CENSUS OF 1971 SERIES 22--W"EST BENGAL PART XI ,(2)--SPECIAL MONOGRAPH ON PORAMATIR KAAJ ~_

HANDICRAFts SURVEY MONOGRAPH ON PORAMATIRKAAJ (Terracotta) OF PANCHMURA ()

A. N. Mukherjee Deputy Director of Industries (CDP) Cottage & Small Scale Industries Directorate Government of 1971 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS

Series 22-West Bengal

Part I-A GENERAL REPORT Part I-B GENERAL REPORT Part I-C SUBSIDIARY TABLES Published Part II-A GENERAL POPULATION TABLES Part II-R(i) GENERAL ECONOMIC TABLES (Tables B-I Part A and R-Il)

Part II-B(ii) GENERAL ECONOMIC TABLES Part II-C(i) SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TABLES (Tables C-V, C-VII and C-VIII)

Part II-CCii) SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TA:BLES (Tables C-I to C-IV, C-VI and Fertility Tables)

Part n-D MlGRATION TABLES Published Part III-A ESTABLISHMENTS TABLES Part III-B REPORT AND SUBSIDIARY TABLES ON ESTABLISHMENTS Published Part IV • HOUSING REPORT AND TABLES Part VI-A TOWN DIRECTORY Part VI-B(i-xv) SPECIAL SURVEY REPORTS ON SELECTED TOWNS Part VI-C(i-iii) SURVEY REPORTS ON SELECTED VILLAGES Published Part VIII-A • ADMINISTRATION REPORT ON ENUMERATION Part VIII-B • ADMINISTRATION REPORT ON TABULATION Part IX CENSUS ATLAS Part IX::A • ADMINISTRATlVE CENSUS ATLAS Part XI(i-v) SPECIAL MONOGRAPHS

GOVERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL PUBLICATIONS 32 Volumes of District Census Handbooks Each District containing two Parts i.e., Part X-A & B and Part C [PartX-A&B: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, MaIda, Howrah, Hooghly, Eirbhum and Bankura Districts Published.] About the Study

THE STllDY was undertaken at the instance of the Registrar-General, Govt. of India in 1964-65, after we, from this Directorate, had already completed two Monographs on (i) Cutlery of Jhalda (Purulia) and (ii) Malar's of Dariapur (Burdwan) (Dokra artisans).

2. Primary investigation in respect of the Terracotta Craft Centre at Panchmura in was completed according to Schedules within 1965 under my supervision by Sri Dhananjoy Das of Survey Wing of this Directorate, who prepared the first Draft on Panchmura Centre. Sri Byomkesh Roy of College of Ceramic Technology prepared the Panchmura Drawings. That College also assisted by furnishing the Test Reports at my request. At that time, it appeared to me that, it may be better to place the facts about this particular Craft Centre amidst the wider terracotta base of Bankura District. The use of potter's wheel for the production of hollow animal forms distinguished all the Bankura Centres from the other centres in the State, where small-sized solid figures of terra cotta are produced in hand only, although for similar ritualistic purposes. At this stage, a number offield level Extension Officers of our Directorate and a few Block Development Officers extended to me their assistance. Dr. Amalendu Mitra M.A.,D.Phil, helped me with his observations on ' Thakur', a folk deity, who is associated with the products from the end of consumer-devotees.

3. While preparing the Final Draft covering the broader canvass of the entire District and Crait in general, I personally visited Panchmura a number of times and most of the Centres ofBankura District and a few other Districts, producing wheel-made and hand-made terra cotta articles, discussed with the artisans, verified the information, consulted the records and obtained views from different sources. I could only gather that the Bankura artisans were very sincerely proud of their craftmanship, but, still mostly concerned with the folk sentiments relevant to the use of their products. The traditional artisans of the outlying areas in the District came forward to suggest that the speciality, if any, of the products should not be related to any particular craft centre, but be viewed in totality from the District as a whole, as the common factors in respect of the uses, the community of artisans and the technique pertaining to all centres outweighed the minor differences amongst them. Discrimination between the centres may reflect on the same tradition flowing through all of them and the consuming people at large. But still, there were significant differences in craftsmanship reflected in forms and motifs and hence, it was just not a village industry, but a handicraft.

4. We, in this Directorate, who were engaged in this study, humbly attempted to bring out the infor­ mation in that perspective too and would consider our labour to have been useful if, the monograph could throw some light on this folk craft based on common clay and traditional wheels. The study is dedicated to the memory of the pioneer terracotta artisans of Bankura District.

August 2, 1971 A. N. Mukherjee New Secretariat Buildings, Deputy Director of Industries (CDP) 9th Floor, Directorate of Cottage & Small Scal~ Industri~s, A-Block, Calcutta West Bengal

PREFACE

HIS Monograph presents a brief account on the production of common clay hollow T terracotta (Podimati) by the common potters of District Bankura on traditional wheels for the common people's ritualistic requirements.

Bankura District in the Western tract of the state of West Bengal still maintains 9 such Craft Centres with 57 potter's units engaged in the handicraft. Panchmura Centre in Block claims 28 of them. A study undertaken in 1964-65 states these Craft Centres, the craftsmen, their products, the technique and the economy in parti­ cular reference to Panchmura Centre.

Once entirely and even now primarily intended for the rural people, the recent uses of the products by the urban people as decorative pieces and symbols have opened up new commercial lines to some extent. Their effects on the traditional motifs, designs and technique are as yet negligible.

The current of this traditional craft is, therefore, in the midst of a transition, where a new type of demand for cultured people is gaining ground outside the periphery of folk deities. The artisans cater to the both sectors, often times being more alert to urban demands for better prices. The rural consumers, however, stand curious to know whether there has been the emergence of any deity in the cultured society. The few 'new' cus­ tomers are satisfied in possessing the articles in drawing rooms, while, the million 'old' ones still feel relieved in offering them for good unto the feet of deities, mostly placed in open shrines.

A. N. Mukherjee

PORAMATIR KAAJ OF PANCHMURA

Primary Invejtigation in Ptlnchmura (Bankura) and Dhananjoy Das-of Survey Wing, C. & S. S. 1. First Drajt Directorate, West Bengal

Supplementary Investigation in other areas oj Districts Extension Officers (Industries), Block Develop­ Bankura and oj the State ment Officers of respective areas, Superin­ tendent of Sericulture, MaIda and Secretary, Rajagram Weavers Co-operative Society

Notes on 'Dharma Thakur' Dr. Amalendu Mitra, M.A., D. Phil.

Sketches and Drawing regarding Panchmura Centre Byomkesh Roy. Research Asst-cum-Organiser, College of Ceramic Technology, Calcutta

Drawings oj Terracotta oj Bankura District Ashamukul Bose, Office of District Industrial Officer, Bankura

Maps and Drawings Tarak Patra, Design Centre, C. & S. S. 1. Direc­ torate, Calcutta

Test Report on Panchmura Clay and Prints on Shed College of Ceramic Technology, Calcutta and Kiln oj Panchmura

Translation oj First Draft (Bengali) r>jShri DhananjoJ Sanjib Ch8ttcrjee, Information Wing, C.&S. S. 1. Das Directorate

Cover Page Sujan Ghosh, Regional Design Centre, Calcutta

Spot verification, Re-inve,tigation, Editing, Final Drajt A. N. Mukherjee, Deputy Director of Industries and Supervision (CDP), C. & S.S.I. Directorate, West Bengal

Acknowledgements

JREMAIN grateful and acknowledge deep debt to each of them mentioned below, with whose kind suggestions, information and assistance at various stages, the monograph was prepared.

Information and guidance

The District Magistrate, Bankura. 2 The Divisional Forest Officer, Bankura. 3 (i) The,District Agriculture Officer, Bankura. (ii) The Asstt. Registrar of Cooperative Societies" Bankura. 4 Sri S. K. Guha, Deputy Superintendent, College of Ceramic Technology, Calcutta. 5 Sri J. Sanyal, Asst. Director of Industries (Ceramics), West Bengal. 6 Sri A. M'l.jumdar, Asstt. Director of Industries (Chemical Technology), West Bengal. 7 Sri S. P. Banerjee, Quality Control Officer, College of Ceramic Technology, Calcutta. 8 (i) Sri P. Sen, Director, Regional Design Centre, All India Handicrafts Board, Calcutta. (ii) The Libmrian, Anthropological Survey of India, Calcutta.

Field Survey and data

9 Sri S. M. Roy Chowdhury, District Industrial Officer, Bankura. 10 Sri B. K. Bhattacharyya, District Industrial Officer, Bankura. 11 Sri P. K. Bhattacharyya, Block Development Officer, Ketugram-I (Burdwan). 12 Sri S. M. Bhattacharyya, Blork Development Officer, Taldangra (Bankura). 13 Sri A. K. Roy, Block Development Officer, Sainthia (Birbhum). 14 Sri A. Rashid, Block Development Officer, Katwa-II, (Burdwan).

15 Sri U. P. Bhattacharyya, Sup~rintendent of Sericulture, (MaIda) (1964). 16 Sri Q. Khan, Extension Officer (Industries) , (Bankura). 17 Sri N. Huda, Extension Officer (Industries), Taldangra, (Bankura). 18 Sri S. Sengupta, ElCtemion O;Ji:;,er (Industries), Bisnupur (Bankura). 19 Sri D. K. Pandey, Extension Officer (Industries), Onda (Bankura). 20 Sri S. Bhattach:l.ryya, Extension Officer (Industries), Office ofDistrici Industrial Officer (Midnapore)

21 Sri S. R. Chowdhury, Investigator, Office of DIstrict Indu~trial Officer, Midnapore. 22 Sri N. Biswas, Extension Officer (Industries) Katwa, (Burdwan). 23 Sri A. Dutta, Extemion Officer (.Industries) Daspur, (Midnapore). 24 Sri D. Chakravcrty, Extension Officel (Industries), (Midnapore). 25 Sri A. Chakravarty, Extension Officer (Industries), Office of District Industrial Officer, Nadia.

(vii) 2-1 CensusJCalf75 (viii) 26 Sri A Misra, Extension Officer (Industries) Harischandrapur (MaIda). 27 Sri S. Roy, Extension Officer (Industries) Katugram-I (Burdwan). 28 Sri A. Chaki, Assistant Superintendent, Tassar, Panchmura. 29 Sri R. Bhattacharyya, Mat Organiser, Handicrafts Section, C. & S.S.I. Directorate. 30 The Manager, State Sales Emporium, Calcutta. 31 Sri Panchanan Kumbhakar, Secretary, Panchmura Mrit Silpi Samabay Samity Ltd. 32 Sri Kanai Lal Dey, Secretary, Rajagram Cooperative Weavers Society Ltd. 33 Sri P. K. D.ls, Extension Officer (Industries), Office of District Industrial Officer, Bankura. (Most of the positions of Field Officers relate to 1964-65)

Drawings 34 Sri Tarak Patra, Designer, C & SSI Directorate. 35 Sri Asha Mukul Bose, Office of the District Industrial Officer, Bankura. 36 Sri Sujan Ghosh, Designer-Artist, Regional Design Centre, Calcutta.

Typing assistance and other arrangements 37 Sri S. P. Barua, Quality Marking Unit,--a & SSI Directorate. 38 Sri Susanta Dutta, C & SSI Directorate. 39 Sri K. C. Pantu, C & SSI Directorate. 40 Sri A. Ghatak, C & SSI Directorate. 41 Sm. L. Sen, C & SSI Directorate. 42 Sm. A. Bose, C & SSI Directorate. 43 Sri Arun Sarkar, C & SSI Directorate. 44 Sri Mahadev Ghosh, C & SSI Directorate.

Translation oj First Draft

45 Sri S'l.njib Chatterjee, Information Officer, C & SSI Directorate. 46 Sri A. Singh, Photographer, Office of Registrar General, India.

I owe a sense of special gratitude to Sri I)hananjoy Das (Survey Wingh, C & 88I Directorate) who prepared the First Draft on Panchmura Craft Centre and Sri Byomkesh Roy of College of Ceramic Technology, Calcutta, who prepared all the Sketches and drawings regarding the tools the products and the process as in Panchmura ~entre, with great sincerity and devotion in field work. I remain indeed grateful for the kind views and observations of Dr. Amalendu Mitra, M.A. D. Phil on 'Dharma Thakur', a predominant folk deity in the western tract of the state, wno, on a simple request from my end, prepared ,a Note on it, based on his extensive field research, which forms.an integra­ ted part of the Monograph explaining to a great extent the motifs behind the craft.

, Finally, I express my gratitude to Dc. B. K. Roy Burman, Dy. Registrar General, Govt. of Indi,a, who has all along been ,guiding us since we had taken up such field studies with constructive suggestions and kind views. It is only because that he preferred a few Monographs to be prepared by this Directorate and entrusted m~ with the responsibility, that we have been on the job with many lapses on our part.

A. N. Mukherjee Depz.ty 'Director oj Industries (GDP) Directorate oj Cottage and SmalJ Scale Industries West Bengal CONTENTS [Paragraph indicates within the brackets]

PAGE

CHAPTER I-Introduction

Introducing the objects: Excavation at Noh (1.1), Studies in Bhita finds (1.2), Sari Dhari (1.3) Cyprus (1.4), Greece (1.5), Shrines of Rural West Bengal (1.6), Bankura Terracota (1. 7-1. 9) '. .

Introducing the study: Distinctiveness of Bankura Terracotta (2.1-2.2), Object of the present study (2.3-2.4) ......

CHAPTER 2-Anirnal Terracotta Centtes of West Bengal 5 Difference in technique between Bankura Zone and other iones (1.1), spot investigations (1 ;2) Centres of hand-made Terracotta at Katwa (1.3), Daspur (1.4), Santipur (1.5), Farrakka (1.6), Kharba and Harisc';andrapur (1. 7), Mahadipur (1. 8), Shrine at. Raibaghini (1. 9), Panchmura (1.10), Mlrzabazar (1.11), Centres of wheel-made terracotta III District Bankura at Taldangra (2.1-2.2), Vishnupur (2.3), Onda (2.4), Sonamukhi (2.5), Rajagram (2.6), Key centre of Panchmura (2.7) .

CHAPTER 3-0rigin of Bankura Terracotta motifs 13

Folk deities of Manasha and Dharmathiikur (I), Dharm1thli.~uf (2.1), Devotees of Dharm~thakur in the Wester~ parts of the State (2.2.1-2.2.7), Sm:tll form~ (2.3.1), Bankura forms (2.3.2), Bankura deSIgns (2 . 3 . 3-2 .3 .4) ......

CHAPTER 4-Craft Centre at Panchrnura (Bankura) 19 District Bankura (1), Block Taldangra (2), Village Panchmura (3), Rivers and Canals around Panch­ mura (4), S'-lrrounding villages (5), L'ly-out of the village Panchmura (6.1), Castewise locali­ ties (6.2), CClmpactness of the village (6.3), Castewise distribution of families (7.1-7.3) Castel Occupation distribution (8. 1), Cultivation and village industries main occupations (8.2) . •

CHAPTER 5-Poriimiiti (Terracotta) Artisans of Panchmura and their products 27

List of Pottery artisans (1), Pioneer families (2), Base pioneer in the ~raft (3), families having migrated into the village (4), Life-sketch of representative artisans (5), Their work (6), Local use of the materials (7.1-7.4) .

CHAPTER 6-Technique of Production of Terracotta 47

Types of raw materials (1.1), Sources of different item~ and Ieatures (1.2-1. 7), Pre paration of pro­ cessed clay (2.1), Preparation of clay dyes (2.2-2.4), Q:l'llity of soil (3.1), Test report of clay dyes (3.2), findings of Reports (3.3-3.4), C:>mparative table on soil (3.5), Tools in use (4.1), Their availability (4.2), Adjoining worksheds and dwellings (5.1), Distribution of dwelling houses, available space and workers (5.2-5.5), CClmtruction of workshed (5.6), Working space (5.7), Cost involved (5.8), Working hours (5.9), Use of wheel for turning figures (6.1), Process in case of a Terracotta horse (6.2-6.4), Process for similar other figures (6.5), Process in case of an ordi­ nary vessel (6.6), Ioeatures of work on wheel (6.7), Ball bearing wheels (6.8), Role of female worker (6.9), b..ilm and their distribution (7.1-7.2), Merits ofdi~erent types of kilns (7.3), Specifications and locatiom of kilns (7.4.7.6), Pfe-firing action (7.7), Firing (7.8-7.9), Finish­ ed products (7.10)...... • . . . • •

CHAPTER 7-Economy of Poriirnitir Kiiij (Terracotta) in Panchrnura 103 Types of unit (1), Source and consumption of raw materials (2.1-2.3), Annual cost exciuding labour (2.4-2.6), Peak period (3.1), Slack period (3.2), Smpension of work (3.3), Production capacity and actuals of representative artisam (4.1-4.9), M:trket and marketing facilities (5.1- 5.5), Peak for particular item~ (5.6), Sale rates (5.7), D:tily sales and consumers (5.8-5.10), Annual sales of representative artisans (5.11), Source of finance (6), System of keeping accounts and costing (7.1-7.8), The Panchmura Mritsilpi Sam~bay Samity Ltd. (8.1-8.5), General problems (8.6-8.9), Conclmion (9) (x)

TABLES

Table No. Description Reference PAGE Families practising wheel-based terracotta craft in Bankura District Chapt_!:r 2 8 2 Caste-wise localities in Panchmura Chapter 4 (6.2) 24

3 Non-weaving caste-group~ in'Panchmura Chapter 4 (7. 2~ 25 4 Weaving caste-groups in Panchmura . Chapter 4 17.3) 25 5 Caste-wise occupational distribution in Panchmura Chapter 4 (8. 1) 25 6 Potters' families to Panchmura Chapter 5 (1) 29 7 Potters' families having migrated to Panchmura Chapter 5 (4) 30 8 Test r:eport, on eO.mm01!- clay Chapter 6 (3. I pO 9 Test report on clay dyes Chapter 6 (3.2) 77 10 Workability of different soil samples Chapter 6 (3.5) 77 11 Tools. Chapter 6 (4.1) 78 12 Terracotta h9rse in making in green stage Chapter 6 (6.3) 85 13 Specifications of kiln Chapter 6 (7.4) 100 14 Collection of raw materials Chapter 7 \2.3) 105 15 Sale-rates of different items Chapter 7 (5.2-5.3) 110 16 Annual sales of representative artisans Chapter 7 (5.11) 111 17 Cost of terracotta articles in one turnover regarding Clay and fuel Chapter 7 (7.3) 112 18 Cost of other traditional items in one turnover regarding Clay and fuel - Chapter 7 (7.5) 113 19 Particulars of members of Panchmura Mritsilpi Samabay Samity ltd. Chapter 7 (8. 1) 113

20 Financial position of the society Chapter 7 (8.~.I) 115 21 Balance Sheet of Society Chapter 7 (8.2.2) 115 22 Meetings of Managing Committee Chapter 7 (8.5) 115 23 Other assets of representative artisans Chapter 7 (8.9) '116 ILLUSTRATtoNS

Desc~ipti\)n Referenc.e PAGE

Maps

Locations of wheel-based terracota centres-Bankura District Chapter 2 (1.10) Facing page 8 2 Terracotta Centre of Panchmura in Taldangra Block-District Bankura Chapter 4 (1.2) 21

Line Drawings and Sketches Terracotta horse excavated at Noh in Northern India. Chapter 1 (1.1) 3 2 Terracotta horse excavated in Piasbari Nursery Tank (Maida) Chapter 2 (1.8) 8 3 Terracotta horse (hand-made) of Panchmura Chapter 2 (1.10) 10 4 Terracotta horse (on wheel) of Pachmura . Chapter 2 (2.7) 10 5 Do. Vishnupur Do. 11 6 Do. Uliara Do. 11 7 Do. Rajagram Do. 11 B Do. Sonamukhi Do. 11 9 Terracotta elephant (on wheel) of Vishnupur Do. 12 10 Do. Uliara Do. 12 11 Do. Rajagram • Do. 12 12 Do. Panchmura Do. 12 13 Terracotta eleph:mt (h:lll-l-mlde) of P,lllchmura • Chapter 5 (6.2) 40 14 Terracotta toy train of Panchmura Do. 40 15 Terracotta Sashthi Thakrun (local deity) of Panchmura Do. 40 16 Terracotta Bonga (the god of Santals) of Panchmura Do. 41 17 Terracotta tiger of Pan chmura . Do. 41 18 Terracotta elephant (on wheel) found with Kananga People Do. 41 Do. Khaira People Do. 42 19 Terracotta Ma Manashar Ghat Do. 42 20 Terracotta M5. Manashar Nag . Do. 42 21 Terracotta Ma Manashar Jhar-Front side. Do. 43 22 Do. Back side. Do. 43 23 Terracotta earthenwares (on wheel) with design • Do. 44 24 Terracotta earthenwares Do. 45 25 Terracotta musical instruments-lVHidal, Dugi Do. 45 26 Terracotta musical instrument-Khole Do. 46 27 Traditional Potter'!> wheel (Chak) Chapter 6 (4.1,6.1) 79 28 Ball bearing wheel . Chapter 6 (6.B) 79 29 Uncha (Finishing tool) Chapter 6 (4.1) 80 30 Chalna (Clay Sticker) Do. 80 31 Needle Do. 80 32 Athali Do. 80 33 Cloth piece Do. 80 34 Pitna .- Do. 80 35 Balla Do. 80 36 Cheari Do. 80 (xii)

Description Reference PAGE Line Drawings and Sketcltes-Contd. 37 Use of Chanchna Chapter 6 (2. 1) 81

.' 38 Processing of ct~y Do. 81 39 The use of Chaklori on the wheel (Chak) Chapter 6 (6. 7) 82 40 Wor:kshop and residence of Shri Ashutosh Kumbhakar . Chapter 6 (5.4) 83 41 The traditional wheel turns out earthenware (Green Stage) Chapter 6 (6.6) 87 42 Use ofUncha to give shape of the m~th of the pot Do. 87 43 The needle separates the green pot from the wheel Do. 87 44 Use of Pitna for the upper portion of the pot Do. 88

45 ~o. lower portign of th~ pot Do. 88 46 Pots (Handi) being finished one after another Do. 88 47 Stages of work in turning out'a ter;acott~ horse (Green stage) Chapter 6 (6.2-6.4,6.7) 89-92 48 Stages of work in turning out'a ter;acott~ elephant (Green stage) Chapter 6 (6.5) 93-95 49 Stages of work in turning m,it a terracotta Ma Manashar Jhiir (Green Stage) Chapter 6 (6.5, 6.7) 96-97 50 Puan Chapter 6 (7.3) 98 51 Internal picture of a Puan Chapter 6 (7.6) 98-99

Photographs A distant view-of the entrall'Ce road to village Panchmura Chapter 4 22

2 A close view of the Poriimati Artisan's lo~ality in Panchmura . Do. 22 3 The Managing Committee Panchm\l.ra l\!fcitsilpa Samabaya Samity Ltd., 1968...... Chapter 5 32 4 Panchmura Mritsilpa S.S Ltd., 1968 Do. 33 5 The elderly Poriimati master craftsman Do. 33 6 The present Poriimati artisans . Do. 34 7 Sri Ratneswar Kumbhakar the oldest terracotta artisan of village Sandra (Bankura) with his wife in theil' cottage. Do. 34 8 Family of Sri Panchanan Kumbhakar Do. 35 9 Children of the terracotta artisans of Panchmura Do. 35 10 The Mahaprabhu Atchala Panchmura w.here many of these children study Do. 36 11 Ma Manashar Jhar with one hors@ Do. 36 12 Different items are seen on the veranda of an artisans Do. 37 13 Poramati items offered by the dev~tees in Panchmura Manasha Mandir. Do. 37 14 The sight of Manashathan at Panchmura Do. 38 15 A village lady returns home after purchasing a few terracotta items at Panchmura to offer them against manat . . .. ')0. 38

16 Shri Bhaskar Kumbhakar procures clay from the fields of village Matigara near Panchmura " Chapter 6 51 17 Bhaskar digs it out generally"form a few 'feet below the ground level Do. 51 18 Cart-load of clay reaches'the'pottei-'s locality' Do. 52 19 The lumps are stocked in cottage Do. 52 20 He1aram Kumbhakar spreads clean sand on clay now to bl: pugged . Do. 53 21 Helaram pugs the clay .' .' .' .' Do. 53 22 Panchanan Kumbhakar places the pugg_ed clay on l).is wh.eel Do. 54 .,23 Panchanan raises the clay while the wheel moves for bringing out a hollow leg of a terracotta horse 42" Do. 54 24 Panchanan fixes the stick OIL the wheel and gives ro.tations sl!tflicienj for it to have an independent momentum. . . .. Do. 55 (xiii)

Description Reference PAGE Photographs-Contd.

25 Panchanan sizes it up with rapt attention, ease and care for ensuring the proper height and shape, until it is sliced off-a series of three plates shows the different position Chapter 6 55-56 26 Panchanan prepares the hollow body of the horse on the wheel-a series of three plates show the action . Do. 57-58 27 Panchanan prepares the hollow neck and the face on the wheel-a series of three plates show the action. Bo. 58-59 28 Panchanan makes out a full terra cotta hollow horse from the dried hollow pieces by placing the body on the legs serving as pillars, joining them in different portions, placing and setting the neck and finally fixing the face, all with plattered sticky clay-a series of twelve plates shows the position . Do. 60-65 29 Panchanan now finishes the full green piece and fixes the designs at different points to give it the look of an alert and steady hollow horse, ready for march-a series of four plates explain the stages. Do. 66-68 30 Bholanath makes the hollow figures of an elephant-a series of five plates shows the salient movements . Do. 69-71 31 The green full pieces are kept for drying under sun rays Do. 71 32 The womenfolk of the artisan's family apply clay dye on dried forms, which are again dried...... Do. 72 33 A typical fire-place Do. 72 34 The arrangements of green figures inside the Puan Do. 73 35 Placement of broken piles of pitchers Do. 73 36 Paddy straw on pitchers Do. 74 37 Mud-plastering on the top Do. 74 38 Firing and the feeding of the fire with cowdung cakes Do. 75 39 Cementing of the fire passage with clays Do. 75 40 Watching of the fire inside Do. 76

1

Introduction

Terracotta items are historical- -Evidences at Noh in Nxthern Jndia, Bhita, Sari Dhari (Peshwar), Cyprus Mycenace (Greece) (Para 1.1-1.5)

Shrines of folk deities of West Bengal show terracotta horses too (Para 1.6)

Bankura rendered designs on terracotta (Para 1.7-1.9)

Distinctiveness of Bankura terracotta figures is for WHEELS used (Para 2.1-2.2)

Study relates primarily to motifs and technique of Bankura terra cotta (Para 2.3- -2.4)

3-1 Census/Cal/75

Introducing the Objects

Terracotta items are historical (ii) The greal iJulk of C) priote figurines wete made to b'e used a~; dedications. Two­ 1.1 Excavations at Noh, four miles [rom ! h il us of the figurines are horsemen Bharatpur city, during 1963-64, have brought (either riders or Charioteers). The re­ out terracotta animal figurines having bearing maining one third are votaries bear­ on the plastic art of the Bharatpur region during ing sacrificial animals; lyre-players and the centuries preceding the Christian era_ The bulls. The manufactur'c of figurines des­ picture of a terracotta hone, as published in the tined for dedication of the shrine of "Statesman" of April 29, 1964, is reproduced_ Apollo Hylates restricted their major output to not more than five distinct types. (iii) Clay was usually procured locally. (iv) Figurines (horsemen, bulls, deers, dogs) made locally for cult purpos'es were, ;It anyone time (4th Century B.C., 6th Cen­ tury B.C., Seventh/Eighth Century B.C.) of a few pn:&Tibed types only and that those types were strictly regulated by cod'es governing dedicatory practices at the local shrine. From 7:>0 B.C. to about IOO A.D. figurines from Kourion can be ~tudied in an unbroken line. (v) Horsemen were a large proportion of the whole.

