DOCSLIB.ORG

The National Guidelines for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Health Care Facilities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The National Guidelines for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Health Care Facilities THE NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF HEALTH, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, GENDER, ELDERLY AND CHILDREN THE NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES OCTOBER, 2017 MINISTRY OF HEALTH, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, GENDER, ELDERLY AND CHILDREN TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................................................I LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................................VI LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................VIII FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... X ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................XI GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................................... XV CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 USERS OF THE GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 RATIONALE FOR DEVELOPING THE GUIDELINES ....................................................................................... 2 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE GUIDELINES........................................................................................................... 2 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE DOCUMENT ....................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 OVERVIEW OF WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES .................................................... 4 2.1 WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ................................................................... 4 2.2 GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR IMPROVED WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ................................................... 4 2.3 WHO MINIMUM WASH STANDARDS IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ................................................................ 5 2.4 OVERVIEW OF WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN TANZANIA ................................................................ 5 2.5 STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN TANZANIA ............................................ 7 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................. 8 3.0 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN TANZANIA .......................................................................................... 8 3.1 OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 RELATED SECTORAL NATIONAL POLICIES ............................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 National Health Policy 2007 ................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 National Water Policy 2002 ..................................................................................................... 9 3.2.3 National Environmental Policy 1997 ...................................................................................... 9 3.2.4 Community Development Policy 1996 .................................................................................... 9 3.3 RELATED NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ...................................................................................................... 9 3.3.1 Environmental Management Act, 2004 ................................................................................... 9 3.3.2 The Tanzania Occupational Health and Safety Act, 2003 ....................................................... 9 3.3.3 Public Health Act, 2009 ........................................................................................................... 9 3.3.4 The Local Government (District and Urban Authorities) Act, 1982 as amended on 30 June, 2000 .................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.5 Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority (EWURA) Act, 2001 ................................ 10 3.3.6 Water Supply and Sanitation Act No. 12 (2009) .................................................................... 10 3.3.7 Water Resources Management Act, 2009 .............................................................................. 10 ii THE NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES 3.4 RELATED NATIONAL STRATEGIES ....................................................................................................... 10 3.4.1 The National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006-2015 .............................................. 10 3.4.2 The National Environmental Health, Hygiene and Sanitation Strategy (NEHHSAS 2008-2017) ......................................................................................................... 10 3.5 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................................. 10 3.5.1 National level ......................................................................................................................... 10 3.6 REGIONAL AND COUNCIL LEVELS HEALTH MANAGEMENT TEAMS ........................................................ 10 3.7 COUNCIL HEALTH SERVICE BOARDS AND HEALTH CARE FACILITY GOVERNING COMMITTEES ................ 10 3.8 HEALTH FACILITY MANAGEMENT TEAMS ........................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................. 13 4.0 PLANNING AND BUDGETING FOR WASH IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ............. 13 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 13 4.2 PLANNING FOR WASH ACTIVITIES IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ................................................................ 