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Home , Insect repellent

Journal of Pediatric Nursing (2012) 27, 346–349

Prevention of Vector Transmitted Diseases With Oil Repellent Rochel Shapiro BSN, RN⁎

Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC

Key words: Vector repellent is one element in the prevention of vector-borne diseases. Families that neglect Infectious disease; protecting their children against vectors risk their children contracting illnesses such as , Insect repellent; eastern equine encephalitis, , , dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, babesiosis, Pediatric dermatology; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Southern -associated rash Prevention of illness, ehrlichiosis, tick-borne relapsing fever, , and other insect and related diseases vector-borne illness; (CDC, 2011). Identification of families at risk includes screening of the underlying basis for reluctance Lyme disease; to apply insect repellent. Nurses and physicians can participate in a positive role by assisting families to Malaria; determine the proper prophylaxis by recommending insect repellent choices that are economical, safe, West Nile virus; and easy to use. A holistic alternative might include the suggestion of clove oil in cases where families Rocky Mountain might have trepidations regarding the use of DEET on children. This article will explore the safety and spotted fever; effectiveness of clove oil and its use as an insect repellent. Clove oil; © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DEET; Holistic alternative; Children; Tick;

Background The Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee of the Canadian Paediatric Society (2003) describes research on THE AMERICAN ACADEMY of Pediatrics (AAP) different insect repellent products as follows: the duration of states that insect repellents containing DEET are most insect repellency provided by DEET as determined by — effective in the prevention of (Lyme disease) and concentration 23.8% DEET provided 5 hours of protec- mosquitoes (West Nile virus) in children older than 2 months tion, 20% was effective for 4 hours, 6.65% remained (AAP, 2010). Caregivers of children might consider more effective for 2 hours, and 4.54% provided insect repellency natural alternatives for the insect repellent needs of children for 1.5 hours; (2%) mixture protected for 1.5 if highly regarded authorities such as pediatricians, derma- hours; whereas oil of eucalyptus appeared to provide 2 hours tologists, other physicians, and nurses endorsed essential of protection. oils, specifically, clove oil, to be used as a safe and effective Approved insect repellents have met required standards alternative to DEET, although the AAP reports the safety of and have been shown not to have complicated adverse DEET (AAP, 2003). These recommendations are in reactions on people (CDC, 2010; United States Environ- accordance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mental Protection Agency [EPA], 2009) when used accord- guidelines (FDA, 2010), which purport the safety of DEET. ing to label instructions. The improper use of DEET has been associated with neurotoxicity; other side effects noted when using DEET, Citriodiol (p-menthane 3,8-diol [PMD]), ⁎ Corresponding author: Rochel Shapiro, BSN, RN. Icaridine (KB3023, and 4), and IR3535 include local E-mail address: [email protected]. irritative dermatitis and allergy (Sorge, 2009). Active