Found at Noh, reported to be a habitation itl Northern (vi) At Kourion, the handmade technique COll­ India between 1100 B.C. and 600 or 700 A.D. tinued sid'e by side with the use of moulds almost, if not quite, to very end of the 1.2 Of the animal terracottas, the arched­ series. At least among horsemen, the necked horse classed as primitive in the Bhita two techniques were combined. fiuds, common throughout Western Asia were (vii) For Animals (bulls) hollow figures-the introduced probably either by Partians or 1 usual method of manufacture was to Sakas_ join together seven wheel-made cylin; ders: 4 tall tubes for the legs, with a 1.3 Terracotta objects obtained at Sari more massive cylinder for the body set Dhari in the Chardad Sub-Division of the Pesh­ horizontally on them, another slightly ware District have a reference to a small ele­ tapering for the neck and the back of phant of crude design, the head being pinched head, and a truncated cone for the muzzle. up to form of an ornament. In this respect and Sometimes these cylinders were left as in the smooth slip technique, it resembles the 'entirely separate cOlllpartments, sOllle­ crude female figure with pierced ears.2 times they were connected by vent-holes. Added work by hand was limited to the 1.4. The studies in 1939 and 1948 as based tail, horns, eye swellings, sometimes a all the excavations at Kourion on th'e island of S brisket, and the snakes, when they were Cyprus reveals : present. (i) The output of the ceralllic industry 111 ancient Cyprus was almost ul1l'ivalled In 1.!J K. M. Le,ter reports in "Creative Cera­ ancient world. The greatest output of mics" (1948) at pp 19-21 about Greece as follows: Cypriote terracottas consists o[ small figures, which were made for cult purpo­ From ancient Mycenae, 111 Greece, ses. Th'ese !Vere also exported to Rhodes, carne the animal figures. Those date Samos, N aukratis and other Mediterra­ somewhere between 1400-1100 B.C. It nean sites. Similar figurines were manu­ is baked clay, terracotta. The early factured widely in Syria and Palestine. worker formed the legs as supports, with

"Man" August, 1935-D. N. Gordon 2 "Men" August 1934-Notes on Early Frontier Terracottas-D. H. Gordon 3 "Terracotta Figurines from Kourion in Cyprus"-University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1955- By Jhon Howard Youllg alld Suzanne Hatsttad Young.

3 4

110 effort toward realistic modeliings and 1.9 Only some time after independence, it kept the body light enough to prevent was revealed to the larger people and in a few sagging. In one, he spread the front metropolitan cities that, District Bankura is the legs just enough to give support to the only source in the State of large-sized images broad chest, the neck amI the head. (12" -GO") o[ sllch figures like horses, elephants Then, to complete his idea, he added and tigers born on traditional wheels. Gradually, the decoration, stripe& of a dark colour the Ilame of PANCHMURA of the District came which (all in with the contuur of the to light as the vilIage producing tutacotta figure. The terracotta figure of the goal figures. But, tbe so called cultured people in shows a similar effort in the part of urban areas likc them for household decoration the artist to make the Jegs carry the purposes and are not concerned at all about weight of the body ;}nd hand. Instead the same original purposes for their production of the striped decoration, this figure- was as in the cascs of smallcr figures. Th'cse items entirely covered with gilding, which is came to be regarded, however, as handicrafts unusual. The riders from Cyprus show because of the designs and these being un-com­ similar qualities in the modelling having mon clay images. pillar-like legs to "Support the weight. The team of horses from the early IrOl' Illtroducillg the Study Age (Cyprus) is a charming exampk 01 the primitive concept of a team. Note 1)is/ incliveness of Banhura terracol/a figures is the decoration and how the altist em­ for WHEtLS used. phasized the long neck by running the decorative line [rom uroad chest up and 2.1 Tlyl' unCOmmOlll1CSS in the illlages would then followed the curve of the neck with draw Ollr attention to the ~ources. There, whcll tbe short, rounded lines, well sp

Animal Terracotta Centres of West Bengal

H.l.nd-m'1.de terracotta centres at Katwa (Burdwan), Daspur Block (Midnapore), Santi pur (Nadia), Farakka Block (Murshidabad), Kharba and Harishchandrapur Blocks (MaIda), Mohadipur (MaIda), Panchmura (Bankura), Mirzabazar (Midnapore). (Para 1.1-1.11)

Wheel-made terracotta centres in Bankura District at Pauchmura (Taldangra Block), Bibarda (Taldangra Block), Kumarpara and Nimtala and Uliara (Vishnupur Block), Kcyabati (Ouda Block), So;a­ mukhi and Hamirpur (Sonamukhi Block), Rajagram (Bankura Municipality). (Para 2.1 -2.6)

P ..l.nchmura being the Key Cmtre of Bankura terracotta. has been chosen for the detailed study. (Para 2.7)J 5

Hand-made T erra co lia figllres in the state Kanta Pal. 1'he figures are within height of G". Mainly, these are made with h;Jnus for 1.1 It may be noted that, the fundamental slightly higger items. l11l)ulds are used. The diU'erence in respect of the technique of pro­ items are offered to the local cleities of Sa~thi, duction of these items between the Bankura Obi Chan(li and Peer. Zone and the rest of the State lies in the use of the wheel only in the former. 1.6 In FaraUa Block in District MUlshicb­ bad in the villages of Xayansukh (under Moun 1.2 On the basis of sample on the-spot illW'S­ Kuli, J.L. ~o. (8), Mohadevnagar (J.I" ~o. 6J) tigations unclcrtahn during 10m -60, it has been in Ha7arpnr (under !VIOll/a Kuli, J.L. No. !)R), observed that there are many potters' areas in there will be abollt ~O pOltl'rS' units in each the State, \~here, along with earthen wares, kiln place, plodming animal figures of horses and burnt terracotta figures of animals are produced elephants of he:ghts within 10". Mould is without any wheel being used and with the meel. ,VI a~ter craftsmen arC:' 'iri Satish Pal, Sri hands only_ Moulds are used in a few cases. Ganesh Pal, Sri Gupinath Pal, Sri Govinda Pal, A few instanct''> are given bdow. Sri Syamapada Pal, Sri Gha1l3S)am Pal, Sri Sri dam Pal, Sri Ri~hi Pal and Sri Jagad Bandhu 1.3 In the village Gorapora, under MOllZa Pal. Horses are offerec'l to t11e Darga of Pir Bandmora (J.L. No. 3!1) in Kalwa P.S. and bv and :;Vfuslims for the fulfilment of in Katwa itself in District Burdwan, there are 9 their "manasiks" (desire). It is reporLed that, artisans Units. who produce the figllres of horses lhe elephant, are offered at the time of marri:1ge and bulls. The artisans belong to polters' caste by "Bh.lk.tts" ;J. domiciled Bella! i Hinch, C0111 "Kumbhakar". Their names are Sri Kishori Pal, munity. Sri Dhananjoy Pal, Sri X akari Pal, Sri Kartick Pal, Sri Radhasyam Pal, Sri Haridas Pal, Sri 1.7 In Kharha an(1 Harischan!lr;Jpur Block" Durgapada Pal, Sri Sibapada Pal, Sri Ashutosh in District Maida, in the villag-es of Darkinara, P;Jl. Sri Kishori Kr. Pal of village Gorapore Ralllpur, Boroi, Kushina and Bardu;Jrv, there is understood to he the master craftsman. The are about :iO potten' families in total, producing heights of the articles generally are within 12". animal figures like horses and elephants. Horses Horses in pairs, are offered' bv Hindus and are offered at the shrines of Pir. Elephants Muslims in Pirtalas located in -the villages of are used sometimes at matrimonial ceremony. Chandraketa, J azigram, Dulermonitala of Mostapur, Kadampukur and Panchan;Jn-Tola, l.R In village 1\I0hadipur near (.our in Dis dl)ring melas. Bulls, locally known as "Ban­ trict MaIda. there an' 8 potters' families, pro­ sewa", are offered by the Hindus onlv in Pan­ dllcing animal figures, mainly of horses in small chanantab in the village of Garfulia and Buro­ size (c1" height), seasonally. These are made raj tala at J amalpur. The purpose of all such with hands and 110 wheel is used. These are offerings are mostly for the recovery from dis­ offered by persons of any caste ;md community eases. Horses are both red and black. 'Before in fulfilment of their "manar" to Jahara , firing, "Barak" is applied on grcen item~. The particularly in the month of Baisakh. It is peak period of business i~ from the months said that ~I uslims also sometimes offcr these Chaitra to Asar. images of horses to t he mother Kali. A t the Darga Pir, near the village Mahadipur, both 1.4 In Daspur I Block in District Midnapur, the Hindus and Muslims offer these images. in the villages of N irbhoypur (J.L. 63) and M llslims also ofier them at the place of Daha, N arazole (J .L. No. 17), there are 8 to 11 potters' the starting placc of Mohurram procession. units respectively .• The traditional artisans are Illcidentally, ')ri Dwi iendra Kumbhakar of the Muslims. They produce animal lil!;ures includ village was found in producing the clay-image inl!; horses, where height is within 10". ~o of a W' height horse within 3 minutes in hands. wheel is used. Mould is used. These artide~ AI Piasbari Government Sericnlture Nursery are used in Satvanaravan , Baram Puia and in 196:1, from one of its tanks, from a depth Panchananda Puja. Also, these are sold in local of Ui', pieces of terracotta hones were excavat­ melas viz. Ramanavami mela, K,lliva Daman ed, a sketch of one of which is placed on page 8. Mela, Mohurram Me1a and Satyanar~yan Mela, fhe location is ~azirkhari "Mouza in English etc. Bazar Block. Kadlr Sekh (63), an employee of the X ursery reported that such horses are usual­ 1.:; In Santi pur Block in District Nadia, in ly offered by -Hindus and Muslims t.o Dargas Chougachapara in Santipur itseH, there are of Pirsahib :ll!;ainst their "manasiks". It has ahout 30 potters' units, producing different heen found that the weights of two such horses, images including animal figures like horse, tiger, dug out, are ahout J 00 gms. It is interesting elephan ts and cat. The master-craftsmen are to note that, the weight of the horse produced Sri Ajit Kr. Pal, Sri Anil Kr. Pal, Sri bv Sri Dwrjendra Kllmbh.tkar in it~ green staO'e Kamal Pal, Sri Ylahananda Pal anrl Sri Chandra (I.e. he[ore firinf4) is only 110 gms. '"

7 8

Terracolta Of Bankura Zone 2.1 From out of investigations undertaken during H167-69, it has been observed that, such articles, made out of wheel and kiln-burnt and meant [or being offered LO gods and goddesses in the occasions of festivals and promises are al~o ~raditjonaJly produfed in a few placcs in Dlstflct Bankura h:::sides Panchrnura. Panch­ mura being discllssed later, it has not been dis­ cussed here below.

Centres al Taldangra Block

2.2 These villages in the Taldangra Block in District Bankura besides Pan chmura are (i) Biharda (J.L. No.6) and (ii) Kamardiha (J.L. No. 12). The number of potters' families in 1.9 In a place called Raibaghini, 2 miles off these villages are reported to be 19 and 40 from Purulla on way to Ranchi, one may see respectively. It is incidentally mentioned that, terracotta horses at the Ma Annapurnar Than, there are concentrations of potters in the Block located on road side. It was understood on in the villages of Taldangra, N achenkunda, Mamra and Jafala besides Panchmura, Bibarda 2~-2-G8, that. <;me Rai, a local ghatwal of the Village belongmg to the Bhumia community and Kamardiha, producing earthen utensils is the sevait of the Than. There, the people generally. Bibarda and Kamardiha have 4 and 1 after these images for "manasikas". terracotta artisans respectively only. The ­ sans III Bibarda are -Sarvasree Becharam (70), 1.10 In Pan~hmura (Bankura) village, small Jugal (40), Khanda (32) and Syamapada (19) han~-made anImal figures for the purpose of Kumbhakar. They learnt the craft from Panch­ offermgs are also made, but, for which Panch- mura artisans. They produ~e items like horses, mura is not reputed. ' tiger, elephant and 'Manashar jhar.' Tiger­ images are offered in favour of "Baghroy" 1.11 In the Mirzabazar locality under Midna­ thakur. The local people belong to the com­ pur Municipality, there will be 78 potters who munities of , Ugrachatri, Baishnab, produce hand-made terracotta figures like horses Tambuli, Layek, Bauri, Mal and Lahar. The an~ elephants. Generally these items have Bibarda artisans prOCUl'e soil from the local ~elghts be~ow 10". Most of them are produced areas called Tumoedangjuli, Bindhis' pond of Be1dangra and Bauti Bandh. Craftsmen from III Be?,gah ~Ol~,~h of Pous and sold during POllS Sankrantl. These are for dedication the different parts of the Districts of Bankura to folk deities against "Manasiks" including and Purulia visit the village on the occasions "~irasthan'~. The na11_1es of some of the pro· of 'Makar ,' 'Makhal', 'Daksankranti'. mment artlsan~ are Sf! Radhyashyam Pal, Sri 'DasahJra', etc. The local gods and goddesses Purna Pal, Sn Lav Pal Kabi. are 'Jugasini', 'Jortalasini', 'Gramya Devata Solsana', 'Burasiva' and 'Birinchi', located under TABLE 1 different trees [cxcepting Burasiva, who is housed in a templel- In the village Kamar­ FAMILIES PRACTISING WHEEL-BASED diha, the artisans' name is Sri Barrbal Kum­ TERRACOTTA CRAFT IN DISTRICT bhakar. It is learnt that, the artisans of these BANKURA (1964-65) villages are connected with the Panchmura arti­ sans by marriage. Name of Place Number of families Centres at Vishnnpllr Block Panchmura (Taldangra Block) 28 2.3 In the Vishnupur Block of the District Bibarda ( Do. ) 4 Bankura, these artiCles are produced in the Kamardiha ( Do. ) 1 Kum~rpara and Nimtala (J.L. No. lG) areas Nimtala (Vishnupur Block) 6 of VIshnupur proper and Uliara vil1age 0.1.. Uliara ( Do. ) I No. 1~9). The only one artisan of Joykrishna­ Keyabati (Onda Block) 2 pur VIllage (J.L. No. 112) has since left the Sonamukhi (Sonamukhi Block) 10 production of the items and reverted to utensils Hamirpur (Patrasayar Block) 4 only. The total number of terracotta artisans Rajagram (Bnnkura Block) !n the. above 3 places will be 7 only. Onlv one is m TJIJ;11';J. The notahle cratsmen in Vishnupur Total 57 area are Sri Lakshminarayan (35) ana Sri Aswini ------and the artisans in Uliara and Nimtala .lre lFacing page 6'J

- ~o' LOCATIONS OF WHEELBASED TERRACOTTA CENTRES----- N D.,. DISTRICT BANKURA " WEST EENGAL

8

,,' '0'

~I: a E

o

RE'ER'(NC~_;_F_S _____

q I0'"'''' Bound." .• - .-.- - -- Rive'!', S~rI::U:::~'Grtc: -- ;' -- ~ L.ocation, Of .'"("hle( 114c stotlon. 0 O~hcr Lo;aWlon. *o ~1111.CI)" " • 4t-t-+~-++1' ROIJQI .. I

______~,~,'______~,:o'. ______~f~!

4----1 Census;Calj75

9

Sri Haripada Kumbhakar (60) and Sri Ram I!amirpur Govinda KUlubhakar (56) respfctively. The Sri Satish Gh. Pal (46) artisans are related with the P;tnchmura Kum­ Sl'j Anil Gh. Khan (41) bhakars. They produce a11 the articles lik'e horses. The Uliara artisan, having settled in Sri Bhupati Pramanik (40) Uliara for about 20 years only, knows to pro­ Sri Kartick Oh. Pal (30) duce different type of ',]hars" also. He pro­ duces "Manashar Jhar' in four stages. The (Khans are Kumbhakars by caste) sketches of Vishnupur horse, a Vishnupur ele­ phant and a Uliara horse arc placed. Inciden­ Terracotta horses 10"-4', elephants (10"-4'), and tally, it has been understood from Sri Mamklal Manashar jhars (1'-2') are produced specifi­ Singha, Secretary. Vishnu pur Bangiya Sahitya cations ill brackets indicate heights). Big size Parish ad that, the temple5 of Vishnupur like Manashar jhars are decorated with larger nUlll­ 'PancJla Ratna', ,]ore Bunglow', 'Madan ber of snakes. The feet of animal figures of Mohan', 'Jugannath Balaram', 'Radha Govin­ Hamirpur are comparatively more fatty than da', constructed in seventeenth century, contain those of Sonamukhi. Sometimes, the mouth Qf plaq ues showillg mythological figur.es and hOl'ses is shown open and the Lrunk of elenh(lTJ.t events, produced, perhaps, bv Sri Bishnu Das, is in raised position. The sketches arc placed. Sri Manohar Das, and Sri Mathur Das of Vis'h­ These items arc offered by the local people be­ nupur. K 0 iniere nee can be made about their longing to all castes including Bauri, Bagdi, connections, if allY, with Folk terrarotta artisans ~Iete, Ruidas in "Manasha" than (place where of Pan chmura, Vishnupur and other places. It located) against commitments to receive t~c has heen llildentood that the Vi"hr1upur Kings hlessings from goddess to tide over illness, Ittiga· used I 0 offer terracotta horses and eleph ants tion, etc. Sravana Sankranti is an auspicious to 'Bhairab' during 'rvlakar Sankaranti·. day in this regard.

Besides, thes~ are offered lo the Thall'S ~f Crni'rr rll ()Jula Block 'Dharmraj' and 'B-hairab' during Paus Sankranti and also to the "Pirtala" (shrine of Muslim 2.1 In the Onda Block of District Banknra, Pir) by the Hindus aod Muslims for blessings. there is only Olle village called Keyabati (J.L. The process of manufacture is similar to the one No. 44), where there are 2 terracotta arti­ existing in the other District Bankura. "Mana­ sans. Their names are '5ri Sudarshan Knm­ sha" is made with hands. Local sale-prices ot bhakar (10) and Sri Kumbhakar (36). the prod ucts are given below: They are related with Panchmura Kumbhakars. 'fIlCH' arc. however, four potters' families there. Article Price for size (Rs.) The loral people offer these items lO deitie~ r- ---- _. _..A.._ --- ...., like 'Ma ~1an<1s1.· and 'Hhairab'. Large Medium SmaU Horse 4 2 Palrasa)!m' (;cnt)es at Sanamukhi Block and Elephant 4 2 BIn,/( Manasha 3 2 , 2.!J In the Sonamukhi area, there are 2 places, 2.6 In the village Rajagram (J.L. No. 183) where similar terracotta articles arc produ<.ed ,\>ithin Bankura Municipality where there are on wheel. These are (i) Sonamnkhi Municipa­ 200 potters, there is only one such family pro­ lity and (ii) Hamirpur (J.L No. 1!J) under ducing Icrracotta figures like horses and ele­ Patrasayar Block. There are 10 and 6 artisans phallt~ along with utensils, The name of the respeclively in these places. The names of tbe artisan is Sri Salish Kumbhakar (76). His sons working artisans are: also have learnt the techniq ue. Their names arc Sri Ram Kamal (40), Sri Narayan Sonaml1khi (37), and Sri Ram Gopal (31). Sri Satish KUlll­ Sri Abinash Kh,,m (60~ bhakar learnt it from bis maternal uncle Sri Dwarikanath Pal of Rajagram. He came to Sri Ranjan Khan (55) Rajagram from the village Hariharpur in Onda Sri Kalipada Khan ;55) B10ck about 57 vears back. He marrifd in the village Bibarda: another village of such arti­ Sri Sulal Khan (45) sans. The items vary in height from 13"-3(i". Sri Gopal Ch. Khan (40) Generally, the customs belong La the castes of Rauri, Lohar, Bagdi and there are tribal pur­ Sri Baidyanaih Khan (35) chasers also. The local deities to wholll the Sri Karali Khan (31 ) articles are offered are 'Manasha', 'Basuli', Sri Sidclhe5warKhan. (30) ·~hairah'. 'Chandi', '!Zali', 'Dharmaraj' (par­ ticularly one of Bellatore. in Block). Sri Paresh Khan (30) Accordmg to the local oplllion, these figures Sri Madan:nDhan Kha'1(30) are generally offered in pair, which may consist 5 -·l Census/Cal/75 10 of either one horse and one elephant or two Panchmura-Key Centre of Bankura terracotta horses; but, never a pair of elephants. In the kiln, (called "puin",), generally, 10-40 figures 2.7 The sketches of the figures of-Panchmura, depending on size, are fired along with other Uliara, Vishnupur, Rajagram arid Sonamukhi given below (Drawings No. 4·12) would only utensils. The clay and clay-dyes are secured suggest that ,th~se reveal, in varying degrees, by the artisan-members from Salboni and Dunda both alertness anCl vigour. In respect of the villages, Burakore jungle and Birai river-base. number of the artisans, their organisation and influence over other areas, Panchmura (Ban­ The work of the wheel remains suspended, twice kura) has come to be recog-nised to be the fore­ in a year, once from the Chaitra Sankranti to most amongst all the producin!!; areas, although, the first Saturday of J aistha and the other in the common caste of artisans, the similarity o[ their products, the uniform technique adopted Debi from Sasthi to Purnima. Inci­ by them and the purpose of uses of items may dentally, the village Rajagram is reported to justify all the locations to form only one Terra­ have been under the Samanta Bhum (chhatra cotta Zone in the western part of the State of West Bengal. Therefore, PANCHMURA has Estate) and not any time under the Vishnupur been chosen hereinafter as the key ccntre of Rajas. Bankura terracotta in this Study.

TERRACOTTA OF BANKURA DISTRICT

o 0

3 4 3 Panchmura-Horse (Hand-made). i Pan chmura-Horse (Turned on wheel) 11

5 6 5 Vishnupur-Horse (Turned on wheel). 6 Uliara-Horse (Turned on wheel).

7 8 7 Rajagram-Horse (Turned on wheel). 8 Sonamukhi-Horse (Turned on wheel). 12

9 10 -Elephant (on wheel). 9 Vishnupur '-wheel). 10 Uliara-Elephant (on

11 12 Elephant (on wheel). t t Rajagram- t (on wheel). 12 Panchm.ura-Elephan 3

Origin of Bankura Terracotta motifs

Folk deities of Manasha and Dharma Thakur and points of origin of motifs (Para 1.1)

Dharma Thakur - the concept (Para 2.1)

Devotees of Dharma Thakur in various western parts of the State (Paras 2.2.1-2.2.7)

Folk rituals may only explain small forms of animal terra cotta (Para 2.3. 1)

But the Bankura forms and designs ma,y be related also to the valour ofloeal kings and terror offorests (Paras 2.3.2 - 2.3.4) 13

Folk deities of 'Manashii' and 'Dharma Thli­ of earth and wood) show extensive types of kur' are the poi;:ts of origin of motifs. vanatlOl1S. Terracotta horses are also given as oITerings upon the shrine of other village gods 1.1 There is no existing record of how the and even on the shrine of Islamic "Pirs". It artisans of District Bankura learnt the art is needless to say t!_lat this custom has ,~~en which is a speciality of the terracottas there. adopted by the Mahamedans f~?m the. Gapn Even discussions with Potter's families failed festival of Dharma. In the GaJ3n festIval of to throw much light on the subject. But, it Siva, there is no practice of using hOlses. Herei~1 could easily be guessed lhat these art motiffs lies the great difference between the Gajan festI­ evolved primarily out of the traditional folk val of Siva and that of Dharma. Common peo­ festivals, and rituals practised through centuries ple believe that Dharmathakur always ride~ on in this part of the State. Terr:lcotta elephants a white horse. Some think that the offenngs and horses, "Manasarjtar", "Manasar Ghat" of terracotta horse will help a child to walk and other images, produced by these cLlhsmen steadily like a horse. Indeed these are the m~re :Ire offered in the worship of Goddess "Manasa". folk-beliefs having no realistic stand·pomt In Bengal, "Manasa" is held as the Goddess whatsoever. In the South, we get a god whose of Snakes. Goddess "Manasa" is tugely wor­ carrier is also the horse. Rev. Whitehead says shipped in the "Rarh" areas. Once men had in his book "The village gods of South India" to live in the snake-infested jungles of this area. -"The deity that is most universally worship­ These helpless men sought protection from thf' ped among the Tamils is Iyener; who is r~­ snake-Goddess "Manasa" only as a remedy from garded as the watchman of the Village and IS snake-biting. Fear-phycosis was a dominant ~upposed to patrol every night, mounted 0I? a. factor in the evolution of conception of Gods ghostly steed, a terrible sight to behold, scanng and Goddesses in rural areas. The ancestors of away the evil spirits ...... His shrines may be the craftsmen of Panchmura maintained their known by the clay or concrete figures of horses age-old tradition of worshipping a human form ranged either side of the image or piled about "Ma Manasaha" set amongst snakes. The spe­ in the compound of the shrine in admired con­ cific reason of the dedication of terracotta hnrses fusion. The horses are offered by devotees and and elephants in the places of wOlship of represent the ~,teeds on whid~ he ~id~s in his "Manasha" in foot of the trees or temples IS nightly rounds. (P. 49). ThIS belIef IS totally not very clear. The custom may have some identical with the beliefs related to Dharmatha­ connection with similar offerings belllg made kur of Rar area. Now, if we try to trace the to "Dharma Thakur", a powerful and most evolution regarding the me of horse, we find common God worshiped in "Rarh". Dharma that there is no proof of the existence o~ t?e Thakur is originally a Sun God, and repre­ horse in India before the Aryans. Dr. Blrap­ sented in stones placed generally ill the open. shankar Guha has said, "Perhaps the Nordics and associated wIth magic beliefs of primitive have made us acquainted with horse and iron" men. If any particular desire of a worshipper (Bharater Jati Parichaya- P. 28). Among the is fulfilled. he would offer lerracotta horse to Aryans the various thoughts related to the ho~se his "Dharma Thakur". People believe that can be discussed here in brief. The carner "Dharma Thakur" rides this horse and moves horse, the "Ucchaisrava" of god Indra is a re­ around the place. This cnstom has spread and nowned figure. The chariot driyen by seven terracotta horses are now being offered to other horses of the Sun is also a \Yell-known fact. village-deities also. - There are ample instances of the Sun-temple and "Suryya" images having horse idol inscrib­ Translation of the relevant extracts regarding ed thereon. In one Mantra (Hymn) of the offerings of terracotta horses and horse­ (7.77.3) the sun has been identified with the worship, from Dr. Amalendu Mitra's book horse. On the other hand Vishnu is the owner "Riirer Sanskriti-O-Dharmathiikur" (vide lmges of as many as ninety horses. Each of these 91-101) horses has four different names. Sri Vishnupada Bhattachariee says, "These denote 360 days in a year and four seasons" (vi~~ ~,ajdik Devata: 2.1 Dharma Thakur P. IS). The Aswamedha Ya11na of the age of the Purans is known to us. In Koutilva's Generally the carrier of Dharmathakur is "Arthasastra" there are instructions regarding the horse. In Dharmapuran one "Uluka" (owl) the bathing of horse, offering of scented garlands has been shown as his carrier but in practice we to the horses, sacrifice of the ghosts on the new find the horse as the main carrier of Dharma­ Moon day, prayer for settling peace during the thakur. The elephant as the carrier can also full moon day and "Anti" on the 9th day be seen. There are Dharmathakurs named of the month of Aswina for the welfare of the "Hati Raj" (Master of elephant). In the Gajan horses (vide-Adskhya Prachar-...:R. D. Ba_sak's festiva], the rituals related to the horses (made translation P. 1] 9).

