Nutrient Model Development for Upper Salt Creek and Beech Fork
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Characteristics and Importance of Rill and Gully Erosion: a Case Study in a Small Catchment of a Marginal Olive Grove
Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 2015 Nº 41 (1) pp. 107-126 ISSN 0211-6820 DOI: 10.18172/cig.2644 © Universidad de La Rioja CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPORTANCE OF RILL AND GULLY EROSION: A CASE STUDY IN A SMALL CATCHMENT OF A MARGINAL OLIVE GROVE E.V. TAGUAS1*, E. GUZMÁN1, G. GUZMÁN1, T. VANWALLEGHEM1, J.A. GÓMEZ2 1Rural Engineering Department/ Agronomy Department, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Leonardo Da Vinci building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain. 2Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Apartado 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain. ABSTRACT. Measurements of gullies and rills were carried out in an olive or- chard microcatchment of 6.1 ha over a 4-year period (2010-2013). No tillage management allowing the development of a spontaneous grass cover was imple- mented in the study period. Rainfall, runoff and sediment load were measured at the catchment outlet. The objectives of this study were: 1) to quantify erosion by concentrated flow in the catchment by analysis of the geometric and geomor- phologic changes of the gullies and rills between July 2010 and July 2013; 2) to evaluate the relative percentage of erosion derived from concentrated runoff to total sediment yield; 3) to explain the dynamics of gully and rill formation based on the hydrological patterns observed during the study period; and 4) to improve the management strategies in the olive grove. Control sections in gullies were established in order to get periodic measurements of width, depth and shape in each campaign. This allowed volume changes in the concentrated flow network to be evaluated over 3 periods (period 1 = 2010-2011; period 2 = 2011-2012; and period 3 = 2012-2013). -
Geomorphic Classification of Rivers
9.36 Geomorphic Classification of Rivers JM Buffington, U.S. Forest Service, Boise, ID, USA DR Montgomery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Inc. 9.36.1 Introduction 730 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification 730 9.36.3 Types of Channel Classification 731 9.36.3.1 Stream Order 731 9.36.3.2 Process Domains 732 9.36.3.3 Channel Pattern 732 9.36.3.4 Channel–Floodplain Interactions 735 9.36.3.5 Bed Material and Mobility 737 9.36.3.6 Channel Units 739 9.36.3.7 Hierarchical Classifications 739 9.36.3.8 Statistical Classifications 745 9.36.4 Use and Compatibility of Channel Classifications 745 9.36.5 The Rise and Fall of Classifications: Why Are Some Channel Classifications More Used Than Others? 747 9.36.6 Future Needs and Directions 753 9.36.6.1 Standardization and Sample Size 753 9.36.6.2 Remote Sensing 754 9.36.7 Conclusion 755 Acknowledgements 756 References 756 Appendix 762 9.36.1 Introduction 9.36.2 Purpose of Classification Over the last several decades, environmental legislation and a A basic tenet in geomorphology is that ‘form implies process.’As growing awareness of historical human disturbance to rivers such, numerous geomorphic classifications have been de- worldwide (Schumm, 1977; Collins et al., 2003; Surian and veloped for landscapes (Davis, 1899), hillslopes (Varnes, 1958), Rinaldi, 2003; Nilsson et al., 2005; Chin, 2006; Walter and and rivers (Section 9.36.3). The form–process paradigm is a Merritts, 2008) have fostered unprecedented collaboration potentially powerful tool for conducting quantitative geo- among scientists, land managers, and stakeholders to better morphic investigations. -
Flood Hazard of Dunedin's Urban Streams
Flood hazard of Dunedin’s urban streams Review of Dunedin City District Plan: Natural Hazards Otago Regional Council Private Bag 1954, Dunedin 9054 70 Stafford Street, Dunedin 9016 Phone 03 474 0827 Fax 03 479 0015 Freephone 0800 474 082 www.orc.govt.nz © Copyright for this publication is held by the Otago Regional Council. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the source is fully and clearly acknowledged. ISBN: 978-0-478-37680-7 Published June 2014 Prepared by: Michael Goldsmith, Manager Natural Hazards Jacob Williams, Natural Hazards Analyst Jean-Luc Payan, Investigations Engineer Hank Stocker (GeoSolve Ltd) Cover image: Lower reaches of the Water of Leith, May 1923 Flood hazard of Dunedin’s urban streams i Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope .................................................................................................................... 1 2. Describing the flood hazard of Dunedin’s urban streams .................................................. 4 2.1 Characteristics of flood events ............................................................................... 4 2.2 Floodplain mapping ............................................................................................... 4 2.3 Other hazards ...................................................................................................... -
Erosion-1.Pdf
R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I C E N T RY Erosion Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. G R A D E S 6 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 9 Images For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/erosion/ Erosion is the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind or water. A similar process, weathering, breaks down or dissolves rock, but does not involve movement. Erosion is the opposite of deposition, the geological process in which earthen materials are deposited, or built up, on a landform. Most erosion is performed by liquid water, wind, or ice (usually in the form of a glacier). If the wind is dusty, or water or glacial ice is muddy, erosion is taking place. The brown color indicates that bits of rock and soil are suspended in the fluid (air or water) and being transported from one place to another. This transported material is called sediment. Physical Erosion Physical erosion describes the process of rocks changing their physical properties without changing their basic chemical composition. Physical erosion often causes rocks to get smaller or smoother. Rocks eroded through physical erosion often form clastic sediments. -
Sustainable Drainage Systems Maximising the Potential for People and Wildlife