13 4.2.1 Planning Process ................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 FUNDS ALLOCATION CRITERIA ............................................................................................................ 13 4.4 MAJOR CONSIDERATIONS IN PLANNING AND DESIGNING OF WASH INTERVENTIONS ................................. 14 4.4.1 WASH plans as integral part of CCHP .................................................................................. 14 4.4.2 Involvement of community/users ........................................................................................... 15 4.4.3 Strategic partnership with other stakeholders ....................................................................... 15 4.4.4 Choice of low-cost and quality WASH facilities .................................................................... 15 4.4.5 WASH facilities for people with special needs ...................................................................... 15 4.4.6 Needs for women, girls and children ..................................................................................... 15 4.4.7 Environmental safeguards ..................................................................................................... 16 4.4.8 Sustainability plans................................................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................... 18 5.0 WATER SUPPLY IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ............................................................. 17 5.1 WATER NEEDS IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES .......................................................................................... 17 5.2 WATER SOURCES .............................................................................................................................. 17 5.2.1 Types of water sources ........................................................................................................... 17 5.2.2 Basic considerations in selecting appropriate water sources for HCFs ............................... 17 5.2.3 Selection of available and feasible options of water sources ...............................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Partnerships for Environmental Public Health (PEPH)
    Partnerships for Environmental Public Health (PEPH) Environmental public health research aims to discover how the environment influences people’s health and translate research into action to address harmful environmental exposures and health risks to the public. Redefining environmental public health research The PEPH program brings together scientists, community members, educators, health care providers, public health PEPH Key Principles officials, and policymakers to coordinate environmental public health research at local, state, regional, tribal, national, and • Engage diverse communities. global levels. The multilevel partnerships fostered by PEPH help these groups discover and share vital information about the link • Promote the worthiest science. between environmental exposures and disease, which can be • Respond to current issues. used to promote health and reduce the risk of disease. • Focus on prevention. A hallmark of the PEPH program is the active engagement • Foster unified, integrated, and synergistic activities. of communities in all stages of research, dissemination, and evaluation, to help prevent, reduce, or eliminate adverse health • Support research to improve theories, methods, outcomes caused by environmental exposures. The program and practice. emphasizes both scientific advances and translation of research • Share the value of scientific advances and into practical resources, such as toolkits, brochures, and videos translational efforts. to explain research findings to stakeholders, communities, • Promote research into action. and individuals. Examples of PEPH in action Improving environmental health literacy PEPH Goals As part of an ongoing effort to increase environmental health • Coordinate and integrate new and existing literacy, the Community Outreach and Engagement Core initiatives that involve communities and scientists within the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Center for collaborating on environmental public health Environmental Health and Susceptibility, funded by the National research.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanure Sanitation the “No Waste, No Pollution, Nothing to Dispose Of” Toilet System
    Humanure Sanitation The “no waste, no pollution, nothing to dispose of” toilet system. Author: Joseph Jenkins, Joseph Jenkins, Inc., 143 Forest Lane, Grove City, PA 16127 USA; [email protected]; http://www.humanurehandbook.com ABSTRACT: Humanure toilets are designed to collect human excreta, including fecal material and urine together without separation, along with a carbon (plant cellulose-based) cover material, for the purpose of achieving an odor-free thermophilic (heat-producing) organic mass. The thermophilic phase renders the organic material hygienically safe by destroying pathogenic organisms, thereby creating a final product, humus, which is suitable for growing food. These toilets are inexpensive and very simple in design and implementation. They do not produce or dispose of waste and they create no environmental pollution. This study looks at various humanure systems in the United States. KEYWORDS: compost toilet, humanure, Joseph Jenkins, sanitation, thermophilic Introduction: What is "Humanure Sanitation"? The humanure sanitation system is a compost toilet system designed and intended to promote the thermophilic composting of human excrement. Human excreta, including fecal material and urine, are not considered waste materials that need to be disposed of. Instead, they are considered resource materials that must be recycled and reclaimed for reuse. When properly used and managed, a humanure toilet system requires virtually no water, produces no waste, creates no environmental pollution, attracts no flies, costs very little, requires no urine diversion, and produces no odor. Instead of waste, the toilet produces humus, a valuable resource that can safely grow food for human beings. It can be constructed for very little money or no money at all if recycled materials are used.
