Silwan & Ath Thuri Town Profile

Prepared by

The Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem

Funded by

Spanish Cooperation 2012 Palestinian Localities Study Jerusalem Governorate

Acknowledgments

ARIJ hereby expresses its deep gratitude to the Spanish agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID) for their funding of this project.

ARIJ is grateful to the Palestinian officials in the ministries, municipalities, joint services councils, village committees and councils, and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) for their assistance and cooperation with the project team members during the data collection process.

ARIJ also thanks all the staff who worked throughout the past couple of years towards the accomplishment of this work.

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Background

This report is part of a series of booklets, which contain compiled information about each city, village, and town in the Jerusalem Governorate. These booklets came as a result of a comprehensive study of all villages in Jerusalem Governorate, which aims at depicting the overall living conditions in the governorate and presenting developmental plans to assist in developing the livelihood of the population in the area. It was accomplished through the "Village Profiles and Needs Assessment;" the project funded by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation for Development (AECID).

The "Village Profiles and Needs Assessment" was designed to study, investigate, analyze and document the socio-economic conditions and the needed programs and activities to mitigate the impact of the current unsecure political, economic and social conditions in the Jerusalem Governorate.

The project's objectives are to survey, analyze, and document the available natural, human, socioeconomic and environmental resources, and the existing limitations and needs assessment for the development of the rural and marginalized areas in the Jerusalem Governorate. In addition, the project aims at preparing strategic developmental programs and activities to mitigate the impact of the current political, social, and economic instability with the focus on the agricultural sector.

All village profiles in Arabic and English are available online at http://vprofile.arij.org.

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Table of Contents

Location and Physical Characteristics ...... 4

History ...... 5

Religious and Archaeological Sites ...... 6

Population ...... 7

Education ...... 8

Health Status ...... 9

Economic Activities ...... 9

Agricultural Sector ...... 10

Institutions and Services...... 13

Infrastructure and Natural Resources ...... 13

Geopolitical Status of Silwan & Ath Thuri Town ...... 14

Development Plans and Projects ...... 26

Town Development Priorities and Needs ...... 27

References ...... 28

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Silwan & Ath Thuri Town Profile

Location and physical characteristics

Silwan & Ath Thuri are Palestinian towns in Jerusalem Governorate located, where Silwan is located 0.9km from Jerusalem City and Ath Thuri 1.55km from Jerusalem City. It is bordered by Jerusalem city and Jabal al Mukabbir to the east, Jerusalem city to the north, Western Jerusalem to the west, and Sur Bahir to the south (ARIJ-GIS Unit, 2012) (See map 1).

Map 1: Silwan & Ath Thuri location and borders

Source: ARIJ - GIS Unit, 2012

Silwan is located at an altitude of 648m above sea level with a mean annual rainfall of 404.8mm. The average annual temperature is 17oC and the average annual humidity is approximately 60% (ARIJ-GIS Unit, 2012).

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Ath Thuri is located at an altitude of 659m above sea level with a mean annual rainfall of 414.5mm. The average annual temperature is 17oC and the average annual humidity is approximately 60% (ARIJ-GIS Unit, 2012).

Since 2008, Silwan & Ath Thuri have been governed by Hai Wadi Hilweh Committee, which is currently administrated by 6 members and owns a permanent headquarters. A further committee (Hai al Bustan Committee) owns a headquarters in Al Bustan neighborhood; this committee is a sit-in tent. There are also a number of local committees in Wadi ar Rababah and Ath Thuri; these committees are responsible for protecting residents from Israeli settlers and fulfilling their other needs (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

It is the responsibility of Wadi Hilweh Committee to provide a number of services to the residents of Silwan & Ath Thuri, including:

 Protecting residents from settlers.  Providing information to visitors about Silwan & Ath Thuri.  Implementing projects and case studies for the town.  Protecting historical and archeological sites.  Providing workshops for youth development. (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012) History

Silwan is a word derived from the Aramaic word ‘Sillon’ (thistles; blackberries). The town’s territory contains remains of the Old City of Jerusalem, some dating from the bronze period. Other archaeological sites include 7th century temples inhabited by hermits and monks, and the Silwan springs (Ruwaq, 2012).

The town was established over 5500 years ago, and the original residents were from Crete and the Arabian Peninsula. The current population are from Jerusalem city and neighboring villages, and some families are originally from Hebron city (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012) (see photo below of Silwan & Ath Thuri towns).

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Photo 1: Silwan & Ath Thuri towns

Religious and archaeological sites

There are 3 mosques in the towns, ('Ein Silwan, Bir 'Ayyub and 'Ein al Louza mosques), in addition to several churches and convents, including Siyah ad Dik, Al Mishnaqa and Sayiduna Ibrahim convents, and the Greek church. In terms of archaeological sites, there are the remains of Daood archeological city, Hilweh spring and Silwan spring in addition to some archaeological sites in the Jurat al 'Ennab area (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012) (see map 2).

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Map 2: Main locations in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns

Source: ARIJ - GIS Unit, 2012

Population

Unfortunately, no census has been conducted by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) to ascertain population numbers and housing statistics in Silwan & Ath Thuri town. However, the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics indicates that the population of Silwan and Ath Thuri was approximately 31,683 in 2011 (The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies, 2012).

Families

Silwan & Ath Thuri residents are from several families, namely the Siyam, Qarra'in, 'Abbasi, Abu Thiyab, Al Ghuzlan, Ghaith, As Saraheen, 'Eweidat, Al Mahariq and Al Mahrabashiyah families (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

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Education

There are two schools in the towns: one governmental school in Ath Thuri run by the Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MoEHE), and one school run by UNRWA in Silwan. There are no local kindergartens run by the Ministry of Education (Directorate of Education in Jerusalem, 2011). There are also 7 schools in the town run by the Jerusalem Municipality (see table 1). The illiteracy rate amongst the Silwan & Ath Thuri population in 2012 was approximately 10% (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Table 1: Schools in Silwan & Ath Thuri by name, stage, sex and supervising authority School name Supervising authority Sex Ath Thuri/Al'Aytam Elementary School Government Male Al Quds Girls’ Elementary School UNRWA Female Silwan Co-educational Primary New School Jerusalem Municipality Mixed Silwan Girls’ Primary School Jerusalem Municipality Female Silwan Girls’ Preparatory School Jerusalem Municipality Female Silwan Boys’ Primary School Jerusalem Municipality Male Silwan Co-educational Primary School Jerusalem Municipality Mixed Ahmad Samih Boys’ Preparatory School Jerusalem Municipality Male Ahmad Samih Boys’ Primary School Jerusalem Municipality Male Source: Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012 & Directorate of Education – Jerusalem, 2011

There are 4,140 students and 155 classes in the towns (Directorate of Education in Jerusalem, 2011). The average number of students per class is approximately 27 (Directorate of Education in Jerusalem, 2011).

