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Occurrence of Heilipus Draco (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Seeds of Ocotea Puberula (Lauraceae) and Its Influence on Germination

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Occurrence of Heilipus Draco (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Seeds of Ocotea Puberula (Lauraceae) and Its Influence on Germination Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 65(2):e20210008, 2021 Occurrence of Heilipus draco (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in seeds of Ocotea puberula (Lauraceae) and its influence on germination Marciane Danniela Fleck Pessotto1* , Ervandil Corrêa Costa1 , Suelen Carpenedo Aimi2 , Maristela Machado Araujo2 , Karine Schoeninger3 , Iyanassô Andrade Haag dos Santos1 , Mateus Alves Saldanha1 , Jardel Boscardin4 1Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Defesa Fitossanitária, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. 2Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Coordenação de Pesquisas em Entomologia, Manaus, AM, Brasil. 4Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Monte Carmelo, MG, Brasil. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: This study aims to report the occurrence of Heilipus draco in seeds of Ocotea puberula, and to describe the main Received 25 January 2021 injuries caused to the seeds and the effects on germination, as well as the occurrence of parasitoid hymenopterans. Accepted 19 April 2021 To this end, fruits of seven trees were selected, in the extreme south of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Fruit collection Available online 12 May 2021 was carried out weekly in the middle third of the canopy, forming lots, from the beginning of fruit formation Associate Editor: Ricardo Siqueira da Silva until total dehiscence, for two years. In order to examine the damage caused by the granivorous insects inside the fruits, 100 fruits were sectioned taking into account the batch/year with the aid of a scalpel and analyzed using a binocular stereomicroscope. In the same way, 144 fruits from each lot/year were stored individually in Keywords: transparent plates in order to verify the occurrence and identification of species of granivorous insects. The proof Forest entomology of the influence of the injury caused to the seeds by the granivorous insects was carried out by the germination Parasitoid hymenopterans test, with four replications of 25 seeds, comparing seeds with and without oviposition holes. The species H. draco Granivorous insects was found to be associated with the fruits of O. puberula. The egg-layings are endophytic, carried out directly Tri-trophic interactions. on the seed. Larval parasitism of Hymenoptera Bracon, Omeganastatus, Scambus and Triapsis was observed. It is concluded that the cycle from egg to adult takes place inside the seed of O. puberula, and the injuries caused by the larvae decrease germination. Introduction The species Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees (Lauraceae) popularly known The flowers are small, with colors ranging from white to beige, as canela-guaicá is a native tree species that occurs throughout tropical grouped in dense axillary, multifloral and dioecious panicles, and the and subtropical America, in almost all forest formations (Farago et al., flower buds are greenish (Carvalho, 2002). The anthesis is diurnal, 2005) being indicated for environmental recovery (Carvalho, 2002) completing the event in the morning, and occasionally in the afternoon and mixed plantations in degraded areas of permanent preservation (Souza and Moscheta, 1999). The reproduction of the species is by (Lorenzi, 1998). In Brazil, the occurrence of this species extends from allogamy or cross-fertilization (Carvalho, 2002). 14° South latitude in the State of Bahia to 31° in Rio Grande do Sul The fruits of the species O. puberula are drupes that originate from (Carvalho, 2002). perigynous flowers (Souza, 2006). At the beginning of the development, The tree is 10 to 15 meters tall and has a diameter of 20 to 60 cm at the floral parts still remain involving the young fruit, but they soon breast height (DBH) (Carvalho, 2003) with a globular crown and dense become senescent and fall. At this stage, only the reduced hypanthium light green foliage (Marchiori, 1997). The trunk can be cylindrical or remains, which together with the floral receptacle forms the cupule, irregular, straight or slightly bent, and the shaft can reach up to 12 m a structure typical of the fruits of the Lauraceae family. The ripe fruits in length (Carvalho, 2002). of the species are spherical, with a single seed, black glabrous and the cupule predominantly red (Souza and Moscheta, 2000). The fruit is dispersed by zoochory, mainly by birds, which are attracted * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (M.D.F. Pessotto). by the color of the fruits (Carvalho, 2002, 2003). The birds, when feeding https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9665-RBENT-2021-0008 © 2021 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia Published by SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online.. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (type CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original article is properly cited. 2-7 M.D.F. Pessotto et al. / Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 65(2):e20210008, 2021 on the fruits, can disperse the seeds over long distances such as the 2015, beginning on September 14 and ending on November 23. This Rufous-bellied thrush, Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818 (Pereira et al., allowed the collection of fruits at various stages of development, each 1995) and the Rusty-margined guan, Penelope superciliares Temminck, collection being considered a batch of fruits. 1815 (Mikich, 2002). In addition to the birds, the plant provides resources In 2014, O. puberula fruits were collected directly from seven trees. for the entomofauna, as the flowers are visited by several small insects, After the fourth collection, four trees no longer bore fruit, while the belonging to the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera others continued to bear fruit. Collections were completed when all the and Hymenoptera, with the bee Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 being the trees had no more fruit. In 2015, only three trees bore fruit throughout one that visits more frequently (Souza and Moscheta, 1999). the evaluation period. However, this interaction can be harmful to the plant, concerning The fruits were collected with the aid of pole pruner in the middle germination, since species of the Lauraceae family commonly have third of the tree, and randomly in the canopy, with around 100 fruits their seeds damaged by Coleoptera of the family Curculionidae. These being collected from each tree for laboratory tests. After collection, the insects that feed on seeds are called granivorous insects. The granivory, fruits of all the trees were mixed with each other, forming the batch, represents a particular type of herbivory in which a mobile predator regardless of their degree of ripeness. consumes a sessile prey (the seed) (Menalled and Liebman, 2008). From the batch 144 fruits were randomized per collection/year. They Forest seeds, because they have a high nutrient content, favor the were placed in six transparent plates with dimensions of 8.0 x 12 x 1.5 cm, development of larvae of many species of granivorous insects. These containing 24 cells each with 16 mm in diameter. These 24 cells contained insects can consume the whole embryo and the seed reserve, with filter paper, previously cut with a hollow punch and sterilized in a only the integument remaining in some cases, and this can directly Pasteur oven for one hour at 150°C, to prevent the further proliferation influence germination (Costa et al., 2018). of fungi. In total, 1,728 fruits were packaged in 2014 and 1,584 in 2015. In Lauraceae seeds, there are records of damage caused by granivorous During the evaluation period, the containers remained in the insects on pau-rosa Aniba rosaeodora Ducke in Brazil (Rosa and Ohashi, laboratory, in ambient conditions (average temperature = 17.4 ºC and 1999; Vanin and Gaiger, 2005), canela-fogo Cryptocarya aschersoniana relative humidity = 80.5%). To avoid excessive drying of the fruits, Mez (Almeida, 2001; Muxfeldt et al., 2012), canela-do-mato Nectandra 0.0015 mL of distilled water were applied weekly to the filter paper with nitidula Nees & Mart., canela-amarela Nectandra lanceolata Nees & Mart. a micropipette, according to the methodology adapted from Dorneles ex. Nees, canela-fedida Nectandra grandiflora Nees & Mart. ex. Nees (2014). The emergence of adult insects was followed up weekly, for (Carvalho et al., 2009), Brazilian canela sassafras Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer (Milanesi, 2008), maúba Licaria mahuba (A.Samp.) Kosterm., about three months. The emerged adult insects were removed from avocado Persea americana Mill. (Lima, 1956) and imbuia Ocotea porosa the plates and kept in Eppendorf microtubes containing 70% alcohol, (Mez) L. Barroso (Cuaranhua, 2010). for later quantification and assembly and to be sent for identification For O. puberula the only record of a granivorous insect is Heilipus by specialists. sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Hirano, 2004). The genus Heilipus, The insects of the order Coleoptera, family Curculionidae, subfamily originally described by Germar in 1824, comprises several species Molytinae, were sent to Professor Germano Henrique Rosado Neto from distributed in the Neotropical region (O’Brien and Wibner, 1982; the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) for identification and deposited Wibner and O’Brien, 1986). In Brazil, 28 species are currently known in the collection of the Department of Zoology (DZUP), at the Biological (Vanin et al., 2019). Sciences Sector of the Federal University of Paraná.
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