIES

Pipevine Swallowtail, a.k.a., Red Admiral; Blue or Green Swallowtail; American Painted Lady; Polydamas Swallowtail; Compton Tortoise Shell; Black Swallowtail; Mourning Cloak; Palamedes Swallowtail; White Admiral; Giant Swallowtail; Red-spotted purple; Spicebush Swallowtail; Tawny Emperor; Eastern Tiger Swallowtail; Northern Metalmark; Clouded Sulphur; Snout Butterflies; Pink-edged Sulphur; Gary or Common Hairstreak; Falcate Orange tip; Acadian Hairstreak; Cloudless Sulphur; Edwards' Hairstreak; Southern Dogface; Banded Hairstreak; Sleepy Sulphur; Olive Hairstreak; Cabbage; Banded Elfin; Checkered White; Henry's Elfin; Monarch; Frosted Elfin; Pearly Eye; American Copper; Little Wood Satyr; Bronze Copper; Carolina Satyr; Harvesters; Georgia Satyr; Silvery Blue; Common Wood Nymph; Souther Cloudywing; Gulf Fritillary; Martial's Dusky-wing; Variegated Fritillary; Checkered Skipper; Regal Fritillary; Least Skipper; Eastern Meadow Fritillary; Broken Dash; Baltimore Checkerspot; Long Dash; Silvery Checkerspot; Vernal Skipper; Pearl Crescent; Peck's Skipper; Question Mark Anglewings; Field Skipper; Comma Anglewing; Zabulon Skipper; Fawn, or Green Comma; Roadside Skipper; Painted Lady (Thistle); Ocola Skipper.

8.4 -

MOTHS MOTHS CATERPILLARS

Plebeian Sphinx; Great leopard; Zebra Caterpillar; - Pink-spotted Hawkmoth - Acrea; Yellow-Necked Caterpillar; (larva is the Sweet Potato, Fal Webworm; Walnut Caterpillar Hornworm; Clymene Tiger; Sumac Caterpillar; Carolina Sphinx - (larva is Spotted Tiger; Variable Oakleaf Caterpillar; - the Tobacco Hornworm); Pale Tiger; Elm leaf Caterpillar; Five-spotted Hawkmoth - Yellow Wooly Bear; Unicorn Caterpillar; (larva is the Tomato Dog Bane Tiger; Red-Humped Caterpillar; Hornworm); Milkweed Tiger: Eastern Tent Caterpillar; Catalda Sphinx - (larva is American Dagger; Saddle Back Caterpillar. the Catalda Hornworm); Cottonwood Dagger; Four-Hourned Sphinx; Spotted-sided Cutworm; Paw Paw Sphinx; Striped Cutworm; Great Ash Sphinx; Bronzed Cutworm; Apple Sphinx; Bristly Cutworm; laurel Sphinx; Yellow-Striped Army Cutworm; Abbot's Sphinx; Fall Armyworm; Hucklberry Sphinx; Wheathead Armyworm Twin-spotted Sphinx; Green Cloverworm; Blind-eyed Sphinx; Cotton leafworm; Nessus Sphinx; Alfalfa looper; Azalea Sprinx; Celery looper; Hog Sphinx; Biloped looper; Pandora Sphinx; Forage looper; Hummingbird Moth; lunate Moth; Cynthia Moth; Dried Leaf Moth; Cecropia Moth; Widow Underwing; Polyphemus Moth; Penhent Underwing; Promethea Moth; Cooper Underwing; Tulip-Tree Silk Moth; locust Underwing; luna Moth; Corn Earworm; lo Moth; White-Marked Tent-Maker; Buck Moth; Poplar Tentmaker; Orange-striped Oakworm; Prominent; Spiny Oakworm; Red-Humped Oakworm; Pink-strriped Oakworm; Saddled Prominent; Royal Walnut; Anguina Moth; linden looper; Cherry Scallop-shell Moth; Satin Moth; Skiff Moth. Gypsy Moth; Pine Tussock Moth Wild Cherry Moth; Fall Cankerworm; Spring Cankerworm; Currant Spanworm; Spear-Marked Blackmoth;

8.5 Ill. BIRDS COMMONLV FOUND IN THE FOLSOM AREA SEASONAL OCCURRENCE

w WINTER DEC. TILL FEB. SP SPRING MARCH TILL MAY su SUMMER JUNE TILL 15 JULY EF EARLY FALL 16 JULY TILL 15 SEPT. LF LATE FALL 16 SEPT. TILL NOV.

