Activism, Artivism and Beyond Inspiring initiatives of civic power Activism, Artivism and Beyond

Inspiring initiatives of civic power Author Yannicke Goris (The Broker)

Co-author Saskia Hollander (The Broker)

Project-team Frans Bieckmann (The Broker) Patricia Deniz (CIVICUS-AGNA) Yannicke Goris (The Broker) Anne-Marie Heemskerk (Partos/The Spindle) Saskia Hollander (The Broker) Bart Romijn (Partos) Remmelt de Weerd (The Broker)

Language editor Susan Sellars

Cover design & layout Soonhwa Kang

Printing Superdrukker

Photo credit on cover Front No podemos ni opinar, by Martin Melaugh, copyright Conflict Textiles Flamenco anticapitalista 6, by Antonia Ioannidou The Standing March, by Kodiak Greenwood Back Barsik wins momentum, by Radio Komsomolskaya Pravda #NotATarget, by UN Women, via Flickr Relax, it says McDonalds, courtesy of IMGUR

Copyright © Partos, 2017

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission from Partos. One of the key activities of The Spindle, the innovation programme of Partos, is to monitor and highlight trends and new developments on key themes such as on inclusion, civic power, new ways of cooperation and data. Activism, Artivism and Beyond is the first publication in The Spindle Monitor series about civic power. Inspiring people

All cultures around the world have civil society, including restrictive leg- leged to have The Broker, an innova- 8 The Standing March their own stories about the epic strug- islation, financial constraints, smear tive think net on globalization and 10 Introducing civic space gles of individuals and civil society campaigns, and even assassinations. development, as the main author of groups seeking freedom and change. At the same time, many countervail- this report. In addition, we are enthu- Visual arts 12 Artivism: when art meets action These struggles are a reaction to the ing actions are being taken. Much can siastic to team up with CIVICUS, both 16 Case: Arpilleras against Pinochet multiple forms of oppression and re- be learnt from these often creative for this report and for the worldwide Crowdsourcing 18 Mobilizing global knowledge pression that have existed since the and surprising initiatives. And that is campaign for civic space. We plan to earliest documented human history. what this report is about. follow up on this report with a crowd- 22 Case: Climate Crowd Throughout the ages people have sourced anthology of recent creative Relax, it says McDonalds .زدلانودكام Humour & public shaming 24 joined forces to protect public good, Partos, the Dutch membership body civic initiatives and perhaps a series make the world more fair, free, and for development organisations, is of webinars to exchange experiences 28 Case: Barsik the cat equal, and oppose those who want dedicated to supporting civil society and assimilate new ideas. Transparency & fact-checking 30 Unmask the Corrupt to keep resources and power in the to better harness civic space and to 34 Case: Transparency International hands of the few. And, although exert its creative power for the pub- To conclude this preface, we would much time has passed, this has not lic good. Together with our members like to thank all those who contrib- Social media 36 Virtual uprising changed. What has changed are both and the Partos Civic Space Platform, uted to this project. We dedicate this 40 Case: #GirlsAtDhabas the forms of restriction, in terms of we seek to warn of threats to civic report to those people with fire in Education 42 Teaching what matters the mechanisms and tactics used, and space and reinforce solidarity and their belly, who decide to stand up the ways in which people circumvent supportive action. Through Partos’ for something. It is their passion and 46 Case: Love Matters persistence that forms the basis of these restrictions. This particularly innovation programme, The Spindle, Music, dance & theatre 48 Performing civic power applies to the civic space – the arena we focus on identifying and analysing society’s resilience and ignites change in which people choose their own way new trends and approaches in activ- for a better world. With Activists, Artiv- 52 Case: Flo6x8 of life, express their opinions and par- ism by civil society and, where possi- ists and Beyond: Inspiring initiatives of Protection 54 Building safety ticipate in society. CIVICUS, the World ble, we develop new ideas and tools. civic power, we hope to help fuel this 58 Case: IM-Defensoras Alliance for Citizen Participation, in This report, Activists, Artivists and Be- change. its annual State of Civil Society Report yond, seeks to highlight these devel- 60 Activism, artivism and the need to go beyond for 2017, warns that in more than opments. By disseminating examples Bart Romijn 62 Barriers to civic action 100 countries around the world the of innovative civic countervailing Director, Partos space for civil society is shrinking. It power, we hope to inspire citizens 68 Definitions extensively documents the threats to and their organizations. We feel privi- 70 References 5 ©Kodiak Greenwood COP21 – took place in Paris. This event On the Standing March website, JR society organizations (CSOs) may not was of major importance, because, explains the power of his work: “For have the means to produce their own for the first time in over 20 years of security reasons, marches are for- massive video projection, if we take a UN negotiations, world leaders aimed bidden in Paris. But our art piece is closer look at what makes the Stand- to achieve a universal, legally-binding a silent march. And we are march- ing March so effective, other forms climate agreement (the Paris Climate ing, backed by the Assemblée Na- of protest art could be created that Agreement). Given the importance of tionale, the heart of the French de- would have a similar effect. the meeting, massive protests had been mocracy”. So, even though people planned by environmental groups. were not allowed to be physically The Standing March transformed a However, due to the ongoing state of present, JR and Aronofsky man- well-known public space – in this case emergency, French authorities forbade aged to make a clear statement to the building of the French National all mass gatherings, severely constrain- the 25,000 officials gathered for the Assembly – into something complete- ing the public’s freedom of expression. COP21. “It symbolizes that people ly different: a piece of art. By address- are watching, and everyone on this ing an issue on the minds of a broad Representing humanity building, and everyone in the world audience (the COP21) and depict- Despite this protest ban, many peo- is watching to see what our diplo- ing a big crowd of people in a place ple found creative ways to make mats do”, explained Aronofsky. where mass protests are not allowed, their voices heard. On 29 November the Standing March not only chal- 2015, at the start of COP21, people After its initial showing on the As- lenged authorities, but also conveyed passing by the Assemblée Nationale semblée Nationale, the art piece was a message about societal resilience. ©Kodiak Greenwood building in the heart of Paris were project at different locations through- This example, like all the examples stunned. Staring back at them were out Paris during the conference, in- contained in this report, shows that the faces of over 500 people from cluding the Louvre, the Pantheon, the people cannot be easily silenced and, The French protest ban all over the world, projected on the Musée Picasso, and the Bibliotheque with collective energy and power, will On 13 November 2015, Paris fell victim building’s massive façade. The vid- Sainte Genevieve. Thus, the piece it- always find a way to claim their right- The to a series of gruesome terrorist attacks. eo projection – titled ‘The Standing self marched through the city and, ful space to be heard. Suicide bombers and mass shootings March’ – was created by renowned thanks to social media, attracted at- by a number of gunmen left 130 dead French artist JR and Brooklyn-based tention not only from passers-by in Standing and another 368 wounded. That same film director Darren Aronofsky. the streets, but also from people all evening, president Francois Hollande, These ‘artivists’ used their skill and over the world. who was earlier evacuated from the creativity to protest when protest- Stade de France, closed France’s borders ing in traditional ways was forbid- Whether because of fear of terrorist At the time of the Standing March and declared a state of national emer- den. Their video installation shows attacks, anti-terrorism legislation, re- March, elsewhere in Paris, gency. These security measures, which people from different backgrounds, pressive regimes or cultural norms, another demonstration have been extended until at least July who were all filmed separately, all around the world people find took place: the ‘Empty 2017, have given French authorities ex- rotating on a green background. themselves in situations where their Shoe March’. Thousands of people, who could not ceptional powers, including the right to Later, these separate images were right to protest is restricted. What the physically demonstrate set curfews, limit the movement of peo- Standing March shows is that human combined to create a representa- due to the protest ban, ple and prohibit mass gatherings. tion of humanity – a crowd of peo- creativity, and art in particular, goes sent in their shoes to rep- ple standing united to save their a long way to circumventing such re- resent their march on the Only two weeks after the attacks, the shared planet. strictions. And, although many indi- Place de la Republique. 2015 Climate Conference – known as viduals, grass-roots groups and civil 8 9 Across the globe, people are taking Introducing innovative and proactive steps civic space to defend and expa nd their civic spa ce。.

The shrinking civic space clear insight into these trends. In its today are more aware of the rights seeks to draw attention to these initi- For many decades, opportunities latest report in 2017, CIVICUS con- abuses happening around the world. atives and celebrate the creative peo- The shrinking civic space for people to express their opinions, cluded that the civic space has been Combined with the endless possibili- ple behind them. Drawing on their cannot simply be at- chose their preferred way of life and substantially restricted in more than ties for connecting with one another, contagious energy, it aims to foster tributed to government policies. A variety of struc- participate in politics have been ex- 100 countries and in all regions of the this awareness is fuelling a global mutual learning, generate solidarity tural forces, actors and panding. Think of the formal estab- world. The threats to civic space have counter current of activism, solidarity and inspire all who seek to reclaim mechanisms are at work, lishment of a range of civil rights and taken a multitude of forms, including and dissidence. People are recogniz- lost spaces, make better use of exist- which limit civil society’s liberties, the advance of democracy, legislation restricting the rights and ing the importance of an open society ing spaces, or explore new spaces for space for action. and the ever-growing access to in- freedoms of CSOs; bans on public and (online) communities are show- civic action. formation. However, waves of de- demonstrations; smear campaigns ing great preparedness to defend the For more background on the shrinking civic space mocratization tend be answered by and verbal attacks; the detention, dis- rights and freedoms associated with This report aims to monitor civil soci- see page 62. counter-waves of restriction, in which appearance and even assassination this. ety’s actions and tactics and celebrate democratic values are challenged and of activists; and restrictions on online their creative and spirited initiatives. the civic space limited. freedom of expression and access to Types of restrictions Eight types of tactics for (or instru- information. The structures, actors and measures ments of) civic action are explored: Civic space is the arena Around the world, human rights are that restrict civic space are highly var- visual arts, crowdsourcing, humour within which civil society violated, government accountability While the shrinking of civic space is ied, are not always easy to identify, and public shaming, transparency can function. Its bounda- ries are defined by three jeopardized, people silenced, and or- cause for serious concern, in reality can have paradoxical outcomes, and and fact-checking, social media, edu- fundamental rights: the ganizations shut down on a regular people often find innovative ways to are continuously evolving. Yet, as this cation, music, dance and theatre, and right to association, the basis. These developments are by circumvent the most daunting ob- report illustrates, people are inven- protection. Each chapter explores right to peaceful assembly, no means a new phenomenon, nor stacles. The Standing March, and the tive and adaptable, which means that one of these tactics, including its pur- and the right to freedom are they limited to the Global South. many other examples described in shifts in power relations or new forms pose and various forms, as well as of expression. Civic freedoms have also been chal- the following chapters, bear testi- of restriction are quickly matched by examples. Thereafter, one example More on civic space and lenged in the Global North, in democ- mony to this fact. The energy and innovative civic action. Across the of each tactic is described in detail to other definitions can be racies that are generally thought of creativity present in civil society war- globe, people are taking innovative illustrate its power in practice. found on page 68. as open and free. Each year CIVICUS’s rants hope and optimism. Thanks to and proactive steps to defend and State of Civil Society Report provides a the Internet and social media, people expand their civic space. This report 10 11 Artivism: when art meets action Visual arts