15 16

These examples give us a dear conception Purnima" (Full moon of the horse) or "Jattra" that the horses occupied the most dignified role of the horse. The boatmen take part in this among the Aryans. N ow we can discuss in festival. There is a custom of dancing by this connexion the immature but realistic wearing the mask of a horse in the marriage thoughts of the people of ancient tribal society ceremony among the Santals. This type of related to the horses. Dharmathakur has taken dancing in the guise of a horse is also observed the present form through the evolution of magi­ in various festiyals related to other village dei­ cal rites observed, for the growth of the corns, tjes. This horse-d:u'lce might be of magical ori­ rainfall and drought. We should make a com­ gin of very ancient form. Uncivilised men parative estimate of the thoughts and activities tried to draw attention of the wild beasts heing of undeveloped agrarian societies here. First, dressed just like the animals. offerings of terracotta horses to Dharmathakur. Prof. Deviprasad Chatterjee says, "In Greece Now what is the relation of Dharmathakur the cultivators offered earthen bulls in the tem­ with the horse? The question remains unsolv­ ple of Demeter when those animals fell sick ed. It might be a tribute o~ the Aryan culture, with the idea that the goddess might cure those or it might be a tribute of the tribal society-. from the disease "(Lokayat Darsan-P. 388). the belief originated from some agricultural We can compare this example with the horse magic or totem belief. In this context the sur­ offerings to Dharmathakur. In Greece a cha­ name of non-Brahmins such as "Chora" (home), riot with four horses was being thrown into "Hati" (elephant), "Bagh" (tiger), etc. should the sea for the magical control of the sun. be taken into account. Besides this, some countries like Sparta, Iran, etc. used to sacrifice horses. Sir J aines Frazer A Zoologist classifies the tiger in the group of in his book "Golden Bough" has supplied us the cats. This cat group caIlle into existence with some queer examples regarding the horse. on eaith several millions of years age. Nobody In Europe the corn-spirit "ppears in the shape knows for certainty when the tigers brcame in- of horse or mare. In Kalw and Stuttgart, when habitants of our country. ' a corn bends, before the wind they say, "There runs the horse". In Hertfordshire, at the end We do not get any trace of tiger in India of the reaping, there is or used to be observed either in writing or in inscription or in image, a ceremony called the "crying of Mare". The till to the period of "". Thjs is the last blades of corn left standing in the field are reason, we do not find any of the ancient gods tied together and called the mare. In the with the tiger as a carrier. The tigers came neighbourhood of Lille the idea of the corn­ to India from the Central Asia through China, spirit embodying the horse form is clearly pre­ perhaps in the period of 500 B.C. In Rigveda served. When a harvester grows \veary at his (1500-1000 B.C.) the name of the tiger does not work, it is said, "He has the fatigue of the occur. Some Buddhist literatures dating near Horse". The first sheaf called the "Cross of about 470 B.C. refer to the name of tigers. But the Horse", is placed on a boxwood in the it is very difficult to say whether the tigers barn, and the yo-ungest horse on the farm must were known to the Austric inVaders who came tread on it. T·he reapers dance round the to India long before the Arvans, as they had last blades of corn, erving, "See the remains of no literature. They might or might not have the Horse" (P. 603-606). brought various customs and beliefs relating to the tiger or tiger-worship. According to Frazer, as the ancient Royal Now let us discuss the tiger cult existing at King Virbius of Aricia was killed by a horse, present mainly among the haJ"kward classes of the horse was treated as the corn-spirit. For Bengal. There is a village deity named "Bagh­ this reason every year horses ",ere brought to fai qhandi" who is being extensively worship­ the grave yard and killed in the commemora· ped III Rarh area. People sav that she is the tion of Virbius. In Rome the chariot races tiger deity. There are Dharmathakurs also, were observed on the ISth October. When the named as "Baghrai". In the village ~ara of races were over, one of the horses of the winner Midnapore, an allied female deity to DharIlla­ chariot used to be sacrificed hefore the altar of thakur is known as Rai Baghini. The god the Cod Mars. After sacrifice, the tail and "Baghai" of Maymensingh should also be re­ blood of the victim horse were kept in a room membered in this context. Amongst the of the palace. Frazer adds further, "The horse "Gand~" sect there is a tribe known 3S "Baghe­ would represent the fructifying spirit both of sar". The Santals worship a deity named a the tree and of the corn for the two ideas "Baghut Bonga". There is a deity of rice melt into each other, as we seen in custom like plant known as "Bagh Aneom". This word the Harvest May" (Ibid P. 479). is of Santal origin. Perhaps agricult.ural deity "Bagh" has become "tiger" due to the identical Secondly, in Orissa, a function is observed phonetical sound in Bengali. Throughout the in the month of "Ohaitra" named as "Ghora district of 24-Parganas, the farrions tiger-deit)· TIGER-COLT Ibid vide pages 34-35 17

"Dakshin Rai" is worshipped, which brought called "Giridharma". People say that myste­ forth several "Rai Mangal Kavyas". Among rious events occur there at night. In the the Hindu tribes there are ample titles and sects villages Gulaigachi and Layekpur, the Dharma bearing the name of the tiger (Bagh). Proba­ stones are kept in a large brass pot and im­ bly, the tribal society took this tiger surname mersed in a tank and taken out only during from the natural fear of the tiger and there­ the "Gajan" festive-l. In the village Parota after adopted the tiger as a totem. Since then, (P. S. N anoor), about a hundred stones of most probably the tiger worship and offerings "Buro Siva" are also kept immersed in the of tiger images (terracotta) to the village gods, tank. Rumour runs that the number of stones have spread among the upper class, through increases year after year spontaneously. It can those backward tribal societies. be imagined that the present "Buro Siva" is nothing but the conversion of Dharma Thakur, as we know Siva is generally worshipped in the Dharma Thakur and His devotees in various form of Linga. Small "" images are places in Birbhum, B1lrdwan and Ban/wra resting with Dharma in the village Goaliara Districts. (Dubrajpur) and Gobra (Suri). In Gangmuri (P. S. Rajnagar) there are several village gods 2.2.1 Dr. Amalendu Mitra of Suri (Birbhum), who had carried intensive field research work along with Dharma, one of which is called Kala on Dharma Thakur further says "Dharma Pahar. Th~re is a village god with Dharma at * Golapgunj (Rajnagar). Dharma Thakur has Thakur is the most common God worshipped in villages of Rarh. Dharma Thakur is a been established on a car (Ratha) in the village combination"Df many gods. Buddhism also cast Jamthali (Dubrajpur), Beside the car, there are its influence in this cult. Curious magic beliefs M anasha , Siva and . In the village of the primitive men are the origin of Dharma Manpur (Suri), the "Dams" worship a big bassalt stone as Dhatmaraj. Besides annual fes­ Thakur. It was treated as Sun-stone. The tival, Dharma Thakur is worshipped through­ magic charms with rain stone of the primitive society are also fully present in Dharma rituals. out the year on different occasions. There are examples of the tendency of equating Dharma The Shrines of Dharma Thakur create confu­ sion in studying the true nature of the God. Thakur with Siva; one of the instance is the Only influence of various religious can be shapeless Dharma Thakur getting shape like traced. The shrine of Dharma Thakur with that of a Linga when the cultivators, while one deity, i.e. Dharma himself, is a very rare making "gur" pour cane-juice and gur on the instance. Siva, Vishnu,_ Manasha, Kali are Linga images of clay by the side of ovens." worshipped on the same altar. The shrines have no glamour. Ordinarily, pieces of shape­ 2.2.2 In the village Kumarpur (Burdwan), less stones are worshipped under the tree. Small there is the Dharmaraj, in tr ~ form of a small houses have been erected at some places. In deep-black stone. The devotees have offered the village Belia (P. S. Sainthia), a natural golden ornaments including a golden umbrella.• stone is placed upon a headless human figure, In the full moon after Dasahara. there is the and it remains covered. There are many' tor­ Dharmaraj mela. For the fulfilment of "manats", toise-shaped images of Dharma Thakur in the the people of various castes offer horses. They village Muramath (P. S. Suri). In the village say that the Dharmaraj would mOVe around Kamarhati (P. S. Mayurweswar), a horn-like on the back of these horses. There are Pujas stone is struck deep under ground in the open also on the Saturdays and Tuesdays of the ground under a tree. In the village Chinchuria 'Week. The devotees "mostly worship to get (Dt. Burdwan), Dharma Thakur remains under rid of physical illness. the earth. The village Patadanga (P. S. Raj­ nagar) shows the type of preserving a skull with 2.2.3 In the village Gopalkhanji, adjacent to Dharma Thakur. Skulls are also worshipped. Dainhat (Burdwan), there is the Dharmaraj, Some of the shrines look like "stupas". It is locally known as "Sundar Ray"., symbolised by diffi·cult to ascertain whether these are an imita­ a deep black stone. He is worshipped during tion of Buddhist "stupas·'. In the village Baisakhi and Jaistha Purnima days every year. (P. S. Suri), there is a monkey image with Generally, the devotees attend with the desire Dharma Thakur. In Layekpur (P. S. Lavpur), to be blessed with to be free from diseases and there are some stones left uncared for with the to get babies. Besides, the usual ingredients vermilion paint on them under a "Bel" tree by of a "Naibedya" [sugar, gur-cake, fruits, etc.], the side of a tank. Those stones are called clay made red small horses are also committed "Dharma" and the adjoining tank is "Dharma­ for being offered. People of any caste and pukur". Those stones are not worshipped as creed can be a devotee of Dharmaraj. there is a separate shrine of Dharmathakur in the village. In Darbardanga (Burdwan), in 2.2.4 In the village Belia (Birbhum), there early Magh, a fair is held called Dharmasilar is the Dharmaraj, in the form of a stone, wor­ Mela (fair of the Dharma stone). In the village shipped during Buddha Purnima Day, pri­ Santipara, there is a spot encircled with brick marily for the recovery froth rheumatism. demarcation, where pieces of stones are lying Devotees offer earth(w horses to this God. 6-1 Census/Ca1/75 18

2.2.:; Terracotta articles are offered by the But the Bankura forms and designs may be' devotees to Dharmaraj at (Bankura). '(Ielaled also to the Valour of local Kings and terror of forests

2.2.6 In Sankari Bazar under Vishnupur 2.3.2 From the existence of forests in District Municipality (Bankura), there is one Dharma­ Bankura and around Panchmura in particular, raj temple, where, the terracotta pieces pro­ risks of human lLves and domestic animais were duced in Nimtala, Kumarpara and Uliara [all obvious. Besides the local people including in Vishnupur Block] are offered by the devo­ the artisans had devotion and allegiance to the tees on various occasions, particularly at the valour and powers of the 17th Century Vishnu· tim~ of . pur (Bankura) Kings. Actually, the discipline was maintained through the entrusted people holding Kings' titles like 'Sardar', Sadial', 2.2.7 In Taldangra (Bankura) Block, Dharma 'Ghantwal' and 'Mirdya'. There is an age-old Thakur is worshipped, which is located mostly fort also known \ as "Bansgarh", very near under a tree in or at the outskirts of a village, Panchmura village. The domesticated and and remains in the form of a stone, particularly trained animals like horses and elephants of during the occasion of Ambubachi, Dasahara, Vishnupur Kings, moving from time to time, Sankranti, New Moon and Full Moon. Offer­ must have created impressions of admirations ings of clay horses and elephants arc made by and wonder amongst the local potters and other the devotees for obtaining blessings' with chil­ villagers. dren by barren women, for cure of eye-diseases, rheumatism, etc. Dharmaraj Thakur as situ­ 2.3.3 The particular designs of horses, ele­ ated under a tree, has a position function in phants and tigers as shown below, adopted .removing evil spirits that may overcome a by the Bankura District's artisans and Panch­ village, -and for the purpose, proper mounts mura artisans in particular, suggest that the are to be provided for him in clay horses and might and valour of these animals, disciplined elephants for expeditious action. The num­ behaviour in cases of horses and elephants and ber of pieces offered generally varies with the the fear of forests have been amply illustrated scale of importance of the desire (manat) of in the heights and gestures of the particular the devotee. Panchmura horses and elephants animals reproduced on terracotta. are four;d to be in highest demand. Items up (1) Horse-Erect posture with erect/straight ears, chest, legs to the height of 4' are purchased for offerings. and neck, with bridle fixed on mouth and neck, The Santal people have their own Dharma seat on back, decorations on neck and forehead. Deota -in their villages. (2) Elephant-Movement postur. (3) Tiger-Straight legs, openeyes, tongue out and mouth open. Folk rituals may only explain small forms of animal terracotta. 2.3.4 Thus, it may be concluded that, per­ haps, the determining factors for the origin of 2.3.1 Terracotta animal figures like horses, production of the terracotta figures in the Dis­ as produced in different places of the State trict Bankura were the ritualistic characteris­ in and outside Bankura District, with or with­ tics attached to the folk dei.ties of the western out the use of wheel, ate also offered to other region of the state, the might of the Vishnu­ folk deities for the fulfilment of various per­ pur (Bankura) Kings as expz:essed to the local sonal and family commitments. That factor people and remembered by them in shapes of may explain why these are produced by the large-sized disciplined animal force and the potters; put, generally, small-sized hand-made terror of fierce tigers and snakes in adjoining pieces, done without the use of the wheel, are forests as well. In course of time, the petters offered. Folk rituals, therefore, cannot ex­ of Panchmura (and those of s0!lle other places plain wholly why the Bankura District artisans, of Barikura District) conceived the solid figures in special reference to the Panchmura artisans, of such animals and tried to reproduce them took upon their wheels to produce the bigger with all the connotations, but in large hollow figures. As a matter of fact, the wheels turned figures, turned on wheels. There lay the dis­ out figures upto 4' height, which were just tinction of the Bankura terracotta artisans. not necessary for the purpose of ritualistic re­ The demand for such big images followed the quirements. artisans' creation.

"'Dharma Thakur Shrines in Birtabhum District - Amrita Bazar Patrika, - Dr. Amulendu Mitra -June 21, 1968- extrac-ts.

**Information 'in subsequent paras in this chapter have been furnished by the Block Development Officers of Ketugram 1/ Karwa-I1/Sainthia!Taldangra, the Secretary, Rajagram Weavers' Co-o;>erative Society and the Extension Officer/ (Industries), Visb.nupur. 4

Craft Centre at Panchmura (Bankura)

District Bankura (Para 1)

Block Taldangra (Para 2)

Village Taldangra (where Panchmura is located) (Para 3) Ri.vers and canals (around village Panchmura) (Para 4) Surrounding villages (Para 5)

Lay-out of the village Panchmura-Habitable land is very limited dwellings are clustertld together­ castewise localities - road-side settlements - compact village leaving less scope for expansion (Para 6.1-6.3)

Craftsmen's families-their castewise distribution (Para 7.1-7.3)

Castewise occupation distribution of families (Para 8. I)

Cultivation and village industries go close together in providing employment (Para 8.2)

1Q

·21

WEST BENGAL

TERRACOTTA CENTRE OF PANCHMURA IN TALDANGRA BLOCK DISTRICT 8ANKURA

eoUNOAAY.INTEj:lNATIONAL _._. __ _ " STATE:...... _. ____ _ II. DfS't'$I(;T.. 'II ..... ~.-.- II sue-OIVISION •. , ______.. "LOCK "AII.WAn T··... .•. • •. ____ ~~~:~;~::D~~::T"E~ ••:: •.• ~ .. I'OClt'T FOR "ReHUM DISTRICT c. _ •• ' U COOCH BEHAR .. 0." ,t 8ANGLA' DE:SH .LOCk HIADQUAUU ••• ••. •

...

\

IAIT 0" OIl"HWICH "NOT TO SC~LE

6(a)-1 CensusfCalf75

Introducing the craft centre o£ Panchmura in bedia, Lalbundh and Amjore arQund Panch­ District Bankura mura are quite rich in Sal coppice forests. These forests are felled at a rotation of about 1. District Bankura* 10 years, mainly for firewood and partly for poles. The density of these' forests differ in Bankura, the District adjoining Purulia, in various villages between .5 and .8. The varie­ the Western side of the Burdwan Division in ties of trees found are Sal, Piasal, Mohua, the State of West Bengal, is situated. between Bahara, Kend, Palas, and Sidha. In the village 22°38' and 23°38' north latitude and between itself, there are the trees like Tamarind, Date 86 ° 36' and 81"46' east longitude. It has an Palm, Palm, Mango and Bamboo. The area area of 6,881 square Km. and has an popula· comprises mostly of terrain land with clay tion of 2,031,039 persons according to the loam soil. The main crops arc paddy. sugar­ Census of 1971. The distance of Calcutta cane and various types of vegetables. from Bankura is 144 miles by train via Kharag· "pur. The District consists mainly of gently 4. Rivers and Canals around Panchmura undulating grounds, intersected by rivers and The near by canals are Rukmini, Purandar streams flowing from North-West to South­ and Amjore. The source of Rukmini is in East. The land is a low-lying alluvial region the forest 1ands o£ village Tilaghagri in Ful­ in the East and North-East. Towards the West, mati Anchal. After covering about three the land shows undulations, forests, beds of miles, it falls in river Joypanda. The source laterites and groups of hills. of Amjore is in the forest lands of village Amjore in Panchmura Anchal. It falls in the 2. Block Taldangro river Joypanda. The Purandar originates from the forest lands of village Satmouli and falls Taldangra is a Development Block in the in the river Silabati. At a distance of about District of Bankura in the middle and has one and a half miles from Panchmura in the • combined physical characteristics of the West South and South-West, the river Joypanda and the East. It has an area of 349.7 square flows. It is a tributary of the river Silaboti. Kilometer, including 25,838 acres of forests dis· It originates from Baga in thana . The tributed in small Blocks and has a population small water areas around Joypanda are locally of 76,709 according to 1971 Census. The iden,tified to have been created out of the foot­ Blocks of Bishnupur, Onda, Khatra and prints of demons. Simpapal are respectively in the East, North, West and South of this Block. There is a 5. Surrounding villages pitChed road of 14 miles from Banknra to The villages of Amjor, Adhkara, Chakjam­ Taldangra. bedia, Radhanagar and Kanaipur are respec­ 3. Village Panchmura tively in the North-West, North-East, East, West, and South-West of the village Panch­ Pan chmura is a village in Taldangra Block mura. in it's South-East in the Sudar Sub-division of Bankura District with J. L. No. 104. It's dis­ LAY-OUT OF THE VILLAGE,PANCHMURA tance from Bankura town and Taldangra is Limited habitable land-Clustered dwellings­ 22 miles and 8 miles respectively. Bishnupur caste-wise localities is about 15 miles away from the village in the North-East. Nearest Railway stations are at 6.1 A main road runs round the south-western Piardoba and Bishnupur, their distances from and northern side of the village. Three main the village being about 12 and 15 miles res­ village roads have emerged from the main pectiv.ely. The village has a post-office. The road and penetrated into the village. These 8 mile road from Taldangra to Panchmura is roads are connected with a network of lanes kutcha for 5 miles. The roads joining the and pathways throughout the village. On village with other areas are not generally fair either side of these roads and lanes the inhabi­ enough in rainy reason for communication and, tants of this viIl'_lge have set up their dwellings. in many places, are worse. The village comes In comparison to its population. Panchmura within the Taldangra forest Range of Bankura is a small village. Giving allowance for the Forest Division. The forests of the Distrid fallow and unhabitable land, the area of the are in general all Sal coppiced forests. Panch­ habitable land is very limited. Thus, a large mura is surrounded by forests. The villages number of men are to live in a limited space, of Krishnapur, Syansipur, Joypur, Chakjam- and, that is why, the dwellings are clustered

"'Map showing placement of dist. Bankura in State of West Bengal and Block Taldangra and village panchmura in Dist. Bankura. 23 24

together and a house built close to another Road-Side loealities.-A Compact village having house is a common sight. Still then, when problems ot expansion. looked from a distance, the village takes the appearance of a _well-planned tidy small village. Another common peculiarity in the arrange­ 6.3 Mos.t of the dwellings are clay huts covered WIth straw. Only the rich families can men~ of these dwellings is that the dwellings of partIcular castes are in particular localities. aflord the luxury of a brick-built house with p~oper foundation and permanent construction. arranged side by side. Families, engaged ~n terracotta craft do not live in a scattered way .1 he comparativel~ rich in the. village mainly throughout the village. On the southern side b.elon9 to T~mbuh caste. TheIr main occupa­ of this village these families have set up their tlOn IS busmess. Kumbhakars live in two­ houses being stretched from east to west. On storied thatched clay huts. The weaker com­ the northern side of the colony of these crafts­ munities live at a distance from the main men, Brahmins have set up their houses. Centre in. a .q_uite cOfl:er of the village. Out Similarly, on the southern side, arc the TILlS, of these famIlIes, Khall'as, Bagdis, Domes and on the eastern side the Khairas and, on the Mallas have settled on Eastern, Western, and western side are the Tanties and the Tambulis. Soul~ern side of the village respectively in the The locality of the Poramati (terracotta) cra[ts­ o_utskIrt& of empty fields. The majority locali­ men families is so congested that, some times, tIes are arranged on either side of the village a common wall is being shared by two families roads. Actually, the families engaged in Terra­ cotta crafts, have settled on either side of as a partition between their houses. Thes~ families live and work in tIl(' same place, but, the village road that has extended from the have set up their furnaces at different places Sourthern. side of .the village towards East­ Western SIde, emergmg out from the Taldangra­ in the vicinity of their dwellings. Panchmura main roa.d. Every day, the buyers from the surroundmg and distant villages 6.2 The following table is an attempt co come to these potters' families for purchasing show where the families of other castes live in earthen-wares of daily needs and terracottas too. the village Panchmura: These potters have to ~isplay their products TABLE 2 on the verandahs of theIr way-side huts. It is. Distribution of different caste different directions rif village very difficult to secure a vacant plot o[ land for new settlement in the habitable portion of CASTE-WISE LOCALITIES IN PANCHMURA ~anchmura. As such, due to the disruption ll1 ]Olllt families which is marked throuO'h last Caste Nli. of Rate of increa~ in 10 Families years ending 1965 decades, the prospects of new settleme~ts on 2 3 the new sites would have a prBrahmin 13 1 family ~anchmura settlement is 37. Thus, the rate of mcre~se during the last 10 years ending the (i!) -do- Kayastha 3 Nil ]~65 IS 15.10%. It is a compact village like the (iii) North-western Tantubaya 40 7 families VIllages of Bibarda, , Bhola and Khichka in Taldangra block. (iv) South-western Baishnab 3 1 family (v) Southern side Tili 22 5families Fa:nilies of the vill,!ge-Thos~ engaged in cottage (vi) North South & western Modak 9 Nil mduslrzes-Thczr Caste-wzse distribution. (vii) East- West Kllmbhakar 30 7 families (viii) Middle Gandhabanik 12 Nil _7.l Pane!ln:ura mou~a-total area 1.]4 square (ix) North West & Middle Tembllli 45 9families nllles. . ThIS mclude VIllages of Raktagaria, Pal (x,! Eastern side Khaira** 30 4 families Tantuha Bansgar and Tikjuri. The habitable area measures only IJ3rd square miles. The (xi) North & West Sonar Bene 2 Nil LOtal population of the mouza is 1.983. [The (xii) North & East Karuakar 3 1 family provisional figure [or J 971 is 19.95J. The- total (x!ii) Eastern side Bagdi 10 familes Nil number of families settled in Panchmura is (xiv) Middle Paramanik 2 - Nil ~82, out of whom, only 30 families are engaged (xv) Western side Dome 9 2 families In terracotta craft. Apart from these families (xvi) Nothern side Goala 1 - Nil there are 14. more families engaged in the manu~ (xvii) Southern side Mella or Mete 7 - Nil facture of Jewellery, blacksmithy and bamboo (pat Tantlllia) crafts. (xviii) South-eastern side Muslim 2- Nil

TOTAL 243 7.2 Di~tribution of these families, who are engaged_ m cottage crafts excludinO'b, weaving ac- other**Out village ofof 69Mouza. Khaira families in Mouza Panchmura, on1 y 30 fami1 ies live in Panchmura itself, the),esl Hving in- the 25 cording to their occupation and caste is shown 2 3 4 in the following table:- TABLE 3 Kayastha 3 Stray business -1 Cultivation -I NON-WEAVING CASTE-GROUPS IN PANCHMURA Service -I Weaving -40 Occupation Caste No. of families Weaver 40 Baishnab '3 .Service -1 2 3 Cultivation -2 Pottery Potter 30 Tili 22 Stray business -3 Teacher -2 Jewellery Sonar Bene 2 Cultivation -17 (poddar) Household work -2 Blacksmithy Blacksmith 3 Bamboo Craft Dome 9 Gandha Banik 12 Stray business -5 Cultivation -2 7.3 Thus, in all, 44 families engaged in diffe· Others -3 rent types of crafts live in the village Panch· Unemployed -2 mura. Their total population is 228, the Modak 9 Stray business -9 terracotta families claiming 167. Another 54 families of this village are engaged in weaving. Kumbahkar 30 Terracotta -30 The distribution of these families in different Tambuli 45 Stray business castes groups is as follows: & cultivation -45 Son<'.rBeone TABLE 4 (Poddar) 2 Jewellery -2 WEAVING CASTE-GROUPS IN PANCHMURA Karmakar 3 Ironsmithy -2 (e.g. Spades, axe, Caste Number offamilies knife, plough) 2 household work -1 Khaira' WeaVer 40 [30 families live 69 Cultivation-69 Wuaving 2 Baishnab 2 in the village Panch- mura, and 39 others Khoira 2 live in Raktagoria, pattentulia, Banshgar, Bagdi 10 Tikjuri under punchmura Mouza] Total 54 Bagdi 10 Weaving 10 These weavers weave cloths of coarser counts. Paramanik 2 Cultivation and 2 Taken as a whole, out of 282 families in occupational trade Panc;:hmura, only 98 families are engaged in Dome 9 Village crafts 9 craft work and cottage industries. (Bamboo baskets, etc.) 8.1 Caste/occupation distribution of all fami­ Goala Milkman lies in Panchmura Mella 7 Trading in fish 7 Cultivation 7 Panchmura Mouza is inhabited by men Musalman 2 Cultivation 2 belonging to different castes and creeds. The following will reveal a detailed picture of the same:- TOTAL 282

TABLE 5 [--39=243 are in village PanchmuraJ CASTE WITH OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION IN PANCHMURA Cult£valion and village indllstries go close to­ gether in prom'ding max local employment. Caste No. of Main occu- part-time families pation occupation Panchmura 8.2 From the above Statistics, we get the Mouza following. facts:

2 3 4 (I) In Panchmura, peasant families pre· 13 Cultivation-I 3 Doctor -3 dominate. Teacher -I Job -2 (2) In all, 109 families i.e. 38.55% of the stray total families are engaged in cultiva­ / business -1 tion. Close to it is the artisan's group. 26

(3) As weaving is a paying occupation III (4) Families of tambuli caste are mainly this Mauza, in addition to the exist­ established as stray businessmen iIi Panchmura. ing families of weavers by caste, 14 families of Baishnab, Bagdi, and (5) Number of families living on service are neglible in this Moma. Khalta castes have taken into the occupation (all the families of Bagdi (6) Though.. the main occupation of the Kumbhakat- families is pottery, yet, caste are engaged in the trade) as their almost all the families are out and main livelihood. out engaged in cultivation also. 5

Poramati (Terracotta) Artisa os of Paochmu ra and their Products

L1St of Pottery artisans (Para 1) Pioneer traditional families and the base pioneer artisan (Paras 2-3) Families which migrated to Panchmura (Para 4) Life sketches of three representative artisans (Para 5) Classification of Panchmura Produats (Para 6.1) Products by illustrations (Para 6.2) Use of Products in Panchmura area (Paras 7.1-7.4) 27 7-1 Census/Cal/75

1. The list of pottery artisans of Panchmura village IS given below as current in ] 971 :

TABLE 6

P01~ERS' FA:\ULIES TO PA~CIl:\{LR.\

Serial Namf" of Head 01 Family Age Name of Fath~r N .lmbpr of membl'n 0 I No. th,. filmlly - -- .. -"'- -- - ~ :\f.'l.. Fl'male Minor

~ 3 4- _-_..