c COMMON OBSERVED EASILY IN SUITABLE HABITAT

F FAIRLY COMMON PRESENT, BUT IN LIMITED NUMBERS; NOT CERTAIN TO BE SEEN

u UNCOMMON AT LEAST 10 REPORTED PER SEASON

0 OCCASIONAL SEEN ONLY A FEW TIMES PER SEASON (LESS THAN 10)

R RARE NOT SEEN ANNUALLY

p PELAGIC FOUND AT SEA, NOT USUALLY SEEN FROM SHORE

I INTRODUCED NOT NATIVE TO NORTH AMERICA

* BREEDING BREEDS IN AREA

8.6 -

LOONS, GREBES, SHEARWATERS, PETRELS AND CORMORANTS

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Common Loon F c 0 0 c Pied-Billed Grebe F F 0 0 F Migrant-Rare Breeder in NJ Double-Crested u c c c c Cormorant

WADING BIRDS- HERONS, EGRETS, BITTERNS, IBIS

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments American Bittern 0 u -- 0 F Migrant Least Bittern* -- F F F u Great Blue Heron* c c F c c Great Egret* 0 c c c c Snowy Egret* 0 c c c c Little Blue Heron* 0 c c c c Cattle Egret* -- c c c c Green-Backed R c c c c Heron* Black-Crowned Night F c c c c Heron*

8.7 WATER FOWL - SWANS, GEESE, DUCKS

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Tundra Swan u u -- -- F Migrant Mute Swan* (i) F F F F F Snow Goose c c -- -- c Canada Goose* c c F F c Wood Duck* 0 F F F c Green- Winged Teal u c -- F c American Black c c c c c Duck* Mallard* c c c c c Northern Pintail u c -- F c Blue-Winged Teal* R c u c c Northern Shoveler u c R c c Gadwall* F c 0 c c American Widgeon F c -- c c Canvas Back F F -- -- F Ring-Necked Duck 0 F -- -- u Common Goldeneye c c -- -- c BuffleHead c c -- -- c Hooded Merganser F F -- -- F Common Merganser u F -- -- u Red-Breasted c c R -- c Merganser Ruddy Duck c c -- -- c

8.8 -

DIURNAL RAP TORS - VULTURES, KITES, HAWKS, EAGLES

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Black Vulture 0 u 0 0 0 Turkey Vulture* F c F c c Osprey* -- c F c c Migrant Bald Eagle u u 0 F F Northern Harrier* c c u c c Migrant in Winter Harp-Shinned Hawk F c -- c c Migrant in Winter Cooper's Hawk F c R F c Northern Goshawk 0 R -- -- u Migrant in Winter Red-Shouldered u u 0 0 c Hawk* Broad-Winged -- c u c c Hawk* Red- Tailed Hawk* c c F c c Pough-Legged Hawk F 0 -- -- F Migrant in Winter Golden Eagle R R -- -- u Winter American Kestrel* F c 0 c c Merlin 0 F -- F c Migrant Peregrine Falcon 0 0 0 F c Migrant

8.9 - GAME BIRDS - RAILS-« GALLINULES« COOT

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Ring-Necked R R R R R Pheasant (i) Ruffled Grouse* u u u u u Wild Turkey* 0 0 0 0 0 Northern Bobwhite* u u u u u Virginia Rail* 0 u u u 0 Sora R u 0 F F Migrant Common Moorhen* R u u u 0 American Coot c u -- -- F

SHORE BIRDS - PLOVES SANDPIPERS PHALAROPES ' ' Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Black-Bellied Plover F c F c c Migrant Semi-Palmated R c u c c Migrant Plover Killdeer* F c u c c Greater Yello wlegs 0 c u c c Migrant Lesser Yellowlegs 0 c u c c Migrant Solitary Sandpiper -- u -- F u Migrant Spotted Sandpiper -- F 0 F F Semi-Palma ted -- c u c c Migrant Sandpiper Least Sandpiper R c u c c Migrant Pectoral Sandpiper -- c -- c c Migrant Short-Billed R c u c c Migrant Dowitcher Common Snipe 0 c -- F F Migrant American F F u u c Pg_# B.. 1Q - Woodcock* -