    [Show full text]
  • DEPARTMENT of ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES Programs Interim Chair: Charles Miller, III, Phd
    2021-2022 1 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES Programs Interim Chair: Charles Miller, III, PhD Mission The Department of Environmental Health Sciences conducts research and educates culturally competent scientists and leaders to address the impact of the environment on the health of populations through scholarly research and hands-on practice experiences in public, private, not-for-profit and academic sectors around the world. About EHS The Department of Environmental Health Sciences (EHS) engages in multi-faceted research and prepares culturally competent professionals to address all aspects of our environment: physical, chemical, biological, social, and policy. The health of communities is inextricably linked to the environment and pollutants disproportionally impact minority populations. Safe air, water, soil, and food are prerequisites for health. EHS graduates are leaders in public, private, not-for-profit and academic sectors globally. The EHS transdisciplinary research portfolio spans basic toxicology to clinical biomarker science and community-engaged environmental health studies. We place priority on countering environmental health disparities locally, in the Gulf Coast region, across our nation, and around the world. EHS faculty have expertise in environmental health, toxicology, water quality, industrial hygiene, environmental health policy, community-based studies and resiliency. Graduate Degrees • Disaster Management, MPH (https://catalog.tulane.edu/public-health-tropical-medicine/environmental-health-sciences/disaster-management-
    [Show full text]
  • All the Stock VOLUME ONE for Less Quick Orderline 0800 24Hr 083 DELIVERY 0373 HAIR & HAND DRYERS
    All the stock VOLUME ONE for less quick orderline 0800 24hr 083 DELIVERY 0373 HAIR & HAND DRYERS Get the latest and most highly regarded hand drying technology for your washroom at CNM Online. Providing our customers with such a variety enables them to find the dryers which are most suitable. CNM Online have been supplying specialist hair dryers for over 10 years and our collection continues to grow. These are perfectly suited to the hospitality industry. ADA HAND DRYER ULTRA DRY PRO 1 TURBO ULTRA DRY PRO 2 TURBO BOBRICK HAND DRYER HAND DRYER Automatic warm air hand dryer with One of the most reliable hand dryers on Ultradry stainless steel automatic hand dryer a satin finish stainless steel cover and the market, it’s extremely durable making it with a powerful airspeed providing a 15­-20 black plastic trim. The low profile design ideal for heavy traffic washrooms. It’s vandal second drying time. Durable and vandal projects just 100mm from the wall resistant and has an easy clean stainless steel resistant makes it ideal for heavy traffic surface. casing. washrooms. Quick Code 19330 Quick Code Options 17632 Quick Code Brushed Steel Options 17637 White Metal Brushed Stainless Steel Options 10 YEAR Polished Stainless Steel Brushed Stainless Steel WARRANTY 3 YEAR WARRANTY 3 YEAR WARRANTY MEDICLINICS SPEEDFLOW MEDICLINICS DUALFLOW STYLER DELUXE HAIR HIGH PERFORMANCE CAST HAND DRYER DRYER 1.8KW IRON WHITE An ultrafast drying time of 8­-15 seconds The Styler Deluxe hair dryer has a The Speedflow® hand dryer models are providing a 73% energy saving compared to durable extra life DC motor fitted, characterised by their power and ruggedness.
    [Show full text]
  • Cl19 Cleaning Toilets and Urinals
    CLEANING Great at cleaning Cl19 The final check... Cleaning toilets and urinals Did you allow toilet cleaner contact time? Do not leave toilet brush steeping in water and make sure holder is clean. The removal of soil, stains and odours from toilets and urinals. Are all surfaces and surrounding areas free from dirt, marks and smears? Have supplies been replenished correctly? Before you start Manager’s check... • Visually inspect your work area and review the task – are there any hazards to be addressed? Inspect toilet and urinals after this activity has been completed. • Put on clean site or area specific uniform and PPE* Has the required standard been achieved? • Assemble equipment • Place caution signs • Ensure area is adequately ventilated Equipment list (if appropriate) • caution signs • Inform supervisor of any problems What’s next? • chemical Refer to your cleaning schedule to *PPE: Colour coded gloves and goggles. • colour coded buckets check for the frequency of cleaning. • colour coded cloths You may be required to complete a sign-off sheet located in the • toilet brush area to confirm cleaning has been • sanitary bags (if appropriate) completed. • supply of toilet rolls • non abrasive scouring pad Health & Safety The following activity cards may be helpful to you: • Has a risk assessment been completed? Damp mopping, chemical competence, spray cleaning a floor, colour coding (cleaning). • Refer to relevant SSW and local site policy • Do not mix chemicals • Ensure different colour coded equipment is used as per your local site policy Keep using these activity cards and become great at cleaning! Urinals 1. Flush then turn off automatic flushing system if applicable.