~n Bhdjahari K'lmhhakar 45 Late Akshoy Kumbhakar 2 '} Sf! Sud1)ir Kumhhr.kar 40 Do. 2 3 ~~i Gll\ .nda Kumbhakar 50 Du. 3 4- Sri Gangarlhar Kllmbhakar W Do. 8 5 Sri Amu:ya Kurnbhakar fiO Lal" Brajanath Kumbhnkar 4 6 fin Allil Kumbhakar 35 Do, 2 7 Sri 1hddn K=bhakar 38 no. 2 8 Sri Govinda Kumbhakar 42 L.,te Kunja Kumbhakar 2 9 Sri Subol Kurnhhak

SO!lrCe : Sri Amare,h C'laki, A~stt. Supdt., Tas.lr Sch"m~, Panchmurll

Reside~ the f,)llow.n~ aniqm bt'ing tn Ih,. difTcr('flt families: 1 Sri l\bdan 1I,11)l lan KU"llbha 1

Pioneer Families artisan of great repute of this village. His son (late) Raicharan Kumbhakar was also a 2. The ancestors of the artisans Late ­ famous craftsman of his time. The families charan, Late Ratan, Sarvasri Bholan;.tth, devoted to this craft for the last haH a century. Rajendra, Kalipada, Panchanan, Subol, Durga­ are indebted in various ways to their families; pada, and Rashbehari Kumbhakar are the but, none of_the families of potters has left pioneer, traditional families in the Terracotta the traditional trade of the production of craft. The -urtisans' .fa-milies of Sarvashri N alin i household articles, being manufa.ctured_ through Kanta, Asutosh, Bhaskar, Govinda, Bllaja-hari, decades. They have learnt and practised the Amulya, Rajkishore, and Subol have been art of manufacturing terracottas in course of engaged in the craft of image making only for their primary work of manufacturing earthen about 50 years. The families of Sarvashri bowels and utensils. Even now, the master Amulya, Madan, Anil and Krishnapada have craftsmen in the manufacture of terracottas, only been recently engaged in such craft. continue to produce such household products also. 3. Base Pioneer in the Craft Families which migrated to Panchrnura The discussion with the oldest living person of this village and with the families of artisans 4. The following table shows the names of has revealed that, (late) Bhairab K urn bhakar, the heads of the families of the eight families the grandfather of Sadhucharan Kumbhakar having migrated fro;n other places and their (recently deceased) was the oldest pottery particulars: - 'tABLE 7 POTTERS' FAMfLIES HAVlNG MIGRATED TO PANCHMURA

Names or the Heads of the Father's name and address When they settled Reasons families here

.2 3 4

Sri Dhanjoy Kumbhakar Kailas Kumbhakar, 2 generations His m'lternal's Uncles' house is in ViiI. Bibarda, (Appx. 5') y~ars) Panchnura P. O. Taldangra, Dist. Bankura Sri Dasarath Kumbhakar Pachai K'.lnbhakar, 1 generation For business ViII. K-'1m:.r Diha, (Appx. 30 years) P. S. Taldangra, Dist. Bankura . Sri Manick Kumbhakar NeJ;ai Kumb':nkar, 1 generation Fatner in law's h011Se Vill. Biblrda, (Appx. 30 years) P. S. Jaldangra, Bankura -Sri Nandal2.l :E:.umbh:.kar Hwipad'l Kumbhakar Only 5 years Relative's house to have facilities ViII. YafaIa, for business P.S. Taldangra, Bankura Sri Gobinda Kumbhalc:lr A1,shoy Kumbhakar, 2 generations M ttern11 urtcle's houS'e of his ViII. Dharapat, ·(Appx, 80-o/ears) father P.S.Onda, Dist. Bankura Sri Gangadhar Kumbhakar Sri Bhajahari Kumbhakar Sri Sudhir Kumbhakar

5. The life-sketch of three represenra.tive arti­ Raicharan Kumbhakar. He proceeded with sans-one recently deceased and two living­ his education upto the level of high -primary are given below: standard in the school. Afterwards, at the SADHU CHARAN KUMBHAKAR age ,of 14-15 years, he left school and started learning the techniques of pottery from his He was the eldest potter of the village until brother Suchand. After 3 years Qf apprentice­ a few years back. He was born in the yea~ ship, he established himself as an independent 1298 (B.S.). His father's name was late potter in the village. Sadhucharan told our 31

Investigator that when he first started manu­ was not associated with the manufacture of facturing terracotta elephants, horses, etc., then terracottas. They only manufactured earthen only two or three other families were engaged utensils. He studied upto class IV standard in in these crafts. At that time, the total number the local school and then left his class-room to of families of potters in the village were Jimit·· assist his family in- their traditional craft. He ed to only 12. Sadhucharan first married at was an apprentice in his family upto the age the age of 22 years. ·His father-in-Iaw's house of 22 years, and then established himself as an was situated at Kamardiha, ten miles away independent artisan. He first started manu­ from Panchmura. Age of his first wife was facturing utensils along with small-size ordi­ only 10 or 11 at the time of her marriage. nary horses and elephants. But his family's After 2 years' of marriage, Sadhucharan losl main occupation was manufacturing utensils. his first wife. Afterwards, Sadhucharan re­ In the Bengali calendar year 1337 (B.S.) he married. This time, the bride was selected married in the· village Kamardiha, 10 miles off from the village Madhabpur, at a dist;mce of from Panchmura. Now he is father of four 10 miles from Panchmura. Telfacotta eleph­ sons and three daughters. His 2 sons and one ants, horses, Manasar Jhar, etc. which werc daughter are already married. His two sons manufactured by Sadhucharan earned the repu­ have married respectively in villages M adhab­ tation of adjacent villages. Except these terra­ pur and Ruisar and the daughter was married cotta products, Sadhucharan did never manu­ in Lodna. They are now living in a joint facture any ordinary pottery goods. He re­ family. His two sons are learning the techni­ marked during this Survey: "Now our pro­ ques of manufacturing hig elephants, horses ducts are being sold throughout India; those and the terracottta-images. Ashutosh Kum­ are being exported to other countries also, bhakar is an enthusiastic member of the local which we never dreamt of even 14-15 years Co-ope:r:ative Society of the potters. He was back. In the past, we used to sell our products commissioned several times by trio Co-opera­ to visitors from other villages and from our tive Society to accompany the supply of terra­ own village". The income which they had from cottas for sale in Delhi and Calcutta. Other­ the sale-proceeds of the,e products was enough wise, he had never been to other places outside for their maintenance. the District of Bankura. At present, his daily average income from the sale of terracottas is In his boyhood days and even in his youth, Rs. 2 to 3 only. He grows paddy in his fields, traditional "" and "" were quite which maintains his family for 6 months in in vogue. Sadhucharan participated actively a year. He is quite healthy and strong with in such functions in his young days. He wit­ sense of enthusiasm in him. nessed the festival of "Manasha", 'Durgapuja', "Chhabbis Prahar" (Nam-Sankirtan), 'Gajan', etc. from his boyhood days. The most memo­ MADAN MOHAN KUMBHAKAR rable incident which he witnessed during his life-time was the devastating fire which broke Of the craftsmen of Panchmura, who have out in the Bengali calendar year 1314 (B.S.). earned reputation in their fields, Madan Mohan The fire destroyed nearly all the huts of the Kumbhakar is one of them. He was born in village. At present, his two sons and two the year 1923. His father's name is Rash daughters are alive. His second wife prede· Behari Kumbhakar. Amongst the potter's ceased him. His two sons and two daughters families, their family is one of the most pro­ are all married. His one daughter has lost spering. His younger brother is the first in a her husband and is staying in Sadhucharan's family of potters of this village to get his gradu­ family. Two sons have separated from their ation from the Calcutta University. He is now father and are living in separate establishments. teaching in the local school. From the age of Sadhucharan also lived 'Separately along with 24-25, he started his career independently as a his daughter. His two sons are following craftsman of terracottas. At this age, he be­ their father's ideals and they have es(ablished came master in techniques. He learnt his craft themselves in the manufacture of terracottas. from his father; Rash Eehari Kumbhakar. Sadhucharan partially lost his eye-sight in late According to him, only three or four families age and retired from his craft a few years used to manufacture elephants, hOUles, Manasar before his death. Sadhucharan was very proud Jhar, etc. af thut time. Madan Mohan married of his visits to the holy places of India in old at his early seventeens. Age of his wife at that age. He was amongst the very few of the time was only 12 years. His first wife died village who went on such visits. Sadhucharan some 16 years back. After one year of the visited places like Gaya, Kashi, Brindabon and death of the first wife, he married again. His Hardwar. Everyone belonging to Potter's first wife came from Bibarda and the second caste respected this old master-craftsman. one from Lodna. In Bengali calendar year ASHUTOSH KUMBHAKAR 1352, he came to visit Calcutta. This was the first time that he visited a big city. Even His present age is 55 vears. His father's now, he visited _only the different parts of t.he name is Nabadwip Kumbhakar. His family District Bankur_a and never felt the urge to go 8-1/Census/Cal/75

39

Classification of Panchmura ProductJ:

6.1 The items may be classified as stated below:

GROUP I-IMAGES FOR RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS 1 Horses 4 Manasarjh or 2 Elephants 5 Bongii 3 Tigers 6 Sai-sailee 7 Goddess Sasthi

GROUP 2-UTENSILS FOR DAILY USE Pitchers 4 Khapri (Vessels for cut fruits) 2 fonli.-Hli.ndi (Big earthen vessels for 5 Khel u (Frying pan.) carrying minnows) G Karai (Pan) 3 Saucers

GROUP 3-MuSICAL INSTRUMENTS Khole 3 Dhak 2 Mridanga 4 Dugi

GROUP 4-0THER MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS 1 Flower pots 4 Lamp-stands 2 Ash-trays 5 Toy 3 Conches

6.2 Terracotta items of Panchmura by illwtrations below:

9-1 Census/Calj7S 40

TERRi\COTTA ITEMS OF PANCHMURA

Without Wheel:

Small-size Elephan t

Toy Train

Sashthi 'j hakrun (Local deity) 41

Honga (The God of Santa Is) Tiger [Without wheel] (On whed)

Elephant found with Kananga people (on wheel). 42

On wheel:

Elephant found with Khaira people

Mil Manashar Ghat Mii M .... ashli r Nag 43

Ma Manashiir Jhir-Fl'ont side

Ma Manashar Jar-Back side 44

Earthenware with design 45

Earthenwares

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

I I \ I I I I I \ \ \ \ I \

Dugi

Mi'idal 46

Khole

2/ 3 // : \1 -..:_, 30int I ,1 1 1\ •

I>hcle

,J•

J_,ri J J-I'.<') 1 1 11 I I, :3'

UJe of Panchmura Terracotta in village itself: 7.2 The Santals do not offer 'Jhars'. In the event of outbreak of Oholera, offers are made TRADITIONAL OFFERINGS OF TERRA­ by the local people under the feet of the God­ - COTTA IN PANCHMURA dess 'Chandi' by placement of pots in the 7.1 In the Panchmura village, the terracotta middle, a horse in the left and an elephant in figures are offered to Roy's 'Mansaghar', the right. 'Uiyeksini" rWhich is a stone figure under Tarnal and Chalta trees, and Gram Soloana], 7.3 'Sai Sailee' images are made and meant 'KfIandarani' (which is a stone figure) and for womenfolk desiring to extend friendship Siv temple [Gram Soloana]- 'Khandiirani' amongst themselves. The pottery and terra­ is located in the adjoining village of Deulberia, cotta artisans, it is understood, do not offer amidst the trees of Sal, Anch flower and Madar. _their items of production (animal figures) dur­ Nearby, there is a very old_ banian tree. The ing their 'Chak Puja' [tfIe God of 'Mahadev' is 'Manasiks' [promises], are made under the feet worshipped] held in the month of Jaistha. Only of 'Siva' [in cases of diseases, children and flowers are offered. The new-bride an'd bride­ risks], 'Khandarani' [particularly in cases of groom of potter's families, however, visit Adh diseases ana risks of livestock], 'Uiyeksini' Karasini Goddess in the adjoining village of [in cases of large scale deaths 'Marakl Gene­ Adhkara and offer terracotta horses and ele­ rally, it is reported that, the figures of tiger phants etc. at her feet. are for ']horbasini' and 'Bagh Roysini' [to be free from fear of livestock in forestsl, houses for 'Sanyasi', elephants for 'Bhairab' and 'Jhar' 7.4 Sri Durga Saran of the nearby village of for 'Manasha'. All items are mixed together Chalthaddi reported that they offer terracotta also· during offerings depending on the capa­ horses before their God 'Bonga' located in city of devotees and nature of risk and ailment 'Banthan' during Makarsankranti. They also involved. 'Chlindmala' a Sola product is also offer the figures of horses during 'Salui' Puja added. These are available from Malakars (If held during the month of Chaitra. They offer Vishnupur. elephants, Sadam (horse) etc. to 'Jaharburi'. 6

TeChnique of Production of Terracotta

&sic raw material - their type. and procurement - features of sources and materials (Paras 1.1-1.7) Processing of clay and clay dyes (ParaJ !l.1-2.4)

Quality of soil - test reports of clay and clay dyes (ParaI3.1-3.4) Panchmura soil compared with other types

(Para ~. 5)

Tools in use - their availability (ParQJ 4.1-4.2) Adjoining worksheds and dwellings

(Para ~.l)

Distribution of dwelling houses and available space

(ParaJ ~.2-5.5) Construction of work-shed, working space and cost (Paras 5.6-5.8) Working h?urs (Para 5.9) Use of wheels for turning of figures (Para 6.1) Process of manufacture of a terracotta horse-green stage (ParaJ 6.2--6.5) Process of manufacture of a vessel for minnous-green stage (Para 6.6)

10-1 Cemus/C:ll/75 48

Features of work on wheel (Para 6.7)

Ball-bearing wheel (Para 6.8)

Role of female members

(Para 6.9)

Kilns and their distribution (Paras 7.1-7.2)

Merits in different types of kilns (Para 7.3)

Specifications and location of kilns (Paras 7.4-7.6)

Prefixing action (Para 7.7)

Firing (Paras 7.8-7.9)

Finished products (Para 7.10) Types of basic raw-material facturing process. Thus, the terracotta artists of Panchmura are to collect sands aha. They have been collecting this sand from the <:anal TYPES half a mile away in the East from the Village Panchmura since last 175 years. But, at pre­ sent, the stock of sand in this Panchmura l.l The materials used by the Pottery crafts­ Canal has been almost exhausted. As a result, men of Panchmura are different types of clay: they are now collecting this sand from lh~ riv~r ~an_d, (1) common clay, (2) (3) clay dyes-'Cod' Joypanda Hawing at a distance of 2 miles III .and 'Banak'. The SarI IS partly common clay, the South of Panchmura. It appears that the partly sandy ahd partly a mixture of both. silted bed of J oypanda will be able to meet Stones are not available. the requirements of sand for a pretty long time. SOURCES-THEIR FEATURES 1.5 Sand, collected from the bed of the river 1.2 Collectors generally avoid the Surface Sam­ Joypanda, is both ~ne and white. This variety is found most sUlted to the purpose. Some­ ple as the specimen is naturally mixed .with s.l~ne chips, grass, roots of trees and other ImpUntIes. times they collect sand from Pan chmura Cal~al The next layer is also found unsuitable due also. The sample of sand is coarse and pm­ kish in colour. That is why they sieve the to presence of higher percentage of sand. As such, the common practice is to reach the sample before use in a Sieve of 30 mesh (I.S.S.). Each family consumes 4 to 5 Cart loads of layer below 5 or 6 . feet of the su~face a~d collect the ideal vanety whose plasuc quahty sand every year. Each Cart contains 5 to 7 when mixed with certain percentage of sand maunds of sand. becomes most suited to modelling terracotta images. The tool used for the purpose is simply 1.6 In other parts of West Bengal, colours .a spade. are applied on the images superficially. But, Colours displayed on the terracottas of Panch­ mura are the result of clever selection -of raw­ 1.3 It has been observed that the layer at a material i.e. clay and the perfection il firing. depth of 5 or 6 feet bel9w the su~face from where the clay is collected gets mOist due to automatic secretion of water from hidden To give the imag~ a glossy fmish, those arti­ sources. But, sometimes, when, the function sans apply a_ partIcular type of clay, (::tIled {)f such sources are' found to be non-operating 'Gad' available from the embankment of the in some places, collectors spray water from local Canal. Besides clay dyes, they use another nearby tanks or wells to keep the layer moist. type of clay called 'Banak'. Then they take out chunks (,Challa') of clay with the help of spades from that layer, 5 or {) feet below the surface, from pits with 6'b, 6'w 1.7 Consumption of 'Gad' and 'Banak' for colouring the terracottas is approximately 1 and 6' deep. Each chunk weighs at least 10 Cart-load a year per family. This type o~ cl~y to 15 Seers and the radius is approximately ] is collected from 6 inches to I foot depth of SoIl. foot. Most of the families of ~rtists finish Colour of 'Gad' is yellowish white and that 'storing their annual supply by the middle of of Banak is Blackish grey. This sample can· Jaistha. tains sand, grits, rods etc. in profuse quantity and, thus, without proper sieving, this .cannot be used in manufacturing process. ThIS type 1.4 Sand is required to be mixed with the of clay is generally collected during the months soil to make it suitable for use in the manu- of November to June. 50

Processing of Clay thods p1:Hsued by the female members of the artisans -family. The first method is filtration by decantation and the second one is Aging. PREPARATION OF PAKMATI

2.1 Clay collected from the fields are dumped 2.3 Pigments are extracted from the Gad in a corner of the dwelling& of the artisans. by the following methods. Mixture of clay It remains there for 3 months. This process and water in th~ proportion of 1: 1 is allowed is known as aging. Afterwards, they cut out to settle in an earthen pot for 7 days. Settled chunks [Drawing No. 37, p. 81] from this clay is taken out by decantation, and again dump and adds water in the proportion of 30%. mixed in water and kept in several pots. In Chu~ks are allowed to soak water tor 3 hours. this way the clay remains for 15 days. After· Tlien this soaked clay is mixed with sand in wards, by discarding the sediment of sand and the -ratio of 8: I. Mixing_ is done by feet using stone chips, the sample is used as pigment. the -heels. [Drawing No. 38, p. 81 J. The process Generally, two maunds of 'Gad' mud yields continues for 15 minutes to 20 minutes. This 16 Seers of 'Gad' colour. clay is ,then called processed clay CPakmati'). Artisans usuall y prepare one to four such lumps of clay, each containing approximately 2.4 Pigments from Banak are extracted by 20 Seers of the material. .similar process. Banak clay and water in the proportion of 1: 1 are kept in sedimentation vats for 7 days; The soft sticky extracts from different vats are mixed with more water and PREPARATION OF CLAY DYES left under a covered place for aging for one month. Afterwards, the sample is used for Banak 2.2 Gad and Banak clay generally used for colour. Two maunds of 'Banak' clay usually colouring are purified by two indigenous me· yield 12 Seers of 'Banak' colour.

Qualit~ of Soil 3.1 Test reports of the Bengal Ceramic Institute of the sample Soil collected from thf' above sources are given below:-

TABLE 8

TEST REPORT OF COMMON·CLAY

Surface Soil from Soil from Soil from Soil 3' deep 5' deep 6' deep

(i) Water of pla1ticity . 15.3% 31.2% 25.5% 27.5%

(ii) Workability Fair (sandy) Fair (sticky) Fair (sticky) Fair (very sticky)

(iii) Dry Shrinkage . 3% 10% 9% 9%

(iv) Fired Shrinkage (at 1000°C) 1% Expn. 2% 1% Nil

(v) Total Shrinkage 2% 12% 10% 9%

(vi) Fired colour (at 1000°C) Y eliewish r~d Brick red Brick red Dark red

(vii) Bloating (at 1000°C) Nil Nil Nil Nil

(viii) Scumming (at 1000°C) Nil Nil Nil Nil

\ix) Rings (at 1000°C) Fair -Good Good Good

(IC) Porosity at 1000 °C lIDo/. 25% 24% 23.50/.

77

TABLE 9

3.2 TEST REPORT OF CLAY DYES

(i) Kh:trigad (ap?lied on Blocks prepared from 5' deep soil) Pleasant Brick red colour 010 glossy appearance

(ii) Gad (applied 0.1 blocks prepared from 3' deep soil) Brick red Do.

(iii) B'lnak (applied on '"Blocks prepared from 6' deep soil) Dirty dark red Do.

(iv) Above three nmples at a time layer by layer as done by D~rk red Do. the potters on· the site (applied on block~ prepared from 6' deep soil)

Findings therefrom layer of the soil of District Bankura is so mixed with stone chips, roots of trees etc., that 3.3 Table 9 shows that soil clay.collected from an admixture proves a failure in producing layers !l to 6 feet below the surface is most the desired sample. suitable for manufacturing terra cotta images. But, the workability of this type of soil is 3.4 :Test report of Table 9 justifies the crafts­ practically nil due to its hardness and sticky­ men's selection of special type3 .of clay for ness. A mixture of sand in the proportion colouration. They really produce a desired of 10% increases its workability and the sample effect and make the image beautiful. The use turns ideal for the craft. Actually, crafts­ of Gad and Banak imp.arts on the images a men of Panchmura mix sand with common very dull yet soothing effect, which commands clay for their work. Potters of other places everybody's appreciation. of West Bengal sometimes mix clay from the upper layers of the soil instead of sand with 3.5 A comparative Statement on the workabi­ sticky clay. But" craftsmen of Panchmura al­ lity of Panchmura clay and clays of .other places ways use sand because the clay from the upper of Tiles and Bricks is given below:

TABLE 10

WORKABILITY OF DIFFERENT SOIL SAMPLES

Bamuha (Burdwan) East Mouza Ajhapur (Dist. Panchmurah (Bankura) C...:ntre Burdwan)

Water of Plasticity (%) 24 22.5 23.4

Workability Fair Good Fair (Sticky)

Dry Shrinkage (at 110' C) (%) 7 5 5

/ Firing behaviour at IOOO'C J050 /C 1000/C 1050 C 1000/C 1050 'C

Fired shrinka"e (%) 3 5

Total shrinkage (%) 10 12 6 6 6 6

Porosity (%) 28.3 20.4 27 26 26.3 24.1

Water absorption (%) 16.4 9.6 15 13.4 12.7 12.3 15-1 Census/Cal./75 78

TABLE 10-Gonld.

Bamuha (Burdwan)' Mouzha Ajhapur (Dist. Panchmurah (Bankura) East Cen tre Burdwan)

Colour Light red Brick red Light red Brick red Dull red Brick red

Ring Good Metallic Gooli Good Good Good

Bloating Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Scumming Little Little Nil Nil Nil Nil

Compressive Strength, Tons/Sqr. inch 1.7 2.8 1.10 1.15 2.08 2.3

Remarks: Above clays art! quite suitable for the manufacture of Brick5 & Tiles. Moderate water of plasticity, low water ab­ sorption, shrinkage, ple:J.sent brick red colour high compressive strength etc., are quite satisfactory and akin to the specifications of Brick & Tile making clays. But as the Pa'lchmurah clay is bit sticky, admixture of sand to the ex­ tetrt of 10% is advised. Source: Bengal Ceramic Institute, Calcutta.

TABLE II-Gonld. 4. Tools in use 2 3 '4.1 Tools used by the artisans in their work­ shop in the different stages of the work are Pitna For beating and en- 51 1al ging green arti- derailed below:- cles

TABLE II Balla Support used at the 52 time of beating TOOLS Athali Water container 49

Items Function Reference Nicha For making grooves (Local Name) of during beating illustra­ Cheari For finishing green 53 tion (No.) articles and deco- ra tion as well 2 3

Chalna For sieving 47 Their availability

Chachna To slice off moi5t 46 4.2 Of the eleven items memioIH:.d above, clay excepting 'Pitna', 'Nicha', 'Balla' and 'Chak', the rest are manufactured by the artisans t.hem­ Chak Potter's wheel for 43-44 throwing (Tradition- selves according to their needs. 'Pitna', 'Vicha' al & bolli-bearing) and 'Balla' are either made to order by the local craftsmen or are purchased from Bankura Chak-lori A wooden stick to 56 Town. Chak or Po-tters wheel is bought rotate the wheel either from Rajgram or from Bankura. Very recently, the local cooperative of the potters Uncha For fiCli,hing green 45 articlf'S while still has introduced some modern Ball-bearing on the wheel wheels. These have been purchased by the Cooperative from the Government. In the Kanta A needJe to de1ach 48 colony of craftsmen, at present, 40 old type of the green articles Potter's wheel and 3 Ball hearing wheels are from :he wheeJ being operated. 79

EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS USED BY PANCHMURA POTTERS

Traditional Potter's Wheel (chlik)

Ball bearing Wheel 80

..~ ____U'11cha. ~~~~i.:h;:~l~~tO:ol~) (F ______~)

Clo1h piece

PlifVi4 ('"." ~, SH~"'" .. ,,~,)--_ 81

Use of chanchna

Processing of clay 82

The use of Ch1lklori on the wheel (chak)

Workshop these families, there are only 5 joint houses. The maximum concentration observed never Adjoining Worksheds and Dwellings exceeds four families per house. The only house that affords shelter to 4 such families 5.1 Worksheds and' the dwellings of these measures ] 600 square feet and it is a two­ artisans are not separated. Different portions storeyed construction. Another house where 3 of their dwellings are generally used as work of the families live together, measures 56 places. These families are so clustered in a square feet and it is also a two-storeyed cons­ limited area that, separate plots of land for truction. Of the other 3 houses, each of which, factory site, even if desired, are mostly not affords shelter to two combined families, the available. But, this is not the only hurdle lowest in measurement is 120 square feet and in the way of establishing separate workshops. the highest one is 2:;4 square feet only. Of the Economic distress is another determining fac­ single family houses, the biggest one is a three­ tor. Besides, a long tradition of working in storeyed construction and measures 374 square the congenial atmosphere of their dwelling feet and the smallest one is one-storeyed and houses has so moulded the pattern of their 209 square feet in measurement. activities that, they find no incentive in setting up workshops outside. 5.3 The above description of the dwelling houses of the craftsmen families provides a Distribution of Dwelling houses and available good basis for imagining the actual condition Space and Workers. of their workshops and store-woms. In Panch­ mura, 7 craftsmen families have separate work­ 5.2 Out of 30 families, 2 families are not shops each. Another 8 families use the verano. connected with the occupation. They possess dahs of their houses as worksite. In some no workshops or godowns except their own cases, a single family occupies a verandah, in dwelling houses. Of the remainin-g 28 families, other cases, the verandah is shared by two fifteen families have separate dwelling 'houses families. 6 families work in 3 separate work­ per family. But, for the other 13 families, s_hops, two in each factory. Seven families 2 or 3 families together share a house. For have combined workshops and store rooms. 83

The largest of the single workshops, measures 5.4 Out of these families, only one family 242 square feet and the lowest in measurement possesses a separate store-room. Most of the is 108 square feet. The measurement of the other store-rooms are either located in one verandahs used by the artisans as worksites are corner of the workshops or in the dwelling limited between 40 to 96 square feet. The houses of the artisans. Two or three families largest of the combined workshops and store· use a portion of their verandah as store-room~. rooms measures 665 sq uare fe~t and is two The $ketch of the -,,!:orkshop and the residence storeyed and the smallest one is 25;' square feet of Sri Asu tosh Kum bhakar is given below: in measure and one-storeyed.