Due to the lack of some levels of education in Silwan & Ath Thuri, students attend schools in neighboring villages, including Ar Rashidiya Boys’ School in Eastern Jerusalem (Bab as Sahira neighborhood), the Orphans Islamic Boys’ High School in the old city, Al Fatat al Laji'a Girls’ High School in East Jerusalem (Bab as Sahira neighborhood), and Al Ma'muniya Girls’ School in East Jerusalem (Wad al Jozz neighborhood). Each of these schools is 4-6km from the town. To complete their vocational and technical studies, some students go to Sakhneen'Atarot School or the Lutheran School in Beit Hanina, both of which are 10km from the towns (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

The educational sector in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns faces some obstacles, primarily:

1. The lack of nurseries and kindergartens. 2. The overcrowded classrooms due to large numbers of students. 3. The lack of means of transportation. 4. The weak preparatory education for students due to lack of interest from the Israeli Ministry of Education. (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012)

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Health status

There are some health centers available in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns. There are 10 health centers run by Israeli insurance companies (such as Maccabi, Clalit and Meuhedet), general physicians and specialized physicians in most fields, a motherhood and childcare center, a medical laboratory, a radiology center, 3 private dental clinics and 5 pharmacies. In the absence of required health services or in emergencies, residents of Silwan & Ath Thuri go to the main hospitals in east and west Jerusalem, including Hadasa al 'Isawiya - 'Ein Karem, Al Muttala', Ad Dajani, the Red Crescent, Al Maqasid and Al Faransawi hospitals. These hospitals are between 8 and 22km from the town (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

The health sector in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns faces some obstacles, primarily:

1. The lack of private health centers. 2. The lack of an emergency center. 3. The lack of an ambulance. 4. The lack of a psychological rehabilitation clinic. (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012) Economic activities

The economy in Silwan & Ath Thuri is dependent on several economic sectors, mainly the Israeli labor market, which absorbs 75% of the workforce (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012) (see figure 1).

A field survey conducted by ARIJ in 2012 showed that the distribution of labor by economic activity in Silwan & Ath Thuri is as follows:

 Israeli labor market (75%)  Trade sector (10%)  Government or private employees sector (10%)  Industry (5%)

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Figure 1: Economic activity in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns

Source: Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012

In terms of commercial and industrial production in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns, there are 200 grocery stores, 15 butchers, 25 fruit and vegetable stores, 15 different services stores and 30 professional workshops (blacksmith, carpentry, etc.), in addition to 2 agricultural nurseries (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

The unemployment rate in Silwan & Ath Thuri has reached around 40%, in 2012 and it was found that the social groups most affected in the town as a result of Israeli restrictions and procedures are:

1. Workers in the agriculture sector. 2. Former workers in Israel. 3. Workers in the services sector. (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012) Agricultural sector

Silwan & Ath Thuri have a total area of around 1,793 dunums of which 226 are considered ‘arable’ land and 1,112 dunums are registered as ‘residential’ (see table 2 and map 3).

Table 2: Land use and land cover in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns in 2010 (area in dunums) Area of Agricultural area Area of Built settlements, Total (226) Inland Open industrial, up Forests military area water spaces commercial & area Permanent Greenho Rangel Arable bases & transport unit crops uses ands lands Wall zone 1,793 1,112 159 1 0 67 1 258 145 30 22 Source: ARIJ – GIS Unit, 2012

Table 3 shows the different types of fruit trees planted in the area. The towns are known for the cultivation of olives; there are 73 dunums of land cultivated with olive trees in the towns.

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Table 3: Total area of fruit and olive trees in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns (dunums) Fruit trees Rain fed (dunums) Irrigated (dunums) Olives 73 0 Citrus 1 0 Stone fruits 0 0 Pome fruits 1 0 Nuts 0 0 Other fruits 1 0 Total area 74 0 Source: Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture - Jerusalem, 2010

The difference between the two sets of results obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and by ARIJ’s GIS Unit in sizes of agricultural areas is explained by the fact that the Ministry of Agriculture and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2010) conducted a survey which used a definition of agricultural areas based on land ownership. Therefore, the areas included in the survey were those of actual holdings of agricultural areas instead of seasonal ones. The survey did not consider fragmented and small seasonal cultivated areas in residential and agricultural areas. ARIJ’s survey, however, indicated the existence of a high proportion of small and fragmented holdings (home gardens) throughout the occupied Palestinian territories, thus accounting for the larger area of agricultural holdings calculated by ARIJ.

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Map 3: Land use/land cover in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns

Source: ARIJ - GIS Unit, 2012

ARIJ’s field survey also shows that 40% of the residents in Silwan rear and keep domestic animals, particularly cows. The total number of cows reared in Silwan town in 2010 (including cows, bull calves, heifer calves and bulls) was 39 (Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture - Jerusalem, 2010).