JAEGERS, GULLS, TERNS, ALCIDS

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments - Laughing Gull* R c c c c Bonaparte's Gull c c -- 0 c Ring-billed Gull c c F c c Herring Gull* c c c c c Great Black-backed c c c c c Gull* Forster's Tern* R c c c c Black Tern -- 0 -- u 0 Migrant

8.11 DOVESc OWLSc NIGHT JARSc WOODPECKERS Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Rock Doves*(i) c c c c c Mourning Dove* c c c c c Black-billed Cuckoo* -- u 0 F R Yellow-billed -- F c c u Cuckoo* Common Barn Owl* 0 R R R F Eastern Screech u u u u u Owl* Great Horned Owl* F F F F F Barred Owl* 0 0 0 0 0 Long-eared Owl 0 -- -- R u Short-eared Owl u u -- -- u Northern Saw-whet R R -- -- F Owl Common Nighthawk -- 0 -- u 0 Whip-Poor- Will* -- F F F u Chimney Swift* -- c c c c Ruby-throated -- F F c u Hummingbird* Belted Kingfisher* u F u F c Red-headed 0 u u u u Woodpecker* Red-bellied u u u u u Woodpecker* Yellow-bellied 0 0 -- -- F Sapsucker Downy c c c c c Woodpecker* Hairy Woodpecker* F F F F F Northern Flicker* F c F F c I!!J.# B.. 12 -

ACCIDENTAL AND HYPOTHETICAL

Pleated Woodpecker and White-winged Crossbill FLYCATCHERS AND SWALLOWS -

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Olive-sided -- R -- u R Migrant Flycatcher Eastern Wood- -- c F c F pewee* Yellow-bellied -- R -- u R Migrant Flycatcher Acadian Flycatcher -- F F F R Alder Flycatcher -- R -- R -- Migrant Willow Flycatcher* -- 0 u 0 -- Least Flycatcher -- u -- F 0 Migrant Eastern Phoebe* R F 0 -- c Great-crested -- c c c F Flycatcher* Eastern Kingbird* -- c F c 0 Horned Lark* u u 0 u F Purple Martin* -- c c c c Tree Swallow* u c c c c Northern Rough- -- F F F F winged Swallow* Bank Swallow* -- c u c F Migrant Cliff Swallow -- 0 -- u F Migrant Barn Swallow* R c c c c

B. 13 JAY£ CROWS, CHICKADEES. TUFTED TITMOUSE. NUTHATCHES, BROWN CREEPER, WRENS

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Blue Jay* c c F F c American Crow* c c c c c Fish Crow* c c c c c Carolina Chicadee * c c c c c Tufted Titmouse* c c c c c Red-breasted u F -- u F Nuthatch White-breasted F F F F F Nuthatch* Brown Creeper u u -- -- F Carolina Wren* F F F F F House Wren* R c c c c Winter Wren u u -- R u Sedge Wren* R R -- R R Migrant Marsh Wren* u c c c c

8.14 -

KINGLETS, GNATCA TCHERS, THRUSHES, MOCKINGBIRDS, SHRIKES, STARLING

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Golden-era wned u F -- -- c Migrant in - Kinglet Winter Ruby-crowned 0 c -- R c Migrant in Kinglet Winter Blue-grat -- c F c c Gnatcatcher* Eastern Bluebird* u u u u c Veery -- c -- c c Gray-cheeked Thrush -- 0 -- 0 u Migrant Swainson's Thrush -- u -- u c Migrant Hermit Thrush F u -- R c Migrant in Winter Wood Thrush* -- F F F 0 American Robin* c c c c c Gray Catbird* u c c c c Northern c c c c c Mockingbird* Brown Thrasher* 0 F F F F Water Pipit u u -- R c Cedar Waxwing* c c c c c Loggerhead Shrike ------0 R Migrant European Starling* (i) c c c c c

