Whitchurch (June 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Religious • P
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VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Whitchurch (June 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Religious • p. 1 VCH Oxfordshire Texts in Progress Whitchurch Religious History The parish church of St Mary the Virgin from the south-east. Nothing survives of the 10th-century church commemorated in Whitchurch’s place-name, which was perhaps originally subject to Goring, but which was apparently independent by the late 12th or early 13th century.1 The benefice (a rectory) was often held by non-resident pluralists, with day-to-day care left to chaplains or curates, although after the rectory house was rebuilt in the early 19th century most rectors resided and served the church in person. An Anglican chapel of ease (St John’s church) was built at Whitchurch Hill in 1883, and briefly had its own parsonage and resident curate. Nonconformity was largely absent until the early 19th century when a Wesleyan Methodist chapel (closed in 1915) was erected at Whitchurch Hill, while a Roman Catholic chapel for Polish refugees was established in 1950 and remained in use for around 40 years. 1 Above, vol. intro. (relig. life); below (church origins). VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Whitchurch (June 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Religious • p. 2 Church Origins and Parochial Organization Whitchurch presumably had a ‘white church’ (i.e. one with chalk or whitewashed walls) by c.990, when the place name is first recorded,2 although the earliest present-day fabric dates from the early 12th century.3 The founder was most likely an early holder of the Whitchurch estate, conceivably Leofric: the medieval manor house adjoined the churchyard enclosure, and patronage remained with lords of Whitchurch manor throughout the medieval period.4 A chaplain was mentioned in the 1170s−90s, and by the early 13th century the church was fully independent, served by a rector (and briefly also by a perpetual vicar), and with an apparently sizeable glebe.5 The dedication to St Mary the Virgin was established by 1243.6 Except for a brief transfer to Nettlebed deanery from 1852−74, the benefice remained an independent rectory in Henley deanery until 2003, when it was joined with six others to form Langtree united benefice and team ministry.7 The parish’s Berkshire part was transferred from Salisbury to Oxford diocese in 1836,8 and remained part of Whitchurch for ecclesiastical purposes until 1997.9 Advowson, Glebe, and Tithes The advowson descended with the manor until 1551,10 when the king (as lord) granted it to Sir Thomas Wroth.11 By 1559 it was owned by Francis Hastings, earl of Huntingdon, but the queen presented in 1581, and thereafter the advowson remained with the Crown, despite a competing presentation by John Whistler as lord of Whitchurch in 1611,12 and an 2 Sawyer S.1454; PN Oxon. I, 62−3; Blair, A-S Oxon, 137, 199. 3 Below (church archit.). 4 Above, landscape etc. (settlement); landownership; below (advowson). 5 Below (endowment; pastoral care). 6 Rot. Grosseteste, 474, 476; cf. Berks. RO, D/A1/228. 7 Youngs, Admin. Units, I, 408; OHC, MS Oxf. Dioc. c. 1884/2, Order in Council 2003. 8 London Gaz. 7 Oct. 1836, p. 1729; cf. Berks. RO, D/A1/228; D/A1/7/63; D/A1/132/131, referring to part of the parish in Sarum diocese. 9 OHC, MS Oxf. Dioc. c. 1169/2, pastoral order 1997. The only exception was the Swan pub (transferred to Berkshire and Pangbourne civil parish in 1991), which remained part of Whitchurch’s ecclesiastical parish in 2018: above, landscape etc. (boundaries); Church of England parish map (accessed online at www.churchofengland.org in Jul. 2018). 10 e.g. Rot. Welles, I, 33; Rot. Grosseteste, 463, 472; Rot. Hund. II, 775; Cal. Pat. 1345−8, 278; L&P Hen. VIII, IV (2), p. 2079; above, landownership (Whitchurch). 11 Cal. Pat. 1550−3, 190. 12 S. Spencer Pearce, ‘Clergy of the Deaneries of Henley and Aston and of the Peculiar of Dorchester during the Settlement of 1559 and Afterwards’, OAS Rep. 64 (1918), 137−9; Cal. Pat. 1580−2, 122; OHC, Cal. Presentation Deeds. Jn Whistler (d. 1626) tried to leave the advowson to his eldest son Edward in his will: TNA, PROB 11/151/86. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Whitchurch (June 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Religious • p. 3 unsuccessful claim by John Wroth in 1676.13 In 1861 it was transferred from the Crown to the bishop of Oxford,14 who remained a joint patron of Langtree united benefice from 2003.15 The rectory was one of the better-off benefices in Henley deanery, valued at 10 marks (£6 13s. 4d.) a year in 1254,16 at £10 13s. 4d. in 1291,17 and at £16 2s. 8½d. net in 1535,18 excluding demesne tithes worth £1 6s. 8d. owned by Bec abbey and later by St George’s Chapel, Windsor.19 By the early 18th century the overall value was c.£200 a year,20 rising to £377 gross (£341 net) in 1802.21 The glebe included open-field land by 1342,22 and in 1626 totalled 138 a. in addition to the rectory house and a separate house apparently in the village (below).23 Another 164 a. was added in lieu of extinguished tithes at enclosure in 1806, when the remaining tithes (excluding those from the parish’s Berkshire part) were commuted to variable corn rents initially worth £53 a year. Some of those were exchanged for a further 6 a. at the common’s enclosure in 1813,24 and in 1820 the glebe covered 287 acres.25 The Berkshire tithes, long disputed by the Wilders of Purley Hall, and reckoned in 1816 to be worth £100 a year payable from 302 a.,26 were commuted in 1839 for a variable £100 rent charge,27 and by 1851 the benefice’s total gross income was £480, derived from the Oxfordshire and Berkshire tithe rents (then £16 and £96) and the glebe (£368).28 Most of the land (278 a.) was sold to William Fanning in 1868 for £15,000,29 which in 1879 was used to purchase ground rents in Battersea (Surrey), yielding £637 in 1893 and £635 in 1944.30 The 13 Cal. SP Dom. 1675−6, 104; 1676−7, 368. 14 London Gaz. 3 May 1861, pp. 1891−2. 15 OHC, MS Oxf. Dioc. c. 1884/2, Order in Council 2003. 16 Lunt (ed.), Val. Norw. 304. 17 Tax. Eccl. 30; D.M. Smith (ed.), English Episcopal Acta I: Lincoln 1067–1185 (1980), 13–14; cf. Nonarum Inquisitiones, 136; Feudal Aids, VI, 371. 18 Valor Eccl. II, 166. 19 Above, landownership (estates: tithes). 20 Par. Colln, III, 339. 21 OHC, MS Oxf. Dioc. c 434, f. 166v. 22 Goring Charters, I, no. 156. 23 OHC, F XIV/1, f. 22; below (rectory ho.). Cf. OHC, MS Oxf. Archd. Oxon. c 141, pp. 105, 109−19; ibid. MS Oxf. Dioc. c 655, f. 69. 24 OHC, enclo. award; ibid. Whitchurch Common enclo. award. 25 Ibid. F XIV/20. 26 Berks. RO, D/EWI/E19−25. 27 OHC, tithe award. 28 Ch. and Chapel, 1851, 111; cf. OHC, MS Oxf. Archd. Oxon. b 27, f. 191. 29 OHC, MS Oxf. Dioc. c 2070/1, draft conveyance and report 1868; above, landownership (other estates). 30 J. Slatter, Some Notes on the History of the Parish of Whitchurch (1895),130; OHC, MSS Oxf. Dioc. c 359, f. 453; c 2069, statement of income 1945; pps re sale of glebe in church vestry. VCH Oxfordshire • Texts in Progress • Whitchurch (June 2019) • © VCH Oxfordshire • Religious • p. 4 remaining 9 a. was sold piecemeal during the 20th century.31 Overall income in 1920 was £680, but only £326 in 1950.32 Meadow and fishing rights derived from former chantry endowments provided additional funds for church maintenance by 1621, until the premises were sold in 1801.33 In 1953 Madeline Garton gave £300 to be invested for the upkeep of St John’s church at Whitchurch Hill,34 and a charity in support of both churches was established in 2016.35 Rectory House A rectory house existed by 1626 and presumably much earlier, set within a generous 2-a. plot adjoining the churchyard.36 In 1635 it was a tiled, two-storeyed structure of five bays, with six upper chambers and outbuildings including a malthouse, apple house, and 11-bayed barn, perhaps the ‘old tithe barn’ dismantled c.1863.37 In 1665 it was taxed on seven hearths,38 though by 1686 it was ‘very ruinous’, prompting the incoming rector Luke Beaulieu to sue the previous rector’s widow for £116 towards repairs.39 By 1800 the house was ‘so decayed as not to be well worth the expense of additional building’, consisting of three ‘inferior’ bedrooms, a small parlour, a kitchen, and a brewhouse, cellar, and dairy.40 Three years later it was accordingly rebuilt for the rector James Etty to designs by William Parker of Henley, in brick and tile and with Portland stone dressings. The cost was £1,300,41 but in 1805 the work was said to have been ‘shamefully executed’, forcing the new rector Hugh Moises to pay £115 for repairs.42 By the 1830s the structure was ‘in a ruinous state in consequence of a defective foundation’.43 The house was replaced in 1835 with a new one on a slightly different site, built in Georgian style to designs by Richard Billing of Reading. The estimated cost of £1,617 excluded £700-worth of materials salvaged from the earlier building, including the drawing 31 OHC, MS Oxf. Dioc. c 2070/1, contracts and conveyances 1926, 1945, 1948; WGHA, pps re sale of glebe.