WOR K S HOP A ND RESIDENCE OF SRI ASHUTOSH KUMBHAKAR

'0 ~

'0 RESIDENCE ),.. WORKSl-{oP

5.5 In the family based pottery of Panch­ with tin-sheets. But, their foundation and mura, no outsiders are invited as labourers. walls are all constructed with muds. The The close proximity of the workshops to the pillars, frames, doors and windows are all pre­ dwellings provides ample opportunity to each pared, from Sal, bamboo and palm. Work­ and every member of the household to co­ shops located in the verandahs of the houses operate with the artisans in their work and have, on one side, the walls of the dwelling sllch work of craEt does not disturb the family houses in the background and the rest of the way of life. sides are open. Workshops generally have two doors, one facing the village road and the Consirurtion of Workshed other leads to the interior of the. inner house­ hold. The verandahs of the workshops, facing .1).6 Separate workshops and the woSkshops the village road are generally used as the dis­ situated on the verandahs or attached to the play floors of the products manufactured. above rooms in most of the cases face the Where a- workshop is constructed combined small village roads. Single workshops are con­ with the store, the former is located in the structed on clay foundation and have mud­ ground floor and the latter is constructed above walls and thatched roofs. Pillars and frames with wooden panels. In many families, 'the bed used there are all made of Sal, bamboo and chambers in the first floors are used as store­ palm. In cases of combined workshops and rooms. A particular place in the workshop store rooms, two rooms are in the first floor is marked for setting the wheel and the qther and are covered with corrugated iron sheets tools and instruments are also placed there. :md the one-foam below is also covered overhead Inside, the huge dumps of clay are kept covered 84 with mats or gunny bags. Unfinished green 6. Process of Manufacture: products are also kept in the workshop. Before firing, finished products are generally kept in Use of wheel for the turning of figures the workshop or in the· store room in such a way that, the light and air from outside cannot 6.1 Most of the products, discribed at chap. reach these products. J, 6.1 are prepared on Potter's wheels, except in a few cases, where, the artisans partly use Working Space inside and outside their hands to give the mould to desired shape. Images of goddess Sasthi, Ash-trays, Conches 5.7 Before firing, these products are brought and toy railway Engines are completely pre­ out in the open court-yards for application of pared by hand. The. use of WHEEL. for t~e clay-dye. Out of the total number of houses, production of the pnmary terra.cotta Items IS shared by 28 families, the boundaries of the the speciality of Panchmura artIsans. Instead houses, occupied by 8 families only have some of lump clay being put to. moulds, the a~ti.sans open space. The maximum open area measures bring out hollow fighures m parts, to be .lamed 782 square ft. and the minium one is only 54 subsequently by hand, with the help of the square feet. The families having no open wheel. In the manufacture of horses, elephants, space in their compounds, use the verandahs, and tigers, the process adopted is quite similar, alleys of their houses and also the village while, in the manufacture of other products, roads, for colouring the images. In this con­ excepting Manasar jhar and the products made nection, it may be mentioned that, each work­ entirely by use of hands only, the process, shop or store-room generally measures in height though different from the first one, is quite from 10 feet to 15 feet. The heights of the similar for the products of this group. The veranda'hs from ground level generally vary use of wheel for the purpose of animal and from I ft. to 2 ft. and the width varies from other forms, besides the age-old domestic_ wares 3 ft. to 5 ft. Windows measure from 2' x I' is an illustration of creative genius of Bankura to 2' X 2' and the doors are generally 5' x 3'. potters. [Drawing No. 27, p. 79.] Their number in the workshops is very limited. As the workshops are mostly situated by the In the following paragraphs, we are dealing way side, there is no dirth of light and air. in details the manufacturing process of Horses and Pona-handi only: Cost involved 5.8 The construction cost of a workshop is Process of manufacturing a termcotta Horse­ generally limited to Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 only. Green Stage If it is thatched with straw, after every 3 years, the need for rethatching is felt. The workshops and dwelling houses are generally 6.2 Artisans of Panchmura manufacture constructed by the local men belonging to horses, elephants and tigers of various sizes. Khaira caste. A cottah of land generally costs These sizes generally vary from 60 inches, to Rs. 300 to Rs. 400 only. 42 inches, 36 inches, 24 inches, 18 inches, 12 inches, 8 inches and 6 incbes. Process adopted Working Hours in the manufacture of a 24 inches horse is given below:- !I.9 The peak period of the work in the shed is generally from the Bengali calendar month The first stage of the process is the turning Ashina to Chaitra. During these months, work "hlP of the two front and two hind legs of the is performed in 3 shifts a day. The first horse. In the second stage, the trunk of the shift is from about 8 0' clock in the morning body between these two pairs of legs are turned. till II A.M. (before noon). The next pne In the third stage, a neck and in the fourth begins from immediately afternoon and ends stage, a face are turned out. These seven at about 3 p.m. and the third one starts at segments are prepared by a single artisan by 4 in the evening and continues till about 7 p.m. throwing process. Tools required in the entire in the night. Out of the rest 5 months, the process consists of a potter's wheel, a 'Chak­ work remains completely suspended for 3 lari', 'Uncha' and 'Kanta' only. The measure­ months due to various religious functions and ment of each leg, the trunk, the neck and the onset of harvesting season. The schedules for dimension of the face of a 24 inches horse in closure of the workshops has already been the green stage is 8 inches, 6 inches, (diameter stated in Para 3.3 in Economy Chapter. of the trunk is 10"), 8 inches and 4 inches respectively. The weight in the green stage During the periods in between these ­ of each leg, trunk, neck and face, when finished days, very little work is performed in the work­ is I k.g.. t kg., t kg. and i kg. respectively. shops. This period is slack period. During Time taken for manufacturing these parts is 2 this slack period, work is gener:ally done for minutes (legs=4 x 2 minutes=8 minutes), 3 one shift from noon-time to about 4 in the minutes, 2 minutes and 2 minutes respectively. evening. These segments are as-sembled with the help 85

of three chunks of clay measuring 8" x 6i" For assembling and finishing of the image, the within 2 to 3 hours of time. Total weight of artisans use their hands, 'Pitna', 'Balla' and these three chunks is I kg. It takes only 30 'Athali'. The following table includes the minutes to assemble all the seven segments. detailed information of the operation:- 6.3 TABLE 12 TERRACOTTA HORSE IN MAKING IN GREEN STAGE

Particulars Legs Body Neck Face Additional clay required at the time of journey i.e. Chapra

2 3 4 5 I)

Manufactured by . Throwing Throwing Throwing Throwing Tools & limbs required . Chak & The same as The same as The same as Only by hands Chaklan, in No.2 in No.2 in No.2 hands; uncha, Kanta No. of Pieces 4 3 Dimension B" high 6" long & 10" B" high 4" long. B"x6!" diam.

Weight 1 kg. ~kg. tkg. tkg. 1 kg. Time of making 2x4=B 3 mts. 2 mts. 2 mts. 1 x3=3 mts. minutes

6.4 These seven segments as stated in the is applied on the surface of the horse by a table above, when assembled, gives a total thin cotton cloth piece. After half an hour, height of 26 inches. But, after firing, this another coating of the same cIay dye is applied. height decreases by 2 inches and comes to N This second coating is rather thick. Half an inches. The process docs not cease with assem­ hO\1r after such application of 'Gad' colour, blage only. After assembling the different seg­ 'Banak' dye is applied similarly. Then, these ments, the craftsmen by the use of fingers gives figures are submitted for firing in 'the furnace. the face of the horse its proper shape. The The job is done in losts of anyone item by craftsman produces by his hands two ears, one an artisan at an particular time. tail, a flower of the forehead and a bridle and fixes them to their proper positions. In this way, by fixing different parts, and after making Process for Similar other figures the whole surface quite polished, the artisan inscribes some ornamental designs on the sur­ 6.:; The process of production of. elephanu face of the forehead. head, chest, back seat, and tigers on wheels is the same -as in the case neck and eyebrows with the help of a 'Cheari' of horses. 'Manasar Jhar' parts are also on and the nails of the fingers. Two or 3 hours wheels and then joined together by hands after this ornamentation, the craftsman, with­ with clay 'Chapra' (Chunks). Then, the designs out destroying the physical beauty of the whole are set. thing, makes 8 holes in the 4 legs, two holes on both sides of the neck and two holes in the trunk i.e. in total, J 2 holes are made. Dia­ Process of Manufacturing a Ponii-Hiind{ meter of each hole is generally }" inches. These holes are made to prevent the cracks [a vessel for minnowsJ-Green Stage likely to appear due to contraction of the sur'­ face during drying- and firing or due to the [Drawing Nos. 41-46, pp. 87 & 88] pressure of steam from inside. For drying, the finished products are usually left in an almost 6.6 A 'Pona-Handi' generally measures 1 foot closed chamber for 8 days. These images are in height and It feet in dia. Manufacturing to be dried in gentle, cool and dry air; other­ process is quite easier than that of horses, wise, the risk of appearance of cracks on the elephants, tigers or Manasar Jhar. At first, surface cannot be avoided. Next, these dried the upper part of the vessel is prepared by figures, after the scheduled period, are brought throwing process. This portion is called out from the chamber on the open courtyard 'pagui'. For preparation of the part, the and, just two or three hours before firing of craftsman uses chiik, chak-Iari, uncha and the' images 'in -the furnace, arrangements for kanta. Time required for manufacturing each applyIng clay dyes like 'Gad' and 'Banak' are 'Pagui' is nearly 5 minutes and clay con­ to be completed. At ftrSt, a thin layer of Gm sumed weighs approximately 3- kg. After this, 16~1 census/Cal/75 86 only with the help of hands, artisans prepare necessity for rotating the wheels arises, they 'Chapra: with prepared clay (Pakmati). This separate their legs according to their need and operation takes nearly 5 minutes of time and lean forward standing in the same position and, ! kg. of clay is consumed. This chapra, when with the help of a 'chaklari'. p. 82, [Drawing fixed below a 'Pagui', Completes a Pona-Handi_ 391 rotate the wheel for one or more minutes Then, the outer surface is smoothened. Dur­ to impart momentum. When they are engaged ing fixing and smoothing operations, artisans in the moving wheels, it has been observed use Balla, Pitna, Nicha, and Athali. The that, the ~aximum number of rotations per craftsman holds the Balla in his left hand minute is 100- and the minimum is 50 per inside the vessel and beats the outer surface minute. Much of their skill is displayed in with his Pitna in the right hand as required assembling the different segments of elephants, and thus fixes the Pagui with chapra. During horses and tigers. This type of work is gene­ the process of beating, artisans frequently apply rally undertaken towards evening. During water, contained in the 'Athali' on the surface assembling, generally, one or more artisans of with a linen. Within 25 to 30 minutes, the the family work together and distribute the construction of a Pona-handi is generally com­ work among themselves. While one artisan pleted. fixes the segments, the others assist him by inscribing the ornamental designs on the sur­ In this connection, it may be noted that, face. This type of skilled work is also gene­ the artisans generally pick up the work of rally performed by the male artisans only. fixing these segments of Pona-handi and polish­ ing the same towards evening. Paguis and When they set to conjoin the upper portion chapras are prepared in the day time and the of the vessel with the lower one, the posture excess water from the clay surface dries up by in which they sit is bit different from the pre­ the evening and becomes sticky. And this par­ vious one. In this case, they sit generally a ticular stage is considered most suitable for fix­ bit stretching forward their right le?;s and fix ing operations. Thus the artisans have selected the two segments by beating with 'Balla' and evening as the best time for the particular 'Pitna'. In this field also, the male artisans work. And, gradually, this has become a tradi­ predominate. tional custom. Ball-bearing wheel Pona-Handi, thus manufactured, are left in a closed room for drying as in the cases of 6.8 In this connection, it may be noted that, horses etc. and the same procedure for colour­ the advent of Ball-bearing wheels has minimised ing before firing is adopted as observed during the labour used to be expended in old types the manufacture of horses. In the dosed cham­ of wheels. Old wheels are placed on pivots ber, generally 6 to 7% of Pona-handis break over a slah of stone and, the circumference of down and get rejected. the wheels usually carry a load of nearly 2 mds. of clay. As a result, the rotation of this Features of work on whrel old type of wheels is fewer, and, at the some­ time, greater force is required to be exerted to 6.7 Thus, without any use of moulds for turn the wheels. But the modern ball-hear­ preparation of these images, different sections ing wheels turn in a socket containing 8 balls of horses, elephants or tigers are prepared by and are placed over three-legged iron slabs throwing process on Potters wheels. This re­ and it is easier to manipulate these wheels due quires a great skill, dexterous handling of the to their lightness and' simple mechanical arrange­ whole operation and a perfect command over ments. The speed of _these wheels is greater than that of the old types of wheels and much the use of own hands on the part of the arti­ sans. Each segment coming out of the wheel less effort is required to move these wheels. These wheels are of very recent introduction maintains a sandard size and records a standard wc_ight. This type of perfection can only be in just a few cases. It is -the traditional 'Chak' achieved through age old devotion to the craft that predominates. and complete mastery over the art. While the artisans work on the Potter's wheels, the follow­ Role Of female members ing facts have been noted. A single artisan operates a single wheel. Potter's wheels are 6.9 Another specialitv of the manufacturing operated by the male artisans only. (Illustra­ process lies in the application of colours. In tions-39, 47, 49 pp. 82, 89, 96). They sit this field, of course, the female members of erect on their legs and operate the wheels by the craftsmen's families predominate. They both hands. In moving the cla-y lump above prepare colours and arc most expert in the use the wheels, they sometimes work standing by of these colours on the images prior to firing. bending their upper portions from t'he waist During the firing operations too. the female towards the front and operate on the clay on members play an important role in assisting the wheels by both hands. Only when the their male members in various ways. They 87 as well carry the images to be fired from the is the traditional way of the combined efforts drying chambers to the open courtyard and of labour and devotion of the male and female from there to the furnace Site after the appli­ artisans for the production of the terracottas cation of colours like 'Gad' and 'Banak', Thill of Panchmura.

The traditional wheel -''''_. turns out earthen ware

____". CJ,;'K!o",i f?' 1'01._ti"~ ___~-...... -__..--"",-~

iii. t.:>l,eel ~ -z-.-_

GREEN STAGE

Use of Uncha to give shape of the mouth of the pot

The needle separates the green pot from the wheel 88

Use of Pitna for the upper portion ofthe pot

Use of Pitna for the lower portion of the pot

Pots unfinished

Pots (Handi) being finished one after anothet; 89

Stages of work in turnipg-out a terracotta horse (Green Stage) -

yegs o:f_hors~.

I~ •

~r ~ I Neck of the horse t Rightside: Face of the horse .1 J ..... " ~ lI

Body of the horse

Ears and tail of the horse 90

The trur,k is placed on the legs

Chunks of clay join them

Tools like Pitna, /3nl! ii and Athii Ii are used for assembling the parts and finishing

Unfinished horse 91

The face 'of the horse is being assembled in proper place with clay chunk

The neck of the horse is being set

Designs on the head of the: horse

The face is brought to the point of the neck for fixa­ tion 92

A horse when finished 93

Stages of work in turning out a terracotta leph:lnt (Green Stage)

The legs of the elephant

_- - - ...

I I I I I ,I ,,

Heid of ti-t~ elephant Body of the elephant 17-1 Census/Cal/75 94

The body of an elephant being-.placed on the legs

Parts are joined by clay chunk

Tools used

The body without the head and the mouth 95

The head and the mouth being set for fixation

The body is finished with clay chunk and the resl work for tail, eyes etc. being done

An.elephant when complete will, designs

_'OOOCloooOe,o

Designs for the elephant hedJ

![OJ!~ 0 o • o 0 o.oGOO-OOQOOo 96

I Stages of work in turning out a terra­ cotta Mii Manashiir ]hiir (Green ~Stage)

Parts of Manashiir ]hiir

Parts are heing assembled 97

The Manashiir ]har when_ finished after design work

3"

The designs for Manashar ]har 98

PUAN

Under the shed there is the join t Puans

U ntler the shed there is a single Puan 99

A ioint-kiln (Puau)

" Internal picture of a Puan 100

KILN ("PU(ln") and the£r distribution reveals a striking fact that, they wert velY alert while selecting these spots for erection of 7.1 Craftsmen of Panchmura call their fur­ "PU:111S". Though situated in the c.ampus of nace "Puan". These are for the fnin~ of green their dwelling houses, these have been cons­ products. tructed on some raised but vacant plots of lands. at a distance of ')0 to (10 yards from the 7.2. For the 28 working families of artisam house. For construction of a "Plian", 2 x 15 in Panchmura, there are, III total, R big and man days are required at an approximate total 7 small "Puans". ·These 1!J puans arc distri expenditure of Rs. ;)0 to Rs. GO. buted amongst the families in the following manner: Two families have 4 big :lI1d 2 small 7.6 Most esselltial parts of this furnace is "puans". .One family has 2 sIllall "puans". its perforated flooring, locally known a'i "Jant". 4 big "puans" are shared bY another This Jant has 42 holes. The diameter of each 4 families. 3 families have one small "puan" peripheral hole measures 8" and the rest are each. Thus, only 10 of the total number of !i" holes each. Initially, I is a temporary families own these I:; furnaces. The rest I R framework of bamboo and cane mated with families have no furnaces of l"heir own. How thick earth Through firing process, bamboo ever, these 1R families use their neighbours burn~ away; but the clay ,trU(lurc remains furnaces at the opponune idle moment. For fixed to the cirLllnference. The flame enters this, the owners of the furnaces do not charge into the green products through the perforated any fees. This type of assistallce h:1s turn~d flooring. There is a grate or "Moyar" (2' x 2') to a traditional custom. at the bottom of each "puan", from where, fuel-like dry leaves and twigs are fed to main­ Merits in different types of Kilns tain the flame. The floor or Jant is surround­ ed by a circular wall (2' in thickness), cons­ 7.3 In a few cases, under the same roof, ad­ tructed by ordinary clay, rice-husks and straw. jacent to a big "puan", a small "puan" has This is known as "Ber" of the "Puan" and been obs.erved. Th~re is no speciality in the 70 to 80 maunds of clay are consumed in its COn-structlOn and firmg methods of these joint construction. The rice-husk gives iusulation "Puans", excepting only that, the pair is located to heat during operation and thus ensures un?er a common shed. However, this type of economy of fuels to some extent. The inner paIred furnace offers one working henefit i.e., diameter of the "Rig puan" is 6'-7' and the if necessary, a single artisan can feed the 2 depth of the floor is about 3'. For the small fur~aces at a time during the firing operation. "puan", the corresponding measures are 4' ThIS prevents loss of time and energy. But, and 2' ft. respectively. The capacity of a big separately, for some particular types of work, puan is about 10- 12 mds (grenl weight basis), a small "puan" is foulHl to he more suitable while that for the latter i~ nearly fi to 8 mds than the bigger one. These small "puarr" are (green weight ba~is). In number, a big one most suitable for firing images of smaller sizes, ran accommodate 250- -300 items. The sketch viz 18 inches, 12 inches and 6 inches. In big of a 'Puan' is attached "puans", a large number of images are stacked at a time; as such, the risk of breakap'e of horses Pre-firing action and tigers is quite inevitable; but~ in small 7.7 DlIlin~ loading, three persons are emp­ "puans", the same risk is minimum. Besides loyed and It takes about one and half-hour this, when it becomes necessary to rf'nder on to complete the operation. These men arrange the images the effect of hlack hue through the green objects on the floor of the "Puan" process of firing, these small "pllanS" are found standing on the "Lin?;a" of (he "puan". This to be more convenient in manipulation. "linga" measures 4' in length and I' 7" in "width and 2' -1" in hci~ht. FemaJc. mem­ 7.4 Circumference of the inner portion of bers of the householu assist in carrying the kiln of the various level is as stated these green objects upto the "pU

18-1 Census/Cal/7!!

7

Economy of

Poramatir Kaaj (Terracotta) in Panchmura

Type of unit (Para 1)

Source and consumption of raw materials (Paras 2.1-2.3)

Annual cost excluding labour in connection with raw materials and fuel (Paras 2.4-2.6)

Peak period (Para 3.1)

Slack period (Para 3.2)

Suspension of work (Para 3.3)

Production capacity and actuals of representative artisans (Paras 4.1-4.9)

Markets and m1.rketing facilities (Paras 5.1-5.5)

Peak for particular items (Para 5.6)

Sale rates (Para 5.7)

Daily saIes and consumers (Paras 5.8-5.10)

103 104

Annual sales of representative artisans

(Para ~.1l)

Source of £lnane (Para 6) System of keeping account and csting

(Paras 7.1-7.8)

The Panchum,ura Mritsilpi Samabaya Samity Ltd.

Paras 8.1-8.5)

General Problems

(Paras 8.6-8.9)

Conclusion

Para 9 E~onomics of the Craft and Economic beha­ ed from Amjore canal, one mile away from VIOur of the Craftsmen Of Panchmura Panchmura. But, the stock appears to have been exhausted, and no new source has been ~. TY~E OF UNIT. E~ch and every Unit found. IS aI_l mdependent Unit controlling its pro­ ductlOn and sales_ In the village, neither do ~.2 It has been observed that, each big craft the artisans secure the raw materials from the umt generally consumeS 25-30 cart loads of Mahajans nor do they offer their products to mud (clay+sand+clay dye) every year. Medium them against payment for their labour. But and Small Units consume 16 to 20 and 12 in this connection, one aspect should be noted: cart loads of mud respectively every year. :Every The families, whose resources are small, gene­ Unit secures 1 cartload of 'Banak' and 'Gad' rally take a loan of Rs. 15--50 per family every year for colouring the products. They from the money-lenders during the month of collect ~his mu~ twic~ every year. Generally, Jaistha to store the raw material mud for the tlfe major portlOn of the muds is collected whole year. These families also take some during the month of Jaistha and the rest is loans in the month of Aswina to collect fuels. collected during the month of Pousa. It has also been found that, out of the total member of the workit.1g families, only 11 fami­ 2.3 11;1 the following Table, the period and lies take such loans. The prevailing rate of the quantity of collection of 3 big, 3 medium interest on the loan is .3 paise per rupee per and 3 small representative Units arc presented. month. Beginning from the end of -Bengali Calendar month Pousa to the end of Chaitra, TABLE 14 they payoff their loans along with interest. COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS Such borrowings and sharings of ovens do not, however, curb the independent controlling Name of the head of the Qnty. of How .much at What power of the artisans over their productio• .1 Unit mud tIme activity. collected ,------"------, (each . Jaistha Pausa cart-load Source and Consumption =10 mds.)

2.1 RAW MATERIALS: Basic raw mate- Big Units rial is mud i.e. common clay (including. sand, . "banak" and "gad" for pigmentation). The I R-ash Behari Kum- 30 carts 20 carts !O cart~ original sources were at the villages of Jankar­ bhakar. sale and Daulvira. Artisans never purchase 2 Sadhu Charan Kum- 25 carts 16 carts 9 carts these muds from al'.1y Mahajan. They are bhakar. used to collect them from the nearest unculti­ 3 Gangadhar Kum- 30 carts 20 carts 10 car1s vable field Paschim Danga, (2 miles from the bhakar. village) from a depth of 4' or from the side of the river and canals, particularly, from the bed Medium Units of the nearby Joypanda river. Recently, the Bholanath Kumbhakar 16 carts 10 carts 6 carts Co-operative society of the artisans has pur­ chased a plot of land at Janakisol, at a distance 2 Dasalath Kumbhakar 20 carts 14 carts 6 cal ts of Ii miles from the village, measuring 3 3 Panchanan Kumbha- 16 carts 10 carts 6 carts bighas from one Sri Haripada Dey and 1/3 of kar total demand is met by this plot. Of late, clay is also procured from the villages of J ambedia SmaU Units and Bapmara. The owner of the lands from Bhaskar Kumbhakar 12 carts 8 cartg 4 carts where the artisans collect mud generally ?;ets 2 KrishnachandraKum- 12 cllI't3 8 carts 4 carts 50 paise as compensation Eor each cart load of bhakar the supply weighing 10 mds approximately. When the artisans collect mud from the land 3 Dhan-anjoy Kum1)hakar 12 carts 8 carts 4 carts owned by the Cooperative So(;iety, they ar~ to pay charges at the same rate to the SOCIety. "Gad", the first clay dye that is applied after Cost of collection dryin?; of the products before firing used to be obtained from a fallow land and beds at 2.4 The expenditure for carrying the mud Jambedia, 2 miles away from the village. The to the worksite by bullock ca.rts has to be old stock having been exhausted.. the !.lew met. Out of the 28 units, 17 Units have their source - of "Gad" is N atungram canal, situate,d own carts. Even those who have their own at a distance of 3 miles from Panchmura. carts hqve to hire other's carts- in some cases. "Banak", the second dye before firing is obtain- They pay Re. I as hire charges for each cart.

105 106

On this basis, the maximum expenditure illl­ Kartick towards the end of Chaitra, when the curred in carrying materials by each large road communications with the outside local Unit has been estimated to be Rs. 30 per markets improve, the supply of materials to year. The charges of the Medium and Small the outside markets increases. These seven Units are Rs. 20 and Rs. 12 respectively on mcmhs constitute the peak period of their this account. business. The total sale of all the Units dur­ ing these seven months is estimated to be Rs. Cost of fuel IS to Rs. 16 thousand. The income of three families of reputed artisans during this period 2.5 For firing the products, fuels are essen­ is reported to be Rs. 1500 to Rs. 1700 each tial Artisans generally use branches of Sal and that of 4 families on an average Rs. 900 tree, dry leaves, straw and Cow-dung cakes as to Rs. 1100 each; and that of the remaining fuels. Out of these items, straw and dung-cakes 21 families is on an average Rs. 300 to Rs. are generally available from the houses of the 400. artisans themselves. But, for the other items, the artisans have to approach the local traders Slack Period in wood and they complete the purchase dur­ ing the months of Jaistha, Ashwina and Magh. A cart-load of fuels (10 mds) costs Rs. 5, the 3.2 The slack period of these Units is from carrying cost is Rs. 2. The consumption of Baisak to . Out of these five months, all the activities remain completely suspended fuels of each Unit for one year is generally equal to that of mud in terms of cart-load. from Baisakh to 15th of Jaistha. During this Thus, the maximum consumption per year, period, each and every member of the "Kum­ bhakar" community participates in "Gajan" when calculated on this basis comes to 30 cart-loads, 20 cart-loads and 12 cart-loads res­ festival of Lord . Besides, the tradition pectively for large, medium and small Units, of worship of the Potters' wheel ("Chack" Puia) the respective expenditure is Rs. 210 and Rs. that is in force amongst the Kumbhakar fami­ 140 and Rs. 84 for a large, medium and small lies engages every artisan in the worship which coincides with this period also. Every unit. pottery artisan believes to the core of his heart that, to operate the wheels during this Total annual cost excluding labour period, is contrary to social and religious cus· toms. As a result, the work remains comple­ 2.6 Thus, apart from manual of labour, tely syspended. After this, the rainy reason each large, medium and small Unit incurs sets in and prolongs through the month of every year a total expenditure of Rs. 45 + 210 J aistha to the end of Bhadra. It has been =Rs.255, Rs.30+140=170 and Rs.18+ found that, rainy season is not ideal for mud 84=Rs. 102, respectively for mud, fuel and work and moreover, almost all the families of compensation and cart hire charges. As these craftsmen remain engaged in cultivation dur­ items are collected by artisans themselves ing these months. Little work is performed direct from the fields and the traders, the mid­ during Jaistha to Bhadra. These fi~e. months dlemen do not have any role at this stage. are marked as slack period for the pottery and terracotta work in Panchmura. Peak Period 3.1 Peak period of the business of th'ese Suspension Of work artisans is during the months of Ashwina to Chaitra. After the rainy season, the econo­ 3.3 Terracotta and other pottery artisans of mic condition of the local people improves a Panchmura suspend all their work during the bit. Moreover, during these months, the local following period and on the occasions men­ inhabitants \ observe various festivals. These tioned below: religious performances and festivals begin with (i) Full months of Baisakh and the first "Dak-Sankranti" of Ashwina and continue with "Makar Sankranti" of Po usa (locally fifteen days of Jaistha. known as "Ekan Puja"), 'Magh Panchami' and (ii) "Dasahara" [Ganga puja] in Asarh. "Dol Jatra". Many items are also sold dur­ ing the festivals of the Santals like the worship (iii) "Ambubachi" one day on the seventh of "Jahar Beri", '''Salui'' (at the time of emer­ of Asar. gence of new leaves of Sal trees) and "Bonga" (iv) "Janmastami". worship. On the occasion of these festivals, elephants, horse5 and 'Manasar Jhars" are sold (v) "Radhastami". like hot cakes. Besides these, on the eve of "Shravana San.kranti" (Makhal puja) and 'Dasa­ (vi) "Jitastami" [fifteen days before "Dur­ hara' (Ganga puja) in Jaistha, some of their ga" puja] products find good market. Beginning from (vii) Fifteen days during . 107

(viii) Four "Panchamis" in (a) Puja.