8.15 VIREOS. WARBLERS

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments White-eyed Vireo* -- c c c F Solitary Vireo -- u -- R F Migrant Yellow-throated -- u 0 u u Vireo* Warbling Vireo -- 0 -- 0 0 Summer Migrant Philadelphia Vireo -- R -- u u Migrant Red-eyed Vireo* -- c F c c Blue-winged -- F u c F Warbler* Golden-winged -- R -- 0 R Migrant Warbler Tennessee Warbler -- c -- c c Migrant Orange-crowned R R -- R 0 Migrant Warbler Nashville Warbler -- u -- u F Migrant Northern Parula -- c R F c Migrant Yellow Warbler* -- c c c u Chestnut-sided -- F -- F F Migrant Warbler Magnolia Warbler -- F -- c F Migrant Cape May Warbler -- u -- F F Migrant Black-throated Blue -- F -- F c Migrant Warbler Blackburnian Warbler -- F -- c F Migrant Yellow-throated -- u u u F Warbler* Pine Warbler* R F F F F Prairie Warbler* -- c c c F Pg. 8.16 - BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, FINCHES, HOUSE SPARROW

Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Bobolink -- c R c c Migrant Red-winged c c c c c Blackbird* Eastern u u 0 u c Meadowlark* Rusty Blackbird u u -- -- F Common Grackle* c c c c c Brown-headed F c c c c Cowbird* Orchard Oriole* -- F F F R Northern Oriole* R c 0 c F Purple Finch F F -- u c Migrant House Finch* (i) c c c c c - Red Crossbill R R -- R 0 Winter Migrant Common Redpoll 0 R -- -- 0 Pine Siskin u u -- 0 F American Goldfinch* F c u c c Evening Grosbeak u u -- R u House Sparrow* (i) c c c c c

8.17 - TANAGERS GROSBEAKS BUNTINGS SPARROWS ' ' ' Bird w SP su EF LF Comments Summer Tanager -- u u u R Scarlet Tanager* -- F F F c Northern Cardinal* c c c c c Rose-breasted -- F -- F c Grosbeak Blue Grosbeak* -- F F F F Indigo Bunting* -- c c c c Dickcissel 0 R -- 0 u Migrant Rufous-sided u F F F c Towhee* American Tree 0 R -- -- 0 Sparrow Clay-colored Sparrow ------R 0 Migrant Field Sparrow* u c c c c Vesper Sparrow -- R -- -- 0 Migrant Savannah Sparrow c c -- u c Migrant Grasshopper -- R R R 0 Sparrow* Fox Sparrow F F -- -- F Song Sparrow* c c c c c Lincoln's Sparrow R 0 -- -- u Migrant Swamp Sparrow* u c u u c White-throated c c -- -- c Winter Sparrow Migrant White-crowned 0 0 -- -- u Winter Sparrow Migrant Dark-eyed Junco c c -- -- c Lapland Longspur 0 R -- -- u Snow Bunting u 0 -- -- u Pg #8_. 18. - BIBLIOGRAPHY

DESCRIPTION OF FOLSOM 1. The History of Folsom, New Jersey 1846-1976, Gertrude M. Eckhart Narrative and Information compiled by Robert l. Fennimore. Jr.

LAND USE 1. 1990 U.S. CENSUS 2. 1993 Real Property Tax list for Folsom Borough Narrative and Information compiled by Joseph Haug.

HISTORY 1. The History of Folsom, New Jersey 1846-1976, Gertrude M. Eckhart 2. Geography and History of New Jersey 3. Iron in the Pines Narrative and Information compiled by Marie Anastasia and Judith Fennimore.

CLIMATE References are cited within the document. Narrative and Information compiled by Robert l. Fennimore, Jr.

GEOLOGY 1. Encyclopedia of the Geological Science, McGraw-Hill 2. Environmental Geology, Flown, Harper & Row 3. Essentials for Earth Histories, Stokes, Prentice Hall 4. All About Rocks and Minerals, Random House 5. The Restless Earth, Wigel Calder, Viking 6. Rocks and Minerals, Pearl 7. The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Fairbride Renhold 8. Anatomy of the Park, McGraw-Hill 9. A Guide to Photogrammetric Mapping, Topographic Data Consultant, Inc. 10. Terrestrial Ecology, March 1969, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 11. Environmental Planning and Geology U.S. Dept of Housing and Urban Development. 12. Environmental Resource Inventory, Bass River Township Environmental Commission 13. Natural Resources Inventory, Colts Neck Township Environmental Commission 14. Atlantic County Master Plan, Atlantic County Division of Planning Narrative and Information compiled by Deborah V. Anderson.