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION As Per /ISO 14025/ and /EN 15804
    ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION as per /ISO 14025/ and /EN 15804/ Owner of the Declaration Programme holder Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU) Publisher Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. (IBU) Declaration number EPD-ECZ-20180068-CAC1-EN Issue date 25.07.2018 Valid to 24.07.2023 Vitreous China Ceramic Sanitaryware Eczacıbaşı Building Products Co. www.ibu-epd.com / https://epd-online.com General Information Eczacıbaşı Building Products Co. Vitreous China Ceramic Sanitaryware Programme holder Owner of the declaration IBU - Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V. Eczacıbaşı Building Products Co. Panoramastr. 1 Buyukdere Cad. Ali Kaya sk.,No.7 10178 Berlin Levent,İstanbul, Turkey Germany Declaration number Declared product / declared unit EPD-ECZ-20180068-CAC1-EN Vitreous China Ceramic Sanitaryware / 1 t This declaration is based on the product Scope: category rules: Within this study a life cycle analysis according to ISO Sanitary ceramics, 07.2014 14040/44 is performed for vitreous china ceramic (PCR checked and approved by the SVR) sanitary ware products manufactured by Eczacıbaşı Building Products Co. at the production plant located in Issue date Bozüyük/Bilecik/TURKEY. The life cycle analysis is based on the data declared by Eczacıbaşı Building 25.07.2018 Products Co. The EPD for vitreous china ceramic sanitaryware products is an average EPD which Valid to represents the life cycle analysis of the vitreous 24.07.2023 china product group. This analysis relies on transparent, plausible and documented basis data. All the model assumptions which influence the results are declared. The life cycle analysis is representative for the products introduced in the declaration for the given system boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Health Aspects of Water Supply and Sanitation - Yasumoto Magara
    ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASPECTS OF WATER TREATMENT AND SUPPLY – Environmental and Health Aspects of Water Supply and Sanitation - Yasumoto Magara ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH ASPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Yasumoto Magara Professor of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Keywords: Assessment 2000, Disinfection, Drinking water, Environmental health, Public health, Salinization, Sustainable development, TDI, Wastewater reuse, Waterborne disease, Water supply and sanitation, Water treatment. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Sustainable development of environmental health 3. Health problems and their resolution 4. Quality standards for drinking water 5. Water quality consideration in various water uses 6. Design and operation of water treatment and sanitation facilities Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Aquatic environment is one manifestation of the water circulation of the Earth. People rely on limited quantity of water; therefore, water becomes scarce as world population increases so rapidly. Still 1.1 billion people do not have improved water supply which assures safe and healthy life. United Nations and other international organizations set global target to improve poor water supply and sanitation. Waterworks developments have many difficulties due to financial, material, and human resource shortages. Financial status of waterworks in developing countries is so fragile due to large portion of un-accounted for water. In addition, water charge in often set extremely low so that the waterworks corporation falls into financial difficulty. UNESCO – EOLSS Water qualities are set to be safe enough for people’s use and environmental conservation. WHO developed the drinking water quality guidelines, which supports individual country to establish its own national water quality standards. Microbial aspects have priorSAMPLE importance with their seve rityCHAPTERS and extent of contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Publication 8 the Hygiene Improvement Framework a Comprehensive Approach for Preventing Childhood Diarrhea
    Joint Publication 8 The Hygiene Improvement Framework A Comprehensive Approach for Preventing Childhood Diarrhea Prepared by EHP, UNICEF/WES, USAID, World Bank/WSP, WSSCC May 2004 Prepared under EHP Project 26568/CESH.HI.ADVOCACY.Y3 Environmental Health Project Contract HRN-I-00-99-00011-00 is sponsored by the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition Bureau for Global Health U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523 Acknowledgements EHP gratefully acknowledges the input of thought, words and time of numerous people during the production of this document which is based on a concept developed by Massee Bateman and Chris McGahey, both formerly of EHP. Technical Direction: Eckhard Kleinau HIF Graphic: Fran Tain Writer/Editor: Charlotte Storti Contributors: Sandy Callier, Sarah Fry, Eckhard Kleinau, Chris McGahey, Lisa Nichols, Eddy Perez, May Post, Fred Rosensweig, Darren Saywell, Vanessa Tobin, Merri Weinger, World Bank/WSP Staff Reviewers USAID: O. Massee Bateman, John Borrazzo, Ann Hirschey, Charles Llewellyn UNICEF: Lizette Burgers, Vanessa Tobin, Mark Young WHO WSSCC: Darren Saywell CORE Group: Karen LeBan World Vision: Lynette Walker CRS: Alfonso Rosales IRC/The Hague: Eveline Bolt URC-CHS: Joy Riggs-Perla iii About the Partners The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent agency of the U.S. government that provides economic, development and humanitarian assistance around the world in support of the foreign policy goals of the United States. USAID has offices in Washington, D.C., and in over 80 countries. USAID’s Bureau for Global Health has made hygiene improvement a key component of its environmental health agenda, largely as a contribution to objectives in improving child health, and works in close partnership with USAID Missions and bilateral programs, other donors, intergovernmental organizations, non-profit organizations, and the commercial private sector.