There are no agricultural roads in the town. The agricultural sector is one of the sectors most affected by the Israeli occupation, as all agricultural lands have been confiscated and the Israeli Occupation Forces immediately demolish any barracks constructed in the area (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

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Institutions and services

Silwan & Ath Thuri towns have no governmental institutions; however, there are a few local institutions and associations that provide services to various sectors of society. These include:

 Wadi Hilweh Information Center: The center provides information on the locality and services to citizens, such as legal advice to protect Jerusalem identity papers. It also provides documents and news on events and developments, mainly those concerning settler attacks within the towns.  Mada Creative Center: Subordinated by Wadi Hilweh Information Center, the Center provides many small projects and activities within the locality, in addition to cultural, sport, and social activities.  Al Bustan Center: Al Bustan center offers cultural, sports and social activities. It also offers various services to women.  Silwan Society: The Society provides legal aid and advice on how to retain and protect Jerusalem ID cards and status.  Silwan/'Ein al Louza Women’s Club: The Club provides social and cultural activities and establishes projects for women.  Ansar Wadi Qadoom: A local committee that protects Wadi Qadoom.  Silwan Club: A sports center founded by the support and contributions from town residents. The club provides cultural, sports, and artistic activities.  Silwan Islamic Club: A sports center.  Ath Thuri Youth Club: A sports center. (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012) Infrastructure and natural resources

Electricity and telecommunication services

Silwan & Ath Thuri have been connected to a public electricity network since 1965. They are served by Jerusalem Electricity Company, which is the main source of electricity in the towns. Approximately 95% of the housing units in the towns are connected to this network (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Silwan & Ath Thuri are connected to a telecommunication network through Jerusalem Municipality and approximately 100% of the housing units within the towns’ boundaries are connected to phone lines (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Transportation services

Silwan & Ath Thuri have a bus network owned by Al Muwwahada Bus Transport Company in East Jerusalem; there are 10 buses covering the Silwan & Ath Thuri and Ras al 'Amood-Jerusalem line. Additionally, there are 15 private sector taxi offices in the towns (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012)

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Water resources

Silwan & Ath Thuri are provided with water by Jihon Israeli Company through the public water network and approximately 99% of the housing units are connected to this network (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Sanitation

Silwan & Ath Thuri have a public sewerage network; about 90% of the towns’ housing units use the sewage network as the main means of wastewater disposal, while the remaining 10% use cesspits (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Solid waste management

Jerusalem Municipality is considered to be the official body responsible for managing the collection and disposal of solid waste generated by citizens and establishments in the towns. No specific fees are charged to the population served by domestic solid waste collection and transportation services; citizens pay Arnona taxes to Jerusalem Municipality which range between 3,000 and 10,000 NIS per year depending on household size. This tax covers all services provided by Jerusalem Municipality to the towns’ residents, including solid waste services (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Most of the population in Silwan & Ath Thuri benefits from the solid waste services, whereby waste is collected from households, institutions, shops and public squares in plastic bags and then transferred to containers distributed throughout the towns. Jerusalem Municipality collects the solid waste and then transports it using a waste vehicle to El 'Eizariya dumping site, where it is usually buried and sometimes burnt (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

The daily per capita rate of solid waste production in Silwan & Ath Thuri is 1.05kg. Therefore, the estimated amount of solid waste produced per day from Silwan & Ath Thuri residents is nearly 29 tons, or 10,552 tons per year (ARIJ-WERU, 2012).

The towns’ residents suffer from the poor collection and disposal services of solid waste; typically, waste accumulates in the streets for several days before it is collected (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Geopolitical status of Silwan & Ath Thuri towns

The entirety of Silwan & Ath Thuri towns cover an area of 1,792 dunums located under the control of Jerusalem Israeli Municipality, which was declared illegally and unilaterally in 1967 after the Israeli Occupation of the West Bank including East Jerusalem, in addition to the Gaza Strip and other Arab lands. Jerusalem Governorate was divided into two main regions; J1 and J2. The J1 area, which is located inside the borders and under the control of Jerusalem Municipality, includes many Palestinian

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communities from the old town and Jerusalem City (Beit Al Maqdis), in addition to Silwan & Ath Thuri towns. The other region is J2, which is located outside the borders and control of Jerusalem Municipality. The eastern and western parts are under the control of Palestinian Authority whilst the central part of the Governorate remains under Israeli Occupation control.

It is noted that the Israeli Occupation Authorities have used the segregation plan which is represented by the construction of the Segregation Wall to redraw the boundaries of Jerusalem Municipality illegally and unilaterally, aiming to create a de facto situation in favor of the Jewish presence in the city. The Segregation Wall has separated the whole area of J1 from Jerusalem Governorate except for Kafr ‘Aqab and Shu’fat Camp towns.

According to the Oslo II Interim Agreement signed between the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel on 28th September 1995, the West Bank was classified into areas “A,” “B” and “C.” The towns of Silwan & Ath Thuri were not subjected to this classification, but remained as they were before this agreement, under the control of Jerusalem Israeli Municipality.

Silwan & Ath Thuri towns and the Israeli Occupation practices

Silwan & Ath Thuri towns have been subjected to a number of Israeli confiscations for the benefit of various Israeli aims, represented in the construction of Israeli settlements and outposts on the towns’ territories and their surroundings, in addition to the Israeli Segregation Wall plan. That which follows presents a breakdown of Israeli confiscations on Silwan & Ath Thuri territories:

During Israel’s occupation of the Palestinian territory, the Israeli government confiscated 22 dunums of land in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns to establish two Israeli settlements: the Jewish Quarter settlement which is located to the west of the Old Town and adjacent to Al-Aqsa Mosque, and East Talpiot settlement south of Silwan & Ath Thuri (see table 4).

Table 4: Israeli settlements constructed on Silwan & Ath Thuri lands Area confiscated from Year of Population of Settlement name Silwan & Ath Thuri construction settlers (2009) (dunums) Jewish Quarter 1968 15 3094 East Talpiot 1973 7 14,800 Total 22 17,894 Source: ARIJ-GIS Unit, 2012

Moreover, Silwan & Ath Thuri towns are subjected to Israeli colonization practices due to their strategic geographical location, adjacent to the old town of Jerusalem and to Al-Aqsa mosque on its southern side. Here, Israeli settlers, with the support of the Israeli Occupation Authorities, impose their control over Palestinian houses and transform them into Israeli outposts in order to expand Israel’s sovereignty in the area through the expansion of the Jewish Quarter settlement in the southern part of the city at the expense of Silwan town lands and properties, in order to complete the “settlement ring” that surrounds the Old Town of Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa mosque. So far, around 30 Palestinian houses have been either confiscated or occupied by Israeli settlers in Silwan town and 67 dunums of Silwan and Ath Thuri town

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lands have been seized by Israeli settlers. This report will later highlight the Israeli settlement plan in Al Bustan neighborhood in Silwan town.