0882-5963/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2011.03.011 Vector Prevention With Clove Oil 347 ingredients are those that repel (EPA, 2007) in insect considered safe and without risks when used as directed repellants and require EPA registration and approval (EPA, (EPA, 2004). 2009). Despite the reported safety of use, parents and caregivers may be leery to apply chemicals to their children's sensitive skin. Clove Oil Applications Currently, the list of EPA-approved active ingredients that may be used in insect repellents include the following: DEET and clove oil are both EPA classified as minimum 4%–100% strength (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide or N,N- risk and are not subject to federal registration diethly-3-methyl-benzamide); Picaridin 5%–20% (2-(2- requirements because their active and inert ingredients are hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-methylpropyl evidently safe for use on people and are exempt from federal ester); oil of lemon eucalyptus 30%–40% (Eucalyptus registration under section 25(b) of the Federal , citriodora/Corymbia citriodora; methyl nonyl ketone; Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA; EPA, 2011b). By IR3535 (3-[N-Butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl not falling under the guidelines requiring FIFRA registration, ester), also called Merck 3535; and oil of citronella. All can the EPA is unable to endorse safety and effectiveness (EPA, be safely applied topically according to directions on product 2009). However, the FDA's Select Committee on Generally labels (EPA, 2009). , allethrin, and Recognized as Safe Substances (GRAS) evaluated and can be used on clothing, not directly on skin to repel insects classified clove oil to be GRAS (FDA, 2009b). (EPA, 2009). Various natural products are formulated with clove oil and are marketed as over-the-counter natural products and cosmetics. In an antimicrobial study, clove oil in Essential Oils Boast Insecticidal Properties combination with other substances including arrowroot, baking soda, oil, bay oil, , and sage oil Oil of citronella is approved for use on humans as an has been topically applied to the feet (Misner, 2007); insect repellent with little or no known ; however, it cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were not noted. is known to trigger hypersensitivity-associated dermatolog- Essential oils can cause skin irritation in some people, ical reactions (EPA, 1999). Citronella has been in use since whereas others might find the aroma offensive (Barnard, 1948 without adverse incident (EPA, 1999). The mechanism 1999). Skin irritation is not an unusual complaint in a responsible for insect repellency in citronella is the masking topically applied product and has been reported with the of CO2 or lactic acid discharged by humans that attracts use of DEET, Citriodiol (PMD), Icaridine (KB3023, and mosquitoes and other insects. Citronella is found on the list 4), and IR3535 (Sorge, 2009). Clove oil (50%) blended of chemicals that may not require EPA registration in some with 50% geranium oil , or 50% oil, was proven cases. Unless a product containing citronella is EPA highly efficacious as a topical mosquito repellent but registered, it has not been subject to EPA review and the may produce cutaneous irritation (Barnard, 1999), which EPA cannot corroborate its safety and effectiveness. Oil of may be the result of the higher concentration of the citronella goods are often marketed as repellent candles, against the skin. Medline (2011, para 11) although topical preparations offer insect defense as well reports, “In lab and field tests, undiluted clove oil (EPA, 2009). repelled multiple species of mosquitoes for up to two Oil of lemon eucalyptus (active ingredient: PMD) was hours. However, undiluted clove oil may also cause skin discovered to provide insect defense comparable to low rash in sensitive people.” concentrations of DEET (EPA, 2009; CDC, 2010). Clove oil has been studied for its antibacterial, antimicro- DEET has been the gold standard of insect repellency for bial, and antifungal properties against cutaneous infectious 60 years, but natural products such as oil of lemon eucalyptus manifestations and has been shown to be environmentally are entering the market with proven efficacy and high patient safe and nontoxic to humans for use in medicine, , satisfaction (Katz, Miller, & Herbert, 2008); despite the and food flavoring (Trongtokit, Rongsriyam, Komalamisra, promising research, natural products are not commonly & Apiwathnasorn, 2005). Chaieb et al. (2007) describe clove recommended. Natural products such as essential oils proven oil to encompass antibacterial, antiviral, antimicrobial, to provide effective and environmentally safe insect control antifungal, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, insect repellency, have been extensively tested and offer safer human health anesthetic, and antitumor properties. Katritzky et al. (2008, alternatives to insect control with synthetic chemicals (Nerio, p. 7362) report, “We identified 23 compounds for synthesis Olivero-Verbel, & Stashenko, 2010). Numerous plant and study that we expected to be as efficacious as DEET… essential oils interfere with the octopaminergic nervous Astonishingly, a number of these protected (more than) 3 system in insects, which is not shared with mammals, and times as long as DEET.” Researchers Trongtokit et al. (2005) provide a comparatively nontoxic and safer alternative to studied the mosquito repellency of 38 essential oils and found for mammals and fish (Koul, Waliai, & clove oil (Syzygium aromaticum) to provide the longest and Dhaliwal, 2008). Eugenol is a natural chemical found in oil most effective protection against three mosquito species; of cloves that attracts Japanese beetles, kills insects, and is mosquito defense lasted between 2 and 4 hours. Clove oil 348 R. Shapiro

