Abraham Lincoln

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Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (12. 2. 1809.— 15. 4. 1865.) Hanks. Nancy je rođena u okrugu Mineral, Zapadna Vir- je američki političar i državnik koji se smatra najvećim ginia, tada dio savezne države Virginia. Lucy se sa Nancy predsjednikom SAD u historiji. preselila u Kentucky. Nancy Hanks udala se za Thomasa Rođen je u skromnoj familiji, a u mladosti se školovao koji je postao ugledan građanin. Kupio je i prodao neko- liko farmi, od kojih je jedna bila Knob Creek. Porodica za advokata.U njegovoj 10 godini,tocnije 1818.umrla mu je majka. Nakon toga Abrahamov otac-Thomas Lin- je pohađala baptističku crkvu (engl. Separate Baptists) koja je imala stroge moralne standarde, te se protivila coln ponovno se ozenio.Oceva zena usadila je u mladog Abraham voju za skolovanjem i disciplinom. Politikom alkoholu, plesu i ropstvu. Thomas je u Kentuckyu imao se bavio od godine 1832. a godine 1856. se priključio dobar društevni status, te je sjedio u porotama, procjen- Republikanskoj stranci, osnovanoj zato da bi se suprot- jivao posjede, čuvao zatvorenike i sudjelovao u državnim stavila širenju ropstva među novopriključenim državama patrolama za robove. Do vremena kada mu se rodio sin SAD. Abraham, Thomas je posjedovao dvije farme od 600 acre (240 ha), nekoliko gradskih parcela, konje i stoku. Bio je Godine 1860. njegov izbor za predsjednika SAD je među najbogatijima u okrugu. Godine 1816. Thomas je potaknuo južne robovlasničke države SAD da započnu izgubio svo zemljište na sudu zbog neispravnih papira o proces otcjepljenja i stvore Konfederaciju američkih vlasništu. država. Lincolnova vlada u Washingtonu je odbila to prihvatiti što je u proljeće 1861. dovelo do izbijanja Porodica je preselila na sjever preko rijeke Ohio u slo- američkog građanskog rata. bodno područje i krenula u novi početak u okrugu Perry, (danas okrug Spencer), savezna država, Indiana. U In- Iako se nije istakao kao posebno talentiran ratni vođa diani 1818., kada je Abraham imao devet godina, pre- niti je, sve do sam kraj, imao uspjeha u izboru generala minula mu je majka Nancy zbog otrovanja kravljim mli- Unije, Lincoln je imao ključnu ulogu u njegovom pob- jekom koje je sadržavalo biljni toksin (tada bolest nepoz- jedničkom ishodu. Dok je na početku iz političkih ra- natog uzroka nazivala se engl. “milk sickness”, te se sma- zloga kao cilj rata naveo očuvanje Unije, godine 1862. je tralo da je zarazna). donio proklamaciju o ukidanju ropstva, čime je Unija od strane Konfederacije preotela simpatije svjetske javnosti. Nakon smrti majke, najstarija sestra, Sarah, brinula Istovremeno je bez mnogo obzira kršio i mimoilazio se o njemu dok se otac nije ponovno oženio 1819.g. mnoge ustavne odredbe o ljudskim pravima i slobodama Sarah je kasnije preminula u 20-ima prilikom rođenja kako bi suzbio južnjačku petu kolonu. Njegovo predsjed- mrtvorođenčeta. nikovanje se također ističe po cijelom nizu reformi koje Nova žena Thomas Lincolna bila je udovica Sarah Bush su ojačale pozicije federalne vlasti na račun federalnih Johnston, majka troje djece. Lincoln je postao vrlo blizak država. sa pomajkom. Kao dječak Abraham nije bio previše vri- Nekoliko mjeseci nakon što je pobijedio na izborima jedan u kućanskim poslovima te su ga