12 13 Visual arts Artivism:

when art meets action More inspiration

Since the mid-1990s, art has attracted tion, and even stand as a symbol of a limited, people still use art as an addi- to current events. After Trump’s elec- Ice Watch Paris increasing attention as an instrument cause, thereby fostering commitment tional tool in their repertoire of avail- tion in America, for instance, anti- An art installation by Artis Olafur for social movements and organiza- and recognisability. able action, thereby expanding their Trump artivism spread across the Eliasson, which took 12 immense blocks of ice from the Arctic and ar- tions. Scholars have begun to appre- scope, audience and space. Art has USA; in Europe, the refugee crisis is ranged them in a clock formation at ciate the importance of art in forming In addition to being instrumental to proven to be especially valuable in featuring in many shocking (street) the Place du Panthéon, Paris, where a movement’s identity, mobilizing re- movements and organizations, art- helping activists adapt to the needs of art works. they melted away during COP21 sources and ensuring effectiveness. works (and artists) can be a form of mass media. In high-paced Western http://icewatchparis.com/ Of all the art forms, visual arts are protest in their own right. Politically- society, where there is an overload The Creative Memory of the Syrian probably the most commonly used engaged artists – or ‘artivist’ – come of information and images, getting a Revolution in civic action and, although the va- in all shapes and sizes. Probably the message across quickly and innova- An astounding collection of artistic riety of artistic expression is endless, most famous artivist in contemporary tively is more important than ever. creativity that sprung from Syria’s paintings, photographs, sculptures, times is the Chinese artist Ai WeiWei, In order to more effectively reach revolution videos, graffiti and holograms are whose works, which often criticize the the public and influence change, eye- http://www.creativememory.org/ some of the forms used. Especially in Chinese government and led to his catching artwork is increasingly being Reverse graffiti countries where freedom of expres- imprisonment in 2011, are shown all used to attract attention. Street art Creating street art and spreading sion is severely limited, art functions across the globe. is particularly successful in drawing an activist message by creative and as an alternative channel of commu- attention, mostly associated with po- selective cleaning nication: when demonstrations are Given its versatility, art as civic activ- litical graffiti, such as the work of the https://www.treehugger.com/cul- banned, organizations shut down or ism is by no means limited to repres- elusive Banksy. Lesser known or un- ture/activists-send-a-message-by- cleaning-things-up-a-bit.html media subjected to severe censor- sive states. When freedom of expres- known artists also engage in this form

ship, art is often the only possible in- sion is not under direct threat or of ‘artivism’, often in direct response Red Sand Project strument of protest. Participatory artwork using red sand and cracks in the sidewalks to Repressive regimes can spark crea- raise awareness on refugees, im- tivity and make people who would migrants, exploitation and human trafficking. not usually consider themselves art- https://redsandproject.org/ ists seek ways to communicate that evade censorship. The production of Nature activists have also Arpillera tapestries in Pinochet’s Chile For more links to these and other used street art to further projects visit (described in more detail on page 16) their cause. By painting https://thespindle.org/project/ testify to this fact. They show that, underwater images on trends-report/ for a movement or organization, art buildings around the can be much more than a ‘vehicle’ for world, The Sea Walls pub- lic art programme seeks to transmitting key messages. Art can bring the sea to the street attract new recruits, mobilize (finan- to give the oceans a ‘voice’. cial) resources, generate media atten-

14 15 Visual arts Following the military coup in 1973, Arpilleras became a record of Chile’s artworks fostered increasing aware- site for education, to raise awareness a brutal military regime was estab- political history, giving expression to ness about the situation in Chile, they and to nurture collective solidarity lished in Chile under the leadership the voices silenced by the regime. helped generate political pressure can be a highly effective way for or- of Augusto Pinochet. Exercising com- The women mostly produced their from abroad. Eventually, the Arpill- ganizations and movements to reach Case: plete control over civil society and art at night so that they would not be eras became a symbol of the struggle a broader audience and strengthen closing down any opportunity for caught and charged with subversion. against Pinochet. civil society. Arpilleras peaceful dissent, Pinochet inadvert- As the tapestries could not be sold ently created the conditions for the within Chile, most of them were ex- The creation of the Arpilleras started Additionally, in contexts where direct development of alternative and cre- ported illegally to Europe and North as a way for the shantytown women opposition or active involvement by against Pinochet ative means of protest. Under his America, where they were bought by of Chile to earn a living and express foreign NGOs is impossible (as was military rule, Chilean women were NGOs, human rights organizations their grievances. Soon, however, the case in Chile), the position taken regarded as politically passive and and Chilean exiles, who, in turn, sold these tapestries became much more, by the Vicaría de la Solidaridad is in- encouraged to embrace traditional them to the public. and it is from these additional func- structive. As a religious and local gender roles. However, extreme tions that other movements and or- organization, the Vicaría had more poverty forced women to seek em- Over the years the Arpilleras became ganizations beyond Chile can learn. (albeit still limited) opportunity to ployment and social involvement one of the most important vehicles Throughout South America, Arpilleras act than other CSOs, especially com- outside the home. For thousands of for Chilean pro-democracy organi- have been used as a tool for peaceful pared to non-Chilean organizations. women, participation in clandestine zations to transmit their message to resistance. Examples of similar forms By exporting the Arpilleras abroad, grass-roots organizations was a way people outside Chile. The artworks of protest can also be found in Europe the Vicaría acted as a ‘middleman’, for them to provide for themselves also had other important functions. (in memory of the Spanish Civil war), broadcasting the voices of Chilean and their families, as these organiza- For one thing, the workshops in which Africa (in protest against the atroci- shantytown women to the outside tions arranged communal kitchens, they were produced became ‘sites of ties committed by the Zimbabwean world and, thereby, effectively ex- ‘collective buying’ groups, and work. socialization’ into the movement’s state) and Tibet (as part of the free panding their space. Similar forms of One of the most important of these way of thinking. By being involved in Tibet campaign in London). Although collaboration could be useful in to- organizations was the Vicaría de la a collective activity that positively af- in other places the artworks did not day’s conflict areas, as there are still Solidaridad, established by the Catho- fected their lives and also educated acquire the significance that they did plenty of people whose voices are lic Church. In the slums surrounding them (or, indoctrinated them, as in Pinochet’s Chile, the colourful and silenced and who have limited oppor- Santiago the Vicaría began organizing some would say), these women were painfully frank tapestries testify to the tunities to make their voices heard in Arpillera workshops for the women effectively recruited as activists for universal power and transferability of their own countries, let alone on the living in shantytowns. the movement. Second, by selling the this art form. international stage. Arpilleras abroad, not only was the Tapestries as instruments of protest pro-democratic message spread be- Inspiration Arpilleras are small, colourful tapes- yond Chile’s borders, but the Vicaría Apart from the art itself, the work- tries made of scraps of cloth and oth- was also able to secure an income shops and the distribution of the er found materials, sewn and embroi- for the artists while at the same time Arpilleras can serve as inspiration for dered upon pieces of burlap. They generating financial resources for its contemporary movements. A creative depict the women’s daily experiences cause. Third, the fact that the Arpill- workshop that offers practical -ben of limited freedom under the dictator- eras were bought by people far away efits for participants – such as aso- ship and the atrocities committed by was regarded as a sign of solidarity, cial network and an income – is more the Chilean military in symbolic ways, which gave the repressed population likely to attract disadvantaged people for instance, by showing doves in cag- in Chile hope, strengthening their de- than, for instance, educational lec- es or hands in chains. As such, these termination. Moreover, because the tures. Using a creative workshop as a 16 17 Mobilizing global knowledge Crowdsourcing

18 19 Crowdsourcing Mobilizing

global knowledge More inspiration

Social media enables activists and civ- sional journalists cannot work freely, The Zooniverse il society organizations to reach large either because of violent conflict or The world’s largest and most popu- audiences quickly and easily. In addi- political pressure and censorship, lar platform for people-powered research on which anyone can build tion, it allows them to engage a net- crowdsourcing has proven to be par- a project and invite volunteers to work of people in some form of peer ticularly valuable. Through mobile contribute production. This method, where a net- applications like StoryMaker, people https://www.zooniverse.org of the Kenyan elections in 2007 and In these examples, crowdsourcing work of individuals is harnessed for a are able to capture stories and share plot them on an online live-updated has facilitated the creation of an on- specific cause, is commonly known as them with the world, providing news 140journos map, so as to foster accountability line space in which people share in- A Turkish platform for citizen ‘crowdsourcing’. And, although social stories that would otherwise not be and transparency. Since then, crowd- formation, contribute to actions and journalism that covers events that media has proven to be a particularly told. In addition to mobilizing people remain unreported by mainstream sourcing has been used for a number become part of newly-established useful way of crowdsourcing, other to gather news, crowdsourcing is also media and aims to circumvent the of purposes, including to match peo- communities. Crowdsourcing is in- web-based instruments that serve used to create and increase collective extensive censorship in Turkey ple’s needs with relief efforts in earth- creasingly being used by large NGOs, the same purpose have emerged. Ini- knowledge, build communities, foster https://140journos.com/english/ quake-hit areas in Nepal; to collect because they too recognize the enor- home tially, crowdsourcing was developed civic engagement and promote hu- and collate citizen reports on human mous potential of this strategy to by the private sector as an innovative man rights. One example is the He- rights violations in Syria; for the moni- further their cause and engage more TracFM and cost-effective business model. ForShe solidarity movement, which Online crowdsourcing software toring of elections around the world; people, despite their often dwindling The model rests on the idea that by calls upon people and organizations used by radio stations, NGOs and and for locating victims and survivors membership base. World Wildlife attracting an interested, motivated to start their own initiatives and be- governments to give a voice to after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. Fund is one such organization that crowd of individuals, solutions can be come ‘change agents’ for the achieve- people who live in remote areas in The most famous example of the has developed crowdsourcing activi- Africa found that are superior in quality and ment of gender equality. Another application of Ushahidi is probably ties. One of its most recent initiatives, https://tracfm.org quantity to traditional forms of busi- example is Herdict, a platform that Harassmap, which uses the Ushahidi Climate Crowd, will be discussed on ness. It is exactly this insight that is calls on people to report web block- RosVyBory platform to document sexual harass- the next page. motivating organizations and activists ages, such as censorship and denial A Russian crowdsourcing plat- ment and provide support to victims. around the globe to employ crowd- of service attacks, thereby monitor- form to prevent election fraud by By enabling people to report assault recruiting thousands of citizens as sourcing in pursuit of their own not- ing Internet accessibility around the anonymously, Harassmap makes it Not every country, city or voluntary monitors for profit goals. world and visualizing the data in in- neighbourhood is well con- easy for victims to overcome barri- http://www.worldbulletin.net/hab- teractive maps. nected to the Internet. But er/86468/thousands-to-monitor- ers to reporting harassment, such as One of the best known forms of almost everywhere around russian-vote social stigma, shame and institutional crowdsourcing (even if some might Similar maps are used in the multiple the world people have constraints. Additionally, by visual- mobile phones. Thus, ensur- not realize that it is indeed crowd- applications provided by the Usha- izing sexual assault in an online plat- ing that your crowdsourc- For more links to these and other sourcing) is citizen journalism: the hidi platform, an open-source crowd- ing campaign allows for form, Harrasmap effectively raises projects visit participation of amateur reporters sourcing technology that is increas- contributions via mobile text https://thespindle.org/project/ awareness about and challenges the or regular citizens in the process of ingly being used in crisis situations messages increases your trends-report/ social acceptability of sexual harass- collecting, reporting and disseminat- and for health. The platform was ini- chance of including people ment. living in more excluded and ing news outside mainstream media tially developed to collect eyewitness remote areas. institutions. In areas where profes- reports of violence in the aftermath

