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THESE Etude Prospective De La Transition Énergétique Et L'impact

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THESE Etude Prospective De La Transition Énergétique Et L'impact République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla Faculté des Sciences Appliquées Département de Génie des Procédés THESE Pour l'obtention du diplôme de DOCTORAT ES-SCIENCES Spécialité: Génie des procédés Présentée par : RAHMOUNI Soumia Etude prospective de la transition énergétique et l'impact environnemental en Algérie Soutenue le : 17 /01 /2019 Devant le jury : Mr. Belkhir Negrou MCA Univ. Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla Président Mr. Abdelmadjid Atif MCA Univ. STHB, Alger Examinateur Mr. Mohammed Makhlouf Pr Univ. Djillali Liabès, Sidi Bel Abbès Examinateur Directeur de Mr. Noureddine Settou Pr Univ. Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla thèse Année universitaire : 2018/2019 À ma mère, à mon père, À mes sœurs et frères, À mon mari, À mon beau-frère, ma nièce et mon neveu, À tous mes amis. Remerciements Avant tout, je remercie ALLAH, le tout puissant, de m'avoir donné le courage et la volonté pour accomplir ce travail de recherche. Mes vifs remerciements vont d'abord à mon directeur de thèse, le professeur SETTOU Noureddine, pour leur suivi, soutien et conseils judicieux tout au long de cette thèse. Je remercie infiniment monsieur NEGROU Belkhir, maitre de conférence à l'université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, d'avoir fait l'honneur de présider mon jury de thèse. Mes meilleurs remerciements vont au monsieur ATIF Abdelmadjid, maitre de conférence à l'université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari-Boumédiène Alger, d'avoir accepter de rapporter ce travail de recherche. Mes remerciements vont également au professeur MAKHLOUF Mohamed, de l'université Djillali Liabès Sidi Bel Abbès, d'avoir accepter de faire partie du mon jury de thèse. Mes sincères reconnaissances à tous ceux qui m'ont aidé de prés ou de loin à réaliser ce travail. Sommaire Nomenclature I Liste des figures IV Liste des tableaux VIII Introduction générale 1 Chapitre 1 : Enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux 1. Introduction 5 2. Contexte énergétique mondial et continental : Les tendances générales 5 2.1. Réserves mondiales de combustibles fossiles 5 2.2. Production d'énergie primaire dans le monde 7 2.3. Demande énergétique mondiale 8 2.3.1. Consommation d'énergie primaire par forme d'énergie 9 2.3.2. Consommation d'énergie finale 9 2. 4. Les inégalités dans la consommation mondiale d'énergie 11 2.4.1. Consommation intérieure brute d'énergie par habitant 12 2.4.2. Intensités énergétiques 13 2.5. Impact climatique et l'acceptabilité des politiques énergétiques 14 2.5.1. Historique des négociations climatiques internationales 14 2.5.2. Accord de Paris 2015 (COP 21/CMP 11) 18 2.5.3. Conférence de Marrakech 2016 (COP 22/CMP 12/CMA1) 19 2.5.4. Suivi scientifique des négociations internationales sur le changement climatique 19 2.5.5. Emissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans le monde 23 2.6. Evolution de la demande énergétique mondiale: Perspectives à moyen et à long 26 terme 2.6.1. Projection de la population 26 2.6.2. Prévisions de BP, 2035 27 2.6.3. Prévisions de l'OPEP, 2040 28 2.6.4. Prévisions de l'AIE, 2040 30 2.7. Etat des énergies renouvelables dans le monde 31 2.7.1. Investissements mondiaux 32 3. Paysage énergétique algérien actuel 34 3.1. Réserves énergétiques des ressources fossiles 34 3.2. Production d'énergie primaire en Algérie 35 3.3. Consommation énergétique en Algérie 36 3.3.1. Consommation nationale par agrégats 36 3.3.2. Consommation d'énergie finale 38 3.4. Impact environnemental 40 3.4.1. Analyse du cadre institutionnel et réglementaire 40 3.4.2. Collaboration internationale importante 43 3.4.3. Programmes nationaux en matière de préservation de l'environnement 43 3.4.4. Inventaire national des gaz à effet de serre 44 3.4.5. Emissions sectorielles de CO2 dans l'atmosphère, en Algérie 45 4. Conclusion 46 Chapitre 2 : Transition énergétique : contexte, défis et possibilités 1. Introduction 48 2. L'indispensable de la transition énergétique 48 2.1. Qu'est-ce que la transition énergétique? 