(b) Nag Panchami. Manasar Jhar : S,m~ as that of Peak (c) Hura Panchami. . Period. (d) Manasha Panch ami. Manasar Ghat': 50 Pes. (ix) Four "Sasthis" FisnBowls: 5 Pes. (a) Jamai Sasthi. Dolls & Toys: 251e8. (b) Durga Sasthi. (c) Actual monthly output during the (c) Sashthi (next day of Saraswati Peak Period. Puja). 60" & 42" elFphants, horses and Manasarjhars arc not produced. (cl) Sital Sasthi. All the other p"oducts are manufac­ (x) Sravana Sankranti, Biskarma Puja, tured 2.t par wi.h capacity. Durga Puja, , Laxmi PUja, (d) Actml mon'hly output during the Makar Sankranti, Sivaratri, Doljatra. Slack Penod (xi) Days of cllitivation during the months R'lte of actual output is equal to that of m lximum output dUling of Asarh and Sravana. slack period. Production Capacity and Actuals 4.1 The Units of Panchmura do not main­ Thus, on the basis of t~e above figUJ:es, the tain anv written accounts of productions. average monthly sale of Sr~ Rash Behan Kum· But, on' the basis of investigations -done, some bhakar during the peak penod has .been ~alcula­ information on the monthly maximum and ted to be Rs. 325 taking into consldera~lOn the actual output during the peak and slack periods maximum capacity of his unit. purmg t~e in respect of seven representative artisans are slack period, the sale comes down to Rs. b~ given below: per mon tho The actual sale of S~i R~sh Behar; Kumbhakar during the peak penod IS ~s. 27~ (Specifications, where shown, are in terms of per month and Rs. 150 per month dunng the height of a product in inches). slack period. Name of the Head of Unit 4 3 (2) Sri S'ldhu Charan Maximum. mon';hly capacitY in 4.2 (I) Rashllehar: (a) N'lme ofPnduct and monthly Kumbhakar (Since Peak PerIod ' . Kumbhakar M'lximum Capacity dUling dead) (a) Rf'gatding H~rRe" e17phant, Peakperiotl tiger 'ManasarJhar, Mana­ sar Ghat', 'Pona handi' and HOlse: 60"-4 Pcs. 42"=4 Pcs. Dolls and Toys - sam .. capa­ 36"·4- Pcs. 24" =20 Pcs, city as that of Rash Behari, lS"-20 Pcs. 12 H =5(] Pcs. Kumbhakar. 6",=50 Pcs. In addition, he can produce Elephant: 60"·2 Pcs. 42"·4 Pes. every month 'Khole' ;10 p.~s., 3')H_5 Pcs. 24"·20 Pes. 'Mridanga'-IO Pcs DUgl IS"·20 Pes. 12"-50 Pcs. (Musical Instrument) -10 PC5. 6"_010 Pes. (b) Same as that of Rash Behari Tiger: 24"-1 Pes. IS"-I Pcs. , Kumbhakar. 12"·2 Pes. 6n·2 Pes. (c) Same as that of Sri Rash Manasar 4 Tier (ht. 4' br. 4') Behari Kumbhakar. ]har: 1 Pc. (d) Actual output during the 3 Tie, \2' X 4')-1 Pc. Slack months. 2 Tiel (2'X3')-1 Pc. I Tiel (2'X2')-1 Pc. Same as that of Rash Behal'i Kumbhakar. Manasar Ghat: 50 Pes. ('Ghat' means pot) Fish bowls: 60 Pes. The sale of maximum output of Sadhu Charan's Unit during peak and slack months Dolls & Toys: 50 Pes. amounts to Rs. 347.50 Paise and Rs. 150 re&' (b) Name of the Product and the pectively. Actual sale during the peak and monthly maximum output slack months is Rs. 275 and Rs. 160 only. during Slack periori HOlse: 36"-2 Pc. 24" .. 10 Pes. 4.4 (3) Sri G'lngadhar (a) Name of the product mar;ufac­ IS"-IO Pes. Kumbhakar tured and monthly maxImum 12*-25 Pcs. 6"-25 Pes. output during Peak months Elephant: 36 H _I Pes. 24"_10 Pes. IS"-IO Pes. 12"·25 Pes. Utensils: Handi - 200 pes, K"llas - 150 'Pes. 6" -25 'Pes. Khola - 100 Pes. Bhand - 100 Pcs. Khapri - 10 Pes. Kund -10 1;'cs. Tiger: 24"-1 Pes. lS"~1 Pes. 12"-1 Pc. Other Small utensils - 100 Pcs. H 6 -I Pc. Horse: 12" - 30 Pes. 6" -50 Pes. 108

b) Ml.ximum monthly output Bhanc, - 50 Pes. during sbck peliocl. Khapri - 6 Pc U tensib : Handi - 130 Pcs, Kalas - 100 Pcs Kllnri - 6 Pes. K\j_oh - 7':) Pcs, Kh'lpri - 5 Pcs· HOl"e: 47° • .1. Pe .. 36" - 4 Pes, K'lnri - 5 Pc '. Othel Smr 11 uten­ 2M'_tl Pc'. 1 r:;n - 8 Pes. sils - 75 Pes. 12~-20Pcs G"-20Pcs Horse: 12" - 40 p(~. 6"-10 Pcs. b: ~hximum monthly ouput during slack months. ,c Actual ou'put during Peak p~riod is equd to ma~imltm. A half of tha' of Peak period. (d' '\etud ou' put (months; (e) Acctual out put during Pe"k duri I.g sl ick months cones­ months. ponch with c 'pacity. (d) Artur·l out put (monthly) dmin[; shek months. Equal Sale of the maximum output of Gangadhar to the maximum of the period. Kumbhakar during Peak and slack period amounts to Rs. ISO and Rs. 120 per month respectivdy. Actual sales during the above Sale proceeds of the maximum output of periods are equal to that of estimated sale of Sri Dasarath Kumbhakar during peak and maximum output mentioned above. slack months have been estimat~d to be Rs. 4.5 (4) Sri B110h N~th 1'1\ Mol.' Ily m'lximum c1.p:tcity 75 and Rs. 40 respectively. Sale of actual out­ Kumbhlkar dYing the Pe1.k period put during peak and slack period remains same. Hone: 6')"-2 Pcs. 42"_4 Pcs. 36"_4 pcS. 24"-16 P Cf 18"-16 Pes. 1'J" -20 "Pcs. 4.7 (6) Sri Pa'1ch'1n1.n (a Mopthly maximum c".p2city G"-20 Pcs. Kuntblu,k, dnrir g P,,?k pcriod 17,1<;->",nt: 1)')"-1 p(.s. 4"-2 Pc,. Hor' 's : 6,," - 1 Pc. 4Lo - 4 PeF. 36"-7 Pes. 3fl" - 4 Pes. 24" - 10 Pcs. 24"-8 Pc~. 18"_8 Pc<. 11': - 10 Pes. 12° - 20Pes. 12"'· 10 "Pes. 6'" - 20 Pes. 6"-10 Pes. Musical Tiger: 24H ·l Pes. 18"- I Pcs. Instrument.: Khole - 10 Pes. 12" -3Pes. 6"-3 Pcs. Mridanga - 10 Pe5. Dugi - 10 Pcs. Mana~ar 3 tier (2' X 4') - 1 Pc. Jhar 2 tier (2' X 3') - 1 Pc. Manasarjhar : 3 tier (2' X 4'; 1 Pc. I tier (2' X 2') - 1 Pc 2 tier (2'x3') 1 Pc. 1 tier \2'x2') 1 Pc. 'Manasar: 20 Pes. Ghat' Manasar: Ghat': 10 Pcs. Dolls and: 20 Pes. (b) MJ.ximum monthly capacity during slack period Toys A half of the Peak months. (b) Approximately a half of the : e) Actu:ll output during Peak maximum qu:tntity of the peak months Period IS the maximum for the sbck period. E'.q ual to that of maximum for this peiod. (c) The actual output . during the (d) Actual Ol'tput during slack peak period produced corresponds mohths. to thf' maximum of the sam~ period. Equal to that of mllximllm for the period. (d) The actual output corresponds to the maximum capacity of the Sale of maximum output of Sri Panchanan sl::tek months. Kumbhakar during peak and slack period amounts to Rs. 100 and Rs. 50 respectively. Maximum output of Shri Bholanath Kum· Sale of actual output for these two periods is bhakar during the peak and slack period in equal so that of maximum output, mentioned value amounts to Rs. 142 and Rs. 75 respec· already. tively. Actual sale during these periods re­ main same. 4. B (7) Sri Bhaskar (a) Monthly maximum eapacity Kumbhafcar during the Peak period 4 6 (5) S,'1 Dlnrath (a) M,)'1thly m1.ximum capacity Utensils: Handi - 80 Pes. I<..umbh1.kar during peak period. Kalas - 50 Pes, Khola_ - 40 Pe~. Bhand - 50 Pes. Utensils : Hlindi - 50 Pes. Khapri - 6 Pes. J:( a1as - 40 Pes. Khola- Kunri - 6 Pes. 50 Pes. Ponahandi • lOPes. 109

Horse: 6" - 20 PCR. are mostly different private and Government Other Sma II Varieties : 100 Pcs. trarli\lg organisatiolls who sell them as handi­ !b) Mlximum Gapacity during craft items for decorative purposes. 10% of , 'Slack months, the. total sale is effected through these organi­ Th"ec fOClrth of the muimum satIOns. Another 15% sale is done by indivi­ du:ing t;te Feak Pe_'iod. dual organisation through their own efforts in private and state-owned shops in the city of (c) Actu'll monthly OUTput cluriDg peak months. Calcutta. Some exports have also been effect­ ed in countries like U.S.A., U.K., and France M1.ximl1m for the period. with the efforts of State Directorate Qf I'Gdus­ (d) Actual output during the tries and All India Handicrafts Board. 80% slack months. of the product 'Manasarjhar' are sold in the M'l.ximum for the Period. local market and in the markets of adjacent areas. 20% of the said product are placed Sale of the maximum produce during the peak in the shops of Calcutta owned by the Govt. and slack periods amounts to Rs. 60 and ~s. for sale. 15 respectively. Actual sale proceed~ dunng these two periods also tally with these figures. TABLE 15 4.9 On the basis of these figures collected SALES during the sample Survey, the following can Item Local Outside he observed: Horses etc. 15% 2:;% 'Manasha Jhiirs" 80% 20% Firstly, it is apparent that, the units Musical items selling artistic products viz. elephants, horses, 100% tigers, 'Manasarjhars', 'Manasar Ghat'.' Dolls 'Sai Saile\:', 'BoI'ga' 100% Dolls etc. are economically well placed In com· 75% 25% parison to other units. ~ec~ndly,. the mon­ 5.3 100% of the musical products like thly income of these umts IS lmuted to Rs. 'khole', 'Mridanga', 'Dugi' etc. are sold in the 325 on the maximum side and on Rs. ,1)0 on local markets or in the markets of adjacent the minimum side. These limits have never areas. Pona handis (containers for f-ish-eggs been crossed by any of the units. Thirdly, and small fishes) are also sold locally entirely. the monthly maximum income of the units Handi, Pitchers, kunja (special type of pitcher), manufacturing utensils is Rs. 150 and the Glasses, which are meant for daily use, are minimum is Rs. 45 only. sold to the local people. 100% of the manu­ Markets & Marketing facilities factured 'Sai-Sailee' and 'Bonga' are sold locally. 75% of toy Rails, Sasthi, and other clay dolls 5.1 There are a number of medium and are sold in the local markets, 10% are sold Small rural markets in Taldangra Block cater through the Co-operative Society and the rest ing to the daily needs of the people. But nene 1!J % are sold through the efforts of the indi­ of these markets are Centres for wholesale vidual units in the private a\ld state-owned trade. Trading goes on every day in the mar­ shops at Calcutta. kets of Panchmura, Taldangra, Amdangra, Sabracone and Harmasra. Only in Panchmura 5.4 The interest of the outside markets for and Taldangra markets, some items are sold various terracotta articles is obviously not for and purchased at wholesale rates. Other mar­ the original purposes of their production. But, kets are meant only for the retailers. The to strengthen the economy of the artisans, the distances of these markets from Panchmura expansion of the non-traditional markets is a village (excepting it's own market) are 8, 8, 8 dire necessity. The attraction for these pro· and 18 miles respectively. Over and above ducts in depots a~ld other sales Centres in big these, there are three other main retail markets ci ties is rather recent. It has been gathered in Taldangra Block. These markets remain that, when Sri Ashoke Mitra I.C.S. was the open only once in a week. These are at Deulvira, Secretary of the Commerce and Industries De­ Ghola and Bibarda. The distances of these partment of Govt. of West Bengal in the year markets from Panchmura are 2, 9 and 14 19!J6, Exh ihi tion Section of the Directorate of miles respectively. Only in Panchmura market, Industries arranged an exhibition of State Handi­ Terracottas are sold. crafts. 5.2 Generally, 75% of the producers of items On the advice of Sri Mitra, Sri P. K. Guha, like horses, elephants, cats and clusters of lamps the then District Industrial Officer for the Dis­ go direct to -the local consumers. The co­ trict Bank 11ra sent, for the first time, to Cal­ operative society formed by the artisans orga­ Cl1tt;] the terracottas of Panchmura for exhibi· nise sale of these products outside West Ben­ tion and sale. The craftsmen _of Pan chmura gal occasionally in places like, Calcutta, Delhi. arc reported to have then visited the city for Bombay, Madras and other cities. Purchases the first time in connection with sale of their 19- 1 Census/CalJ75 110 produce. From that time onwards, the state· TABLE 15 owned shops continued to display t·he products SALE R'\TES OF DIFFERENT ITEMS of Panchmura for sale and, gradually, their products attracted the notice of Calcuttans and Specifica tions Loc,,1 Rate for Sale rate the arrangements for export of these products Retail Outside! ofGovt. for the overseas buyers also stated from that Rate organisa- Sales time. The main limiting factor in popularis· (iom Emporium 1971 at ing these items in other markets is that, these Calcutta products are brittle and take sufficient space. fol' Terra- As such, even in view of dema~d in the over· cotta seas markets, profuse quantities cannot be ex· Horse ported. Publicity should be more satisfactory (Rq.) (Rs.) (Rs.) towards better sales in such markets. 2 3 4 5.5 Due to the above reasons, the business 60" 6 30 00 37.50 of these products almost cntirely depends on 42." 3 10.00 12 ..~O the purchasing power of the local people and 3C" 2 5.00 6.25 their periodical festivals. Most of the products 24" 2 :10 3.75 are still sold in rural and semi·urban areas of 3(.," 4.00 the Districts of Bankura at;1d Midnapur. 18" 0.62 I. 75 2.50 14" I. 25 Peak for particular items differs 1,2" -6" 0.50 1. 00 1.25-1.88 (9"·12") 5.6 Though it has been observed that, most of the products are sold during the months of For wholesale, the artisans allow a commiSSIOn Ashivna to Chaitra, the demand in the market of 20·25%. Rates do not vary between peak and for various products fluctuates from time to slack periods quantities. time. Elephants, horses, tigers etc. are mostly sold in the months of Pousa and Magha. Daily Sales and Consumers Durin~ the months of Fal!?;un and Chaitra, 5.8 From the spot enquiry, it has been Handi, pitchers (containers for cereals, waters) gathered that, a particular unit can sell daily etc. are best sold. Maximum sale for Pona­ horses, elephants and tigers worth Rs. 5 and handi (vessel for fish eggs) has been recorded in Jaistha and Ashada. A major portion of oth~r products . worth Rs. 2. During slack penod, sales dwmdle. The units, whose items Manasarjhar is sold during Dasahara of Jaistha and Dak Sankranti of Ashivna. Bhadra and ?f m.~nufacture are only utensils (viz 'Handi'. Kalsl . etc.), can have a daily average sale not Ashivna are the suitable months for sale of exceedmg Rs. 2. Out of all the Units, 3 or Khok Mrida.aga (musical items). 4 ,units are in some occasions in a position to sell products worth even Rs. 20-25 in a dav. Sale rates Specially, the sale value of 'Ponahandi' records a maximum of Rs. 18 to Rs. 20 on occasions. 5.7 The retail price for GO", 42", 36", 24", Buyers of this particular product are fish cul­ 18", 12" and 6" elep.hant, horse and tiger in tivators of Panchmura, Deulvira, Lalbandh etc. Panchmura is Rs. 6, Rs. 3, Rs. 2, Re. I, 0.62 Paise, 0.50 Paise and O.flO Paise respectively. 5.9 Retail purchasers come to Pan chmura That of 4 tier, :l tier. 2 tier, and I tier 'Mana­ from about 200 villages of DIstricts of Bankura, shajhar' is Rs 10, Rs. 6, Rs. 4, and Rs. 2 res­ Midnapur and Burdwan. During peak mon­ pectively. Sale price of a 'Manasar Ghat' is ths, daily, on an average, there will be 60-75 0.25 Paise. That of a 'Ponahandi' is 0.62 buyers. During the slack season, the daily Paise. The retail price of a doll or toy is average will be 20-25 buyers. Roughly, only 0.12 Paise. 25% of the productions are sold to the whole­ salers at wholesale rates. Wholesale buyers Price of a large, medium and Small 'H5ndi' are the residents of Onda, Bankdaha, TeE­ and pitcher is 0.2:") Paise, 0.19 Paise and 0.12 heria, Bishnupur, Pmushottampur and Chagu­ Paise respectively. Large and Small 'Khapra' lia of District Bankura. These buyers pur­ is sold at 0.75 Paise and 050 Paise each res­ chase their required products from the work­ pectively. The sale price of 'khola', 'Mridanga' shops of the artisans of Panchmura. They and 'Dugi' is Re. 1, 0.75 Pai~e and 0.50 Paise carry their wares on their shoulders in Bamboo respectively. Banks' (Hangers looking like a Scale) and reach their own place on foot. Some of the The rates quoted by the artisans to outside huyers, however, carry the load by bullock customers / organisations for Elephan ts / Horses carts. On a reported estimate, the monthly are quoted against local retail rate: purchases of these businessmen will be about III

20 cart-load. Each cart-load values about Rs. has already been given. In Panchmura village, 100. But for the products which are sold to in the month of jaistha, during fullmoon, a the priyate a_nd State-owned Shops in Calcutta, {air is held in connection with-"Chabbis ~he delIvery IS made by the artisans themselves Prahar". Another fair is held in Baisakh in m the Shops. Very recently, Santhals and the connection with Gajan festival and still anot·her persons of Lohar Community of District Mid­ fair is held in the month of Ashivna in con­ napore have been visiting Panchmura to pur­ nection with Durga Puja. But, in some of chase elephants and horses directly from the these fairs, there is ~hardly any trading on the artisans. It is the general opinion of the sellers terracottas of Panchmura. Ollly, in the fair of Calcutta that, the products of Pa~lchmura which is held only for a day at Kantor, a are increasing in demand. Members oE the 3 village 7 miles away from Panchmura, in con­ or 6 artisans' families in Pan chmura even go nection with Gajan festival, Kalo handi (Black on hawking their products during the months piLcher) manufactured by the artisans are sold. of Ashvina to Chaitra every vear around the In one day, they sell goods worth about Rs. villages situated a radius oE 5 to 6 miles around 500. Pan chmura. .They usually carry their pro­ ducts on head 1\'1 baskets. Annual Sales of represenlalizJe artisans 5.11 In the following table, the extent 5.10 It may be mentioned that, there are annual sales of four representative artisans no Sale Centres for products of Pan chmura in ouring the peak period and slack period are the markets of Block areas, the list of which, given below:

TABLE 16

ANNUAL SALES OF REPRESENTATIVE ARTISANS

Annual r----.----.A.------, Name of the Head of Unit Names of the articles Sale during the Peak Sale during the Slack Period Period

(Rs.) (Rs.) Rash Behari Kumbhakar Horse, Elephant clusters of lamp 1,200 200 'Manasar-Jllar' 100 50 'Hand!' (Fish Bowls) 100 100 'Hiindi " 'Kalas' etc. 50 Dolls & Toys 25 Others 25 1,500 350 Gangadhar Kumbhakar 'Handi', 'Kalas' etc. 1,250 200 Others 50 1,300 200 Bholanalh Kumbhakar 1. Horse, Elephant, Tiger, clu- 700 150 sters of lamp 2. 'Manasar-,]har' 50 25 3. Dolls & toys 25 4. Others 25 BOO l7[j Bhaskar Kumbhakar 'Handi', 'Kalas' etc. 300 100

In absence of proper accounts, the informa­ Source oJ Finance tion obtained regarding figures for Peak / Slack Periods or item-wise totals may not tally 6. Capital invested in the business is mostly exactly. But, the figures as gathered, with the earned by the individual labour of the arti­ limitation of approximations, hav-c only been sans. Of course, in different phases of the manu­ reproduced, after verification. facturing process, when they run short of 112 funds, they approach the money lenders for expenses, receipts, profit and loss per unit call­ working capital. Only 11 of the total number not be brought forth on records. The crafts­ of families take loans fr. various sources. men's Co-operative is the only organisation It has been gathered that, J!:,% of the total which is very keen about keeping proper ac­ credit are advanced by the local money l('nders counts. Their accounls are checked annually or Mahaganas, 10% has been made available to by the auditers' of the Co-operative Societies. the artisans by the Co-operative Society al.ld 75% by the Block Development Officer, Tal­ 7.2 The syslems of securing raw material dangra. Rate of Interest is differel1l for diffe­ and of deploying family labour in various pro­ cesses of manufacture do not permit an easy rent ~ypes <;>f loans. Rates on the loan by Mahapns IS 36% per annum. Co-operative costing of the products of the Units. On the loan is interest-free and the loan offered by the other hand, it will be expediant to do the costing on the basis of a definite quantity of B.D.? carries an interest of 3% per annum production for a definite period at some de· on timely rcp~yment. From the local money­ lenders, a famIly takes, on an average, a maxi­ finite rates of local labour charges. The green products of individual artisans are allowed to mum loan?f .Rs. 50 only per year. Four accuIllulate for 10/15 days before arrangements years back, I.e., III 1961-62, almost all the arti­ sans took state aid from the Block Develop­ arc usually made for firing. And the whole ment Officer for the first time. They were cycle of manufacturing process culmina.tes in advanced on an average Rs. 70 only. They firing. As such, we can mark the perIod of have already repaid half of the amount to the 15 days as a manufacturing turnover for pro­ Government. Credit is obtained from the ducts like horses, tiger etc. a~ld that of 10 days for other traditional items. Hence, provided local money lenders during the months of Baisakh to Ashivna and is paid back by Pousa the period of calculation is taken to correspond to Chaitra. - with turnover period for manufacture, the costing in reference to that period may be Someyimes, some of the artisan families have meaningful. In connection with the manu­ to take loan for purposes other than business facture of elephants and hones etc., a male or industry. The amount of such loan gene­ artisan is generally required to pay 15 d.ays rally varies. It is practically not possible to time working 8 hours a day. HIS helping collect actual figures for such loan However hand, generally a female member of the house­ if the amount of such loan exceeds Rs. 100: hold, remains in the process for 12 days work­ the local Mahajans generally demand land or ing 1 hour a day and for 71 days. working. 3 ornaments as Security against such advance. hours a day. In case of manufactUrIng utensIls, Transactions on land are generally done dur­ a 'male artisan is required to offer his 10 days, ing the months of Baisakh to Asadh. labour working 8 hours a day and a helper female artisan remains in the process for 9 System Of keeping accounts and Costing days working 1 hour a day and I day for 3 hours. 7.1 None of the artisan families of Panch­ mura does keep any written, and chronological 7.3 In the following way, we can End out accou~ts of their purchases or sale proceeds. the cost of productions of horses, elephants General custom is to keep such accounts in etc. on the one hand and utensils on the other, memory. As such, the actual facts regarding in respect of separate manufacturing turnovers:

TABLE 17 COST OF TERRACOTTA PRODUCTS IN ONE TURNOVER RE. CLAY AND FUEL

Raw materials consumed Fuels consumed Name of the Product A fortnight's products (Quantity) r-----A ----., (Quantity) Height Number 5 ! ~ 3 4

Horse GO' 2 Pes 30 Seers of Clay") 18 I 42" 2 Pes " 36" 4 Pes -24 " 24" 4 Pes 14 " " I 18" 8 Pes 18 I 12" 8 Pes 12 I IS 6" 20 Pes 10 mds. of wood Elephant 42" 1 Pc 12 ~ 36" 1 Pc 10 I 24" 1 Pc 6 18N 4 Pes 14 1 12' 4 Pes 8 " 6 4 Pes 4 J 113

7.4 According to above figures, for each 1 hourxl2 days=12 and 3 hoursx3 Jays= manufacturing turnover, drawn?n highside, 9 hOUI8=21 hours=3 days. Her wages amounts approximately, 1- cartload of cl~y IS consum~d. to Rs. 1.75 x 3 =Rs. 5.25 Paise. Costs of a It's cost of collection is 0.25 Palse and carrymg cartload of fuels is Rs. 5 and carrying cost cost is 0.50 Paise. Daily wages of a labour is Rs. 2. Thus, the manufacturing cost of in Panchmura is 1.75 Paise. On this calcula­ terracotta horse / elephant for a turnover--ex­ tion, wages for 15 days o~ a labour. amounts tended over a period of 15 d"ays becomes: to 1.75 x 15=Rs. 25.75 Paise. Workmg hours 0.25 + 0.50 + 25.75 + 5.25 + 5.00 + 2.00 of a helper woman for the whole turnover to =Rs. 38.75 Paise: 7.5 TABLE 18

COST OF OTHER TRADITIONAL ITEMS IN ONE TURNOVER RE. CLAY AND FUEL

Name of the Product Ten day's Production Raw materials consumed (Qty) Fuels consumed (Quantity)

Handi L,rge 30 Pcs I Medium 30 Pcs Small 30 Pcs I 1\ Bh~nd 20 Pcs ' 8 mds. Clay ~ 10 mds. of wood Khola 20 Pcs r Khapri ! Kunai ! ~~~ I Other utensils 50 Pcs J J

7.6 The requirements of clay for a manu­ not allowed to be associated with the trade. facturing turnover is found to be a cartload. The local sale price of the elephants and horses Cost of collection and carrying the some is m",uufactured during this period of 15 days 0.50 Paise t- Rs. 1.00 respectively. Wages for has been found to be Rs. 61.50 Paise approxi­ a labour for 10 days is Rs. 1.75 x 10=Rs. 17.50 mately and that of the utensils manufactured Paise. Hours devoted by a helping woman in 10 days is Rs. 38.00. are I hour x 9 and 3 hours x I = 12 hours = 1} days. Her wages comes to Rs. 1.75 x II days 7.8 It becomes apparent from the list of = Rs. 2.62 Paise. Cost of a cartload of fuels expenditures mentioned above 'that, a goodsum and carrying charges are Rs. 5.00 + Rs. 2.00 of the expenditure is due to fuel. The price = Rs. 7.00. Thus the manufacturing cost of of fuel is gradually rising. As such, the arti­ other traditional items for a turnover spread sans are very much eager to switch over to any over a period of 10 days=0.5·0+1.00+l7.50 less expensive fuels or advanced type of fur­ + t62 + 7.00 = 28.62 Paise. nances.

7.7 No outside labours are engaged in the The Panchrnura Mrit SilPi Samabaya Samity pottery workshops of Panchmura. W.ith every Ltd. manufacturing process, the able-bo~led ma~e and female artisans of the same family remam 8.1.] The artisans formed the above coopera­ attached. Units are not to pay any house tive Society in 1959. It started working in rent as the jobs are performed in their own 1962. It had 35 worker·members. The parti­ premises. Children below 15 years of age arc culars of members are given below:

TABLE 19 PARTICULARS OF MEMBERS OF PANCHMURA MRIT SILPI SAMABAYA SAMITY LTD.

-81. Name Age Community Main occupation Subsidiary No. occupation

2 3 4 5 6

1 Shri Netai Pada Kumvaker 35 Hindu Mrit Silpa CuItivat ion 2 Pashu Pati Kumvakar 29 Do. Do. " Do. 3- R'ljendra Nath Kumvakar 44 Do. Do. " :1)0. 4 Subal Chandra Kumvakar 30 Do. Do. Do. 5 Kalachand Kumvakar 40 Do. Do. Do. 114

TABLE 19-9ontd.