Silwan & Ath Thuri towns and the Israeli plan for the Segregation Wall

The construction of the Segregation Wall has had a negative impact on Silwan & Ath Thuri towns. According to the last amendment of the plan published on the webpage of the Israeli Defense Ministry on 30th April 2007, the Segregation Wall isolates all Silwan & Ath Thuri lands from the remaining Palestinian Territory in the West Bank and East Jerusalem towns such as Abu Dis, El ‘Eizariya and As Sawahira ash Sharqiya. All of the isolated areas have important historical relations with these towns, and include the entire Palestinian built-up area of the towns, in addition to forests, agricultural lands, open spaces and Israeli settlements built on the towns’ territories (see table 5).

Table 5: Land classification of lands isolated west of the Segregation Wall in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns - Jerusalem Governorate

No. Land classification Area (dunums) 1 Palestinian built-up areas 1,113 2 Forests 257 3 Agricultural areas 223 4 Open spaces 145 5 Israeli settlements 22 6 Cemeteries 22 7 Construction sites 10 Total 1,792 Source: ARIJ-GIS Unit, 2012

The Segregation Wall causes suffering to Silwan & Ath Thuri residents

Since the outbreak of the Second Intifada in September 2000, citizens of Silwan & Ath Thuri have lost their association with Palestinian cities of the West Bank due to the isolating effect of the Segregation Wall. Citizens of Jerusalem who hold Jerusalemite identity (blue identity card) can enter the West Bank areas through Israeli terminals which often witness huge congestion, while being subjected to inspection from Israeli soldiers; thus restricting Palestinians’ freedom of movement.

On the other hand, Palestinian citizens of the West Bank who hold Palestinian identity cards (green identity card) are prohibited from entering Jerusalem city and its surrounding towns due to the Segregation Wall’s isolating effects. As a result, Palestinians are cut off from health, education, social and economic services, such as hospitals, schools and medical centers, as well as from their places of work in Jerusalem. Palestinians holding the green ID are unable to reach the city except if they also hold special Israeli permits which are rarely issued. These citizens must also pass through military checkpoints where they are inspected on a daily basis, causing humiliation and suffering to Palestinians in terms of restricted movement and damage to family and social bonds between West Bank and Jerusalem residents. This is a common scenario for many Palestinian families, especially in cases where

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one half of the couple holds Palestinian identity (green) and the other holds Jerusalemite identity (blue). The Segregation Wall has also prevented Palestinians from reaching places of worship in the Holy City and has deprived them from practicing their religious rituals in Jerusalem.

According to the Segregation Wall plan that was published on the Israeli Defense Ministry website in 2007, the lands of Silwan & Ath Thuri towns are entirely isolated from the neighboring Palestinian towns and villages in the occupied West Bank, as the existing Wall section is located east of the town and isolates it inside the Jerusalem city boundaries. Additionally, the Wall, along with the Israeli settlements belt around Jerusalem City, isolate East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank Governorates.

Parallel to the establishment of the Segregation Wall, the Israeli Occupation Authorities constructed a settlement belt around Jerusalem city which aims to create an isolation area and prevent of urban expansion in the towns of Jerusalem. This settlement belt in the southern part of Jerusalem city is also located to the south of Beit Safafa and Sharafat and includes four main settlements: Gilo, Har Homa, Har Gilo and Giv’at Hamatos. The Israeli Occupation Authorities constructed these settlements close to urbanized areas in Jerusalemite towns, which has led to an increase in the total area confiscated from these towns and minimized the area available for future urban expansion. This move creates a new reality for the towns’ residents that will be difficult to reverse. Israeli policies and plans, particularly in Jerusalem and the rest of the Palestinian Territory, have led to the creation of high population densities as a result of the lack of lands needed for urban expansion, thus forcing people to adopt internal and vertical expansion. This has caused Jerusalem and its surrounding towns to have some of the highest population densities in the world. The population density in Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem is approximately 13,500 people per km2 compared to 9,000 people per km2 in the settlements of East Jerusalem and 8,300 people per km2 in West Jerusalem

The dilemma of land and building licenses in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns

The issue of land and building license is considered to be one of the most difficult problems in Silwan & Ath Thuri towns and the other areas of East Jerusalem. The reason for this is two-fold; the high prices of lands and the very high cost of licenses for construction in Silwan & Ath Thuri as a result of the strategic proximity to the Old City and Al-Aqsa mosque. This has made these areas an important target for Judaization, colonization and general restrictions relating to constructing licenses imposed by the Israeli Occupation Forces.

According to citizens of Jerusalem, land prices per dunum in the East Jerusalem area and specifically land located within the borders of the Jerusalem Municipality, (which is rarely available) are relatively higher than land located outside the borders of the Municipality, and can even double in places closer to the city center and its surrounding neighborhoods such as Silwan and Ath Thuri.

The Israeli Occupation Authorities have used their economic advantage as an effective instrument to buy Palestinian lands in Jerusalem for enormous prices and ‘Judaize’ these lands by housing Jewish settlers in the city. They offer Palestinians very high prices for these lands and properties, especially in the city center and its surrounding neighborhoods. Furthermore, anyone in Jerusalem who owns land and wants to build a house or additional land has to be granted authorization and permission from the Municipality of Jerusalem, which puts obstacles in the way of Palestinians who want to get a building license. One of

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the main obstacles that obstructs this process is that one has to prove ownership of the land. The Israeli Occupation Authorities require that Palestinians seeking to build a house must prove their ownership of the land, which is considered a political problem related to the occupation since 1967.

According to a report prepared by Bimkom Organization (Planners for Planning Rights), approximately 50% of East Jerusalem lands are unregistered in the archive of ownership, such as those in the town of Kafr ‘Aqab and the area extending from Al ‘Isawiya town in the north to Sur Bahir in the south. Additionally, 25% of the lands in East Jerusalem are in the process of survey and registration (such as Beit Hanina and Shu’fat towns); and only 25% of the lands in East Jerusalem are officially registered, including parts of Al Bireh, Qalandiya, Beit Hanina, Hizma and ‘Anata, Ash Sheikh Jarrah and Beit Safafa (Bimkom, 2004).