20 21 Crowdsourcing Climate research has found that ru- To access this knowledge, and to give ral communities in developing coun- local communities a voice, Advani and tries, especially in Sub-Saharan Af- his team came up with a crowdsourc- rica, are greatly affected by changes ing solution: WWF Climate Crowd. Case: in weather and climate, particularly Through this new online crowdsourc- due to their high dependence on ing platform, WWF aims to fill the natural resources. And, while the ef- ‘rural’ information gap, with a view Climate Crowd fects of climate change on these rural to improving conservation and de- communities is becoming increas- velopment efforts. Rather than call- ingly clear, their responses to these ing on society at large to contribute changes – that is, their coping and data, WWF works with a number of survival strategies – have received lit- organizations (and their volunteers) tle attention in research. Yet, the way to collect information and conduct in- in which these rural communities are terviews with local community mem- responding to climate change is cre- bers. Through Climate Crowd, WWF ating a serious threat to the biodiver- has already collected more than 400 sity in their surroundings. observations from countries all over nerships underpinning the project. that people must always recognize the world. Even though WWF is a large organiza- a serious problem or feel a sense of Crowdsourcing nature tion with more resources than most urgency in order to be motivated to In order to protect animal wildlife, Inspiration other CSOs, gaining access to remote contribute. There are multiple exam- World Wildlife Fund (WWF) must in- Gathering data on a massive scale, areas and rural communities is still ples of where the public send in data evitably concern itself with climate finding solutions to major societal a significant barrier. What Climate because they think of it as a fun thing change and the consequences there- challenges, and acquiring informa- Crowd shows is that crowdsourcing to do and feel part of an online of. When thinking of how to deal with tion about areas and locations that does not necessarily imply an open community of people with the same climate change in rural areas, lead are difficult to access are all tasks that call to just anyone who is interested. interests. climate researcher for WWF, Nikhil used to require substantial resourc- In Climate Crowd, WWF is actively Advani, and his team found them- es in terms of money and people. reaching out to, and partnering with, selves faced with a challenging situa- However, as shown by WWF Climate organizations and institutes that al- tion: more than climate change itself, Crowd, this is no longer the case. Or- ready have people ‘on the ground’ it appeared that human responses to ganizations and movements can now in the target regions to contribute to climate change in these rural areas have goals that would have been far the project. Thus, even if the tasks at WWF has developed a number of other were threatening biodiversity. What beyond their reach two decades ago. hand require the help of a specific crowdsourcing initiatives, was lacking was sufficient and de- Through crowdsourcing, it is possible kind of crowd, crowdsourcing still re- which are not only useful tailed information about the strate- to mobilize a large number of people mains a viable, cost-effective and po- and important, but are gies and needs of these communities. to work on a specific task. And, if this tentially fruitful option. Additionally, also regarded as fun by Having dealt with weather-related task is successfully communicated the Climate Crowd initiative shows contributors. One such example is the Freshwater challenges for generations, these and deemed important by enough that, if crowdsourcing starts from an Fish BioBlitz, which calls issue that people care about – in this people’s knowledge could be of tre- people, even the smallest organiza- on people to photograph mendous value in designing appro- tions can achieve impressive targets. case the consequences of climate and describe the freshwa- priate interventions that would ben- change – it is likely that they will feel ter fish they encounter on efit them as well as the environment What makes the Climate Crowd plat- motivated to contributed. This ‘car- their outdoor excursions. and the biodiversity around them. form particularly inspiring is the part- ing for’ does not necessarily imply 22 23 .زدلانودكام Relax, it says McDonalds

Humour & public shaming

24 25 .زدلانودكام & Humour public shaming Relax, it says McDonalds More inspiration

Humour can be a powerful tool for on the public image of politicians To conclude, some attention must be women eventually lost their land any- Panty Power Burma fostering solidarity and social protest. and even on electoral outcomes. In paid to the notion of ‘public shaming’. way. Public shaming, whether seen A human rights campaign that called upon Burmese women to The ancient Greeks used comedy to addition to such satire in the media, At times, this can be humorous, but as humorous or not, can be a highly protest the regime and its use of mock the elites and comment on po- humour can be found in almost any not always – and it is definitely not for effective tool for civic actors. It com- sexual violence by mailing panties litical developments. And, in medieval form of social action. Countless ex- everyone. Those who find themselves municates group norms and elevates to the generals times, humour in the form of carnivals amples of funny protest signs for any at the receiving end of the shaming the status of those conforming to https://beautifulrising.org/tool/ was a way to reflect on and challenge imaginable cause can be found on- are rarely amused. And, on some oc- those norms; it punishes norm viola- panty-power social hierarchies. The power of hu- line. For instance, a gay-rights protest casions, the shaming may be outside tors and, as such, can undermine the Honk at Parliament mour has not decreased over time banner said ‘If God hates gays, why are the realm of humour entirely, as was status of those in power; and it can A protest-campaign in Lebanon and, today, it is present in civic activ- we so cute?’; and in a march against the case in Northern Uganda, where also draw attention to controversial against the parliament extending ism. Humourologists have shown that racial discrimination the sign, which a group of elderly women stripped issues that may otherwise remain un- its own mandate in which citizens Relax, it says in front of two government minis- challenged. honked at parliamentarians at work :زدلانودكام‘ jokes can put things in perspective, proclaimed help people to reflect on situations, McDonalds’, undoubtedly resulted in ters and in the presence of soldiers, and while they were going about their daily lives, to disrupt them and and bolster fellowship among groups. some smiles. policemen and hundreds of people reminded them of their unlawful However, although the power of hu- from their community. They did so to behaviour mour is universal, the type of humour The practical joke is another genre of shame the ministers who had come https://beautifulrising.org/tool/ that is regarded as funny, is strongly humour that has found its way into so- to evict them from their land. Humili- honk-at-parliament bound to culture and varies among cial activism. In Uganda, for instance, ated by this performance, the officials classes, groups and over time. piglets painted in the colours of the indeed left the premises, but the Brandalism A revolt against ‘corporate control leading political party, some wearing of the visual realm’ by reclaiming At present, one of the most popular hats to mimic that of President Mu- outdoor advertising space such as forms of humour for social activism is seveni, were set free in the streets of bus stops by posting artistic and satire. In magazines and newspapers, Kampala. The pigs caused mayhem in mostly funny ads satirical cartoons are particularly suc- the streets and inside the Parliament http://brandalism.ch/gallery/

cessful – and often equally controver- buildings, provoking laughter and Replacing Cops with Mimes sial – and television channels across cheers from bystanders, while at the A combined anti-corruption and the globe are now producing satirical same time drawing attention to the traffic safety campaign in Bogota, in TV shows. Highlighting the absurdities issue at stake, namely, the dramatic which corrupt cops were fired, re- of politics and political leaders, Sat- rise in youth unemployment. Almost trained and hired back — as mimes urday Night Live is probably the best a year after the ‘pig invasion’, Russia that mocked and directed traffic https://beautifulrising.org/tool/ known example. Tina Fey portraying also witnessed a highly-successful ani- replacing-cops-with-mimes Sarah Palin, Chevy Chase as a bum- mal prank: a cat named Barsik gained bling President Ford and Alec Bald- nationwide fame in a prank that criti- win’s President Donald Trump have cized the local election procedure. For more links to these and other become world famous — and some Barsik’s story is discussed in more de- projects visit https://thespindle.org/project/ say that they have had a real impact tail on the following page. trends-report/ 26 27 Humour & Barnaul is a small city in West Siberia, After this tremendous success, Bar- some 2,200 miles east of Moscow. sik’s fame spread beyond the con- public shaming Since 2010, its 700,000 inhabitants fines of Barnaul. In reply to an- have not been led by an elected may- nouncement in early 2016 that the Case: or, but by a so-called ‘city-manager’, Russian population would be able to appointed by the city council, thus vote on the design of new banknotes, Barsik the Cat keeping the political process out of a message was posted on Barsik’s so- public reach. From 2010 until August cial media account. In this message 2015, Barnaul was led by Igor Sav- the cat revealed its deep-rooted am- intsev, who resigned after being ac- bition to appear on either the 200 or cused of selling off municipal land to the 2,000 denomination note. Later family-owned organizations, costing that year Barsik, having become a po- external communication was done the city an estimated USD 157,000. litical symbol in the struggle against through Barsik, on his social media Savintsev’s successor was to be corruption, announced that he would account and with YouTube videos, al- picked by a special commission from run for president in 2018, and that lowing the team’s identity to remain the city council, which made the peo- Putin better be ready. hidden. Unfortunately, such anonym- ple of Barnaul lose hope for a suitable ity is a necessity in many contexts. For candidate. Inspiration activists faced with similar challenges, The story of Barsik lends itself well using animals to communicate their Only mice don’t vote for Barsik to be transported to other contexts message might be a solution. In response to the upcoming appoint- where corruption and election fraud ment of a new mayor, protest group are serious problems. The cat’s vic- Finally, Barsik’s electoral campaign Altai Online initiated an election poll tory in the poll communicated clearly is also a source of inspiration. Altai on Russia’s popular social media plat- how people felt about local politics Online used a combination of online form VKontakte. This online poll was and politicians. Additionally, Barsik’s and offline activities, thereby reach- published ahead of the elections and immense popularity showed that in ing a wide audience, while also being served to determine what candidate times of frustration and anger hu- visible to those citizens without daily the population of Barnaul regarded as mour can work to mobilize people. Internet access. Moreover, using the most suitable for the job. In addition This type of action enables them to slogan ‘Only mice don’t vote for Bar- to six human candidates, a seventh protest, while at the same time mak- sik’ was a strategic choice. Not only was put on the ticket: an 18-month- ing them smile. is it a funny tag line – something that old Scottish Fold cat named Barsik. people will easily remember – but Apart from Barsik’s appearance in Using an animal for this protest, as the term ‘mice’ also refers to those the poll, Altai Online launched an well as being highly effective, also who are corrupt. Hence, the slogan electoral campaign, using both social provided anonymity. Altai Online’s ad- and the use of a cat as a candidate media and banners in the street with ministrator, who goes by the pseudo- assumes another layer of meaning, the slogan: ‘Only mice don’t vote for nym ‘Altaiskii Seyatel’ (Altai Farmer), making it even more effective. Barsik’. The outcome of the poll was a pointed out that the anonymity of landslide victory: approximately 91% the Altai Online team members was of of over 5,000 participants voted for the utmost importance, as their jobs, the cat. reputations, and even safety could otherwise be in danger. Therefore, 28 29 Unmask the Corrupt