2 3 4 5 6

6 Shri Bholanath Kumvakar 38 Hindu Mri! Silpa Cultivation 7 Ashutos Kumvakar 48 Do. Do. Do. 8 Shibsankar Kumvakar 24 Do. Do. Do. 9 Anil Baran Kamvakar 28 Do. Do. Do. 10 Madan Mohan Kumvakar 30 Do. Do. Do. 11 Gora Chand Kumvakar 37 D:>. Du. Do. 12 Bhuban Mohan Kumvakar " 28 Du. Do. Do. 13 Dasarath Kumvakar 59 Do. D.). Do. 14 Helaram Kumvakar 23 Do. Do. Do. 15 Rajkisore Kumvakar " 38 Do. Do. Do. 16 Sm. Chabibaia Kumvakar 23 Do. Do. Do. 17 Shri Gaur Kumvakar 30 Do. Do. Do. 18 Nityananda Kumvakar 27 Do. Do. Do. 19 Nalini Kumvakar 44 Do. Do. Do. 20 Bangsi Badan Kumvakar 23 Do. Do. Do. 21 Panchanan Kumvakar 37 Do. Do. Do. 22 Mihir Kumvakar " 23 Do. Do. Do. 23 Govinda Kumvakar 42 Do. Do. Do. 24 Dhirendas Kumvakar 23 Do. Do. Do. 25 Kalipada Kumvakar 23 " Do. Do. Do. 26 Manik Ch. Kumvakar 45 Do. Do. Do. 27 Amulyo Kumvakar 53 " Do. Do. Do. 28 Subal Chandra Kumvakar 24 Do. Do. Do. 29 Sudhir Kumvakar 36 " Do. Do. Do. 30 Sm. Genibaia Kumvakar 26 Do. Do. Do. 31 Shri Govinda Kumvakar 38 Do. Do. Do. 32 Bhaskar Kumvakar 30 " Do. Do. Do. 33 Sm. Mithiia Dassya 39 Do. Do. Do. 34 Shri Dhananjoy Kumvakar 43 Do. Do. Do. 35 Krishna Chandra Kumvakar 44 Do. Do. Do.

8.1.2 The names of the members of the 7 Sri Bhubon Kumbhakar Member managing Committee of the Panchmura Mrit­ silpi Samabaya Samity are:- 8 Sri Amulya Kumbhakar Do. 9 Sri Dasarath Kumbhakar Sri Asuthosh Kumbhakar President Do.

2 Sri Panchanan Kumbhakal Secretary 8.2.1 The Value of each share is Rs. 10. The paid up share Capital is Rs. 860, out of 3 Sri N~tai Kumbhakar Member which, the loan amount of" Khadi & Village 4 Sri. Rajendra Kumbh~tkar Dr.. Industries Board is Rs. SOO. In June, 1962, it received on interest-free Capital loa~a of Rs. 5 Sri Bholanath Kumbhakar Do. 2,000. The statement showing the financial 6 Sri Anil Kumbhakar Do.- position as received from the Assistant Registrar 115 of Co-operative Societies, Bankura is placed below:

TABLE 20

FINANCIAL POSITION OF SOCIETY

Year Purchases Sales Profit/Loss as per Remarks B/S_ (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)

2 3 4 5

1966-67 304 770 -36 "- As per audited Balance Sheet. 1967-68 628 1,536 +230 Do. 1968-69 49 100 -151 Do. 1969-70 1,950 2,000 +267 As per Annual Return

Current Membership on 30-G-70 : 36 (A~ per Annual Return)

8.2.2 TABLE 21

BALANCE SHEET OF THE SOCIETY AS AT 30-6-70

Liabilities Rs. p. Assets Rs. P. Paid up Share 860.00 Land of Building 3,000.00 Member's Deposit 300.00 Appliances and equipments 226.36 Loan from Govt. 800.00 Loan outstanding from individuals 500.00 Reserve Fund 30.29 Closing Stock 100.40 Govt. Grant: Dead Stock 69.68 For Land Rs. 3,000.00 Due from Sales Emporium 100.25 For Appliances Rs. 500.00 3,500.00 Previous less to be recouped 1,212.95 Audit :fee 10.00 Cash-in-hand 210.76 Net Profit of the year 266.86 Savings deposit with Bankura District Central Co-operative Bank Ltd. 346.75

TOTAL 5,767.15 5,767.15

8.3 As early as in 1965, the management of 8.5 Some particulars of the meetings of the Society reported that, previously for want managing Committee held upto 1967 are given of funds and god own facilities, the Society below: could not enroll the active cooperation of TABLE 22 members. The subsequent performanct was not also very encouraging, although, the con­ MEETING OF MANAGING COMMITTEE dition did not worsen. The earnest desire of the traditional artisans to survive remains in Calendar Year Meetings Membe1s prt'sent hcldlNo.) (l'{o.) the backgro,:wd of the Society. It is true, how­ ever, that, due to the financial weekness of the 2 3 Society, their contact with outside parties have not been sufficient and the Society could not 1959 2 19,6 always stand in front of the work and orders 1960 II 5-6 for all the artisans. Obviously, a few other 1961 8 6 (4 timcs), 9 (3 mastercraftsman have maintained their reputa­ times), 25. tion on the basis of their own efforts. 1962 13 12,6,8 (5 times) 9 (5 times), 26. 1963 10 15, 9 (5 times), 8 (2 8.4 Recently, in 1971, with the assistance of limcs) 3,2, 11. the District Industrial Officer, Bankura, the 1964 4 9 (3 times), 14 Society participated in Exhibition held in 1965 3 9 (2 times), 12 Delhi, from where, 2t years back also, bulk 1966 6 orders for 2000 horses wer~ received and exe­ 1967 5 8 (3times), 7. II. cuted by individual artisans. 116 Other general problems generally purchase the things fO.r. deco.rating their rooms, some changes or adclitlOns m the 8.6 a.ne of the. important problems faced by traditional designs will, of course, being a wel­ the artisans dunng 1964-66 enquires, is with come effect. In this way, the sale can con­ the collection of raw materials. Artisans arc siderably be increased. In fact, the artisans now collecting clay from other's fields and, a.re eager to work on new designs. thus, they are wholly dependent on the mercy of the owners of the lands. In the meantime, 8.8 Artisans engaged in the production of the OW\lers of the land at Deulvira are reported terracotta images are economically well advanced. to have started raising objection in collection These terracotta images are now quite popu­ of clay. The artisans are feeling embarassed. lar with the connoissures of art objects; as a These artisans are also dissatisfied with the result the artisans are earning better through arrangements for marketing of their products. incre~sed production. Bu.t 10 or 12 units. are In the local markets, the prices paid for their confronted with bad times. They neither products are very nominal. But if they could possess any form land nor are experienced in sell the same products in Calcutta and in other manufacturing images. However, the pros­ cities of India, their margin of profit would pect of manufacture of terra cotta images has have been higher. Illustrations will perhaps lent them sufficient incentive to learn the tech­ make the thing clear. A horse of 60" size niques of manufa.cture. For the. eC0nomic deve­ sells in the local market of Panchmura at Rs. lopment, the artisans have their own demand 6, whereas, the same fetches Rs. 30 in the as stated below: shops of Calcutta. Similarly, horses of Sizes 42/1, 36/1, 24/1, 18/1, 12/1 and 6 inches sell in the Supply of modern wheels. markets of Panchmura at Rs. 3, Rs. 2, Rs. 1, 0.62 P, 0.50 P and 0.50 Paise respectively; 2 Arrangements for sendi\lg their pro­ whereas, prices paid for the same sizes in Cal­ ducts to outside markets. cutta markets are Rs. 10, Rs. 5, Rs. 2.1)0, Rs. 3 Installation of modern types of fur­ 1.75, Rs. 1.25 and Rs. 1 respectively. Again, naces. the shop keepers of Calcutta keep. about 20 to 25% profit on the products while selling 4 Introduction of new designs. to customers. But to send these products to 5 Credit facilities from the Co-opera­ Calcutta or other cities, both capital and tive Society for the units. arrangements for special type of packing are extremely necessary. The artisans are lacking 6 Flow of orders of out-side markets in in these two vital requirements; as such, they bulk through the Co-operative Society. are not in a position to exploit the favourable markets outside. 8.9 Cultivation remains as a subsidiary ~cC'U­ pation for the artisans. The Pottery. artlsam 8.7 In production, these artisans have no are as well connected with the cultivatIOn work doubt reached a definite standard of perfec­ either as small owners or as labour. The tion. In this respect, they may not require statement below will reveal this actual posi­ any external assistance; but, to make their pro­ tion in respect of fJ representative nrtisans ducts more popular to modern minds, who families.

TABLE 23

OTHER ASSETS OF REPRESENTATIVE ARTISANS

Head of the unit Land Bullocks Milk Plough Goat Tank r-----.A.---__., Cattle Paddy Fallow

Rashbehari Kumbhakar 18 bighas 20 bighas 2 5

2 Sadhucharan 15 6 2 6 3 Gangadhar 4- 4 2 2 4 Bholan'lth 2 5 Dasarath 20 3 2 3 6 Panchanan 4- 4 7 Bho.skar 3 8 Krishn l.chandra 9 Dhananjoy 117

The last two landless families find employ­ greater volume in lines of tiles, bricks, glazed ment as labourers for 5 months in a year. But, pottery, design terracotta involving some chan­ still then, the mail.! occupation of all these ges in technique, additional investment an~ families are manufacture of terracottas. marketing facilities. This may not be POSSI­ ble all at once. But, diversification will have _\ regular opening of the non-traditional to be done gradually with sustained efforts. market may bring in some economic gain to Otherwise, the pressure of economy will lead the -majority of the craftsmen's families. new entrants to go ill- more for other occupa­ tions including cultivation and age-old crafts­ Conclusion manships will not be regarded as a paying pre­ position. The pride of the older master 9. After having discussed in some details craftsmen in being able to produce large-sized about the economic condition of the terracotta decorated hollow-figures on wheels will gradu­ artisans of Panchmura, it can now be said ally be in memory only. Therefore, in the that, by and large, general earthenware and best interest of the survival of both the 'pora­ other images together form the techno-economic mati' craft and the craftsmen, it is highly base. The picture is the same too in the needed that, some work be done from Govern­ other Centres of the District. Of course, the ment level to introduce new designs, improved predominance in the proportion of production firing technique, glazing, and better packaging in latter category depends on craftsmanship in selected units. Markets will just not be attained. Given better and continuous mar­ a serious problem. Still, as new cooperatives keting of terracotta images inside and outside may not be expected to function effectively in the Centres, there are indications that a few all centres excepting in Panchmura, because of craftsmen may exclusively devote themselves the dearth of adequate !number of similar to this category throughout the year. The terracotta artisans, it will be advisable to orga­ degree of present activities in productions and nise a District-level Services-cum-Marketing In­ sales, however, corresponds to the periods of dustrial Cooperative Society having it's cons­ seasonal cultivation and local festivals, i.e. to tituents as primary cooperatives and individual the traditional way of rural life. In the cir­ Units [in absence of Coops] to cater to the cumstances, improvements, if any, in the over­ different types of Handicraft~ [including terra­ all condition of the craft and the craftsmen cotta] in the District. The Government may has to be visualised in the context of the en­ consider setting up a ceramic service centre vironmental, physical and ritualistic settings in Panchmura with facilities of improved of the craft centres, which are not expected to glazing, firing, designing, packaging and stor­ be radically changed. The pattern of culti­ ages, which may, in due course, be taken by vation, the condition of communications, the the same District Cooperative Society to be presence of forests, the cycle of festivals, the run on business lines. It is only hoped that, absence of power, and the slow economic and the future generations should see the common cultural life with which the communities there terracotta in the rural shrines and the commer­ moves do not suggest immediately the entire cial terracotta as well in the sophisticated potters community. to come out. from ~h:e. tra~i­ drawing rooms, originating from the same tion and start WIth commercIal actIvItIes 111 sources.

20-1 Census/Cal/75

LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS

(as on 7th October, 1972)

AGRA 2 The Booksellers Retreat, Hall Bazar (Reg.) 1 National Book House, Jeoni Mandi (Reg.) 3 Amar Nath & Sons, Near P.O. Majith 2 Wedhwa & Co., 45, Civil Lines tReg.) Mandi (Reg.) 3 Banwari Lal Jain, Publishers, Moti Katra (Rest) ANAND 4 Asa Ram Baldev Dass & Sons, I Vijaya Stores, Station Road (Rest) Bagh Muzaffarpur lRest) BANGALORE AHMEDABAD I Atma Stores, 5th Cross, Malleswaram (Rest) 1 Balgovind Booksellers, Gandhi Road (Rest) 2 S.S. Book Emporium, 118, Mountjoy Road, 2 Chandra Kant Chimanal Vora, Gandhi Hanumant Nagar (Reg.) Road (Reg.) 3 Bangalore Press, Lake View, Mysore Road, 3 New Order Book Co., Gandhi Road, P.O. Box 507 (Reg.) Ellis Bridge (Reg.) 4 Standard Book Depot,. Avenue Road (Reg.) 4 Mahajan Bros., Super Market Basement, 5 Vichara Sahitya Ltd., Balepet (Reg.) Ashram Road, Navrangpura (Rest) 6 Mukkala Pustak Press, Balamandira, 5 Sastu Kitab Ghar, Near Relief Talkies, Gandhinagar (Reg.) Patthar Kava Relief Road JReg.) 7 International Book House (P) Ltd., 4-F, 6 Gujarat Law House, Near Municipal Mahatma Gandhi Road (Reg.) Swimming Bath (Rest) 8 Balajee Book Co., No.2, East Tank Bank 7 Himanshu B~ok Co., 10, Mission Market, Road, Ramakrishnapura (Rest) Near Gujarat College (Rest) BANSDRONI AHMEDNAGAR SIs. Monoj Book Corner, B-:W, Niranjan 1 V. T. Jorkar, Prop. General Stores, Pally,24-Parganas (Rest) Navi Path (Rest) BAREILLY AJMER 1 Agarwal Brothers, Bara Bazar (Reg.) 1 Book Latld, 663, Madar Gate (Reg.) 2 Rajputana Book House, Station Road (Reg.) BARODA ALIGARH Sh. Chandrakant Mohan Lal Shah Gaini, Shankar Bldg., Diwanji's Wada, Dandia 1 Friend's Book House, Muslim University Bazar (Rest) Market (Reg.) 2 New Medical Book House, 540-Maden- 2 New Kitab Ghar, Mill Market (Rest) Zampa Road (Rest) ALLAHABAD BELGHARIA 1 Chandralok Prakashan, 73, Darbhanga 1 Granthloka, 5(1, Ambica Mukherjee Road, Colony (Rest) 24-Parganas, W.B. (Rest) 2 Kitabistan, 17-A, Kamla Nehru Road (Reg.) 3 Law Book Co., Sardar Patel Marg, BHAGALPUR P. Box 4 (Reg.) 1 Paper Stationery Sotres, D.N. Singh Road (Reg.) 4 Ram Narain Lal Beni Modho, 2-A, Katra Road (Reg.) BHOPAL 5 Universal Book Co., 20, M.G. Road (Reg.) 1 Bhopal Sahitya Sadan, Publishers, Book­ 6 University Book Agency (of Lahore), Elgin sellers & Stationers, 37, Lalwani Press Road (Reg.) Road (Rest) 7 Bharat Law House, 15, M3.hatma Gandhi 2 Lyall Book Depot, Mohd. Din Bldg., Sultania Marg (Rest) Road (Reg.) 8 Ram Narain Lal Beni Prashad, 2-A, Katra BHUBANESHWAR Road (Rest) 1- Prabhat K. Mahapatra, Bhubaneshwar Marg (Reg.) 9 S{s. A.H. Wheeler & Co. P. Ltd., City Book Shop (Rest) BHAVANAGAR 1 Shah Parsotam Dass Gigabhai, M.G. Road (Rest) AMBALA CANTT. English Book Depot, Ambala Cantt. (Reg.) BOLPUR 1 Bolrur Pushtakalaya, Rabindra Sarani, P.O. AMBALA CITY Bolapur, Birbhum, W.B. (Rest) I Sethi L'lW House, 8719, R"3.ilway Road, Ambala City (R.eg.) BIjAPUR 1 Sh. D. V. Deshpane, Recognised Law Book­ AMRI,!,SAR sellers, Prop. Vinod Book DeRot, Near L"3.w Book Agency, G.T. Road, Putl~garh (Reg.) ShiralshettiChowk . (Rest)

119 120

LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS

BIKANER II Firma K.L. Mukhopadya, 6-1A, Banchharam Akrur Lane (Reg.) I Bhandari Bros., Goga Gate (Rest) 12 K. K. Roy, 55, Gariahat Road, P. Box No. BOMBAY 10210 (Rest; 1 Charles Lambert & Co., 101, Mahatma 13 Sm. P. D. Ump:tdhyay, 16, Munshi Sar- Gandhi Road (Reg.) daruddin Lane. (Rest) 2 World Literature, Pyare Singh Chug House, 14- Universal Book Dist., 8/2, Hastings Street (Rest) Agra Road (Rest) 15 Modern Book Depot, 9, Chowringhee Cen- 3 Current Book House, Maruti Lane, Raghu- tre (Rest) nath Dadaji Street (Reg.) 16 S. Bhattacharjee & Co., 49, Dharmatalla 4 Current Technical Literature Co. (P) Ltd., Sheet (Rest) India House, 1st Floor (Reg.) 17 Mukherjee Library, 1, Mohan Datta 5 International Book House Ltd., 9, Ash Lane, Lane (Rest) M.G. Road (Reg.) 18 Current Literature Cp., 208, Mahatma 6 Lakhani Book Depot, Girgaum (Re€!.) Gandhi Road (Rest) 7 P. P. H. Book Stall, 190-B, Khetwadi Main 19 Scientific Book Agency, 103, Netaji Subhas Road .(Reg.) Road . (Rest) 8 NewBook Co.,188-190,Dr.Dadabhai 20 Manimala, 123, Bow Bazar Street (Reg.) Naroji Road (Reg.) 21 New Script, 172/3, Rash Behari Avenue (Reg.) 9 Popular Book Depot, Lamington Road (Reg.) 22 Gyan Bharati, 171jA, M.G. Road (Reg.) 10 Sunderdas Gain Chand, 601, Girgaum Road, 23 Indian Book Dist. Co., C-52, Mahatma Near Princess Street (Reg.) Gandhi Road {Rest) 11 Thacker & Co., Rampart Row (Reg.) 24 N. M. Roy Chowdhury Co. P. Ltd., 72, 12 N. M. Tripathi (P) Ltd., Princess Street (Reg.) M.G. Road (Rest) 13 Kothari Book Depot, King Edward Road (Reg.) 25 Manisha Granthalaya P. Ltd., 4/3B, Bankim Chatterjee Street (Rest) 14 C. Jamnadas & Co., Booksellers, 146-C, Princess Street (Reg.) 26 Mukta Dhara, 23, Gariahata Road, Gol Park (Rest) 15 Indo N~th & Co., Office No.8, 1st Floor, 27 Moonage Publishers, India Exchange Place (Rest) 257, Frase Road (Reg.) 28 Shanti Book Stores, 16 Minerva Book Shop, 10, Kailash Darshan, Eagle House, 4, Govt. Place North (Rest) 3rd Floor, Nava Chowk (Reg.) 17 Asian Trading Co., 310, The Miraballe, CALl CUT P.B. 1505 (Rest) I Touring Book Stall, Court Road (Rest) 18 N. &J. Services, 2-A, Bahri Building, P.B. 6007 (Rest) CHANDIGARH 19 Swastik Sales Co., Scientific & Technical Jain Law Agency, Shop No.5, Sector No. Boo kselJers (Rest) 22 D (Reg.) 20._ All India Supply Co., 342, Kalbedevi Road (Rest) 2 Rama News Agency, Booksellers, Sector No. 22 (Reg.) 21 Am-tlgamated Press, 41, Hamam Street (Rest) 3 Universal Book Store, Booth No. 25, Sector 22 Secretary, Salestax Practitioner' Association, 22 D (Reg.) Room No.8, Palton Road (Rest) 4 English Book Shop, 34, Sector 22 D (Rest) 23 Usha Book Depot, 585, _Chira Bazar (Reg.) 5 Mehta Bros., 1933, Sector 22B ·(Reg.) 24 Co-operators Book Depot, 5/32, Ahmed Sailor Bldg., Dadar (Reg.) CUTTACK 25 Sis. Taxation Publications, B!22, Sea Gull 1 Uuttack Law Times, Cuttack (Reg.) Appartment, 4·A, Bholabhai Desai Road (Rest) 2 D. P. Soor & Sons, Mangalabad (Rest) CALCUTTA 3 New Students Store (Rest) 'I Chatterjee & Co., 3/1, Beachram Chatterjee Lane (Reg.) DEHRADUN 2 'D,m' G.lpta & Co_ Ltd., 51/3, College Street (Reg.) 1 Jugal Kishore & Co., Rajpur Road (Reg.) 3 Hindu Library, 69-A, Ba'8.ram De Street (Reg.) 2, National News Agency, Paltan Bazar (Reg.) 4 S.K. Lahiri & Co. Ltd., College Street (Reg.) 3 Bishan Singh & Mahendra Pal Singh, 318, 5 M.C. Sarkar & Sons P. Ltd., 14 Bankim Chukhuwala (Reg.) Chatterjee Street (Reg.) 4 Sant Singh & Sons, 28, Rama Market (Rest) 6 W. Newman & Co. Ltd., 3, Old Court House 5 Universal Book House, 39A, Rajpur Road (Rest) Street '(Reg.) 6 Natraj Publishers, 52, Rajpur Road (Reg.) 7 Oxford Book Stationery Co., 17, Park Street (Reg.) 8 R. Chambrar.y & Co. Ltd., Kant House, DELHI P-33, Mission Row Extension (Reg.) 1 J.M. Jaina & Brothers, Mori Gate (Reg.) 9 S.C. Sarkar & Sons P. Ltd., I C, College 2 Atma Ram & Sons, Kashmerc Gate ,(Re?) Square (Reg) 3 Federal Law Book Depot, Kashmere Gate (Reg) 10 Thacker Spink & Co. (1933) p, Ltd., 3, Esplanade East (Reg.) 4 Bahri Bros., 243, Lajpat Rai Market (Reg.) 12f

LIST OF AGENTS FOR, THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS

5 Bawa Harkishan Dass Bedi (Vijaya General DHARWAR Agency Delhi), Ahata Kodara, Chama- Bharat Book lian Road (Reg.) Depot & Pl'akashan, Subhas Road (..Rest) 6 Bookwells, 4, Sant Narankari Colony, P.B. 1565, Delhi-9 (Reg.) 2 Akalwadi Book Depot, Vijay Road \Rest) 7 Imperial Publishing Co. 3, Faiz Bazar, ERNAKULAM Daryaganj (Reg.) Pai & Co., Broadway (Rest) 8 Metropoliton Book Co., 1, Faiz Bazar (Reg.) 2 South India Traders, C/o. Constitutional 9 Publication Centre, Subzi Mandi, Opp. Law Journal (Reg.) Birla Mills (Reg.) FERbzEPUR CANTT. 10 Youngman & Co., Nai Sarak (Reg.) 1 English Book Depot, 78, Jhoke Road (Reg.) 11 Indian Army Book Depot, 3, Ansari Road, Daryaganj (Reg.) GAYA 12 All India Educational Supply Co., Sri Ram Sahitya Sadan, Gautam Budha Marg (Reg.) Bldg., Jawahat NagaL' (Rest) GHAZIABAD 13 Dhanwant Medical & Law Book House, 1522, Lajpatrai Market (Reg.) 1 Jayana Book Agency, Outside S. D. Inter 14 University Book House, 15, U.B. Bangalow College, G.T. Road (Rest) Road, J awahar Nagar (Rest) 2 S. Gupta, 342, Ram Nagar (Reg.) 15 Law Literature House, 2646, Balimaran (Rest) GOA 16 Summer Bros., P.O. Birla Lines (Rest) 1 Singhal's Book House, P.O. B. No. 70, Near 17 Universal Book & Stationery Co., 16, Netaji the Church (Rest) Subhas Marg (Reg.) GUNTUR 18 B. Nath & Bros., 3808, Charkawalan (Chowri Bazar) (Rest) 1 Book Lovers Private Ltd., Arnudelpet, 19 Amar Hind Book House, Nai Sarak (Rest) Chowrasta (Reg.) 20 Premier Book Co., Printers, Publishers & GURGAON Booksellers, Nai Sarak (Reg.) 1 Prabhu Book Service, Nai Subzi Maudi (Rest) 21 Universal Book Traders, 80 Gokhale Market (Reg.) GWALIOR 22 General Book Depot, 1691, Nai Sarak (Rest) 1 Tater Bros., Sarafe (Rest) 23 'Overseas Book Agency, 3810, David Street, 2 Loyal Book Depot, Patankar Bazar, Lash- Daryaganj-9 (Reg.) mu ~~ 24 Saini Law Publishing Co., 1899, Chandni 3 M. C. Daftari, Prop. M. B. Jain & Bros., . Chowk (Rest) Booksellers, Sarafa, Lashkar' (Rest) 25 Sat Narain & Sons, 2, Shivaji Stadium, Jain 4 Anand Pustak Bhandar, M.L.B. Marg (Rest) Mandir Road, New Delhi (Reg.) 5 Gorver Law House, Near High Court Gali (Rest) 26 Kitab Mahal (Wholesale Division) P. Ltd., 6 Kitab Ghar, High Court Road (Reg.) 28, Faiz Bazar (Reg.) 7 Adarsha Pushtak Saadan, 5{26, Bhauka 27 Hindi Sahitya Sansar, 1547, Nai Sarak (Rest) Bazar (Rest) 28 Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, Oriental Book· HARDWAR sellers & Publishers, P.B. No. 1165, Nai Sarak (Rest) 1 Kunj, Kanshal Bhawan, Brashampuri (Rest) 29 K. L. Seth, Suppliers of Law, Commercial & Tech. Books, Shantinagar, Ganesh- HATHARS pura (Reg.) 1 A. Jain Book Depot, Rohtak, Wala Nohra 3) Airas!l Publicity Service, 5A/IO, Ansari Agra Road (Rest) Road, Daryaganj (Rest) HUBLI 31 Amir Book Depot, Nai Sarak (Rest) 1 Pervaje's Book House, Station Road (Reg.) 32 Rajpal & Sons, Kashmere Gate (Rest) HYDERABAD 33 Moti Lal Banarasi Dass, Bangalow Road, Jawahar Nagar (Reg.) 1 Bhasha Prakash an, 22-5-69, Gharkaman (Rest) 34 Sangam Book Depot, Main Market, Gupta 2 The Swaraj Book Depot, Lakdikapul (Reg.) Colony (Reg.) 3 Boo,klovers Private Ltd., Kachiguda, 35 Om Book Stall, Civil Court, Compound (Reg.) Chowrasta . (Rest) 36 Ashoka Book Agency, 66/A, Kamala Nagar (Rest) 4 Labour Law Publications, 873, Sultan 37 Educational Book Agency (India), 5-D, Bazar (Reg.) Kamalanagar (Rest) 5 Book Syndicate, Devka Mahal ,Opp. Central Bank (Reg.) 38 D. K. Book Organisation, 74-D, Anand 6 Book Link's Corporation, Narayanrgoda (Reg.) Nagar (Rest) INDORE DHANBAD Wadhwa & Co., 27, M. G. Road (Reg.) 1 New Sketch Press, Post Box 26 (Rest) 2 Swarup Brothers, Khajuri Bazar (Reg.) 122