According to the testimonies of Palestinians in the towns of Silwan & Ath Thuri, for any Palestinians applying to the Israeli Authorities to get a building license, the procedure is lengthy (sometimes lasting years) and carries a very high cost depending on the land area and type of building, ranging between NIS 150,000-300,000. Thus, due to the high cost imposed on Palestinians to acquire building permits and the lengthy Israeli licensing procedures, Palestinians often tend to build without waiting for the license approval in order to meet their housing needs. In these instances, the Israeli Occupation Authorities usually demolish the property and force the Palestinian owner to pay for the demolition and submit a new building application, thereby incurring additional fees and time. On top of this, the majority of Palestinians in Jerusalem are living in difficult conditions because of high poverty rates, which is a consequence of Israeli Occupation closures which restrict their movement, thus preventing them from reaching work places. These Israeli restrictions and harassments against the Palestinians in East Jerusalem, along with the problems of housing, lack of lands for construction and the high unemployment rate, force many Jerusalemites to migrate outside the borders of the Municipality towards the West Bank or even travel abroad in search of better living standards.

According to the ‘Civic Coalition for Defending Palestinian Rights’ in Jerusalem (CCPRJ), the Israeli Authorities adopted many policies that aim to enact pressure on Jerusalemites; for example, in the case of the demographic status and urban growth in Jerusalem, the area that is allocated for the development of Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem and lies under the jurisdiction of the Jerusalem Municipality is estimated at approximately 9,200 dunums, which represents only 13% of the total area of east Jerusalem. Meanwhile the remaining area is classified as Israeli settlements, green areas (which cannot be used for Palestinian urban growth), public buildings, roads and other areas.

Furthermore, the Israeli Authorities often do not prepare the necessary Master Plans for the Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem which are required for the urban planning process. When such plans are prepared, the Israeli Authorities usually limit the areas for Palestinian urban expansion to below that which is required for natural urban growth, which varies between 25% and 75%. If one compares these percentages with the percentage of lands used for Israeli settlements, it is found that urban growth varies between 75% and 120%. In Jabal al Mukabbir for example, which is adjacent to Silwan & Ath Thuri towns, the Israeli Authorities determined the urban growth percentage to be 25% (according to plan no.2691), whereas this percentage was set at 142.5% (according to plan no.4558) for the neighboring settlement of Nof Zion”which was illegally constructed on Jabal al Mukabbir lands (CCJ, 2009).

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Targeting Al Bustan neighborhood: 88 Palestinian houses are threatened with demolition

Al Bustan neighborhood is located in Silwan town. According to the British Mandate classification, all lands and properties in this neighborhood, which covers approximately 70 dunums, are owned by Palestinian residents. Since the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967, the city has been subjected to a colonial attack from the Israeli government and from Jewish organizations such as Ateret Kohanim and Ela’ad, established in 1986 for the purpose of the foundation and construction of David’s City, in Silwan.

Jerusalem Municipality has classified some areas within its boundaries, including lands from Silwan & Ath Thuri, as ‘green areas’, which the Occupation Authorities have used as a way of controlling and confiscating yet more land in Jerusalem. Consequently, the Authorities have demolished houses in Jerusalem under claims that these houses were built on ‘green areas.’ The process of Al Bustan came after the Municipality announced on February 20th 2009 their plan to relocate more than 1,500 Palestinian citizens living in the 88 houses of Al Bustan neighborhood in Silwan town to alternative locations. They plan to demolish these 88 houses to establish the Jewish site, ‘King David’s Garden’ as part of the ‘Biblical Gardens’ around the Holy City.

Al Bustan neighborhood has suffered greatly from Israeli colonialist activities. In 1991, Israeli settlers occupied more than 40 Palestinian houses in the area by force. In addition, the Municipality of Jerusalem and Jewish organizations have labeled Al Bustan neighborhood on maps under the name of ‘David’s City’. In 2004, the Municipality issued an order to demolish all buildings in Al Bustan neighborhood for the purpose of ‘establishing a historical garden linked to King David City.’

At the beginning of 2005, Al Bustan started receiving demolition orders and indictments of unlicensed building. Later in the same year, Israeli Municipality bulldozers destroyed two houses in Al Bustan. By the end of 2005, the Occupation Authorities froze the order under international pressure and legal actions taken by Palestinians through the Israeli courts, who requested these orders to cease.

In August 2008, residents of Al Bustan submitted a neighborhood plan to the Municipality of Jerusalem. However, the Municipality refused to deal with this new plan and continued with its plan to build a ‘national park’ in the neighborhood, (POICA, 2009). The Municipality offered people the option to leave their houses willingly with compensation or relocate to another Jerusalem area. However, Al Bustan residents totally rejected this and the Municipality later informed them that the submitted neighborhood plan was rejected.

On the 21st February 2009, the Municipality of Jerusalem handed evacuation orders to 134 Jerusalemite families, including more than 1,500 people living in 88 houses in Al-Bustan neighborhood, south of Al- Aqsa mosque. These orders aimed to facilitate the establishment of ‘King David’s Park’ in this area within Al Bustan neighborhood.

In July 2009, the Israeli Occupation Authorities transferred the ownership of 14 properties in Silwan, (covering a total area of 28 dunums), to Jewish agencies without approval from the legal counsel of the Israeli government. This eviction was undertaken in order to evacuate the residents of Al Bustan neighborhood and build the ‘Biblical Gardens’ and other Jewish buildings in this location. As a result,

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eight Palestinian families have received demolition orders for their houses under the pretext of ‘unlicensed building’ and ‘building on public facilities’.

The demolition orders in Al Bustan neighborhood came as part of a bigger Israeli project to Judaize the ‘Holy Basin’ that surrounds the Old City of Jerusalem, an initiative started by the Israelis in the 1990s. It includes the entire Old City and parts of the surrounding suburbs and neighborhoods, including Ash Sheikh Jarrah and Wadi al Joz neighborhoods in the north, At Tur suburb in the east and Silwan suburb in the south. This project aims to establish a historical city that is identical to the biblical description of the “Holy Jerusalem” under Al-Aqsa mosque in Silwan and in some parts of the Islamic neighborhood within the Old City.

The right to adequate housing is considered one of the most prominent rights asserted in charters and international treaties and in International Humanitarian law, which have called for the respect of human dignity and the universal right to adequate housing. However, through its aggression against Palestinian human rights, it is clear that Israel classifies itself to be above such laws and standards.