Transparency & fact-checking

30 31 Transparency & Unmask fact-checking the Corrupt More inspiration

As Transparency International’s Cor- ency promoted by such platforms al- This ‘right to know’ extends beyond fenders often find themselves on the BudgIt Nigeria ruption Perception Index shows, cor- lows people to be the judge of whether public spending. People and organiza- receiving end of such campaigns. In A Nigerian civic organization that uses technology to make public ruption and fraud are present every- their government officials are good tions across the globe are also striving well-functioning democracies ‘alterna- spending transparent and acces- for transparency in terms of democrat- where. Particularly when combined stewards of public funds. Moreover, an tive facts’ can also abound, posing a se- sible for citizens, with the primary with high levels of state bureaucracy, open budget limits opportunities for ic processes such as elections and po- rious threat to deliberative democracy aim of raising government account- corruption forms a serious barrier to governments to hide wasteful and cor- litical decision-making, governmental and good governance. In response, the ability the development of a healthy civil so- rupt spending, which means that, in the and business agreements, the origins last five years have witnessed a global http://yourbudgit.com/

ciety and democracy. In response to end, more resources will remain avail- of information provided by the media, surge in so-called ‘fact-checking’; some Yogera and so on. In most cases, this struggle this, in recent years, people all over able for the public good. even argue that the rapid global spread An online platform that aims to for transparency has one overarching the world – from Romania and Russia of independent political fact-checkers fight corruption in Uganda; it allows to Brazil and Peru – have taken to the Internationally, there are a number goal: To expose and fight against cor- has resulted in “what can fairly be called people to anonymously report streets to fight corruption and demand of organizations and initiatives whose ruption. In this regard, Transparency a new democratic institution”. In more corruption, celebrates heroes who transparency from their governments primary goal is to foster budget trans- International may be the best known than 50 countries, spanning every con- have withstood the temptation of bribery, and informs people about and leading corporations. In addition parency. The International Budget organization. One of its many projects tinent, groups that are devoted entirely their rights – fighting pharma-corruption in Hon- to these traditional forms of protests, Partnership (IBP), for example, is an to fact-checking are active. Examples of http://www.yogera.ug/ numerous alternatives have emerged organization that promotes budget duras – is explored in more detail on fact-checking platforms include Africa with the aim to improve transparency transparency on a global scale. Every the following page. Check, Chequeado (Argentina), Dogru- Unmask the Corrupt and check the claims made by those in two years, the IBP publishes an Open luk Payi (Turkey), Pagella Politica (Italy), A campaign by Transparency Inter- national sanctioning the top 9 cases power, including politicians and multi- Budget Survey that evaluates to what An entirely different kind of transpar- and PolitiFact (USA). ency is the transparency of the origins of corruption, which were selected nationals. extent governments give the public ac- by means of a public vote and factuality of information. In just a cess to budget information and oppor- https://unmaskthecorrupt.org/ One of the main topics of scrutiny tunities to participate in the national few years, fact-checking has become is budget transparency. Leading in budget process. It is important to note a major tool in civil society’s toolbox, ProZorro Fact-checking is also this regard is South America, where a that budget transparency initiatives not particularly with the rise of new forms An online app (used in Ukraine and becoming of interest to the Kyrgystan) to prevent corruption in number of coun- only focus on governments. Publish of media. The Internet has fuelled the mass media. In Spain, for medicine sales by comparing gov- spread of disinformation, which is used tries have devel- What You Fund, for example, is a glo- instance, the fact-checking ernment purchases to the prices oped electronic bal campaign for aid transparency that by repressive regimes to confuse the TV show El Objetivo is a listed by suppliers platforms that releases a ranking of the transparency opposition, break down trust and frac- great hit, and the South https://apolitical.co/tens-millions- African radio show Corrup- make budget in- of aid donors every year. At the heart of ture civil society. Smear campaigns and saved-medicines-ukraines-corrup- tion Busters recently won the spreading of fake news are increas- tion-app/ formation pub- all these initiatives is the fundamental the award for Best Day Time ingly being used by those who want to lically available principle that people have the right to Show at the annual Liberty turn perceptions to their own advan- and give insight know how public money is spent. “This Radio Awards. By bringing For more links to these and other into national pub- is the people’s money”, says Rocio Cam- tage or hurt the people and organiza- fact-checking to the wider projects visit lic expenditure pos, programme officer at IBP, “and tions that oppose them. These mecha- public, these shows are https://thespindle.org/project/ contributing to a more open and revenue. The that very basic notion is at the core of nisms can be serious obstacles for civil trends-report/ and honest civic space. budget transpar- all this: people have the right to know”. society, as CSOs and human rights de-

32 33 Transparency & According to the most recent data, so-called ‘Integrity Pact’, a tool for Finally, inspiration can be drawn from over 60% of Hondurans live below preventing corruption in public con- Transparency International’s great va- fact-checking the national poverty line. And, al- tracting by establishing partnerships riety of initiatives. The organization not though this means that the major- between a civil society actor (usually only works with many different part- Case: ity of Honduras’ population are de- a chapter of Transparency Interna- ners, it also works with many different pendent on the state for access to tional), the contracting authority (usu- tools. From educating future leaders Transparency healthcare, for years the Honduran ally the national government) and and providing glossaries, to engaging public health sector has been dramat- the private sector. In March 2014, the headquarters have taken up the task citizens in ‘unmasking the corrupt’ and ically underfunded. To make matters Honduran president, Juan Orlando of monitoring and reporting on Hon- monitoring transparency, Transparency International worse, Transparency International’s Hernández, agreed to put in place duras’ progress. International is fighting its core issues Honduras chapter, the Asociación such a mechanism for the purchas- on all possible fronts. Diversification por una Sociedad más Justa (ASJ), has ing of public medicine. Employees Inspiration works and, if resources allow, can be an uncovered widespread corruption and officials of the Ministry of Health With an impressive international net- effective method of attracting attention, in the procurement of medicines for are no longer involved in purchasing work and numerous success stories of establishing a wide network and occu- Honduras’ state hospitals and public. public medicine. Instead, this is done real impact, many of the activities of pying as much space as possible. It was found that millions of dollars’ through a special, highly-transparent Transparency International could fea- worth of medicines have gone ‘miss- trust that is observed by a committee ture in a ‘best practice’ guide for CSOs. ing’ or been replaced by counterfeit that consists of representatives from Focusing on the achievements in Hon- drugs, only to be sold on the black both the public and private sectors, duras, what stands out is the fact that market. Following the ASJ’s discovery, with Transparency International as a Transparency International seeks to At times we lose sight of the state-controlled Almacén Central key member. engage multiple stakeholders in its ini- the fact that CSOs, com- de Medicamentos (Central Medicines tiatives. Establishing partnerships with panies and state bodies Warehouse) was raided, the Health In a country as dangerous as Hondu- actors from different sectors cannot be are all in fact collections Minister responsible resigned and ras, the work of ASJ and Transparency done in all contexts or situations. How- of people. These people paid a fine, and the warehouse man- International requires a great deal ever, making a conscious effort to form all occupy civic space and are all part – some way or ager and several others involved in of persistence and courage. Fortu- a diverse support base and involving another – of civil society. the corruption scheme were convict- nately, the results they have man- even those that might at first seem pos- However, the example ed. These measures, albeit necessary aged to achieve are extensive and sible adversaries can yield surprising re- provided by Transpar- and valuable to set an example, are, go beyond that of the pharma-pact sults. Additionally, the Honduran exam- ency International shows of course, not enough to ensure last- described above. In October 2014, ple is evidence of the fact that long-term that promoting bonds ing change. the Honduran president signed an efforts, even though they require a lot between those people and establishing partnerships unprecedented agreement with ASJ of persistence and patience, will pay off between CSOs, compa- Public-private partnerships to fight and Transparency International: The in the end. Prior to their major achieve- nies and state bodies corruption Collaboration and Good Faith Agree- ments in Honduras, Transparency In- can help organizations To ensure that efforts like those by ment. This agreement is an extensive ternational and its national chapter ASJ achieve their goals. By the ASJ in Honduras lead to durable anti-corruption plan designed by the had been fighting corruption for a long bridging (perceived) cleav- ages between sectors, reform, Transparency International president and ASJ that focuses on time. Trying to expose networks of cor- organizations can ensure emphasizes the importance of in- health, education, security and jus- rupt state officials and companies, lob- wider and more powerful volving a variety of stakeholders. In tice, infrastructure projects, and tax bying for legislative change and build- support for their causes the Honduran case, this principle administration. To ensure compli- ing a network of like-minded partners and have a longer-lasting found reflection in the implementa- ance with the commitments made, – these are all activities that take time impact. tion of Transparency International’s ASJ and Transparency International’s and manpower. 34 35 Virtual uprising

Social media

36 37 Social Media Virtual uprising

More inspiration

It is often argued that social media social media channel, raised a re- street and Arab Spring campaigns still not able to fully use the power of #defyhatenow has the power to change the world, ported 220 million dollars worldwide both intended to, and succeeded in, social media due to the censorship A peacebuilding, training and conflict reconciliation project that with more people than ever before for ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) generating massive demonstrations of online content, the monitoring of supports CSOs in South Sudan; by using online platforms like Twitter, organizations. Undeniably, social me- in actual life, outside the virtual space. social media outlets, and the imposi- means of the ‘defyhatenow’ hash- Facebook and Instagram. With the dia has been a vital tool for many civic tion of severe punishments for using tag, it aims to raise awareness and new possibilities offered by the- In causes, but, at the same time, it can Another example is the #GirlsatDha- social media to challenge those in counter social media based hate ternet, gathering knowledge, sharing sometimes be a double-edged sword. bas campaign (described in detail on power. Hence, although social media speech http://defyhatenow.net/ thoughts and raising a critical mass Due to the endless possibilities of- the following page), which shows how has incredible potential as a tool for

of supporters for a cause, has never fered online, organizational loyalty social media can also build a network civic activism, as long as inequalities Every Heartbeat Counts been easier. Examples abound of has been eroded. Increasingly, peo- that remains largely virtual, but no remain in terms of access and free- A Venezuelan social media cam- the enormous impact that social me- ple adopt causes, rather than institu- less effective. This campaign connects dom, other channels of knowledge paign that aims to rekindle the dia has had over the last decade. In tions or organizations. So, while social women from across Southeast Asia distribution and mass mobilization spirit of the Revolution by en- Jamaica, health workers raised HIV/ media can be instrumental in reach- around a common cause, without should not be neglected. couraging people to spread their artworks and the campaign’s logo AIDS awareness by spreading infor- ing a broad follower base, holding on necessarily bringing them together with hashtags #late (heartbeat) and mation through social media. The to these followers now requires con- in reality. Nonetheless, the voices of #cadalatidocuenta (every heartbeat #OscarsSoWhite campaign, which tinuous effort. these women have formed a collec- counts) criticized the lack of racial diversity tive voice that has been picked up by https://www.cuba-venezuela.org/ in the 2016 Oscar nominations, led Social media is particularly suitable media around the world. index.php/2015/11/20/venezuelas- to changes in voting and selection for ad hoc activism and the estab- revolution-is-alive-in-popular-heart- beat-campaign/ by the Academy. And, the Ice Bucket lishment of large networks in a short Before looking at this inspiring initia- Interestingly, social media challenge, which went viral on every amount of time. As the NetChange re- tive of women in Pakistan, attention is also being used to draw Idle No More port, Networked Change: How progres- must be drawn to some of the down- attention to restrictions A movement of indigenous peoples sive campaigns are won in the 21st cen- sides to social media. Since social on ‘regular media’. A in Canada, fighting for their rights recent hashtag campaign tury, shows, there are many examples media, and the World Wide Web in and fostering awareness about the that is doing just that is Canadian indigenous population; of movements and organizations that general, are playing an ever increas- the #FreeTurkeyMedia #IdleNoMore is used to spread have successfully established such ing role in the distribution of knowl- campaign, launched by information and to organize actions networks and campaigns; some of edge and connecting people, the Amnesty International. such as large-scale flash mobs which eventually led to actual corpo- gap between those with and those This campaign aims to http://www.idlenomore.ca/ raise international aware- rate or government policy changes. without Internet access is increas- ness about the extreme Two examples immediately spring to ing. Although Internet penetration is limitations placed on free For more links to these and other mind: the Arab Spring uprisings and growing rapidly, over 50% of the glo- journalism in Turkey, as projects visit the Occupy Wall Street campaign. In bal population, most of whom live in well as to put pressure on https://thespindle.org/project/ both cases, an activist community developing countries, remain cut off. the Turkish government trends-report/ was formed around a pressing issue In addition, there are many countries to release the more than 120 journalists who are by means of social media directed- where, although Internet access is currently imprisoned. network campaigns. The Occupy Wall more readily available, civil society is