komsije i prijatelji 1864. godine, Konfederacija je prisiljena na kapitulaciju smatrali lijenim. Kasnije kao mladić, radio je sve poslove i rat završen pobjedom Unije. Nekoliko dana kasnije Lin- u kući koji su se očekivali od njega i bio sposoban rad- coln je ubijen u teatru kao žrtva fanatičnog južnjačkog nik sa sjekirom u poslovima izrade ograda. Nakon što glumca Johna Wilkesa Bootha. je pobjedio vođu lokalne bande u hrvanju, stekao je rep- utaciju za svoju snagu i smjelost. Lincoln je prihvatio i tada uobičajenu obavezu sina da svome ocu daje svu 0.1 Rani život zaradu od rada izvan kuće do dobi od 21 godine. U kas- nijim godinama Lincoln je posuđivao ocu novac u neko- Abraham Lincoln rođen je 12. februara 1809. kao liko navrata. S vremenom se udaljio od oca, djelomično drugo dijete Thomasa Lincolna i Nancy Lincoln (rođene zbog očeva neobrazovanja. Edukacija mladog Lincolna Hanks), u drvenoj jednosobnoj kući u okrugu Hardin sastojala se od godine dana formalnog školovanja, te (danas okrug LaRue), savezna država Kentucky, na Sink- samoučenja i čitanja dostupnih knjiga. Tako je više puta ing Spring farmi. Njegov dedo po očevoj strani doselio pročitao Ezopove “Basne”, "Robinson Crusoe" Daniela je sa porodicom iz savezne države Virginia u okrug Jef- Defoea, Bibliju kralja Jamesa i autobigrafiju Benjamina ferson, Kentucky, gdje je poginuo u indijanskom napadu Franklina. 1786. Thomas je ostao sam da se snalazit u životu na Godine 1830. zbog straha od širenja bolesti (engl. milk granici. Lincolnova majka, Nancy, bila je kćerka Lucy 1 2 sickness) porodica seli uz rijeku Ohio u okrug Macon, “Willie” Lincoln je rođen 21. decembra 1850., a umro država Illinois, koje je tada bila slobodna (bez ropstva) je 20. Februara 1862. Četvrto dijete Thomas “Tad” Lin- država Godine 1831. Thomas ponovno seli porodicu u coln, rođen je 4. aprila 1853., a preminuo je od popuš- novi dom u okrugu Coles, Illinois. Tada je ambiciozni tanja srca u dobi od 18 godina 16. srpnja 1871. Robert 22-godišnjak odlučio potražiti bolji život i osamostalio se je jedino dijete koje je preživjelo, te imalo vlastitu djecu. od porodice. Spuštajući se kanuom niz rijeku Sangamon, Smrt sinova značajno je utjecalo na oba roditelja. Mary Lincoln je završio u selu New Salem u okrugu Sanga- se teško nosila sa gubitkom djece i supruga te ju je Robert mon. U proljeće 1831. zaposlio ga je poslovni čovjek iz kratkotrajno smjestio u umobolnicu 1875. Otac Lincol- New Salema, Denton Offutt, te se sa prijateljima u brodu nove supruge živio je u Lexingtonu, Kentucky, te je on sa teretom spustio u New Orleans rijekama Sangamon, kao i ostali u obitelji Todd živio od robova ili trgovine Illinois i Mississippi. Nakon dolaska u New Orleans, prvi robovima. Lincoln je sa njima bio blizak, te je povre- puta je vidio ropstvo te se pješice vratio kući. meno posjećivao njihovo imanje u Lexingtonu. 