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Dangerous Israeli escalations in Jerusalem housing demolitions

During recent years, the Israeli Occupation Authorities have escalated their attacks against Palestinians living in Jerusalem by targeting them through housing and other building demolitions under the pretext of ‘unlicensed construction’. An estimation conducted by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs shows that since 1967, the Israeli Occupation has demolished approximately 2,000 houses in Jerusalem in addition to thousands of other constructions (OCHA, 2009). According to Al Maqdese Organization for Society Development, approximately 1,059 houses and constructions in East Jerusalem were demolished between 2000 and 2011, resulting in the displacement of 4,865 Palestinians from Jerusalem of whom 1,290 were women and 2,537 were children (Al Maqdese, 2012). Regarding demolitions in Silwan & Ath Thuri, Al Maqdese Organization noted that during 2011, the towns witnessed the demolition of six constructions; five were residential, which caused the displacement of 23 people (including 14 children). In addition, four of the six constructions were demolished by their owners whilst the other two were demolished by Israeli forces (Al Maqdese, 2012). These Israeli assaults against Palestinians in Jerusalem aim to force them to leave the city and its surrounding towns.

It is also important to note that dozens of houses in Silwan & Ath Thuri were threatened with demolition under the pretext of ‘non-authorization’, despite the fact that their Palestinian owners fulfilled the required procedures for construction and ownership. However the Jerusalem Municipality refuses to authorize their buildings under unjustified arguments, mostly based on a supposed failure to meet the constantly changing building conditions set by the Israeli Authorities on Palestinians. For instance, on the 20th January 2010, a force of the Israeli Occupation border guards accompanied by members of the Special Forces and a Municipality employee distributed construction halting and demolition orders in Al Bustan. The orders were based on article 212/5/65 of Israel’s ‘Construction and Organization law’ and were served with a blank header, meaning that neither the owner’s name nor the demolition reasons were specified. Six demolition orders were handed out for six houses, owned by the families of Mustafa ar Ruwaidi, Walid ar Rajabi, Abdul Karim abu Sneina, Jum’a ar Ruwaidi, Basim abu Thiyab and Salah abu Shafi'.

Previously issued house demolition orders in Silwan town

In July 2009, the Israeli Occupation Authorities transferred the ownership of 14 Palestinian buildings, occupying a total area of more than 28 dunums, to Jewish settlement organizations without ratification from the Israeli Attorney General. This was conducted in order to build a Biblical Park and Jewish homes. As a result, 8 families received demolition orders under the pretext of unlicensed construction and building on public facilities.

On 27th October 2011, the Israeli Municipality of Jerusalem handed administrative orders to Palestinian citizens in ‘Ein al Louza neighborhood in Silwan town. These orders related to the demolition of a number of houses owned by Palestinian families in the neighborhood. The Municipality also targeted Yasul area in Silwan and took photos of the houses, lands and properties in the area. This Israeli procedure came only one day after the Israeli High Court's decision to grant Al 'Ad settlement organization administrative control over the public utilities, Amiri lands, and the parks and gardens in Silwan.

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On November 1st 2011, the Municipality of Jerusalem served five families in Silwan administrative orders to demolish their houses under the pretext of lacking building permits. The targeted houses are located in Al Bustan, ‘Ein al Louza, Wad Yasoul, Wadi ar Rababa neighborhoods in Silwan and are owned by the ‘Odeh, Jalajel and Al ‘Abbasi families.

On 28th December 2011, the Municipality, escorted by the Israeli police, raided ‘Ein al Louza neighborhood in Silwan town south of Al Aqsa mosque and distributed administrative orders demanding the demolition of a number of houses and commercial stores in the neighborhoods.

Further to these incidents, on 25th January 2012, Israeli Municipality officials escorted by the Israeli Occupation police raided ‘Ein al Louza and Wadi Qaddum areas in Silwan town and distributed military orders to demolish houses and facilities in the aforementioned communities. The orders targeted the families of Froukh, Abu Sneineh, Sharaf, Az Zaben, Abu Diab, ‘Abbasi, Nassar, Hajjaj and Shqeirat.

On 1st February 2012, the Jerusalem Municipality, escorted by Israeli Occupation police, raided Bir ‘Ayyub, Al ‘Abbasiya and ‘Ein al Louza areas in Silwan town and handed a number of Palestinian families orders to demolish their houses. The Israeli Occupation Police also stormed the houses, assaulted their owners and threatened them with expulsion. Additionally, they assaulted citizen Maher Abdul Razzaq and his brother Hammudah Abdul Razzaq and handed them a demolition order.

On 13th February 2012, the Jerusalem Municipality court issued a number of arbitrary orders against Palestinian families in Silwan town under the pretext of building without valid permits. The court issued an order to demolish the house of Mahmoud Hasan Ar Ruweidi and forced him to pay a penalty of 10,000 NIS for building without permit. They also issued a penalty notice for 30,000 NIS on Fatima Muhammad al 'Abbasi and gave her a period of five months to obtain a building permit for her house.

On 18th April 2012, Israeli Municipality officials escorted by the police took photos of Al Bustan, prepared field maps and monitored the surroundings of the neighborhood. These actions instilled fear in the citizens of Al Bustan neighborhood, which is under threat of demolition by the Municipality of Jerusalem for the establishment of a biblical garden.

On 1st May 2012, the Jerusalem Municipality handed out 88 further orders issued by the Israeli Municipality court to residents of Silwann, ordering the demolition of the houses. The Municipality also took photos of a number of houses in the neighborhood and wrote down an estimations of their size.

On 3rd May 2012, the Israeli Municipality court stated that it does not intend to extend the time limit set for the demolition of Palestinian houses in Al Bustan neighborhood in Silwan and Ath Thuri towns. The court set September 2012 as an irrevocable date for the demolition of the 27 houses and 2 other houses comprising Al Bustan neighborhood, which are all targeted for demolition by the Israeli Municipality of Jerusalem. It is noteworthy that this date (September 2012) coincides with the Israeli upcoming elections which were scheduled to take place on the 22nd of January 2013.