38 39 Social media Going for a stroll around the city, hav- regions far beyond Pakistan, encour- find inspiration in the ‘Why Loiter?’ and mobilize millions of people who, ing a drink at local bar, or jumping on aged Khatri in her quest. Thanks to initiative in India. Like #GirlsAtDha- even though they will never actually a bicycle to visit a friend are all activi- #GirlsAtDhabas, more and more bas, the women of ‘Why Loiter?’ speak come together, can still speak with a ties that most women take for grant- women started to venture out into out against their lack of freedom and strong and unified voice. Case: ed. However, in Pakistan, the streets the streets to meet at dhabas and the cultural norms that prevent them continue to be dominated by men other places generally dominated by from going out on the streets. The Social media establishes connections and women are not allowed to ‘loiter’ men. Through this hashtag, women group, which is widely known across between different cultural contexts #GirlsAtDhabas out and about, and certainly not with- felt connected and strengthened in India, arranges debates, bike rides and allows for the easy spread of in- out the accompaniment of a male their emancipatory activities. And, and night strolls through Indian cities. formation. As such, it forms a virtual relative. And, although not officially even though most of these women Through social media the two groups space in which established and re- forbidden, cultural norms also keep had never met, and will probably have now connected and are organiz- strictive cultural norms can be chal- women from engaging in sport, in- never meet, a large virtual commu- ing cross-border collaborations, both lenged in relative safety before find- cluding the immensely popular game nity has formed around their shared online and offline. ing translation in ‘real life’. As Khatri of cricket. cause. What is particularly interesting pointed out about #GirlsAtDhabas, about this community is its incredibly Inspiration initially there were many women and Emancipatory selfies diversity: #GirlsAtDhabas’ members There are probably few women who girls who offered their online support Sadia Khatri, born and raised in Kara- cannot be typecast. Some wear West- do not find inspiration in the #Girls- for the emancipatory selfies, but in- chi, returned to her hometown in late ern clothes, others wear hijabs; some AtDhabas campaign. Whether they dicated they did not dare to go out 2014 after completing her education are moving around in the streets by are living in areas where they encoun- in the streets themselves. However, in the US. Having experienced first- themselves, and others are reclaim- ter restrictions similar to those in Pa- as support for the movement grew, hand what gender equality feels like, ing public spaces while still accompa- kistan, or are lucky enough to live in women gained confidence and made upon returning to Pakistan she was nied by male friends and relatives. a place where they can go out in the online arrangements to go to dha- struck by the absence of women in streets, play sports and have a drink bas together. Thus, when the online public spaces. Unwilling to accept this The #GirlsAtDhabas network was not at a café, most women can relate to community grew stronger and more new reality, Khatri ventured out in the a preconceived idea, but emerged the need for emancipation and to de- confident, it became less difficult to city and visited dhabas – roadside ca- organically on social media. Due to fend their space in some way or an- challenge cultural norms in daily life. fes or bars where food and tea (chai) its popularity, the hashtag has now other. With one simple hashtag that The women behind #GirlsAtDhabas are served – where she discussed become much more than a simple communicates this issue, with which are now reclaiming actual spaces and with her male friends the absence mechanism to signal that women millions of women from all walks of expanding their virtual network at the of other women. Determined to do are eating and drinking in cafés, it life can relate, Khatri has managed same time. something about this situation, Khatri has come to symbolize a movement to tie these women together. By posted a selfie on Twitter with the that challenges longstanding cultural putting her selfie on social media, she hashtag #GirlsAtDhabas. The hash- gender norms and seeks to reimag- planted a seed that grew to become tag immediately gained traction on ine public spaces for women in Paki- a vast network – growth that would social media and many other girls in stan – and Southeast Asia. Apart from not have been possible without the Pakistan and India began uploading the many visits by women to places ease of communication allowed by selfies of themselves in dhabas using usually attended only by men, the social media. So, what the #GirlsAt- the hashtag. women behind #GirlsAtDhabas are Dhabas campaign shows, above all, is now organizing events to ‘raise some the power and reach of social media. The acceptance of the hashtag on noise’ about women’s presence in Through social media it is possible to Twitter, and its subsequent spread public spaces. For these offline activi- build a virtual network community to other social media platforms and ties, Khatri and her fellow organizers 40 41 Teaching what matters

Education

42 43 Education Teaching what matters

More inspiration

Ask any activist or human rights de- tool in their repertoire of social ac- to defend themselves, CryptoRally fender what he or she is striving for tion. Many offer classroom resources, but at the same time are A competitive learning game which and the answer you will receive will such as interactive teaching materials educated about gender takes players through Mexico City, where they have to complete tech- usually boil down to ‘making the and lesson plans, or have volunteers oppression and their nical tasks aimed at teaching them world (if only a small part of it) a bet- who go to classrooms to teach about rights and opportunities. effective Internet security tools ter place’. The tremendous efforts the issues their organization is work- As such, learning empow- https://beautifulrising.org/tool/ and sacrifices made for this goal are ing on. Considering the continuity of ers and eventually equips cryptorally-in-mexico-city not merely to accomplish improve- their impact, teaching the young is of cation that takes place outside the people with the knowledge and skills ments for the here and now – invari- great importance for many organiza- classroom. This education includes necessary to defend their rights, Learning about Living A Butterflyworks interactive curricu- ably the goal is to achieve betterment tions. However, unfortunately, there peer learning, learning from other freedoms and space. lum and SMS helpline on taboo top- that will last into the future. For to- are still many places in the world cultures, and learning through expe- ics such as puberty, relationships, day’s activists this has important im- where children do not have access to rience. In this type of education, CSOs self-esteem, HIV/AIDS and gender Every year, more CSOs issues that is active in Nigeria, Sen- plications. If their efforts are to suc- proper schooling. These include areas have proven to be particularly valu- are using video games as egal, Mali and Cambodia ceed and survive, they need a wide where families cannot afford to send able, because outside the classroom an instrument to educate http://www.learningaboutliving.org support base as well as successors: their children to school, where con- it is often up to civil society to create and raise awareness of

their cause. In fact, they people who will defend and expand flict has forced schools to close down, spaces – be they virtual or actual – that My Life as a Refugee are not just using them, the civic space they are now fighting or where cultural norms dictate that allow for safe and constructive learn- A smartphone game developed by but also increasingly for in the future. certain groups of people cannot go ing. Love Matters, an inspirational the UN refugee agency, aimed at producing them to share raising awareness about the experi- to school. Where states are failing to online initiative (which is explored on their mission with gamers ences of refugees; players are faced Unsurprisingly then, education is provide children with a proper educa- the following page), is such a space. around the world. Games with scenarios based on real-life widely recognized as an important tion, civil society is often jumping in Additionally, there are countless pro- for Change (G4C) is a accounts non-profit company that tool for ‘raising’ the next generation of to support willing governments or to grammes that provide training and http://mylifeasarefugee.org/game. develops social impact change makers. For this reason, some fill the gap where such willingness is workshops to raise awareness or html games for humanitarian promote social change. ActionAid’s organizations are devoted entirely to lacking. The Bits Schools, developed and educational efforts. The Internet Protection Lab education; one such organization is by the Dutch organization Butterfly- global youth network, Activista, for G4C engages CSOs, the An organization that offers techni- Worldsavvy. This NGO aims to equip works, are a great example. These instance, has developed a number of games industry, media, cal assistance and training to and governments in its students with the knowledge, skills schools run in partnership with local training centres, called ‘Global Plat- ensure journalists, bloggers and efforts to launch game- and disposition necessary to actively governments to train ambitious youth forms’, which exist for the sole pur- human rights activists across the based projects with a engage in the global community; it from underprivileged backgrounds pose of training young activists and world can work safely online positive impact. https://internetprotectionlab.net/ also seeks to build a critical mass of in a wide range of disciplines. So far civil society organizations to lead so- One of the many award about-us/ global citizens who will be able to ad- there are 10 schools spread across cial, political and economic change. winning games G4C has

dress the challenges of the future. Africa, which together have trained On a much smaller scale, in the slums created is Peacemaker,

which challenges players over 8,000 young people. of Nairobi, the BoxGirls programme For more links to these and other to establish peace in the Other organizations, rather than teaches young women to become projects visit ongoing Israeli-Palestinian strong and independent, through https://thespindle.org/project/ making education their core busi- Apart from ‘regular’ education in conflict. ness, have included education as a schools, there is another type of edu- boxing. The girls not only learn how trends-report/

44 45 In many parts of the world, sexuality tions of Love Matters are attuned to ters initiative shows that providing Education is not something people can discuss the different customs, questions and reliable information is of profound freely. In Egypt, for instance, cultural sensitivities of the regions they serve, importance, especially when no au- and religious norms have placed a as well as the culture and languages. thority is doing so. It is also inspiring Case: strong taboo on talking about sex, to see how young people engage in even more so for women. And, be- The Arabic version of Love Matters – peer learning when they feel safe to Love Matters cause there is no curriculum for re- called Culture of Love (with the Arabic do so. Such peer learning creates an productive health in primary or sec- word for culture ‘thaqafa’ also refer- informed and empowered commu- ondary schools, most young people ring to knowledge) – is the latest addi- nity, which has value far beyond the are poorly informed about the choices tion to the Love Matters family. Young pure knowledge that is exchanged. they have when it comes to love and people in the Middle East now finally sex. While there is some sex-related have a place where they can find un- information available online, as jour- ambiguous, reliable information in nalist and researcher working at RNW their own language. Most important- Media Abir Sarras, points out, “[this] ly, the platform is interactive. People is mostly of religious background; the can ask questions on the discussion discourse is usually directed to the board or via social media and there is ‘haram’ and ‘forbidden’”. However, an online forum where they can talk during a period of field-research in and share experiences among them- Egypt, Sarras found that young peo- selves. Young people are, thus, ena- ple are looking for objective and reli- bled by the platform to discuss sexual able information about love and sex. issues freely and openly, something To fill the gap, RNW Media has devel- they cannot do safely in their daily oped its ground-breaking platform lives. Love Matters. Inspiration Love Matters was first launched in In- Since its launch in 2014, Culture of dia, where young people encounter Love has accumulated more than 11 barriers similar to those in Egypt. The million page views, 10,000 Twitter fol- website offers sexual health informa- lowers and 421,000 Facebook fans, tion with a positive take on pleasure and its YouTube channel has had over and relationship satisfaction, giving 12 million views. Just like the other young people the information they Love Matters platforms, it has been need to have safer and happier sex. an enormous success, which shows After its huge success in India (3 mil- just how much people long for infor- lion sessions, 14 million page views, mation and the chance to discuss is- and 682,000 Facebook fans after 5 sues that are taboo in their commu- years of online presence), RNW Media nities. RNW Media has succeeded in developed similar platforms in Latin creating a safe space where young America (focusing on Mexico and people can go for such information, Venezuela), Africa (focusing on Kenya) and, as such, has set an example for and China. Each of the various edi- other organizations. The Love Mat- 46 47 Performing civic power

