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Sensible Straw SENSIBLE STRAW EXPLORING INDUSTRIALIZATION OF STRAW BALE BUILDING IN SWEDEN Emelie Sandmer & Isabelle Sjöberg Master´s thesis at Chalmers Architecture Design for Sustainable Development Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2015 SENSIBLE STRAW EXPLORING INDUSTRIALIZATION OF STRAW BALE BUILDING IN SWEDEN Emelie Sandmer - Isabelle Sjöberg Master’s Thesis at Chalmers Architecture Master’s Programme Design for Sustainable Development Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Gothenburg Tel: +46 (0) 31-772 10 00 Examiner: Lena Falkheden Tutor: John Helmfridsson June 2015 © Emelie Sandmer & Isabelle Sjöberg, 2015 Changing the world, one straw at a time PREFACE seed was planted some years ago to look Acknowledgements to Torbjörn Svensson at Becohus closer at straw bale construction. Attending and representatives from PEAB and NCC. Further A a practical course in straw bale construction, thanks to Thomas Henrikson at Malmömässan at Slöjd & Byggnadsvård in the spring of 2014, was and Marius Tarvydas at Ecococon. Appreciations a large stepping stone for the realization and the to Miljöbyggsystem for providing material for the formation of this master’s thesis. psychical model of the “Sensible Straw” wall element. Thanks to other architects around the world for This master’s thesis would not be possible without sharing their thoughts about the straw bale building the help from skilled individuals and companies, technique. and therefore we want to thank everyone who has contributed to our work. Special thanks Finally, special acknowledgements to ModCell® to our supervisor John Helmfridsson, Liljewall and Finlay White for welcoming us and sharing arkitekter, for supporting us along this journey. thoughts and ideas throughout the process of this Furthermore appreciations to our examiner Lena master’s thesis. Falkheden, Director of master’s programme Design for Sustainable Development/MPDSD, at the We hope that this work will inspire people to department of Architecture, Chalmers University continue to question the conventional and exploring of Technology. other alternatives. Picture 2. PREFACE SAMMANFATTNING ntresset för hållbara byggtekniker och framför har gjort entré på den kommersiella byggmarknaden. allt hur byggnadsmaterial kan bidra till hållbar Byggindustrin har även haft en mentalitet där ”vi I utveckling har varit utgångspunkten för detta gör som vi har alltid gjort”. Det finns svårigheter att examensarbete. Arbetet fokuserar på att utforska ändra detta synsätt eftersom det ofta finns en rad potentialen av halm som byggnadsmaterial. Mer förutfattade meningar, i synnerhet om halm. specifikt undersöks hur byggandet med halm kan anpassas och utvecklas till det industriella Prefabricerade byggelement används i stor ut- byggandet i Sverige. Än så länge har halmhusbygget sträckning av byggindustrin i dagens konstruktioner. i Sverige till största delen realiserats i form av För att halm ska bli ett konventionellt och accepterat självbyggeri. Detta examensarbete riktar sig därför byggnadsmaterial kan prefabricerade väggelement främst till byggindustrin, i hopp om att inspirera av halm därför vara en lösning. Det huvudsakliga och påverka. resultatet i detta examensarbete är därför ett förslag på prefabricerade halmbalsmoduler som Som många andra områden i dagens samhälle, är är anpassade till svenska förhållanden. För att till byggbranschen ekonomiskt driven. En önskan om fullo förstå och testa modulernas potential, har ett att hitta billigare, snabbare och mer effektiva sätt förslag till utformning av en förskola som utnyttjar att bygga kommer alltid att existera. Detta är en av dessa prefabmoduler tagits fram, i Ale kommun i anledningarna till att halmbalsbyggandet ännu inte västra Sverige. Nyckelord: halm, halmhusbygge, prefabricering, väggelement, förskola Picture 3. SAMMANFATTNING ABSTRACT s many other things in today’s society, the material, and specifically how the technique can building industry is economically driven. be adapted to an industrial way of building. So A There is always the desire of finding cheaper, far, most straw bale buildings in Sweden have faster and more efficient ways of building. New been owner-built. This master’s thesis is therefore techniques and methods need to be developed primarily aimed at the building industry, in hopes in order to both suit and appeal to this way of to influence it towards making more sustainable building, and at the same time not exhaust non- choices. renewable resources. Yet, the building industry has a long cultural history and seems to be stuck Prefabricated building elements are frequently in the mentality of doing “what we’ve always done”. used in constructions nowadays. Prefabricated Changing this paradigm is hard since there is a straw wall elements could therefore