The RSPB is the UK charity working to secure a healthy environment for 978-1-905601-41-7 birds and wildlife, helping to create a better world for us all. Our Conservation Management Advice team works to improve the conservation status of priority habitats and species by promoting best- practice advice to land managers. www.rspb.org.uk The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) is one of the world’s largest and most respected wetland conservation organisations working globally to safeguard and improve wetlands for wildlife and people. Founded in 1946 by the late Sir Peter Scott, WWT also operates a unique UK-wide network of specialist wetland centres that protect over 2,600 hectares of important wetland habitat and inspire people to connect with and value wetlands and their wildlife. All of our work is supported by a much valued membership base of over 200,000 people. WWT’s mission is to save wetlands for wildlife and for people and we will achieve this through: • Inspiring people to connect with and value wetlands and their wildlife. • Demonstrating and promoting the importance and benefits of wetlands. • Countering threats to wetlands. • Creating and restoring wetlands and protecting key wetland sites. • Saving threatened wetland species. www.wwt.org.uk Supported by: Sustainable drainage systems Maximising the potential for people and wildlife A guide for local authorities and developers The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) is a registered charity: England & Wales no. 207076, Scotland no. SC037654 The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Limited is a charity (1030884 England and Wales, SC039410 Scotland) and a company limited by guarantee (2882729 England). -
Classifying Rivers - Three Stages of River Development
Classifying Rivers - Three Stages of River Development River Characteristics - Sediment Transport - River Velocity - Terminology The illustrations below represent the 3 general classifications into which rivers are placed according to specific characteristics. These categories are: Youthful, Mature and Old Age. A Rejuvenated River, one with a gradient that is raised by the earth's movement, can be an old age river that returns to a Youthful State, and which repeats the cycle of stages once again. A brief overview of each stage of river development begins after the images. A list of pertinent vocabulary appears at the bottom of this document. You may wish to consult it so that you will be aware of terminology used in the descriptive text that follows. Characteristics found in the 3 Stages of River Development: L. Immoor 2006 Geoteach.com 1 Youthful River: Perhaps the most dynamic of all rivers is a Youthful River. Rafters seeking an exciting ride will surely gravitate towards a young river for their recreational thrills. Characteristically youthful rivers are found at higher elevations, in mountainous areas, where the slope of the land is steeper. Water that flows over such a landscape will flow very fast. Youthful rivers can be a tributary of a larger and older river, hundreds of miles away and, in fact, they may be close to the headwaters (the beginning) of that larger river. Upon observation of a Youthful River, here is what one might see: 1. The river flowing down a steep gradient (slope). 2. The channel is deeper than it is wide and V-shaped due to downcutting rather than lateral (side-to-side) erosion. -
Drainage Patterns
Drainage Patterns Over time, a stream system achieves a particular drainage pattern to its network of stream channels and tributaries as determined by local geologic factors. Drainage patterns or nets are classified on the basis of their form and texture. Their shape or pattern develops in response to the local topography and Figure 1 Aerial photo illustrating subsurface geology. Drainage channels develop where surface dendritic pattern in Gila County, AZ. runoff is enhanced and earth materials provide the least Courtesy USGS resistance to erosion. The texture is governed by soil infiltration, and the volume of water available in a given period of time to enter the surface. If the soil has only a moderate infiltration capacity and a small amount of precipitation strikes the surface over a given period of time, the water will likely soak in rather than evaporate away. If a large amount of water strikes the surface then more water will evaporate, soaks into the surface, or ponds on level ground. On sloping surfaces this excess water will runoff. Fewer drainage channels will develop where the surface is flat and the soil infiltration is high because the water will soak into the surface. The fewer number of channels, the coarser will be the drainage pattern. Dendritic drainage pattern A dendritic drainage pattern is the most common form and looks like the branching pattern of tree roots. It develops in regions underlain by homogeneous material. That is, the subsurface geology has a similar resistance to weathering so there is no apparent control over the direction the tributaries take. -
Stream Visual Assessment Manual
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Stream Visual Assessment Manual Cane River, credit USFWS/Gary Peeples U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Conasauga River, credit USFWS Table of Contents Introduction ..............................................................................................................................1 What is a Stream? .............................................................................................................1 What Makes a Stream “Healthy”? .................................................................................1 Pollution Types and How Pollutants are Harmful ........................................................1 What is a “Reach”? ...........................................................................................................1 Using This Protocol..................................................................................................................2 Reach Identification ..........................................................................................................2 Context for Use of this Guide .................................................................................................2 Assessment ........................................................................................................................3 Scoring Details ..................................................................................................................4 Channel Conditions ...........................................................................................................4 -