(S aromaticum) and thyme oil were both found to be very mucous membranes and to determine if the risks outweigh effective essential oils to repel mosquitoes (Barnard, 1999). the benefit of using a natural preparation versus a chemical Clove oil is a potent antifungal agent (Nozaki, Takahashi, insect repellent. In addition to determining parameters for a Okamoto, Ito, & Hatano, 2010). Clove oil was found to repel topical application and the vehicle to ensure cutaneous lice (Yang, Lee, Clark, & Ahn, 2004). Clove oil nonirritability, other mechanisms to explore would include (S aromaticum) is commonly used in Thailand as a food non-aerosol multipurpose sprays (those that can be sprayed flavoring and to treat dental caries (Trongtokit, Rongsrivam, onto both skin and clothing) and ways to impregnate fabric Komalamisra, Krisadphong, & Apiwathnasom, 2004). Clove such as tents and mosquito netting with clove oil. oil is an effective insect repellent (Barnard, 1999). Dayan, Cantrell, and Duke (2009) report that clove oil is a rapid- Conclusions acting insecticide that is effective on arthropod pests, armyworms, thrips, aphids, and mites. Clove oil is used in organic agriculture as an alternative to nonorganic farming Clove oil has had success when topically applied for its methods. Because clove oil is considered a biopesticide, it is antimicrobial, antibacterial, and antiseptic properties against believed to be safer than chemical pesticides (EPA, 2011a). infections and as a vermifuge (antiworm) (Mesbah, Mourad Clove oil is a minimum-risk (EPA, 2011b). & Rokaia, 2006). Clove oil is commonly used in dental Acaricidal properties (destroys mites and ticks) were found root canal surgery for its antimicrobial properties (Trong- in clove oil (Kim, Kim, Choi, & Ahn, 2003). Saad, Hussien, tokit et al., 2004) but has not gained much support for use Saher, and Ahmed (2006) researched the acaricidal action of as an insect repellant. This might be because skepticism is 14 essential oils and determined clove oil as the most associated with clove oil because it is a natural product in effective against household dust mites: This study the public domain and might be regarded as less potent or suggested that clove oil may be an ingredient to consider effective than DEET or because clove oil is not endorsed when shampooing carpets as an aid to mite control. by respected authorities such as the AAP and dermatology Endorsement is needed from respected authorities such as associations. DEET is currently recommended by the AAP the AAP. Health care professionals might be able to suggest (2010), EPA (2007), and CDC (2010) for its insect- natural clove oil as an alternative to the currently repelling properties. recommended insect repellent DEET for the insect repellent Nurses and physicians are in a unique position to assist needs of their patients. families with questions related to the choices of insect repellant. The physician and nurse's primary motivation in this venue is to promote health and prevent vector-borne Research Questions: Clove Oil as an illness. Interventions will include assessment of familial, Insect Repellent social, economic, political, and religious needs of patients and their families. Nurses and physicians might offer Trongtokit et al. (2004) tested experimental topical gels holistic approaches such as clove oil instead of DEET if and creams containing clove oil developed to determine these alternatives are promoted by recognized authorities strength and duration of efficacy against various mosquito and backed by evidenced-based research. In this way, species. They concluded that 10% clove oil combined nurses and physicians might help protect their patients and with 10% makaen oil provided complete protection for families from such vector-contracted illnesses as West Nile 4 hours after application, and 95.7% repellency protection virus, eastern equine encephalitis, Lyme disease, malaria, 5 hours following topical application to the volunteers' , yellow fever, babesiosis, Crimean-Congo legs. Additional strengths were tested resulting in a hemorrhagic fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, South- suggestion that these preparations can be used to provide ern tick-associated rash illness, ehrlichiosis, tick-borne mosquito repellency. relapsing fever, and tularemia (CDC, 2011). Although it Further research may be needed to determine the strength, is important to determine reasons for avoidance of chemical duration of effectiveness, proper application, recommended prophylaxis to prevent insect bites and stings, nurses and age to insure safe application, dermatological tolerance, and physicians ought to be able to suggest safe, feasible, optimum vehicle for safe dermatological application of clove natural, and evidenced-based insect repellent alternatives. oil. However, there are clove oil products currently marketed and in use as over-the-counter preparations. Currently, more References research is needed to determine the percent strength of clove oil necessary to promote effective insect repellency and to AAP. (2003). Follow safety precautions when using DEET on children. take this strength and immerse it into a neutral vehicle to test Retrieved from http://aapnews.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/ for cutaneous reactions. Testing would also be needed to e200399v1. AAP. (2010). Summer safety tips, part 1. Retrieved from http://www.aap. determine the length of time that the preparation of this org/advocacy/releases/summertips.cfm. composition remains active. Additional research is needed to Barnard, D. R. (1999). Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: investigate the side effects of irritation to the eyes and other Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 36, 625–629. Vector Prevention With Clove Oil 349

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