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The Municipal tax (Arnona) has a negative impact on the living status and economic situation of Palestinians in Jerusalem

The Municipal tax, (‘Arnona’ in Hebrew) which is imposed by the Israeli Jerusalem Municipality on the owners of buildings and lands in Jerusalem. This tax is considered to be one of the greatest burdens faced by Palestinian residents of the city, including the residents of Silwan and Ath Thuri towns. The Israeli Authorities use this tax as an instrument to put pressure on Palestinians and force them to leave the city. The ‘Arnona’ tax is calculated based on certain criteria, which take in to consideration the classification of the area and the land use classification of the Jerusalem master plan (residential areas, commercial, industrial, agricultural, public buildings, parking etc.). They also take in to consideration the zone type, the type of use and the area of building or land (Jerusalem Municipality, 2012). Regarding the residential areas they classify these into four categories (A, B, C and D), and based on this zoning, along with the area of building, they determine and calculate the amount of tax that must be paid to the Municipality. For example, the tax rate in the residential areas varies in the four zones between 35 and 98 NIS per m2 which is equivalent to approximately 10-25 US$ per m2. This means that a small house (or apartment) with an area of 100-150 m2 will cost the owner 3,000-10,000 NIS a year in tax. This is equivalent to approximately 800-3,000 US$. For commercial shops, the tax imposed by the Municipality is folded, which affects the economic activity as these taxes force the merchants to increase their prices. The tax rate for the commercial shops varies between 309 and 319 NIS per m2 depending on the area of the shop, which is equivalent to approximately 80 US$ per m2. In addition to the taxation of residential and commercial areas, the Municipality also imposes taxes on places of worship, agricultural areas, schools, kindergartens, elderly homes and other facilities.

The segregation plan has had a significant negative impact on the economic situation of Palestinians living in Jerusalem in general and on the commercial sector in particular, as it has also suffered from the global recession. Much of the trade in Jerusalem is largely dependent on the Palestinian visitors to the Holy City from the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and the Palestinians from the occupied lands of 1948, but Israeli closure of the city has negatively affected this trade and the economic situation of the city and its residents. Despite these difficulties, the Occupation Authorities continue to impose taxes without taking into consideration the situation of the Jerusalemites, who represent the poorest social group in the Holy City. In fact, just last year (2012), the Municipality decided to increase the ‘Arnona’ by approximately 3%, increasing still further the burden on the Palestinians of Jerusalem.

It is also important to note that in the case of Jerusalem, Palestinians are forced to pay this tax just to maintain their presence in the city, without even receiving a decent level of Municipal services in return. The planning process in the Israeli Municipality of Jerusalem focuses more on the political-demographic dimension that aims to Judaize the city rather than planning for the purposes of prosperity and well- being of its citizens. For instance, the Municipality rarely carried out the necessary maintenance for the infrastructure of Arab neighborhoods, including roads, water and waste water networks, solid waste and others. This is seen clearly in the many roads in Palestinian neighborhoods that have not been rehabilitated as they are not a priority of the Municipality, whilst the West Jerusalem roads are in a good condition. The major problem suffered by the people of Jerusalem is the lack of a cleaning service and the accumulation of solid wastes, despite their commitment to paying their taxes to the Municipality. This injustice can be clearly seen if we compare the living situation of Palestinians in East Jerusalem

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with that of the illegal settlers living in the city who have all of their facilities and services provided for them in order to encourage them to stay in the Holy City.

Israeli settlement activities against Silwan town and Ath Thuri neighborhood

On January 3rd 2012, the Israeli Occupation and Intelligence police placed 320 CCTV cameras in Silwan town, south of Al Aqsa mosque and directed them towards Palestinian houses in a way that compromised their privacy. Although the Israeli Occupation Authorities used to place such cameras around settlement outposts and gatherings, on this occasion the cameras were placed in settlers-free areas, targeting Palestinian neighborhoods and communities. The cameras were attached to poles in the streets, with each pole holding 10 cameras. Two poles were directed towards the street whilst the other 8 were directed towards Palestinian homes1.

Israeli excavations in Silwan town and Ath Thuri neighborhood

At the beginning of 2007, an Israeli archeological dig started within Silwan town and Ath Thuri neighborhood, close to the historic walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. This plan continues unabated, despite the ageing of various houses and roads at the site of the dig. The dig is financed by “El ’Ad,” a Jewish Israeli association aiming to settle Jews in East Jerusalem. The organization enjoys Government backing and funding from the Israeli Tourism Ministry, the Israeli Nature and Parks Protection Authority, and the Israeli Jerusalem Municipality.

Excavation works are ongoing day and night in Wadi Hilwa in Silwan, in the area known by Israelis as David’s City, and in Al 'Ein area near 'Ein Silwan Mosque. There is no doubt that these excavations will have catastrophic effects on the area and will drastically damage the archeological, religious, and urban surroundings.

Phony graves and talmudic parks

On the 8th January 2012, the Israeli Authorities placed 50 fake graves2 in a 20 dunum plot in the northern part of Silwan town between Al Aqsa mosque and Ras al 'Amud neighborhood in an attempt to capture more Palestinian land in the area for Israeli interests.

It is further noted that the graves were placed to isolate the area (the northern part of Silwan town) from the walls of Al Aqsa mosque to establish Talmudic parks and a museum on 3,000 square meters (3 dunums) of land. This plan will link the Jewish cemetery in Ras al Amoud neighborhood with At Tur neighborhood and the two settlements in Ras al Amoud Ma'ale HaZeitim and Ma'ale David, which in turn will form a colonial ring around the old city of Jerusalem and Al Aqsa mosque. The Israeli machinery commenced work in the area several months ago and they have already leveled the land and prepared the infrastructure at a very rapid pace.

Additionally, on the 31st of May 2012, the Israeli Authorities revealed plan no.3085 which shows the installation of fake graves on lands of Silwan to create a de-facto situation in the town that will be

1 The Occupation Authorities implanted phony graves and installed 320 cameras in Silwan. 2 The Occupation implanted phony graves and installed 320 cameras in Silwan.

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difficult to change in the future. The plan targets Ash Shayyah neighborhood to the east of Al Aqsa mosque and extends towards the Israeli Segregation Wall which surrounds the city of Jerusalem. The plan further classifies the lands of Ash Shayyah neighborhood into ‘Talmudic gardens’ and ‘cemetery areas,’ under the name ‘white zone’. It aims to link the fake graves and Talmudic Gardens in the Mount of Olives area with the Israeli settlements in Ras al 'Amud and with the fake graves and Talmudic gardens in Silwan town and David city settlement, in addition to the Talmudic gardens and fake graves in Wadi ar Rababa in the southern part of Silwan town and with Jabal al Mukabbir neighborhood, to finally surround Al Aqsa Mosque with a belt of Jewish Talmudic gardens to serve the Israeli interests in Jerusalem.