SOILS 1. Soil Survey Manual No. 18. United States Department of Agriculture 2. Soil Genesis and Classification, S.W. Soul, F.D. Hole, Iowa State University Press 3. Basic Procedures for Soil Sampling and Core Drilling, W.L. Acker, Ill 4. Munsell Soil Color Chart 5. Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils- Bowles, McGraw-Hill 6. Basic Soil Mechanic, Milligan & Houldsby, Butterworth & Company 7. Soils and Minerals, Oiu, Evert, Prentice Hall 8. The Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady McMillan 9. Soil Survey laboratory Methods and Procedures for Collection Soil Samples, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture 10. Soil Erosion & Sediment Control 11. Soils Mechanics in Highway Engineering, Rico del Castillo, Sowers 12. Interim Soil Survey Report, U.S. Department of Agriculture

9.0 SOILS - 13. pH and Conductivity 14. Forestry Supplies, Inc., Catalog 41, Jim Glenn 15. Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Manual 16. Environmental Cleanup Responsibility Act Regulations. D.E.P.E. 17. Municipal Land Use Laws, Municipalities and Counties, Title 40 N.J.S.A. 50:55 18. Conservation Mapping, Drainage and Soils Studies, Environmental Resource Center 19. Forth, J., 1990, Fundamentals of Soil Science. John Wiley, New York 20. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1962, Soil Survey Manual Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., 502 pp 21. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1991, Hydric soils of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Misc., Publ., 1491, Washington, D.C., 502pp - 22. Engineering Research Bulletin No. 32. Engineering Soil Survey of New Jersey Report No. 18, Atlantic County, Rutgers University 23. Entisols "A Study" 1989, Source Materials for "Soils Genesis & Classification" Second Edition by S. W. Buol, D.V. Anderson, F.D. Hole & R. J. McCracken, Iowa State University Press Narrative and Information compiled by Deborah V. Anderson.

WETLANDS 1 . How to Know the Ferns, Frances Theodore Parsons, Dover Publications 2. Manual of the Grasses of the Unites States, Vol. 1-2. Dover 3. Field Guild of the Grasses, Sedges, and Rushes of the U.S. Dover 4. Trees of North American, Golden, Brockman/Merrilees 5. Wetlands, William A. Niering 6. Eastern Forest, Ann Sutton and Myron Sutton 7. Atlantic & Gulf Coasts, William H. Amos, Stephen H. Amos 8. Wildflowers of North America, Golden, Venning/Satio 9. Field Guild to North American Trees, Eastern Region. 10. The Journal of the Society of Wetland Scientist, Editorial Board 11 . Ferns of Northeastern United States, Dover 12. Common Marsh, Underwater & Floating Leaved Plants, Dover 13. Shade of Trees for the Home, U.S. Department of Agriculture 14. All About Evergreens - Ortho Books 15. Fundamentals of Botany - Gager Blakston 16. National Wetlands Inventory Maps for New Jersey 17. Wetlands of New Jersey 18. Landscape for Living - The Yearbook of Agricultures - U.S. Department of Agriculture 19. Princeton Nurseries - Princeton 20. Corps of Engineering Wetlands- Delineation Manual 21 . Stream Encroachment Booklet - Kings Pointe Industrial Park 22. Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds, Gloucester Soil Conservation District 23. Environmental Site Assessment Services- P.S.J. 24. A Guide to Hydrological Analysis Using SCS Methods 25. Ground-Water Hydraulics, Geological Survey Professional Paper 708 26. Nurseries That Sell Native Pinelands Plants, October 1988, Pinelands Commission 27. Freshwater Wetlands Protection Act Rules, N.J.A.C. 7:7 A Adopted May 16, 1988. D.E.P.E.

9.1 WETLANDS 28. Pinelands Commission, Sub Title 1, N.J.S.A. 7:50 D.E.P.E. 29. Distribution of Roots and Rhizomes in Different Soils Types in the Pine Barrens of NJ. Geological Survey Professional Paper 563-C 30. Atlas of National Wetlands Inventory maps for New Jersey, Ralph W. Tiner, Jr. 31. Freshwater Wetlands Protection in New Jersey. A Manual for local Officials D.E.P.E. 32. Atlas of National Wetlands Inventory Maps for New Jersey U.S. Dept of Interior 33. Courtenay, B. and J. Zimmerman, 1972, Wildflowers and Weeds, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 34. Hitchcock, A., 1971, Manual of the Grasses of the Untied Stats, Volume I an II, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. D. and Dover Publ., New York, 1051 pp 35. Practical Handbook for Wetland Identification & Delineation by John Grimson lynn, CRC Scientific Press Narrative and information compiled by Deborah V. Anderson.