Music, dance & theatre

48 49 Music, dance & Performing civic power theatre More inspiration

Apart from visual arts, there are many types of rebellion. In Iran, for in- rise as the leader of the Velvet Revo- The Singing Revolution other forms of art that people use to stance, dance is prohibited, but dance lution. Havel’s plays were a form of re- The Estonian revolution that led express their feelings and as tools for classes are given under the guise of bellion that successfully captured the to the country’s independence in 1991; singing played a central role activism. Music, for example, has a ‘gymnastics’ and secret performances imagination of a nation. Today, the in the non-violent protests in the long history of being used for politi- are held in people’s homes or even in power of his art is still tangible, as the mid-1980s cal and social activism. Dating as far tunnels and caves. The dancers are, underground Belarus Free Theatre – https://singingrevolution.com/ back as the ancient Greeks, music has thus, creating new spaces – or using which, to date, performs illegal plays been recognized as having the ability existing spaces for new purposes – to that protest against the Belarusian MCK An Angolan rapper who attracted to foster desirable social and political escape the limitations of Iranian cen- dictatorial regime – refers to Havel as acclaim for his musical protests attitudes and effectively convey ide- sorship. a major source of inspiration. against the repressive regime and ologies. Apart from the creative pro- ongoing poverty in his country test songs that often form an integral As for theatre, things are not much http://www.dw.com/en/angolan- part of marches and demonstrations, different. This genre is also used rapper-mck-raps-truth-to-power/ more professional performances by for civic activism, also in a variety of av-37234950

popular artists and orchestras have forms and for a variety of purposes, Theatre of the Oppressed been instrumental in many instances both hidden and public. In Wales, A theatre project in East Africa that of civic action. Well-known examples for instance, the National Theatre helps refugees and audiences to are the 1985 Live Aid and 2005 Live used its plays as a means to re-en- share and reflect upon their experi- 8 concerts, which raised money for, gage citizens in (thinking about) the ences and consider alternative op- tions with the help of trained actors and awareness of, world poverty. democratic process; a subject that http://www.businessdailyafrica. These concerts became ‘sites of politi- was mostly limited to the ‘official’ or com/Theatre-of-the-oppressed- cal communication’, conveying strong academic sphere. And, the plays of -Refugees-tell-own-sto- statements related to human rights Václav Havel, although dating back a ries/-/539444/3191254/-/ry9i51/-/ and social justice. In addition to mu- number of decades, also testify to the index.html sic, dance is also frequently used as power of theatre as an instrument Clown Street Attacks a form of public protest. The surprise of change. By the end of the 1960s, Actors dressed up as clowns ‘attack’ performances by Flo6x8, which are Havel’s works were banned from the- passers-by in the streets of Leba- described in more detail in the next atres in Czechoslovakia, because they non to raise awareness of and fight pages, are an interesting example. were seen as anti-communist. Given social injustice their popularity and forceful mes- https://clownmein.com/perform- ances/clown-street-attacks/ Music, dance and theatre are not only sage, people continued to perform

used for civic activism in the form of his plays in their living rooms and dis- public performances. These art ex- tributed illegal copies throughout the For more links to these and other pressions have proven to be particu- country. Through this process, Havel’s projects visit larly suitable for the more hidden or reputation as a dissident and activist https://thespindle.org/project/ – sometimes literally – underground was built, eventually resulting in his trends-report/

50 51 Music, dance & When thinking of flamenco, most Arguably the most successful of these is sympathetic to the initiative. Ulti- Finally, considering the relationship people think of dark-haired men and creative protests in Spain is the work mately, those behind the flamenco of flash mob flamenco with civic theatre women, passionately clapping and of Flo6x8 – Flo being short for Fla- group hope that their actions will in- space, Flo6x8 is expanding as well as dancing for their audience. But, as menco and 6x8 a much used rhyth- spire and encourage other Spaniards making better use of this space. By Case: flamenco expert Matthew Machin- mic pattern in flamenco music. By to use their voice – or body – to take a taking dance to sites that are not usu- Autenrieth points out, flamenco has a means of flamenco dance, music and stand against the banks, corporations ally locations for such performances, Flo6x8 lesser known side to it, “a side that is singing, the group aims to draw atten- and government, which they see as the group is expanding its arena of in ‘service’ of social activism and polit- tion to the mounting unemployment responsible for the crisis. action. Additionally, if one starts from ical protest, a side that attempts to re- rates, oppressive economic policies, the assumption that banks, cash sist power structures”. In fact, flamen- widespread government corruption, Inspiration points and government buildings are co has a long history of protest and and drastic rise in corporate control. What is particularly special about public spaces and, hence, already part activism, adding to the contemporary Most of the group’s performances Flo6x8 is how the group uses dance of the civic space, one could also say power of this dance form. It has al- take place in banks, cash points and and music as its mode of communi- the Flo6x8 dancers are simply making ways been the musical outlet of the even government buildings – places cation. It is often said that actions better use of the space already avail- poor and marginalized, including the that symbolize the subject of their speak louder than the words and, able to them. Organizations all over Roma and Andalusian regionalists, protest. In these places, the impact of for Flo6x8, this is most definitely the the world could translate this idea for who used the dance as a symbol of the dance is particularly powerful, be- case. Flamenco is a dance with sharp, use in their own context: they too can their region’s culture and their strug- cause bodily movement and people’s forceful and often aggressive move- find public places available for effec- gle for sovereignty. In recent years, ‘use of space’ is strictly organized and ments, capturing exactly the emo- tive, disruptive and yet peaceful flash the Spanish flash mob group Flo6x8 regulated there (people queue up, tions many Spaniards have about mob performances, even if these are has once again reignited the spirit of keep distance from the next client the crisis they are facing. Of course, currently subject to (unwritten) rules political Flamenco. and talk in discrete whispers). With putting those feelings and protests and regulations about their use. their passionate flamenco music and into words is also valuable, and the The Spanish debt crisis and protest dance Flo6x8 dancers disrupt this dance performances should not be dance structure and claim the space with seen as a substitute. Rather, they add Since 2008, the Spanish population body and sound, if only for a few min- another channel of communication, has increasingly suffered the conse- utes. further strengthening the message quences of the global financial crisis of protest. The disruptive, yet peace- and the collapse of the real estate bub- “[Flamenco] captures perfectly how ful quality of the Flo6x8 performances ble. In the aftermath, banks crumbled we feel about the crisis”, said one of is also inspiring. For the duration of under the weight of bad loans, one the dancers, who goes by the pseudo- their song and dance, the dancers in four Spaniards were unemployed, nym La Nina Ninja; “[Through flamen- bring business to a halt. However, in- and, by 2014, at least 95 families were co we] can express desperation, rage, stead of causing panic, anger or pro- evicted from their homes every day pain and the desire to change things”. voking a confrontation with the police, as they failed to meet mortgage pay- The continued success of Flo6x8 testi- the performances make bystanders ments. In response to this crisis, pub- fies to the fact that it is not only their smile, clap along or even join in the lic anger against state institutions and own desperation that the dancers dancing. Flo6x8 shows that there are banks has greatly intensified. To give are expressing: the Flo6x8 videos alternatives to riots and slander, and expression to this feeling, activists on YouTube are immensely popular that disruptive action can be peaceful across the country have found crea- among the millions of Spaniards who and even joyful, without losing mean- tive ways to protest against the injus- have been hit hard by the crisis and ing or power. tice and growing poverty. the majority of the Spanish public 52 53 Building safety

Protection

54 55 Protection Building safety

More inspiration

Human rights defenders all over the to achieve their goals, threats and Outside the digital realm, providing Protect Nature’s Protectors world are trying to promote social jus- persecution are also taking place on- protection to human rights defend- A Dutch initiative aimed at na- tice and human rights for all. In doing line. Consequently, initiatives have ers is also a major field of work for ture protectors across the globe; activities include awareness raising, so they are posing a threat to those emerged that focus specifically on CSOs. Programmes include provision training, legal assistance and emer- individuals, organizations, companies countering these threats. Organiza- of emergency funds, protective fel- gency relief and authorities that violate human tions have developed tools that en- lowships, training opportunities and http://www.beschermdenatuurbe- rights. Sadly, this means that human able human rights defenders to pro- guidelines for protection methods. schermer.nl/ rights defenders are often the sub- tect their data and communications, However, unfortunately, support is ject of reprisals. Ranging from public including encryption technology, not always sufficient. Even though Globaleaks Open-source free software intend- vilification and the hacking of online apps that guarantee online anonym- most organizations prioritize preven- ed to enable secure and anony- accounts, to direct threats, violent at- ity, and programmes that prevent the tion and support mechanisms over mous whistleblowing initiatives tacks, kidnapping and even murder, interception of communication. Addi- reactive strategies, sometimes the https://www.globaleaks.org/ the risks that human rights defenders tionally, there are platforms devoted situation for human rights defenders face are as varied as they are numer- entirely to online protection, such becomes so dangerous that offering a Dispatch An app that aims to minimise secu- ous. In response, many CSOs have de- as Security Without Borders (SWB), safe place of shelter is the only option rity risks for journalists by providing veloped initiatives that seek to offer which was co-founded by hacker and left. Safe houses have emerged every- secure communications and the human rights defenders spaces – dig- security researcher Claudio Guarni- where in the world, often in the form means to publish even if the Inter- ital or actual – that provide protection eri. Recognizing that civil society does of temporary stays in facilities outside net is blocked or unavailable, using a ‘sneaker-net’ feature from outside threats. not have the expertise required to ad- of the activists’ region, or even coun- Whistleblowers are a spe- https://dispatchapp.wpengine.com/ equately secure itself, SWB’s cyber ex- try, of residence. The Mesoamerican cial type of activist. Expos-

Because the people who expose cor- perts and hackers assist journalists, Initiative of Women Human Rights ing those who constitute a Cybersecurity for the People threat to justice, freedom ruption, fight human rights violations, human rights defenders, and NGOs Defenders (IM-Defensoras) (which is An online video guide with practi- and human rights often and strive for justice and democracy with cyber security issues. described on the following page) is cal advice for activists on how to comes with great risks. protect their privacy, including tips are increasingly using the Internet one such organization that provides Therefore, numerous on protecting mobile phones, safe safe houses. platforms have been communication, documenting the created specifically aimed event, and what to do in case of at protecting whistleblow- arrest ers. PPLAAF (Plateforme de https://theintercept. Protections des Lanceurs com/2017/04/21/cybersecurity-for- d’Alerte en Afrique) is one the-people-how-to-protect-your- such interesting platform. privacy-at-a-protest/ It provides a combination

of technical, legal, media

and advocacy assist- For more links to these and other ance, all adjusted to the projects visit specific needs of the https://thespindle.org/project/ whistleblower. trends-report/