A new colonial road revealed between the Talmudic Gardens and the Umayyad Palaces in Jerusalem

The Israeli Occupation Authorities started constructing a new road and paths to the Talmudic gardens in the northern area of Silwan town, up to the Umayyad Palaces which are near the southern walls of Al Aqsa mosque. It is worth mentioning that the Talmudic gardens and the road which are under construction will prevent natural urban Palestinian expansion in the area adjacent to Al Aqsa mosque and will deny access for Palestinians to the mosque. This in turn, will result in the confiscation of more Palestinian lands in the area for the road and the nearby Talmudic gardens. The road is intended to serve Jewish tourism in the town and around Al-Aqsa mosque.

The Israeli Occupation Authorities break into Silwan and remove Arabic signs in the town

On the 30th of November 2011, Israeli Occupation police raided Silwan town south of Al Aqsa mosque from the Wadi Hilwa area. They closed streets and alleys and started removing Arabic signs and flags while retaining the Hebrew signs placed recently by Israeli settlers in the town, in an attempt to Judaize the Silwan area.

Israeli settlement plans in Silwan town and Ath Thuri neighborhood3

On the 14th of February 2012, the Jerusalem District Planning and Construction Committee approved the construction of a tourism project submitted by the association of El Ad in Silwan town, south of Jerusalem city. The project, which will be called the Mercaz Kedem (Kedem Center), will be constructed on 8,400m2 of land from the Wadi Hilwa neighborhood in Silwan town, a few meters away from the southern walls of Al Aqsa mosque and above the Giv'ati parking lot (as known to the Israelis). The center will be built on stilts and will include a museum, classrooms, meeting halls, and parking facilities, as well as archaeological sites. Beneath it will be an area where visitors can view the recently discovered archeological findings4. In addition, the project will be linked with a crossroad and tunnels; the first will start at the south eastern site of the City of David, while the second will connect the project to Al Aqsa mosque. This project will facilitate tourist access to the Old City of Jerusalem. Another project with an area of 3000m2 has been submitted by El Ad organization to be implemented in the 'Ein al Fauqa area in Silwan town in an attempt to resurrect Israeli Heritage sites and to empower their presence in the area.

3 A new plan for two colonial projects in Silwan. 4 As stated by Israeli officials and architects

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Bimkom. Nati Marom. 2004. The Planning Deadlock: Planning Policy, Land Arrangements, Building Permits and House Demolitions in East Jerusalem, Jerusalem. The Civic Coalition for Defending Palestinian Rights in Jerusalem (CCJ). 2009. Aggressive Urbanism (In Arabic). OCHA. 2009. Special Focus: The Planning Crisis in East Jerusalem. Al Maqdese Organization Website.2012. http://www.al-maqdese.org Jerusalem Municipality Website. 2012. https://www.jerusalem.muni.il POICA. 2009. The Judaization of the Eastern Part of Jerusalem City”. What is really happening in Al Bustan Neighborhood

Development plans and projects

Implemented projects

Wadi Hilweh Information Center has implemented several development projects in Silwan & Ath Thuri during the past five years (see table 6).

Table 6: Implemented development projects in Silwan & Ath Thuri during the last 5 years Name of the project Type Year Donor Establishing Wadi Hilweh soccer Public 2011 World Child field Services Public The Dutch Organization & the German Establishing Mada Center 2007 Services Development Organization Public Establishing Al Bustan soccer field 2010 NGOs inside the Green Line Services Source: Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012

Proposed projects

Silwan & Ath Thuri Development Committee, in cooperation with the civil society organizations in the towns and the towns’ residents, hopes to implement several projects in the coming years. The project ideas were developed during the PRA workshop conducted by ARIJ staff in the towns. The projects are as follows, in order of priority from the perspectives of the participants in the workshop:

1. Constructing a community center and providing awareness sessions on the dangers of drugs and dropping out of school. 2. Establishing a public park and a playground. 3. Rehabilitating existing schools and establishing playgrounds and courts. 4. Providing 100 containers for the collection of household solid waste.

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Town development priorities and needs

Silwan & Ath Thuri suffer from a significant shortage of infrastructure and services. Table 7 shows the development priorities and needs in the towns according to the Development Committee’s feedback (Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012).

Table 7: Development priorities and needs in Silwan & Ath Thuri Strongly Not a No. Sector Needed Notes needed priority Infrastructural needs 1 Constructing and paving raods * 2 Rehabilitating old water networks * Extending the water network to cover new built up 3 * areas 4 Constructing new water networks * 5 Rehabilitating/constructing new wells or springs * 6 Constructing water reservoirs * 7 Constructing a sewage disposal network * 8 Constructing a new electricity network * 9 Providing containers for solid waste collection * 100 containers 10 Providing vehicles for the collection of solid waste * 1 vehicle 11 Providing a sanitary landfill * Health needs 1 Building new clinics or health care centres * 2 Rehabilitating old clinics or health C=care centres * 3 Purchasing medical equipment and tools * Educational needs 1 Building new schools * 2 schools for both sexes 2 Rehabilitating old schools * Yards and playgrounds Computer equipment 3 Purchasing new equipment for schools * and science laboratories Agriculture needs 1 Rehabilitating agricultural lands * 2 Building rainwater harvesting cisterns * 3 Constructing barracks for livestock * 4 Veterinary services * 5 Seeds and hay for animals * 6 Constructing new greenhouses * 7 Rehabilitating greenhouses * 8 Field crop seeds * 9 Plants and agricultural supplies * Source: Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012

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References

 Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ), 2012. Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Unit Database. Bethlehem - Palestine.  Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ), 2012. Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Unit; Land Use Analysis (2010) – Half Meter High Accuracy. Bethlehem - Palestine.  Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (ARIJ), 2012. Water & Environment Research Unit Database (WERU). Bethlehem - Palestine.  Wadi Hilweh Information Center, 2012.  Ministry of Education & Higher Education (MOHE) - Jerusalem, 2011. Directorate of Education; A database of schools (2010/2011). Jerusalem – Palestine.  Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), 2010. Directorate of Agriculture data in Jerusalem (2009/2010). Jerusalem – Palestine.  The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. Jerusalem Statistical Yearbook, 2010/2011.  www.riwaqregister.org

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