0.2 Počeci 0.4 Kongres Godine 1832., u dobi od 23 godine Lincoln je sa part- Tokom 1830-ih Lincoln je bio postajan član stranke nerom na pozajmicu kupio malu prodavnicu u New Whig, sljedbenik Henryja Claya. Godine 1846. izabran Salemu. Iako je ekonomija u području bujala, posao je u Kongres SAD-a gdje je služio dvije godine kao je- nije išao najbolje te je Lincoln prodao svoj udio. Toga dini predstavnik svoje stranke u delegaciji države Illi- marta započeo je svoju političku karijeru i prvu predi- nois. U borbi za nominaciju stranke Whig za izbore zbornu utrku za opštu skupštinu (državno zakonodavno 1848. Lincoln je procijenio da Clay ne može pobijediti, tijelo) savezne države Illinois (engl. Illinois General As- te dao potporu generalu Zachary Tayloru, koji je kasnije sembly). Prije izbora Lincoln je služio u naoružanim je- postao predsjednik. Lincoln se nada da će ga novi pred- dinicama države Illinois tokom rata sa Black Hawkom. sjednik postaviti na unosno mjesto načelnika Ureda za Na izborima 6. augusta nije izabran. Radio je u pošti te zemljišta (engl. General Land Office), ali nije. Ponuđen odlučio postati pravnik. Na drugoj izbornoj utrci 1834. mu je ured guvernera u teritorijima Oregona, koji su bili bio je uspješan te je izabran u skupštinu, kao predstavnik demokratsko uporište, te bi to mjesto značilo kraj poli- stranke Whig. Godine 1836. primljen je u Pravnu ko- tičke karijere, zbog čega je Lincoln odbio mjesto. moru, preselio je u grad Springfield i počeo je raditi kao pravnik u uredu Johna T. Stuarta, rođaka Mary Todd. Lincoln se vratio pravu u uredu u Springfieldu, gdje Stekao je reputaciju uspješnog advokata. Od 1841. do se bavio svim poslovima koje su mogli dopasti u ruke 1844. bio je partner sa Stephenom T. Loganom, a kasnije advokata u preriji. Lincoln se bavio brojnim pri- sa Williamom Herndonom. Odradio je četiri uzastopna jevozničkim slučajevima usred širenja nacije na za- mandata u nižem domu skupštine Illinoisa (engl. “Illi- pad. Posebno slučajevima vlasnika riječnih brodova nois House of Representatives”), kao predstavnik okruga u tužbama sa novoizgrađenim željezničkim mostovima. Sangamon. Prvotno je zastupao brodare, ali je kasnije radio za onoga ko ga je unajmio, a njegova reputacija je rasla. Čak je Tokom zasjedanja 1835.−36. glasao je za pravo glasa pred Vrhovnim sudom SAD-a nastupio u slučaju riječnog svim bijelim muškarcima bez obzira bili vlasnici zemlje čamca koji je potonuo nakon što je udario u most. Go- ili ne. Zalagao se za ukidanje ropstva. Pratio je pro- dine 1849. dobio je patent za uređaj za plutanje koji gram koji je omogućavao naseljavanje slobodnih robova omogućuje čamcima plovidbu kroz plitku vodu, te je do u Liberiji u Africi. sada jedini američki predsjednik koji ima patent na svoje ime. 0.3 Porodica 0.5 Ropstvo Godine 1840. Lincoln se zaručio sa Mary Todd, iz bogate robovlasničke porodice iz Lexingtona, Kentucky. Sreli su Tijekom 1850-ih ropstvo je bilo legalno u južnim se u Springfieldu, Illinois, u prosincu 1839., a sljedećeg državama SAD-a, dok je u većini sjevernih ukinuto. Lin- decembra su se zaručili. Vjenčanje planirano za 1. januar coln je bio protiv ropstva i širenja ropstva na nove amer- 1841. je otkazano na Lincolnov zahtjev. Kasnije su se ičke teritorije na zapadu. Vratio se u politiku kako ponovno sreli na zabavi i vjenčali se 4. novembra 1842. bi se suprostavio novom zakonu iz 1854. (Kansas– u vili u Springfieldu koja je bila vlasništvo Maryine udane Nebraska Act) u koji je senator Stephen A. Douglas uk- sestre. lopio namjeru da naseljenici na novim teritorijima za- Godine 1844., par je kupio kuću u blizini pravnog ureda. pada imaju ovlast da sami odlučuju o ropstvu, a ne da o Mary je bila kućanica.
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