56 57 Protection In addition to facing the same risks bers to indigenous women defending tempt on her life. She explains that movements. By connecting WHRDs as men, women human rights de- their land against illegal mining. What her work challenges “the interests of throughout Mesoamerica, IM-Defen- fenders (WHRDs) face additional risks they share, apart from their efforts to the new upper class, such as military soras has managed to do much more specific to their gender. When women defend their rights, are the challenges and paramilitary […] who became than simply form a network. What is Case: defend human rights they are often specific to their region. Tackling these rich in an illegitimate way thanks to truly inspiring about the organiza- perceived as challenging accepted challenges is a tall order for these (of- war profiteering”. Fortunately, Mak- tion’s work is that the network itself IM-Defensoras socio-cultural norms and traditions ten small) groups and organizations. rina could rely on the support of the has become a form of protection. about femininity and their role in so- By bringing them together, IM-Defen- broad IM-Defensoras network of fel- Those who have joined IM-Defensor- ciety. This also holds true in Mesoa- soras is enabling WHRDs to protect low WHRDs to help her move away as now have an enormous safety net merica, a region that faces a crisis of themselves and each other more ef- from the area where she had been at- of like-minded women to fall back on. violence and systematic human rights fectively. The IM-Defensoras network tacked. She found shelter in a Guate- “When something happens to one violations. Such violations often go now covers Mexico, Honduras, El Sal- malan safe house, where she stayed of us, it happens to all of us”, Gladys unpunished with the countries in the vador and Guatemala. In three of the for two months. This gave her the Lanza explained. Hence, the building regions all ranking high in the world- network countries – Mexico, El Salva- necessary time and safety to analyse and maintenance of safe houses is a wide impunity index (Mexico 2nd and dor and Guatemala – shelters have her situation and find a new place to joint effort, as are other activities and Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salva- been built for WHRDs. In these safe live, while staying part of the women’s campaigns that are part of IM-Defen- dor 6th, 7th and 8th, respectively). In houses, women who are threatened human rights struggle. soras’ holistic protection measures. a context where both violence and because of their activism can seek For organizations across the globe, impunity loom large, women are dis- refuge, meet like-minded women and Apart from the very real and practi- this example shows that if those re- proportionately affected and WHRDs, be temporarily away from their pre- cal assistance IM-Defensoras offers sponsible fail to provide safety, taking in particular, face stigmatization, carious situations. WHRDs in their safe houses, one of shared responsibility can go a long threats and assaults that remain un- its most important way towards providing protection. punished. Because state authorities Markina Gudiel Ãl- strengths lies else- Additionally, IM-Defensoras testifies are failing to protect them, WHRDs varez experienced where. As activist to the fact that protection does not in Mesoamerica have recognized the first-hand the Glady Lanza, who mean only physical protection. Yes, need to invest in self-care and wellbe- value of IM-Defen- recently passed Makrina Ãlvarez needed a safe place ing within their groups and organiza- soras. Her father, away, pointed out, to go, but what she also needed was tions. The Mesoamerican Initiative a UN-commended the organization support and people standing by her. of Women Human Rights Defenders mayor who had manages to foster More than anything, that is the type (IM-Defensoras) is taking heed of this been fighting cor- a great sense of of protection IM-Defensoras offers; call and developing holistic protection ruption and impunity in Guatemala, unity and solidarity among women. a kind of protection that many initia- measures throughout the region. was brutally murdered in December Inside, but also outside, the safe hous- tives could realize without a tremen- 2004 by supporters of the ousted es, IM-Defensoras makes WHRDs feel dous amount of resources. “I am very Safe houses dictatorial regime. Makrina, who had empowered, standing together and grateful”, says Lolita Chávez, another Founded in 2010, IM-Defensoras is been working as a councillor fight- protecting one another when others WHRD from Guatemala, “because, a network of over 350 local, regional ing corruption and seeking justice for have failed to do so. thanks to the strength that my sisters and international women’s rights her brother who had disappeared at from all over [Mesoamerica] have giv- groups in Mexico and Central Amer- the hands of that same regime, re- Inspiration en me, I believe in life”. ica. The initiative brings together a ceived numerous death threats, even In late 2014, IM-Defensoras received broad range of WHRDs – from jour- while she was attending the wake for the prestigious Letelier-Moffitt - Hu nalists to LGBT activists, from moth- her father. Not long after, in January man Rights Award, which celebrates ers pursuing justice for family mem- 2005, Makrina suffered an actual at- new champions of the human rights 58 59 Activism, artivism and the need to go beyond

A taste of civic power media, 6) education, 7) music, dance & the Sahel, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the a platform in which organizations can Girls taking selfies in teahouses in Pa- theatre, and 8) protection. These tac- Middle East. Second, the involvement learn from one another. As such, this kistan, women dancing the flamenco tics are continuously evolving. Some of the private sector in civic action, report serves as a kick-start for other in the banks and government offices of them are as old as human kind, either on its own or in partnerships crowdsourcing and joint-learning ef- of Spain, a group of Russians turning a such as the use of visual arts, music, with CSOs, grass-roots organizations forts, both online and offline, aimed cat into a token of democratic values, dance & theatre. Others are relatively or governments, is an area that has at exchanging experiences and assim- and artists creating a video projection new and typical of today’s globalized not been sufficiently covered. Third, ilating new ideas to more effectively of a protesting crowd in the heart of and digitalized world, such as the we have not included the role of trade defend and expand civic space. Ac- Paris. These people, so different and use of social media and crowdsourc- unions, despite their importance in tors, measures and structural forces far apart, would never have thought ing. They are, in other words, reflec- guaranteeing workers’ rights in an that limit civic space will continue to that they would appear in the same tions of the spirit of their time. Some era of economic and financial globali- emerge and evolve. Therefore, civil narrative or be seen as part of the of them are merely reactions to the zation. Finally, we have not included society’s job is to stand its ground and same community. And, yet, all the in- deliberate actions of agents, mostly examples of actions that arise from a give shape to this space – a job that spirational people, groups and organ- governments, but also others, limiting desperate need for resources. Lack of is never finished. Civil society must izations discussed in this report are civic space. Others unfold in response funding is a major obstacle for prac- be creative and innovative at all times manifestations of our human right to to structural forces in society, such as tically all CSOs, and even more for and adaptive to changing circum- mobilize and organize. All of them are globalization and religious oppres- grass-roots organizations. In search stances, in order to keep civic action standing up for a goal they believe in, sion. As times change, the tactics for of resources, creative activities have alive. to make the world a better and fairer civic action also change, and conse- emerged, including crowdfunding, place. quently, there is a need to expand the social entrepreneurship and partner- Activism, Artivism and Beyond is an stories we have presented here. ships with the private sector. Hence, attempt to foster such innovation. Activism, Artivism and Beyond gives an in updating this report, it will be What all of the examples in this report insight into the wealth of actions and All that remains worthwhile to expand its geographical share is passion, resilience, a desire tactics that, across centuries and cul- The key aim of this report is to gen- scope, to include a focus on actions to make the world better and, above tures, have served to defend, expand, erate new ideas to inspire readers. pursued or supported by the private all, a contagious energy. Be it online reclaim or redefine our civic space. Therefore, we have made a conscious sector and labour organizations, as or offline, large or small, global or -lo We have chosen to highlight a variety decision to steer clear of too much well as to include inspiring examples cal, all initiatives covered in this book of different and particularly inspiring theory and avoided trying to give a of how civil society is managing to are the outcome of people’s creativity initiatives to showcase the scope and complete overview of all of the types overcome financial constraints. and strength in the face of obstacles breadth of civic action taking place in of actions that are out there. Con- that limit their freedoms in some way. our world today. In particular, we have sequently, some issues remain that Standing together The power and energy that emanates showcased eight different tactics used warrant further exploration. For one, Network organizations like CIVICUS, from the stories told in this book by civil society to pursue its goals, some geographical areas have not Partos (including its innovation pro- show that people bounce back, stand namely: 1) visual arts, 2) crowdsourc- received the attention they deserve, gramme The Spindle) and The Broker together, and have the most brilliant ing, 3) humour & public shaming, 4) given current political circumstances, play a crucial role in showcasing ex- ideas, from which others can learn. transparency & fact-checking, 5) social including Central and Eastern Europe, amples of civic action and in offering

60 61 The many actions and initiatives dis- enables, limits and motivates actors alities and influence our actions, cussed in this report all seek to de- – whether or not they are conscious relations and decisions. The institu- fend, expand or make better use of of this motivation – to behave in spe- tional arrangements and ideological civic space. They are a response to cific ways. As the work of CIVICUS frameworks that people have drawn governmental repression, as exempli- shows, in many cases the behaviour up over time – including capitalism, fied by the women in Chile who made of individuals, organizations, private communism and our religious institu- Arpilleras to protest against state cor- corporations and government bodies tions – should also be seen as part of ruption; the ‘election’ of Barsik the – or agents – can have detrimental ef- this context. They too affect behav- cat in the poll for Mayor of Barnaul in fects on human rights and freedoms, iour and have proven to be strong West Siberia, and the Standing March thereby negatively affecting the civic motivations for human action. Given in Paris, which effectively circumvent- space. the multi-faceted nature of the struc- ed measures designed to restrict pro- ture on which societies are built, it is tests at the COP21. What the stories This chapter looks at the many barri- impossible to speak of simple cause in the preceding pages have shown is ers to civic action, starting with struc- and effect when discussing the notion that civic space is by no means only tural barriers, such as globalization of a ‘shrinking civic space’. Naturally, curtailed by governments. Other ac- and financialization. It then describes there are clearly identifiable actions tors, including private companies, can a number of practical measures and that place direct boundaries on the also have a negative impact on civic mechanisms (by agents), which form freedoms of civil society, but, on the space, as shown by the corruption in immediate and, at times, dramatic level of structure, the story is far less Honduras’ medicine industry. barriers for civil society: These include straightforward. One development (counter)terrorism, legal and financial that testifies to the complex and of- As well as the visible actions and barriers and limitations, censorship ten paradoxical impact of structural measures that trigger civic responses, and fake news, and bureaucracy and factors on civic space is globalization. more complex, structural forces are corruption. The examples that are in- often at work. These forces impact cluded are far from exhaustive, but Today, globalization is often referred upon society and, consequently, in- they do provide an indication of the to as one of the main drivers of so- fluence our civic space. The #Girls- variety and scope of barriers facing cietal change. Interestingly, the phe- Barriers to civic action AtDhabas campaign, for instance, activists. nomenon is found to have a para- challenges cultural norms that have doxical effect. That is, it contributes developed over the course of centu- Globalization and financialization to the shrinking as well as the expan- ries. The dancers of Flo6x8 are also The system that drives the way our sion of civic space. Globalization is addressing structural developments, society acts, connects and develops the process of increased interactions rather than specific triggers. Hence, consists of large-scale developments and connections between people the mechanisms affecting civic space like modernization, democratization, over the world. Aided by factors like are embedded in and motivated by urbanization and globalization. These international trade and technological the structural context. This context forces give direction to our daily re- advances – most particularly in terms