    [Show full text]
  • A Room with a Bath
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 11-20-1997 A Room with a bath Joel Urruty Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Urruty, Joel, "A Room with a bath" (1997). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Fine and Applied Arts in Candidacy for the Degree of MASTER OF FINE ARTS A Room With a Bath by Joel Urruty November 20, 1997 College of Imaging Arts & Sciences School of American Crafts Approvals Chief Advisor: Richard Tannen Associate Advisor: Doug Sigler Date ( Z I I z/9v Associate Advisor: Robert Leverich Date n/iJ-L-9=-B- Associate Advisor: Robert Heischmann Date /.?- -7'- 20 I Chairperson: Richard Tannen Date---+--¥-_I---J.-__ I, Joel Urruty, hereby grant permission to the Wallace Library of RIT to reproduce my thesis in whole or in part. Any reproduction will not be for commercial use or profit. Signature rr pate-ll /°7 fieri CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES 1 I INTRODUCTION 2 II HISTORY 4 III ORNAMENT 9 IV DESIGN 12 -AESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS 14 -TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS 19 V CONCLUSION 24 ENDNOTES 32 BIBLIOGRAHY 33 LIST OF PLATES 1. Sink p. 26 2. Medicine Cabinet p. 27 3. Medicine Cabinet (detail) p. 28 4. Hamper p.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Health Playbook: Investing in a Robust Environmental Health System Executive Summary
    Environmental Health Playbook: Investing in a Robust Environmental Health System Executive Summary Background and Need for Action Environmental Health is the branch of public health that focuses on the interrelationships between people and their environment, promotes human health and well-being, and fosters healthy and safe communities. As a fundamental component of a comprehensive public health system, environmental health works to advance policies and programs to reduce chemical and other environmental exposures in air, water, soil, and food to protect residents and provide communities with healthier environments. Environmental health protects the public by tracking environmental exposures in communities across the United States and potential links with disease outcomes. To achieve a healthy community, homes should be safe, affordable, and healthy places for families to gather. Workplaces, schools, and child care centers should be free of exposures that negatively impact the health of workers or children. Nutritious, affordable foods should be safe for all community members. Access to safe and affordable multimodal transportation options, including biking and public transit, improves the environment and drives down obesity and other chronic illnesses. Outdoor and indoor air quality in all communities should be healthy and safe to breathe for everyone. Children and adults alike should have access to safe and clean public spaces, such as parks. When a disaster strikes, a community needs to be prepared; it should have the tools and resources to be resilient against physical (infrastructure and human) and emotional damage. All these activities require the participation of federal, state, local, and tribal governments. Building a Robust Environmental Health System Investing in essential governmental environmental health services through dedicated resources will create an effective environmental health system that proactively protects communities and helps everyone attain good health.
    [Show full text]
  • Children's Environmental Health
    Creating The Healthiest Nation: Children’s Environmental Health eginning in utero and through each childhood stage, children are particularly vulnerable to environmental health hazards. Environmental health pollutants like lead, radon, particulate matter and pesticides, even in the smallest dose, can damage both the physical and mental well-being of children, resulting in such problems as asthma, chronic stress, B (1) Exposure to developmental delays and cancer. Exposures to environmental pollutants during childhood can have a lifetime negative health impact. environmental health Children’s increased susceptibility to adverse environmental health outcomes is linked to their higher hazards depends on absorption rate compared to adults.(2) For example, children, specifcally newborns and infants, where children live. consume 10%–15% of their body weight in water, compared to an adult’s intake of 2%–4%. This means children are exposed to greater doses of any contaminants in water than adults.(2) At a time Children of color are when their organs and systems are developing, this extra exposure has the potential to permanently more likely to live harm a child’s health. in communities Although all children are susceptible to environmental health hazards, existing disparities founded on worsen the impact. Some children of color and children who live in underserved communities are disproportionately impacted by environmental hazards as a result of structural and systemic residential inequities, including racism and poverty.(3) segregation and other racial and EQUITY environmental Exposure to environmental health hazards depends on where children live. Children of color are more likely to live in communities founded on residential segregation and other racial and envi- inequities and ronmental inequities and injustices.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Environmental Health Strategies, Three Community
    Activity Report 119 Urban Environmental Health Strategies Three Community-based Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Projects Conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo by Jill Mac Dougall and Christopher McGahey April 2003 Prepared for the USAID Mission to Democratic Republic of Congo under EHP Project 26568/CESH.DOC.DRCUEH.Y4 Environmental Health Project Contract HRN-I-00-99-00011-00 is sponsored by the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases and Nutrition Bureau for Global Health U.S. Agency for International Development Washington, DC 20523 Contents Abbreviations.................................................................................................................v Executive Summary.................................................................................................... vii Context.................................................................................................................. vii Rationale for Action.............................................................................................. vii Pilot Project Objectives and Results.................................................................... viii Lessons Learned..................................................................................................... xi Conclusion ........................................................................................................... xiii 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.1. Overview......................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]