HYDROLOGY (SURFACE) 1. Great Egg Harbor River/Wild and Scenic River/Final Study Report, January, 1991 - National Park Service - Mid-Atlantic Regional Office 2. New Jersey 1990 State Water Quality Inventory Report. September, 1990 - NJ Dept. of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources 3. Water Management Study of Penny Pot Stream, June, 1992, Dr. Claude M. Epstein, Hydrogeologist 4. South Jersey Magazine, Summer Issue 1987, The Great Egg Harbor River By Dr. Oliver Donovan/Or. Howard Parish 5. The Environmental Resource Inventory: ERI - Anjec Resource Center 6. Great Egg Harbor Watershed Association (Julie Akers) Narrative and information compiled by Joel Spieqal.

HYDROLOGY (SUBSURFACE) 1. Epstein, C. M., 1990, Geologic History of New Jersey's Coastal Plain Aquifers, Seventh Annual Meeting of the Geological Association of NJ, Field Guide and Proceedings. 2. McGregor, B.A. 1984, The Submerged Continental Margin, American Scientist, 72:275-281 3. Oliver, J. 1980, Exploring the Basement of the North American Continent, American Scientist, 68:676-683 4. Zapecza, O.S., 1984, Hyudrogeologic Framework of the NJ Coastal Plain, Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, USGS Open-File Report 84-730 5. Epstein, C.M., 1992, Water Management Study of Penny Pot Stream 6. Sawhill, G.S. and Assoc., 1989, Wastewater Management Plan of the Borough of Folsom, Atlantic County, NJ 7. Brown, K.W. and Assoc., 1980 An Assessment of the Impact of Septic leach Fields, Home Lawn Fertilization and Agricultural Activities on Groundwater Quality, New Jersey Pinelands Commission 8. Rhodehamel, E.C., 1970, A Hydrologic Analysis of the NJ Pine Barrens Region, Water Resources Circular No. 22, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy. 9. Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1980, Hydrogeology Assessment, NJ Pinelands Commission Narrative and Information comoiled by Robert L. Fennimore, Jr.

9.2 VEGETATION 1. Vegetation of New Jersey,.by Robechard & Buell - 2. The Vegetation of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, by Jack McCormick 3. The Pine Barrens- A Preliminary Ecological Inventory, by Jack McCormick 4. Forest Vegetation of the Pine Barrens New Jersey Pinelands Commission Report, prepared by Andropayon Associates 5. Threatened and Endangered Vascular Plant Species of the Pine Barrens New Jersey Pinelands Commission Report, by Nicholas Calazza 6. Natural Heritage Data Base 7. N.J.D.E.P.E., Endangered Plants of Folsom

Narrative and Information comoiled by Joseph Haug.

WILDLIFE HABITAT

I. GAME References are cited within the document. Narrative and information compiled by Joel Spiegal.

II. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS SECTION 1. A Field Guide to the Pine Barrens of New Jersey, by Howard P. Boyd 2. Butterflies and Moths - A Guide to the more common American Species, by Golden Press 3. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains, by Alexander B. Klots Narrative and information compiled by Marie Anastasia.

Ill. BIRDS 1 . The Birds of New Jersey, by Charles Leek 2. A Guide to Nature Study in N.J, Rutgers Cooperative Extension 3. Book of North American Birds, Readers' Digest 4. Bird Finding in N.J., by William Boyce 5. A Field Guide to the Birds, by Roger Tory Peterson 6. The Audubon Society Picket Guide 7. Familiar Birds of North America - Eastern Region Video Tapes 1. Watching Birds, by Roger Tory Petersopn 2. Audubon Society's Bird Watching - North American Birds - 5 tapes

A Special Thank You to the following Consultants: N.J. Audubon Society Edwin B. Forsythe National Wildlife Refuge Cape May Bird Observatory, Sgt. Doug Adams Sandra Mclaughlin Mr. Peter Dunne, and the Hammonton Library Narrative and information compiled by Marie Anastasia.

9.3