62 63 Barriers to civic action

of transportation and communication identities. It is, in other words, result- tions and (inter)dependencies; and agree with those in power. In many understandable in light of the horrors effective tools for actors seeking to – globalization appears to be an un- ing in more individualization, a weak- rising (global) financial inequality and cases, counterterrorism programmes the world has witnessed, the conse- put a stop to their activities. For gov- stoppable force that is resulting in a ening of meaningful connections and exclusion. As some of the examples in fail to clearly define words like ‘ex- quences of these states of emergency ernments, the recommendations so-called ‘hyper-connectedness’ and, a turning away from civil society. this report show (the Flo6x8 dancers tremism’, ‘radicalization’ and ‘terror- are far-reaching and greatly affect ba- of the Financial Action Task Force some even argue, a global civil soci- immediately spring to mind), these ism’. As such, these programmes sic human rights, as was highlighted (FATF), an inter-governmental body ety. The Internet is making the world Apart from the far-reaching social ef- trends have triggered civic activism in pave the way for governments to in the ‘Standing March’ example. that aims to combat money launder- ‘smaller’ and connecting actors from fects of globalization, it is also impor- multiple contexts. draft open-ended laws and expand ing and terrorism, are often used as all walks of life with one another; ini- tant to briefly discuss its economic their powers for, among other things, Legal and financial barriers justification for such measures. Anti- tiatives like WWF Climate Crowd and implications. Over the last few dec- (Counter)terrorism emergency surveillance, arrest and In addition to counterterrorist legis- money laundering measures based #GirlsatDhabas testify to this fact. ades, financial services (such as bank- When thinking of practical mecha- detention. lation, other measures are also pos- on FATF guidelines, for instance, From individual people, grass-roots ing, insurance, and investment serv- nisms that contribute to the shrinking ing threats to civil society. Laws that make it harder to transfer resources movements and CSOs, to govern- ices) have gained greater importance civic space, an obvious development In addition to such vague terminol- restrict the opportunities for CSOs to to NGOs in conflict areas. And, be- ments, private companies and ex- and caused a real transformation of is the explosive growth of security- ogy, the actual content of ‘protective organize and operate, or that even cause FATF advises countries to apply tremist groups, all actors are claiming the economic system. Studies show and counterterrorism measures. measures’ can severely limit civic shut down organizations entirely, ‘proportionate measures’ to protect their place in the virtual arena, where that this process, also referred to as Apart from these measures, interna- space and threaten a number of hu- have been implemented in a number organizations potentially vulnerable they can access more information financialization, has had a number of tional terrorism itself, and the fear of man rights, including protection from of countries. Those organizations to terrorist financing abuse, control and reach bigger audiences cheaper negative outcomes. Financialization terrorism, are already placing great torture and discrimination, freedom involved in advocacy and political over the funds that civil society can and faster than ever before. has been associated with increased limitations on civil society’s space for of expression, and the right to pri- reform have been particularly tar- receive has tightened dramatically. inequality, slower GDP growth, higher action. Because terrorism aims at the vacy. Much of the rights violations geted. Additionally, in response to However, although globalization is unemployment rates, increased vol- very destruction of human rights – and limits on civic action derive from the increase in large-scale protests Censorship and fake news incredibly valuable for civil society – umes of debt, and the emergence in particular the rights to life, liberty provisions that expand police or intel- across the globe, the intensity and The history of censorship dates back because it is opening up new and of- of the so-called ‘credit bubbles’. How and physical integrity – states across ligence powers in response to terror- number of measures to contain them to ancient times, as does the struggle ten virtual spaces – it can at the same this works exactly would involve a the globe have been adopting laws to ism-related cases. Such powers often has risen dramatically. In Egypt, for for freedom of expression. And, while time have the opposite effect. Glo- long and technical economic explana- protect their populations from harm impact on people’s right to privacy, as example, a harsh set of measures in ancient times censorship was seen balization can diminish meaningful tion, which is well beyond the scope and more effectively hunt down and they allow for the surveillance of indi- was adopted in 2013 giving Egyptian as an honourable task that served to connections and foster localization of this report. However, it is impor- punish (potential) terrorists. Natural- viduals without a court order and can authorities wide latitude to use force shape the character of the people, and individualization. Membership tant to understand that the combined ly, it is one of the key responsibilities be used to force Internet providers against demonstrators. As a result, nowadays it is generally regarded as of the ‘global society’ is not based on processes of globalization and finan- of the state to protect its citizens, but to hand over data on their users. In since then, hundreds of Egyptians a violation of freedom of expression. a strong sense of common culture, cialization have had consequences these protections can be dangerously many cases, the expansion of police have been arrested, wounded and Despite this shift, censorship contin- tradition, history or language. The that have greatly impacted upon peo- broad, vague and intrusive. or intelligence powers is done dur- even killed for participating in peace- ues to be pursued in practically all na- fluid and undefined community that ple’s lives and civil society including: ing a ‘state of emergency’. In recent ful demonstrations. tions and by a variety of methods and constitutes this global society does increasing dominance of the finan- Counterterrorism has grown to be- years, a number of countries, includ- actors, corresponding to the endless not offer ground for a strong collec- cial sector; mounting debt across the come an instrument of power that ing Egypt, Mali, France, Tunisia and Because CSOs are often dependent variety of ways in which people ex- tive identity. As such, globalization is globe; greater integration of different states employ, not only to attack ter- Turkey, have taken this measure in on external funding for their contin- press their opinions: newspapers are giving impetus to the desire of people national and international markets; rorists, but also to restrict civic space response to the threat of terrorist at- ued survival, measures that restrict shut down for exposing corrupt politi- to clearly define their own individual tighter international financial rela- and silence the critical voices that dis- tacks. While this type of reaction is access to resources are particularly cians, certain forms of art are made

64 65 Barriers to civic action

illegal because they do not comply political, economic, or a mixture of that truths that are ‘inconvenient’ to which makes them less effective and do not always have a clear conscience with religious rules, demonstrations both, the fact remains that the com- those in power – be they the govern- limits their time to undertake core either. In India, it was found that poor that challenge state authorities are pany never published Moore’s docu- ment, private companies or others – activities. In Venezuela, some have and excluded communities viewed prohibited, and artists are forced to mentary; a decision some regard as are replaced by more convenient in- even argued that bureaucracy is the civil society with suspicion, because cancel shows that are considered of- an attack on freedom of expression. formation. Cause for additional worry greatest barrier to social change, as it of its obvious acts of corruption and fensive to the state religion. Given the promise of huge revenue, is the fact that efforts against the makes productivity and efficiency for arbitrariness. the film was eventually published by spread of fake news are now leading organizations, movements and indi- Not only governments, but also the Lionsgate Films. Yet, this example to increased censorship. Many gov- vidual citizens practically impossible. private sector is at times guilty of il- does raise the question of how many ernments, for example, are exploring legitimate censorship. In 2004, for movies, less likely to yield such prof- legislation to make the spread of fake Often related to these bureaucratic example, the Walt Disney Company its, were never produced due to cor- news a criminal act. If put in practice, obstacles – whether deliberate or refused to produce and distribute porate censorship. this would mean that governments not – is corruption, a practice that the documentary by Michael Moore will be in charge of what is ‘accurate’ numerous organizations, including called Fahrenheit 9/11. The documen- Because the Internet offers people al- and what constitutes ‘truth’. Such a Transparency International, are seek- tary linked the then-president George most limitless opportunities to com- situation would greatly undermine ing to curb. Political leaders, compa- W. Bush to the family of Osama Bin municate, spread and receive infor- freedom of expression and Internet nies and civil society itself have all Laden and was very critical of the mation, the digital arena has become freedom. been guilty of corruption in a variety president’s actions prior to and im- a prime target for censorship. Such of contexts. Positions of power are mediately after the terrorist attacks censorship can take many forms, Bureaucracy and corruption abused to aid illicit financial outflows, on America on September 11. Former from shutting down particular web- Perhaps less deadly than police crack- extract resources, and steal and hide Disney CEO Michael Eisner argued sites to preventing Internet access downs on demonstrations, and not as vast amounts of wealth. In Guatema- that Disney did not want to be asso- altogether. The 2015 Freedom on the visibly infringing upon human rights, la, for instance, it was estimated that ciated with this controversial and po- Net Report by Freedom House found are bureaucratic arrangements. How- “some 30 per cent of the state budget litical film, because consumers would that “topics that attract most restric- ever, these can still be an enormous is lost to corruption”. Additionally, in not want Disney to take sides, but to tion are criticism of authorities, ex- obstacle for civil society. In the Civil many countries, ongoing corruption remain non-partisan. However, oth- posure of corruption, mobilisation of Society Europe Survey, respondents is causing natural devastation, posing ers pointed out that Disney’s censor- the public and social commentary”. pointed out that increased bureauc- a threat to peace and security, and ship had a very different motivation: racy and additional requirements for hampering the ability of governments According to the New York Times, In addition to restrictions, censor- registering associations, for example, to serve their citizens. However, cor- Disney regarded Moore’s documen- ship has increasingly taken a differ- make it harder for people – especial- ruption is by no means limited to tary as ‘bad for business’, because ent form, particularly online, for ex- ly those with a lower level of formal state institutions. Private companies the company feared losing the tax ample, the spread of so-called ‘fake education and poor access to infor- are often intimately involved in cor- breaks it received for its Florida news’. Although it is not an example mation – to establish an organization. ruption practices by state officials, as theme parks, where Jeb Bush – the of censorship in its ‘purest form’, fake Organizations that are already active well as having their own corruption president’s brother – was governor. news has become a powerful way to are often overwhelmed by the need schemes. While these systems greatly Whether Disney’s motivation was silence dissident voices and ensure to process a variety of documents, affect civil society, CSOs themselves

66 67 Definitions While we have tried to steer clear of technical jargon in this report, some civil society-related terminology has been used. Therefore, we offer a few words here by way of definitions.

Civil society Civic activism

As civil society across the globe is highly varied in its nature and composition, a When we think of civic activism, political activism is usually the first thing that multitude of definitions exist. For the purpose of this report the broad definition springs to mind. As Duncan Green, Oxfam GB’s Senior Strategic Adviser, points of civil society, as employed by CIVICUS is used: out in his latest book, How Change Happens, civic activism indeed includes, but is not limited to, political activism. He argues that a good definition would be any Civil society, in its broadest and simplest terms refers to “The arena – out- individual action with social consequences, many of which involve collective ac- side of the family, the state, and the market – which is created by individual tivity. In line with Green’s definition, at the heart of this report are (collective) ac- and collective actions, organizations and institutions to advance shared inter- tions with social impact, often with a political purpose. Examples of civic activism ests”. This formulation includes non-governmental organizations, private vol- described in this report have shown innovative ways to ensure that society and untary organisations, peoples’ movements, community-based organizations, its institutions respect people’s rights and meet their needs. At the same time, trade unions, charities, social and sports clubs, cooperatives, environmental again borrowing from Green’s work, the examples of civic activism are not only a groups, professional associations, consumer organizations, faith-based or- means, but also an end in themselves: a crucial kind of freedom that is continu- ganizations and the not for profit media, in the definition of civil society. ously under threat.

As this definition is still too broad for the scope of this report, an additional guid- ing principle is applied in the selection of civil society initiatives and organiza- tions. Only those actions and organizations that have purposes or values com- patible with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and are committed to the promotion and protection of these rights are included. Examples include: human Civic space rights organizations, development aid organizations (NGOs, associations), peace movements, pro-democracy movements. Civic space is not a space that can be seen or drawn on a map. It is, as Samuel Worthington so aptly described, “the ability for health clinics in Pakistan to oper- ate freely”, “the [opportunity] for humanitarians to rapidly deliver shelter in the Philippines”, and “the freedom for people-based organizations to fight for human rights”. Civic space, in other words, is the arena within which civil society can function. Its boundaries are defined by three fundamental rights: the right to as- sociation, the right to peaceful assembly, and the right to freedom of expression. If these rights are in some way threatened or taken away, the boundaries of civic space tighten and, consequently, the healthy functioning of civil society will be limited.

68 69 References

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