Erosion and Sediment Transport Modelling in Shallow Waters: a Review on Approaches, Models and Applications
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review Erosion and Sediment Transport Modelling in Shallow Waters: A Review on Approaches, Models and Applications Mohammad Hajigholizadeh 1,* ID , Assefa M. Melesse 2 ID and Hector R. Fuentes 3 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, EC3781, Miami, FL 33174, USA 2 Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, AHC-5-390, 11200 SW 8th Street Miami, FL 33199, USA; melessea@fiu.edu 3 Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA; fuentes@fiu.edu * Correspondence: mhaji002@fiu.edu; Tel.: +1-305-905-3409 Received: 16 January 2018; Accepted: 10 March 2018; Published: 14 March 2018 Abstract: The erosion and sediment transport processes in shallow waters, which are discussed in this paper, begin when water droplets hit the soil surface. The transport mechanism caused by the consequent rainfall-runoff process determines the amount of generated sediment that can be transferred downslope. Many significant studies and models are performed to investigate these processes, which differ in terms of their effecting factors, approaches, inputs and outputs, model structure and the manner that these processes represent. This paper attempts to review the related literature concerning sediment transport modelling in shallow waters. A classification based on the representational processes of the soil erosion and sediment transport models (empirical, conceptual, physical and hybrid) is adopted, and the commonly-used models and their characteristics are listed. This review is expected to be of interest to researchers and soil and water conservation managers who are working on erosion and sediment transport phenomena in shallow waters. -
Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP)
National Water and Climate Center Technical Note 99–1 United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Issued December 1998 Cover photo: Stream in Clayton County, Iowa, exhibiting an impaired riparian zone. The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Cen- ter at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. (NWCC Technical Note 99–1, Stream Visual Assessment Protocol, December 1998) Preface This document presents an easy-to-use assessment protocol to evaluate the condition of aquatic ecosystems associated with streams. The protocol does not require expertise in aquatic biology or extensive training. Least-im- pacted reference sites are used to provide a standard of comparison. The use of reference sites is variable depending on how the state chooses to implement the protocol. The state may modify the protocol based on a system of stream classification and a series of reference sites. Instructions for modifying the protocol are provided in the technical information sec- tion. Aternatively, a user may use reference sites in a less structured man- ner as a point of reference when applying the protocol. -
TAHQUITZ CREEK TRAIL MASTER PLAN Background, Goals and Design Standards Tahquitz Creek Trail Master Plan
TAHQUITZ CREEK T RAIL MASTER PLAN PREPARED FOR: THE CITY OF PALM SPRINGS PARKS & RECREATION DEPARTMENT PREPARED BY: ALTA PLANNING + DESIGN WITH RBF CONSULTING MARCH 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Deep appreciati on to the neighborhood groups and community members who conti nue to work ti relessly to bring the vision of the Tahquitz Creek Trail to fruiti on. Steering Committ ee Members Council Member Ginny Foat April Hildner Jim Lundin Bill Post Max Davila Lauri Aylaian Steve Sims Mike Hutchison Renee Cain Nanna D. A. Nanna Sharon Heider, Director City of Palm Springs Department of Parks and Recreati on 401 South Pavilion Way P.O. Box 2743 Palm Springs, CA 922-2743 George Hudson, Principal Karen Vitkay, Project Manager Alta Planning + Design, Inc. 711 SE Grand Avenue Portland, Oregon 97214 www.altaplanning.com RBF Consulti ng Brad Mielke, S.E., P.E. 74-130 Country Club Drive, Suite 201 Palm Desert, CA 92260-1655 www.RBF.com TABLE OF CONTENTS Background, Goals and Design and Standards .............................................1 Background ...................................................................................................... 2 Vision Statement .............................................................................................. 2 Goals and Objecti ves ........................................................................................ 3 Trail Design Standards .......................................................................................4 Multi -Use Trail Design ...................................................................................... -
River Blackwater – Manor Farm
River Blackwater – Manor Farm An advisory visit carried out by the Wild Trout Trust – January 2012 1 1. Introduction This report is the output of a Wild Trout Trust advisory visit undertaken on a reach of the River Blackwater adjacent to Manor Farm near Plaitford in Hampshire. The request for the visit was made by the landowner, Hillary Harper. Comments in this report are based on observations on the day of the site visit and discussions with Ms. Harper and Ms. Penny Scott, the owner of a section of the right (southern) bank. Throughout the report, normal convention is followed with respect to bank identification i.e. banks are designated Left Bank (LB) or Right Bank (RB) whilst looking downstream. 2. Catchment overview The River Blackwater rises just to the east of Red Lynch on the northern fringes of the New Forest. From here it flows south easterly for approximately 16km before joining the River Test at the upstream end of its tidal range. The Test has an international reputation as one of the finest chalk stream fisheries in the world. The Blackwater, by contrast, is not a chalk stream but rises from a network of small surface fed streams and gutters running over mainly tertiary clays and gravels. The Blackwater has long been recognised as a crucially important spawning tributary to the main River Test and is thought to be the destination of choice for the bulk of the migratory sea trout (Salmo trutta) that enter the system. Unlike the River Test, the Blackwater does not enjoy any high level statutory protection as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).