be a solution lot of preconception about straw in particular. to make straw a conventional and an accepted This is one of the reasons that straw bale building building material, as well as a step towards a more techniques has not yet entered the commercial sustainable future. The main result is therefore building market. a proposal of prefabricated straw bale modules, adapted to Swedish conditions. In order to fully The point of departure for this master’s thesis has understand and test the potential of the modules, been the interest in how sustainable materials can an implementation example has also been designed. contribute to sustainable development. The aim This implementation is a preschool set in the is to explore the potential of straw as a building municipality of Ale in the west of Sweden. Key words: straw, straw bale building, prefabrication, wall module, preschool Picture 4. ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 3 Background 4 Purpose 6 Research questions 9 Delimitations 10 Methods 12 Implementation site 14 Structure of the thesis 16 STRAW AS A BUILDING MATERIAL 19 Why straw? 20 History of straw bale construction 23 Benefits and drawbacks 25 Insulation and indoor climate Emissions and energy Economics Moisture Fire resistance Rodents and insects Design limitations and possibilities 34 Manufacturing and choosing bales Construction Wall thickness Flexibility Maintenance Durability Aside from the bale TABLE OF Picture 5. CONTENT THE BUILDING INDUSTRY 43 Proposal 100 Details 101 History 45 Composition and assembly Prefabrication of buildings 48 Corners, interior walls and windows An assessment of prefabrication Foundation The big developers Intermediate floor Conventional building materials Shifting to sustainable options Roof Choosing materials 112 STRAW AND THE BUILDING INDUSTRY 59 IMPLEMENTATION 117 Straw in prefabrication 62 Concept 121 ® ModCell Figuration of functions Ecococon Proposal 124 Endeavour Plans IsoPaille Section Comparison between the systems Facades Section perspective INDUSTRIALIZING STRAW BALE BUILDING IN SWEDEN 73 Module composition and passive house calculation Climate in Sweden 76 Future climate of Sweden CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 141 Laws and regulations 80 Conclusions 143 Certifications Discussion 145 Passive House Standard Future research 149 Challenges with prefabrication 87 Weighing the options 90 APPENDIX I: REAL LIFE INVESTIGATIONS 150 STRAW BALE MODULES - A VISION FOR SWEDEN 93 APPENDIX II: PASSIVE HOUSE CALCULATION 154 Concept 96 Design criteria’s 98 REFERENCES 168 INTRODUCTION Picture 4. BACKGROUND ur world is facing difficult challenges in the To move away from the wastefulness of conventional Sustainable building techniques and above all; nearby future and the need for sustainable construction can imply extra research, costs and sustainable materials, is one important aspect to O solutions is growing more and more with additional time to create a wholesome design with how the building industry can contribute towards each passing day. A number of studies show that other sustainable solutions incorporated. Most creating a sustainable society for generations to humans and our activities have contributed to global sustainable methods and materials are hardly the come. It is essential to choose materials that have warming and the deterioration of the environment norm within construction, even though they are no beneficial environmental properties, such as: and the planet. The intergovernmental panel on longer either alternative or experimental (Paschich & Climate Change, IPCC, states that it is extremely Zimmerman, 2001). likely (95 % certainty) that human activity is the - Derived from renewable resources main cause for global warming since the mid-20th The building industry is, as many other things in - Be biodegradable century (IPCC, 2013). And since we are the cause of society, economically dri ven. The desire of finding the problem, we have the responsibility as well as cheaper, faster and more efficient ways of building - Serve as a carbon storage a possibility to do something about it, and turn it will always exist. This is one of the reasons that around for the better. many sustainable building techniques have not yet - Be within a reasonable shipping distance entered the commercial building industry. Making - Does not require extraction from the ground The modern day societies and technological advance­­­­­­ a profit is another reason for this. If a sustainable ments have led to the development of building alternative does not yield a higher profit than the - Come from an abundant resource materials that in many cases do more harm than already existing one, the probability of exchanging good. Today, most conventional building materials these are almost zero. - Have
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