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Faculdade De Ciências Agronômicas Câmpus De Botucatu UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRONÔMICAS CÂMPUS DE BOTUCATU POLIETISMO ETÁRIO E PRODUÇÃO DE MACHOS EM COLÔNIA SEM RAINHA DA FORMIGA CORTADEIRA, Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus FOREL, 1911 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ROBERTO DA SILVA CAMARGO Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Unesp – Câmpus de Botucatu, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) BOTUCATU – SP Dezembro - 2007 Livros Grátis http://www.livrosgratis.com.br Milhares de livros grátis para download. UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA “JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO” FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS AGRONÔMICAS CÂMPUS DE BOTUCATU POLIETISMO ETÁRIO E PRODUÇÃO DE MACHOS EM COLÔNIA SEM RAINHA DA FORMIGA CORTADEIRA, Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus FOREL, 1911 (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ROBERTO DA SILVA CAMARGO Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Carlos Forti Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Unesp – Câmpus de Botucatu, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) BOTUCATU – SP Dezembro – 2007 I AGRADECIMENTOS Á FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), pela concessão da bolsa de estudo de doutorado (Processo: 03/09464-8) e pelo Auxílio a Pesquisa (Processo: 04/08606-6). Aos pesquisadores que colaboraram na realização deste trabalho: Dr. Luiz Carlos Forti (orientação), Dra. Juliane Floriano Lopes Santos, Dr. Carlos Alberto O. de Matos, Dra. Ana Paula P. Andrade, Dr. Angelo L.T. Ottati, Dra. Sandra S. Verza, Dr. Carlos G. Raetano e Dra. Cristina G. Mendonça e Ms. Newton C. Noronha. II SUMÁRIO Página 1. RESUMO .............................................................................................................. 01 2. SUMMARY........................................................................................................... 03 3. INTRODUÇÃO..................................................................................................... 05 CAPÍTULOS.............................................................................................................. 18 I Polietismo etário na formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus 18 Forel, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).................................................................... 1. Introdução..................................................................................................... 19 2. Material e Métodos ...................................................................................... 22 2.1. Colônias de estudo .................................................................................... 22 2.2. Marcação das operárias .......................................................................... 22 2.3. Isolamento das pupas ................................................................................ 22 2.4. Polietismo etário ....................................................................................... 23 2.5. Análise dos dados ..................................................................................... 24 3. Resultados e Discussão................................................................................ 25 4. Referências................................................................................................... 30 II Oviposição das operárias na formiga cortadeira, Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus (Formicidae, Attini).................................................................................... 42 1. Introdução..................................................................................................... 43 2. Material e Métodos ...................................................................................... 44 2.1. Colônias de estudo .................................................................................... 44 2.2. Preparação das subcolônias ..................................................................... 45 2.3. Influência da rainha na postura das operárias ......................................... 45 2.4. Influência da idade das operárias ............................................................ 45 2.4.1. Marcação de operárias .......................................................................... 45 2.4.2. Obtenção das operárias jovens ............................................................ 46 2.4.3. Avaliação dos ovários ............................................................................ 46 III 3. Resultados ................................................................................................... 46 4. Discussão...................................................................................................... 47 5. Referências................................................................................................... 51 III Respostas comportamentais das operárias em relação às larvas de machos produzidas pelas operárias e larvas de operárias produzidas pela rainha em Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel, 1911 (Hym., Formicidae) ................... 59 1. Introdução..................................................................................................... 60 2. Material e Métodos ...................................................................................... 61 2.1. Colônias de estudo .................................................................................... 61 2.2. Ingestão do alimento tingido ..................................................................... 62 2.3. Cuidado com as larvas .............................................................................. 62 2.4. Analise estatística ..................................................................................... 63 3. Resultados ................................................................................................... 63 4. Discussão...................................................................................................... 63 5. Referências................................................................................................... 69 IV Cuidado com a prole e comportamento dos machos em colônias sem rainha de Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel, 1911 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) sob condições laboratoriais........................................................................................ 71 1. Introdução.................................................................................................... 72 2. Material e Métodos ..................................................................................... 72 3. Resultados e Discussão................................................................................ 73 4. Referências................................................................................................... 84 V Morfometria das formas sexuais de Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em colônias com e sem rainha sob condições laboratoriais................................................................................................................ 86 1. Introdução.................................................................................................... 87 2. Material e Métodos ..................................................................................... 87 3. Resultados e Discussão................................................................................ 91 4. Referências................................................................................................... 93 VI O papel das operárias na transferência de substâncias da rainha e as IV diferenças entre as castas na formiga cortadeira, Acromyrmex subterraneus 100 brunneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)....................................................................... 1. Introdução..................................................................................................... 101 2. Material e Métodos ...................................................................................... 102 2.1. Colônias de estudo .................................................................................... 102 2.2. Preparação das subcolônias e isolamento da rainha ............................... 102 2.3. Concentração de corante externo e interno na casta operária ................ 103 2.4. Freqüência de indivíduos marcados internamente na casta operária ...... 104 2.5. Delineamento experimental ....................................................................... 105 3. Resultados e Discussão................................................................................ 105 4. Referências................................................................................................... 111 4. CONCLUSÕES...................................................................................................... 113 1 1. RESUMO O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estudar o polietismo etário, bem como, a produção de machos em colônias sem rainha de Acromyrmex subterraneus brunneus . Primeiramente, um estudo comportamental foi efetuado desde a emergência das operárias até a sua morte. Durante o estudo, 29 atos comportamentais foram registrados durante 19 semanas de observação. Os indivíduos quando jovens desempenharam tarefas no interior do ninho, relacionados ao cuidado com a prole e jardim de fungo e quando mais velhos desempenharam atividades no exterior do ninho, como forrageamento e atividades na arena de lixo. Posteirormente, estudou-se a produção de machos em colônias sem rainha, com diferentes abordagens experimentais, sendo elas: A) Oviposição das operárias: Estudou-se o
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