LIST_ OF _AGENTS :FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS

3 Madhya Pradesh Book Centre, 41, 5 Eastern Book Co., 34, Lalbagh Road (Reg.) Ahilyapura (Rest) 6 Civil & Military Educational Stores, 4 Modern Book House, shiv Vilas Palace (Rest) 106jB, Sadar Bazar (Rest) 5 Vinay Pustak Bhandar (Rest) 7 Acquarium Supply Co., 213, Faizabad JAIPUR CITY Road • (Rest) l Raj Books & Suhs. Agency, 16, Nehru LUDHIANA Bazar (Rest) I Lyall Book Depot, Chaura Bazar (Reg.) 2 Bharat Law House, Booksellers & Pub- 2 Mohindra Brothers, Katchori Road (Rest) lishers,Opp. Prem Prakash Cinema (Reg.) 3 Nanda Stationery Bhandar, Pustak Bazar (Rest) 3 Vani Mandir, Sawami Mansing Higlfway (Reg.) 4 The Pharmacy News, Pindi Street (Rest) 4 Popular Book Depot, Chaura Rastll. (Reg.) 5 Krishna Book Depot, Chaura Rasta (Rest) MADRAS 6 Best Book Co .., S.M. Highway (Rest) C. Sitaraman & Co., 33, Royapettah High -Road (Reg.) JAMNAGAR 2 Account Test Institute, P.O. 760, Egmore (Reg.) 1 Swadeshi Vastu Bhandar, Ratnabai 3 C. Subbiah Chetty, 62, Big Street, (Reg.) Masfd Road (Reg.) Triplicane JAMSHEDPUR 4 K. Krishnamurty, l)ost Box 384 (Reg.) 1 Amar Kitab Ghar, Diagonal Road, P.B. 5 P. VarddachalY & Co., 8, Linghi Chetty No. ]8 (Reg.) Street (Reg.) 2 ~upta Stores, Dhatkidith (Reg.) 6 Reliance Trading Co., 79/10, Sambhu 3 Sanyal Bros., Booksellers & News Agents, Das Street (Reg.) 26, Main Road (Rest) '7 M, Sachechalam & Co., 14, Bankuram Chetty Street (Rest) JHU.NJHUNU (RAJ) 8 Madras Book Agency (Rest) 1 Shashi Kumar Sharat Chandra (Rest) 9 Nav Bharat Agencies, 18, Andiappa JODHPUR Street, Sadan . (Rest) 1 Dwarka Das R'lthi, Wholesale Books and 10 The Rest Trading Co., P.B. No. 5049, 31 News Agents (Reg.) & 32, James Street (Rest) 2 Kitab Ghar, Sojati Gate (Reg.) 11 Mohan Pathippagam & Book Depot, 3, 3 Chopra Brothers, Tripolia Bazar (Reg.) • Pyecrafts ,Triplicane (Rest) 4 R'lJasthan La)\' House; High Court Road ,(Rest) 12 Naresh Co., 3, Dr. Rangachari Road, Mylapore (Rest) JUBALPUR MADURAI I Modern Book House; 286, J a waharganj (Reg.) Oriental Book House, 258, West Masi 2 Popular Book House, Near Omti P.O. (Rest) Street (Reg.) JU1.LUNDER CITY 2 Vivekananda Press, 48, West Masi Street (Reg.) 1 Hazoorina Bros., Mai Hiran Gate (Rest) MANbsAUR 2 Jain General House, Bazar Bansanwala (Reg.) 1 Nahta Bros., Booksellers & Stationers (Rest) 3 University Publishers, Railway Road (Rest) MAN GALORE 4 Law Boo». Depot, Adda Basti G. T. Road (Rest) 1 U.R. Shan eye Sons, Car Street, P. Box 128 (Reg.) KANPUR 2 K. Bhoga Rao & Co., Kodail Bail (Rest) 1 Advani & Co., P. Box 100, The Mall (Reg.) 2 S3.hitya Niketan, Sharaahanand p=ar)< (Reg.) I Rath & Co., Tilohi Bldg., Bengali Ghat (Rest} 3 Universal Book Stall, The Mall (Reg.) MEERUT KAPSAN Prakash Educational Stores, Subbhash 1 Pakashan Parasaran, 1/90, Namdhar Bazar • (Reg.) Niwas, Azad Marg (Reg.) 2 Loyal Book Depot, Chhipi Tank ,(Reg.) KOi..APUR MUSSOURI 1 M'l.harashtra Granth Bhandar, Mahad­ 1 Hind Traders, N.A.A. Centre, Dick Road (Rest) warRoad (Rest) KUMTA ~1UZAFFARNAGAR (Rest) 1 S. V. Kamat, Booksellers & Stationers 1 Gargya & Co., 139G, New Market (S. Kanara) (Reg.) 2 B. S.Jain & Co., 71, Abupura (Reg.) LUCKNOW MUZAFFERPUR 1 Balkrishna Book Co. Ltd., Hazratganj (Reg.) 1 Scientific & Educational Supply Syndicate (Rest) 2 British Book Depot, 84, Hazratganj (Reg.) MYSORE 3 Ram Advani Hazratganj, P.B. 154 (Reg.) H. Vankataramiah & Sons, Krishna­ 4 Universal Publishers (P.j Ltd., Ha~ratganj (Reg.) rajendra Circle (Reg.) 123

LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENJ' OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS

2 People Book House, Opp. Jagan Mohan 28 Standard Booksellers & Stationers, Palam Palace (Reg) Enclave (Rest) 3 Geeta Book House, New State Circle (Reg.) 29 Book ,Depot, 57, Rangarpura, 4 Indian Mercantile Corporation, Ramvilas (Rest) Karol Bagh (Rest) 30 Sant Ram, Booksellers, 16, New Munici­ NADIAD pal Market, Lodi Colony '(Rest) 1 R.S. Desai, Station Road (Rcst) 31 Jain Map & Book Agency, Karol Bagh (Rest) NAGPUR 32 Hukam Chand & Sons, 32226, Ranjit Western Book Depot, Residency Road (Reg.) Nagar (~est) 2 The Executive Secretary, Mineral Industry 33 Star Publications (P) Ltd., 4[5B, Asaf Ali Road (Rest) A~sociation, Mineral House, Nenr All India Radio Square (Rest) 34 .rndian Publications Trading Corporation, A-7, Nizamuddin East {Rest) NAINITAL 35 Sheel Trad::1g Corporation, 5/5777, Sant Connl Book Depot, Bara Bazar (Reg.) Nari Das Marg (Rest) NEW DELHI NILGIRIS I Arnrit Book Co., Connaught Circus (Reg.) 1 Mary Martin Book~ellers, Kotagiris, 2 Bhawani & Sons, SF, Conn aught Place (Reg.) .Madras State (Rest) 3 Central News Agency, 23/90, Connaught PATIALA Circus (Reg.) 4 Aapki Dukan, 5/5777; Dev Nagar (Reg.) 1 Jain & Co., 17, Shah Nashiu Bazar (Reg.) 5 English Book Stores, 7-L, Connaught PATNA Circus, P.B. 328 (Reg.) 1 To-day & To-morrow, Ashok Rajpath (Rest) 6 Subhas Book Depot, Shop No. I I I, Central 2 J. N. P. Agarwal & Co., Padri-ki-Haveli (Reg.) Market, Srinivaspuri (Rest) 3 Luxmi Trading Co., Padri-ki-Haveli (Re~.) 7 Jain Book Agency, C-9, Prem House, Con- naught Place (Reg.) 4 Moti La! Banam Dass & Co., Padli-ki~ Haveli (Reg.) 8 Oxford Book & Stationery Co., Scindia House (Reg.) PONDICHERRY 9 Ram Krishna & Sohs (of Lahore) I6/B, 1 Honesty Book House, 9, Rue Duplix (Rest) Connaught Place (Reg.) 10 N. C. Kaunchal & Co., 40; Model Basti, POONA P.O. Karol Bagh, New Delhi-5 (Rest) 1 Deccan Book Stall, Deccan Gymkhana (Reg.) I I Suneja Book Centre, 24/90, Connaught Cir- 2 Imperial Book Depot, 266, M.G. Road (Reg.) cus (Reg.). 3 International Book Service, Deccan, 12 United Book Agency, 31, Municipal Market, Gymkhana (Reg.) Connaught Circus (Reg.) 4 Raka Book Agency, Opp. Natu's Chawl, 13 Jayana Book Depot, P.B. 2505, Karol Bagh (Reg.) Near Appa Balwant Chowk (Reg.) 14 Navyug Traders, Desh Bandhu Gupta Road, 5 Saraswat, 67, Patel Flats, 2, Bombay Poona Dev Nagar (Reg.) Road (Rest) 15 Ravindra Book Agency, 4D[50, Double 6 Seey. Bharati Samshodhalla Storey, Lajpat Nagar (Reg.) Mandir, 1321, Sadashiv Path (Rest) 16 The Secretary, Indian Met. Society, Lodi Road (Reg.) PUDUKKOTTAI Sh. P. N. Swaminathan Shivam & Co., East 17 New Book Depot, Latest Books, Periodicals, Main Road (Rest) Stationery, P.B. 96, Connaught Place (Reg.) 2 Meenakshi Pattippagam, 4142/ East Main 18 Mehra Brothers, 50-G, Kalkaji, New Street (Rest) Delhi-19 (Reg.) 19 Luxmi Book Stores, 72, Janpath, P. Box PUNALUR 553 (Reg.) 1 Shri M. J. Abraham, KeraIa (Rest) 20 Hindi Book House, 82, Janpath (Reg.) RAJPUR 21 People's Publishing House (P) Ltd., Rani- jhansi Road (Reg.) I Pustak Pratisthan, Sati Bazar (Rest) 22 R. K. Publishers, 23, Beadonpura, Karol RAJKOT Bagh (Reg.) 1 Mohan Lal Dossbhai Shah, Booksellers & 23 Sharm"l Bros, 17, New Market, Moti Nagar (Reg.) Subs & Advt. Agent (Reg.) 24 Glob Publications, C-33, Nizamudin East (Rest) RANCHI 25 S~ientific Imtruments Stores, A-355, New Crown Book Depot, Upper Bazar (Reg.) R'l.jendra Nagar (Rest) 26 Shyam Pustak Bhandar, 3819, Arya REWARI Samaj Road (Rest) I Tika Ram Singh Lal (Rest) 27 The Secretary, Federation of Association of Sm'lll Indmtry of India, 23/Br2, SAU

LIST OF AGENTS 'FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS

SECUNDERABAD For Local Sale I Hindustan Diary Publishers, Market Street (Rest) Govt. ofIndia Kitab MahaI,Janpath, Opp. SIMLA India Coffee HO\lse, New Delhi, Phone No . I Minerva Book Shop, The Mall (Reg.) .312561 2 Govt. of India Book Depot, 8, Hastings SIVAKASI Street, Calcutta, Phone No. 23-3813 I Ganesh St0res, South Car Street (Rest) 3 High Commissioner for India in London, India House, London W.C. 2 SURAT 4 Sales Counter Publication Branch, Udyog Shri Gljanan Pustakalaya, Tower Road (Reg.) Bhawan, New Delni, Phone No. 372081. 2 GCljarat Sub]. Agency,Jawahar Lal Nehru 5 Sales Counter Publication Branch, C.B.R. M'lrg., Athwa Lines (Rest) Building, New Delhi TEJPUR 6 Sales Counter, Mohan Singh Market, I.N.A. I Jyoti Prakash an Bhawan, Tejpur, Assam (Rest) Colony, New Delhi.

TIRUPATl S. & R. Agents as on 31-3-72 R winder Book Centre, 204, Bazar Street (Rest) The Asstt. Director, Extension, Centre Bhuli TRICHINOPOLLY Road, Dhanbad. 2 The Asstt. Director, Extension Centre, S. Krishnaswami & Co., 35, Subhash Santnagar, Hyderabad-18. Chandra Bose Road (Rest) 3 The Asstt. Director, Govt. of India, S.I.S.I. - TRIPURA Ministry of C & I Extension Centre, Kapileshwar Road, Belgaum. I G.R. Deltta & Ca., Scientific Equipments Suppliers (Rest) 4 The A~stt. Dilector, Extension Centre, Krishna Distt. (A.I.) TRIVANDRUM 5 The Asstt. Director, Footwear, Extension 1 Intemational Book Depot, Main Road (Reg.) Centre, Polo Ground No. I, Jodhpur 2 Reddiar Press & Book Depot, P. B. No.4 (Rest) 6 The Asstt. Director, Industrial Extension Centre, Nadiad (Gujarat). (Rest) 3 Bhagya Enterprises, M.G. Road 7 The Development Commissioner, Small Scale Industries, Udyog Bhawan, New Delhi. TUTICORIN 8 The Dy. Director, Incharge, S.1.S.I., "'C/o 1 Shri K. Thiagarajan, 51, French Chapal Chief Civil Admn., Goa, Panjim. Road (Rest) 9 The Director, Govt. Press, Hyderabad. UDAIPUR 10 The Director, Indian Bureau of Mines, Ashutosh & Co., Station Road, Opp. Uni­ Govt. of India, Ministry of Steel, Mines & versity of Udaipur (Rest) Fuel, Nagpur. 2 Book Centre, Mahatana Bhopal College, II The Director, S.LS.I., Industrial Extension Consumers' Co-operative Society Ltd. (Rest) Centre, Udhna, Surat 3 Jagadish & Co. (Rest) 12 The Employment Officer, Employment Ex- change, Dhar, Madhya. Pradesh. UJJAIN 13 Do Gopal Bhavan, Morena Rami Bros., 41, Mallipura (Rest) 14 Do Jhabue 15 The Head Clerk, Govt, Book Depot, VARANASI Ahmedabad. Viswavidyala Prakashan, K!40/18, Bhairo 16 The Head Clerk, Photozincographic Press, Nath Marg (Reg.) 5, Finance Road, Poona. 2 Chowkhamba Sanskrit Saries Office, Gopal 17 The Officer-in-Charge, Assam, Govt. MandirLane, P.B. No.8 (Reg.) B.D.,Shillong. 3 Gb~ Ibok Centre, P.O. Hindu University (Rest) 18 The OJ/C., Extension Centre, Club 4 Kohinoor Stores, University Road, Lanka (Reg.) Road, Muzaffarpur. 5 The M'lnager, Banaras Hindu University 19 The O.ffC, Extension Centre, Industrial Book Depot (Reg.) Estate, Kokar, Ranchi 20 The O.I/C., State rnformation Centre, VELLORE Hyderabad I A. Venkatasubban, Law Booksellers (Reg.) 21 The O.IrC., S.LS.1., Extension Centre, Maida. VISAKHAPATNAM 22 The O.I/C., S.1.S.I., Habra, Tabaluria, I Gupta Brothers, Vizia Building (Reg.) 24-Parganas. 2 The Secretary, Andhra University General 23 The O.I/C., University Employment Bureau, Co-operative Stores (Rest) Lucknow. 24 The O.L/C., S.1.S.I., Chrontanning Extension WARDRA Centre, Tangra, 33/1, North Topsia Road, Swarajeya Bhandar, Rathi Market (Reg.) Calcutta-46. LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE_OF GQYERNM:&NT 011. INDIA PUBLICATI0NS-Gontd.

25 The O.I./C., S.LS.!., Extension Centre 58 Supdt. Printing & Stationery, Charni Road, (Footwear), Calcutta-2 Bombay. 26 The O.I/C., S.I.S.!., Model Carpentry 59 Supdt. SLate Govt. Press, Bhopal. Wot'kshop, Puyali Nagar, P.O. Buripur,-24 60 The Asstt. Director t Pul;llicity & Information Parganas. Vidhan Sandha, Ban-ga1ore-l. 27 Publication Division, Sales Depot, North 61 Supdt. Govt. Press, Trivall.drum. Block, New Delhi. 62 Asstt. Information Officer, Press Information 28 The Press Officer, Orissa Sectt., Cuttack. Bureau, Information Centre, Srinagar. 29 The Registrar of Companies, Andhra Bank 63 Chief Controller of Imports & Exports, Bldg., 6, Linghi Chetty Street, P.B. 1530, Panjim, Goa. Madras. 64 Employment Officer, Employment Exchange 30 The Registrar of Companies, Assam, Mani­ (Near Bus stop) _Sidhi (M.P.) pur and Tripura, Shillong. 65 The Director, Regional Meteorological 31 The Registrar of Companies, Bihar, Journal Centre, Alipur, Calcutta. Road, Patna-l. 66 The Asstt. Dire'ctor, State Information Qentre, 32 The Registrar of Companies, 162, Brigade Hubli. Road, Bangalore. 67 The Director of SUPI=lies and Disp?s~lS,))eptt. 33 The Registral of Companies; Everest, 100, of Supply, 10, Mount Road, Madras-2. - Marine Drive, Bombay. 68 Director General of Supplies and Disposals, 34 The Registrar of Companies, Gujarat, State N.LC. Bldg., New Delhi. _ Samachar Building, Ahmedabad. 69 The Controller oflmports & Exports, Rajkot. 35 The Registrar of Companies, Gwalior (M.P.) 70 The Inspector, Dock Safety, Mil &, E Madras Harbour, Madras-I. 36 The Registrar of Companies, H. No. 3-5-87, Hyder Guda, Hyderabad. 71 The In$pecting Asstt. Commiss1cntr\._ of Income Tax, Keral~, Ernakulam. 37 The Registrar of Companies, Kerala, 70 Feet Road, Ernakulam. 72 The Un'der Secretary, Rajya Sabha Settt., Parliament House, New Delhi. 38 The Registrar of Companies, M.G. Road, West Cotto Bldg., P.B. 334, Kanpur. 73 Controller ofImp~rts & EXForts, 7 ,'Portr~nd Park, Visakhapatnam. . 39 The Registrar of Companies, Nalayani Bldg., Bra bourne Road, Calcutta-I. 74 The Senior Inspector, Dock Safety, Botanalla Chambers, Sir P.M. Road, Bombay. 40 The Registrar of Companies, Orissa, Chandni Chouk, Cuttack. 75 Controller of Imports & Exports, l.B. I4-P, Pondicherry. 41 The Registrar of Companies, Pondicherry. 42 The Registrar of Companies, Punjab & 76 Dy. Director Incharge, S.I.S.I. 'Sahakar Himachal Pradesh, Link Road, Jullundur Bhavan, Trikon Bagicha, Rajkot. City. 77 The Publicity and Liaison 'Officer, Forese: 43 The Registrar of Companies, Rajasthan & Research Institute & Colleges, Near Forest, ~jmer, Sh. Kumta Prasad House, 1st Floor, P.O. Dehradun. ' - 'C' Scheme, Ashok Marg.,Jaipur. . .. 78 The Asstt. ContI oller ofImports and ~xports 44 The Registrar of Companies, Sunlight Govt. of India, Ministry of Commerce, New Insurance Bldg., Aimeri Gate Extension, Kandla. New Delhi. • 79 The Dy. Director General (S.D.), 6, Espla­ 45 The Registrar of Trade Uqions, Kanpur. nade East, Calcutta. 46 Soochna Sahita Depot, (State Book Dep~t), Luc~now. 80 The Director, Govt. of India, S.1.S.I., Ministry of I & S. Industrial Areas-B, 47 Supdt. Bhupendra State Press, Patiala. Ludhiana. 48 S!1pdt. Govt. Press & Book Depot, Nagpur. 81 The Covt. Epigraphist for India. 49 Supdt. Govt. Press, Mount Road, Madras. 82 The Asstt. Director, Incharge, S.1.S.I. 50 Supdt. Go¥t. State Stores and Pubs., P.O., Extemion Centre, ,Varanasi. Gulzenbagh, Patna. 83 The Director of Supplies, Swarup Nagar, 51 Supdt. Govt. Printing & Stationery Depot, Kanpur. Rajasthan, Jaipur City. 84 The Asstt. Director (Admn.), Office of th~ 52 Supdt. Govt. Printing & Stationery, Rajkot. Dte of Supplies & Disposal, Bombay. 53 Supdt. Govt. Printing & Stationery, Punjab, 85 The Chief Controller ofImports & Exports, Chandigarh. Ministry of Intei'national Trade, Madras. 54 Supdt. Govt. Sta~e Empolium, y.P. Rewa 86 The Dy. Collector of Customs,. CustolJl House, Visakhapatn~m. ( • 55 Dy. Controller Printing & Stationery Office, Himachal Pradesh, Simla. 87 The Principal Officer, Merantile Marine Department, Calcutta. 56 Supdt. Printing & Stationery, AlI~habad, U.P. 88 The Director, I/C, S.LS.!', 107, .J;ndustrial Estate, Kanj:>ur. 57 Supdt. Prihting & Stationery, Gw:Uior, Madhya Prade~h. 89 The Director, S.LS.I., Karan Nagar,5rinarar. 21-1 CensusfCalj75 126

LlST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS--Colltd.

90 The Director of Inspection, New Maline 23 The Director of Census Opelations, Lines, Bombay-I. Andhra Pradesh, 11-4-646, Khushro Manzil, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad-4. 91 The Dy. Chief Cont;roller of Imports & Exports, T.D. Road, Ernakulam. 124 Do A. & N. Islands, PClrt Blair. 92 The Asstt. Director, Govt. Stationery & 125 Do Bihar, ~g Canal Road, Patna Book Depot, Aurangabad. 126 Do Madhya Pradesh, Opp. Vidya Vihar 93 The _.Asstt. Director, ltC, S.1.S.!., Club P.O. Civil Lines, BhopaI-2. Road, Hubli. 127 Do Tripura, 14f1, Krishnanagar, Agar- 94 The Employment Officer, Talcher. tala. 95 The Director of Inspection, Dte. of G. & S. 128 Do Nagaland, Kohima. Dispo3al, I, Ganesh Chandra Avenue, 129 Do Mysore, 23, Basappa Cross Road, Calcutta-I. Shanthinagar, Bangalore-l. 93 Tae C)llector of Customs, New Custom 130 Do Himachal Pradesh, Boswel, Simla-5. Hrlle, Bo:n'Jay. 131 Do Goa, Daman & Diu and Dadra & 97 Tne CJ.ltraller of Im,:l:lctl & Exports, Nagar Haveli, Navelkar Building, Bl.ug.l.tore. 2nd floOt, Dr. A. Broker Road, 93 The Admn. Officer, Tariff {Commissioner, Panaji-40300 1. 101, Qc.leea's Road, Bombay. 132 Do Punjab, No. 72, Sector-5B, Chandigarh 99 The Commissioner of Income Tax, ·Patiala. 133 Do Tamilnadu, 10, Poes Garden, Madras-B. 100 The Director, Ministtyof I & Supply, (Deptt. 134 Do Gujarat, Kerawala Building, Ellis of Industry), Cuttack. Bridge, AhmedabOld-6. 101 T~e Oy. Directo. of Public Relations, 135 Do Delhi, 2 Under Hill Road, Delhi-6. Stlte Iriform.atio::l Centre, Patna. 136 Do Arunachal Pradesh, Laithumkharah, 102 The Officer-in-charge, State Information Shillong-793003. Gentre, M'ldras. 137 Do Assam, Bomfyle Road, Shillong-1. 103 The Alstt. D'irector, S.LS.L, M.L Road, Jaipur. 138 Do Haryana, Kothi No.1, Sector 10-A, Chandigarh. lJ \ The CJllector of Cmtom" Ml.dras. 139 Do Jammu & Kashmir, 19,KaranNagar, 105 National Building Org., Nirman Bhavarr, Srinagar-1900 I O. New Delhi. 140 Do Kerala, Bella Vista, Kowdiar, Tri- 1)5 T .le C )'ltrolle'r of C6mm:lniclition, Boml5ay vandrum-3. Region, BomblY. 141 Do Maharashtra, Sprott Road, Bom- 107 The Kwnatak University, Dharwar. bay-400001 103 The Sl.roar Patel University, Vallabh 142 Do Meghalaya, Nongrim Hills, Shillo1fg-3 Vidyanagar 143 Da Orissa, Chandni Chouk, Cuttack-2. 1D3 T;1.e PriClcip.lI Publications Officer sending co;n-nhsion for Scientific & Tech., Termino­ 144 Do Rajasthan, Rambagh Palace Annexe, logy, UGC Building, New Delhi. Sl.wai Ram Singh Road, Jaipur. 110 The O.ncer-jn-Charge, Information Centre, 145 Do UttarPradesh, 6, Park Road, Luckn(1W-I Saw~i Riin9ingh ROird,jaipur. .'" 146 Do Chandigarh, Kothi No.1012, Secto~ 8-C, Chandigarh·160018. III rl~ )i:.!::t)r G!l!r.l1 of civil Aviations, N!N D!lhi. 147 Do L. M. & A.Islands,Kavaratti,Calicnt. 112 C)1.fc.:ll1er of Aerodromes, Delhi 148 :Qo Pondicherfy, 10, Poes Garden Madr;ls-6. 113 Do Calcutta RAILWAY BOOK STALL HOLDERS 114 Do Bombay Sis. A.H. Wheeler & Co., 15, Elgin Road, 115 Do MOldras Allahabad. II.j The Regi3trar, Punjab Agel. University, 2 Sis. Higginbothams & Co., Ltd., MoUnt Ludhiana. Road, Madras. 3 Sis. Glhlot Bros., K.E.M. Road, Bikaner. I 17 r l'! L 11. i & D~ve~opment Officer, M. of H!alth Fa._mily Planning, W.H. & U.D., FOREIGN Nir,llltLB11lvan, New Dellii. Sis. Education Enterprise Private Ltd., 113 A ~ti 1.g Secreta~y, Offi~ial L:mguage (Leg.) Kathmundu (Nepal). C)mmislion, 'Minisfry of Law, Bhagwan 2 S!s. Aktiebologat, C.E. Fritzes Kungal, D.lsS Rnd, New DelHi. Hovbokhandel, Fredsgation-2, Box 1656, 119 The Ditec'tor of IndlHtries & Commerce, Stockholm-I6 (Sweden). B:mgalore-I. 3 Reise-und-Ver Kehrsverlage Stutt Gart., Post 730 Gutenleergstrelee, 21, Stuttgort I W Tne R:~5i'nr3.r Ge:Ieral, India, 2!A, Mansingh Nr.l 1245 Stuttgart, den (Germany West) Road, New D~Ihi-11. 4 Sis. Book Centre, Lakshmi Mansion, 49, 121 The !,)irect()rofG~nm~'Operations, M,mipur, The Mall, Lahore (Pakistan). Imphal 5 Sis. Drghi Ranchi International Book~ellers, 122 G, W~ltH~.1.g-11,20,BritishIndianStr:et, via Cavour, T-9-Il, 35000 Padova (Italy). 10th fl:»r, C:llcutt3.·1, f> nne 6 SJs. Wepf & Co. Booksellers, English Deptt., 23-8533. Elsengasse 5 Basel (Switzerland). 127

LIST OF AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS-Contd.

7 Otto H:urassowitz, Buchhandiung Und AntiGua­ 16 Dr. Ludwing Hantasche1 Universitats­ rial, 6200 Wisesb:lden, Taunustra (Germany) Buchhandlung, ;34, Cottingen (Germany). 8 S{s. A. Asher & Co., 386 Herengracht, 17 Otto Koeltz Antiquaiat, 624, K.oenigsting/ Amsterdam C. (Holland). Taunus, Rerrnwaldstr-6 (West Germany) 9 S{s. Swets & Zettlinger N. V., 471 & 487 Keizersglacht Amsterdam (Holland). 18 Asia Library SerVice, 1841, 69th Avenyes, California (U.S.A.) 10 M. G. Von Piere, Rechitract 62, Eindhoven (Holland). 19 Publishing and Distributing Co. Ltd., Mitre 11 Herbert Wilson Ltd., Booksellers & Sub­ House, 177, Regent Street, (London W.I.). Agents,161,Borough High Street, London 20 Reise-U-Verkehrsverlag, 7, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, 5,E.I. (England). Posfaih-80-0830, Hosigwiesenstr-25 (Germany). 12 H. K. Lowis & Co. Ltd., 136, Gower Street (London C.I.) 21 Arthur Probsthian Oriental Booksellers & 13 Buch Und Zettachrifren, M.B.H. l-IND Publisher, 41, Great Russel Street. Export. Grosso Undo K.nnissionbuch (London W.C.f). Handling Internation Verlagsaulieferun­ 22 Independent Publishing Co., 38, Kenningtoll denm, Humbarg, (Germany). Lane, London S.E. II. 14 SIs. Store Nordiske Vidensbboghandel, Rem~rsgde27DK 1362 (Compenhagen K). 23 Inter Continental Marketing Corporation, Tokyo, (Japan). 15 The Ex-libris, Buchhandeisgellschaff, Halinnon Os wold & Co. K.G. FrankfuratJMain 24 Fritzer K.mgl Havbokhondal AB, Stock­ (Germnay) holm-16 (Sweden).

MGIPC1U-S7-1 GcnsuilJCaIJ11·-28-10-77-500.