49 2.2. Concept de la transition énergétique dans l'histoire 49 3. Transition énergétique à travers le monde 50 3.1. Enjeux mondiaux de la transition énergétique 50 3.1.1. Enjeux environnementaux : Lutter contre le changement climatique 50 3.1.2. Enjeux énergétiques et économiques: Maîtriser la demande en énergie et 51 promouvoir l'efficacité énergétique 3.1.3. Enjeux sociétaux 52 3.2. Accords internationaux 53 3.2.1. Les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) 53 3.2.2. Accord de Paris sur le climat 53 3.2.3. Habitat III : Développement urbain durable 54 3.3. Expériences mondiales : Présentation de trajectoires de transition énergétique 54 3.3.1. En Europe 55 3.3.2. Au pays du Maghreb 57 3.3.3. Coopération internationale entre pays 59 3.4. Les signaux mondiaux de la transition énergétique 59 3.4.1. Croissance des énergies renouvelables 60 3.4.2. Chute des coûts des technologies solaires 60 3.4.3. Augmentation de nombre d'emplois dans les renouvelables 60 3.4.4. La Chine: le plus grand investisseur dans les énergies renouvelables 60 3.4.5. L'Afrique: le plus grand marché de solaire domestique hors réseaux 61 3.4.6. Déclin de l'industrie de charbon 61 3.4.7. Stagnation des émissions de CO2 62 3.4.8. Amélioration de l'intensité énergétique mondiale 62 3.4.9. Efficacité énergétique dans les transports 62 3.4.10. Réflexion sur l'énergie nucléaire 63 4. Pourquoi préparer l'après pétrole en Algérie? 63 4.1. Indicateurs socioéconomiques 63 4.1.1. Economie et population 64 4.1.2. Chute des cours des hydrocarbures 65 4.2. Indicateurs énergétiques à dimension macroéconomique 66 4.2.1. Taux de dépendance énergétique 66 4.2.2. Intensité énergétique primaire (IEP) 67 4.2.3. Intensité énergétique finale (IEF) 68 4.2.4. Ratio de la consommation d'énergie finale en énergie primaire 70 4.2.5. Intensité Carbone 71 4.3. Indicateurs de transformation d'énergie 72 4.3.1. Production d'électricité et la puissance installée 72 4.3.2. Facteur moyen des émissions de CO2 73 5. L'approche holistique de la transition énergétique en Algérie 74 5.1. Stratégie nationale d'efficacité énergétique et des énergies renouvelables 75 5.1.1. Programme National des Energies Renouvelables (PNER) : Promotion des 76 énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique 5.1.2. Programmes sectoriels d'efficacité énergétique 84 5.2. Le territoire au cœur de la transition énergétique : Schéma National 89 d'Aménagement du Territoire 2030 (SNAT) 5.2.1. Qu'est-ce que le SNAT? 90 5.2.2. Objectifs du SNAT 90 5.2.3. L'énergie un enjeu majeur pour le futur 92 5.2.4. Scénario pour l'Algérie de demain 92 5.2.5. Bilan de réalisation et l'actualisation du SNAT 93 6. Politique environnementale et écologique algérienne 94 6.1. Plan National d'action pour l'environnement et le développement durable (PNAE- 95 DD) 6.1.1. Programme national de gestion des déchets solides municipaux (PROGDEM) 96 6.1.2. Plan national de gestion des déchets spéciaux (PNAGDES) 96 6.2. Plan National Climat (PNC) 97 6.3. Plan National de l'Eau (PNE) 98 6.3.1. Actualisation du PNE à horizon 2030 98 6.3.2. Plan d'action du programme quinquennal 2015-2019 99 6.4. Stratégie et plan d'actions nationaux pour la biodiversité (SPANB) 100 6.4.1. La vision de la SPANB 101 7. L'option gaz de schiste et nucléaire pour la transition énergétique 101 7.1. Les hydrocarbures de schiste 102 7.2. Le nucléaire 102 8. Les mesures de financement de la transition énergétique en Algérie : Fonds 103 nationaux 8.1. Le Fonds National des Energies Renouvelables et Cogénération (FNERC) 104 8.2. Le Fonds national pour la maîtrise de l'énergie (FNME) 105 8.3. Le Fonds National de l'Environnement et la Dépollution (FEDEP) 106 8.4. Le Fonds National pour la Biodiversité (FNB) 106 9. Les instruments de la mise en œuvre des programmes nationaux pour la transition 107 énergétique 9.1. Contribution Provisoire Déterminé National (CPDN) (2016-2030) 107 9.2. Plan National d'Action de l'Algérie sur les Modes de Consommation et de 108 Production Durables (PNA-MCPD) (2016-2030) 9.3. Nouveau Modèle de la Croissance Economique (NMCE) (2016-2030) 109 10. Conclusion 110 Chapitre 3 : L'hydrogène : Vecteur de la transition énergétique et de la protection d'environnement 1. Introduction 113 2. Pourquoi développer un nouveau vecteur énergétique ? 113 2.1. Modes de production de l'hydrogène 114 2.1.1. Vaporeformage du gaz naturel 115 2.1.2. Electrolyse de l'eau 115 2.1.3. Les procédés thermochimiques de gazéification 115 2.1.4. Par photosynthèse 115 2.2. Stockage de l'hydrogène 116 2.2.1. Stockage à haute pression sous forme gazeuse 116 2.2.2. Stockage à très basse température sous forme liquide 116 2.2.3. Stockage à base d'hydrures sous forme solide 117 2.3. Transport et distribution 117 2.3.1. Transport par canalisation 117 2.3.2. Transport ferroviaire 118 2.3.3. Transport maritime 118 2.3.4. Transport routier 118 2.4. L'hydrogène renouvelable : Applications variées 119 2.4.1. Stocker et valoriser les énergies renouvelables 119 2.4.2. Power to Mobility : Développer la mobilité hydrogène 119 2.4.3. Power-to-gas : Conversion de l'électricité en gaz 120 3. Potentiel d'hydrogène renouvelable à travers le monde 120 4.
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