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Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications: Proceedings for the First International Workshop Menlo Park, California, U.S.A.—September 18 to 19, 2007

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Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications: Proceedings for the First International Workshop Menlo Park, California, U.S.A.—September 18 to 19, 2007 Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications: Proceedings for the First International Workshop Menlo Park, California, U.S.A.—September 18 to 19, 2007 Compiled and Edited by W.H.K. Lee, M. Çelebi, M.I. Todorovska, and M.F. Diggles, with contributions from Group Leaders: J.R. Evans, H. Igel, L. Knopoff, T.L. Teng, and M D. Trifunac, and many participants. Open-File Report 2007-1144 (version 2.0) October 22, 2007 Figure 1. Rotation of the monument to George Inglis (erected in 1850 at Chatak, India) was observed by Oldham (1899) after the 1897 Great Shillong earthquake of 1897. This monument had the form of an obelisk rising over 60 feet high from a base of 12 square feet. During the earthquake, the topmost 6-foot section was broken off and fell to the south and the next 9-foot section was thrown to the east. The rotated remnant is about 20 feet in length [Photo from Oldham, R.D. (1899): Report on the Great Earthquake of 12th June 1897. Mem. Geol. Survey India, vol. 29.] U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2007 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Lee, W.H.K., M. Celebi, M.I. Todorovska, and M.F. Diggles, 2007. Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications: Proceedings for the First International Workshop, Menlo Park, California, U.S.A.—September 18 to 19, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1144, 46 p. [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1144/]. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. 2 Contents Executive Summary......................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Rotational Motions in Seismology and Earthquake Engineering............................ 6 1.2 Growing Interests and Formation of the International Working Group on Rotational Seismology (IWGoRS) ................................................................................. 7 2. Organization of the 2007 Workshop ......................................................................... 8 3. Technical Program of the Workshop ........................................................................ 9 4. Group Discussions on Key Issues and Future Directions................................... 11 4.1 Panel Discussions................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Other Discussions .................................................................................................. 12 5. Recommendations and Conclusion ........................................................................ 13 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ 15 References ...................................................................................................................... 15 Appendix 1. Workshop Technical Program .............................................................. 18 General Session: Tuesday Morning, 18 September 2007............................................ 18 Oral Session: Tuesday Afternoon, 18 September 2007............................................... 18 Poster Session: Wednesday Morning, 19 September 2007 ......................................... 19 Key Issues and Future Research Plans: Wednesday Afternoon, 19 September 2007 . 21 Post-Workshop Special Session with LIGO Physicists: Thursday Morning, 20 September 2007 ............................................................................................................ 21 Appendix 2. Summaries from Group Discussions ................................................... 22 Appendix 2.1 Future Directions in Theoretical Studies of Rotational Motions .......... 22 Appendix 2.2 Future Directions in Measuring Far-Field Rotational Motions............. 26 Appendix 2.3 Future Directions in Measuring Near-Field Rotational Motions .......... 28 Appendix 2.4 Future Directions in Engineering Applications of Rotational Motions 31 Appendix 2.5 Future Directions in Design and Testing Rotational Sensors ............... 36 Appendix 3. Contents of the Workshop DVD Disc.................................................... 40 Appendix 4. List of Workshop Participants ............................................................... 41 3 Executive Summary The First International Workshop on Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications was held in Menlo Park, California, on 18–19 September 2007, as one of the activities of the International Working Group on Rotational Seismology. This workshop was hosted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), which recognized this topic as a new research frontier enabling better understanding of the earthquake processes and reduction of seismic hazards. The technical program consisted of three presentation sessions: plenary and oral, held during the first day, and poster, held during the second day, followed by discussions. A post-workshop session was held the following day in which scientists of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) presented their work on seismic isolation of their ultra-high precision facility, which requires very accurate recording of translational and rotational components of ground motions. The Workshop began with the plenary session, held in the morning of 18 September at the USGS campus, in which three lectures were presented for the general audience. William H. K. Lee of the USGS summarized recent observations of rotational ground motions from local earthquakes in Taiwan. Mihailo Trifunac of the University of Southern California lectured on rotations in structural responses. Heiner Igel of the University of Munich presented observations of rotational ground motions of earthquakes in the far-field using ring laser gyros. About 100 individuals attended this session. The Workshop then moved to the nearby Vallombrosa Center for in-depth presentations and discussions among 63 participants. Five oral presentations were given in the afternoon on major areas of research on rotational seismology and engineering issues. The morning session of the following day, 19 September, was devoted to 30 posters covering a wide range of topics, including large block rotations in geological time scale, rotations of monuments after earthquakes, and theories, instruments, observations, and analyses of rotational motions. In the early afternoon of 19 September, participants were divided into five panels for in- depth discussions: (1) theory, (2) far-field, (3) near-field, (4) engineering applications, and (5) instrument design and testing. This was followed by a general discussion in which the panel leaders summarized the group discussions on the key issues and future research directions. It was concluded that collaborative work is essential for nurturing this new field of inquiry, and that there are many opportunities for collaborative work across institutions, nations, and disciplines. The panel reports, and proposed future directions and research plans are described in detail in this Report, and the accompanying Workshop DVD disc contains all the presentation files and supporting materials. In recognizing this emerging new field, the Seismological Society of America approved on 31 August 2007, the publication of a special issue on Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications in their Bulletin, under the guest editorship of W.H.K. Lee, M. Celebi, M.I. Todorovska, and H. Igel, to appear in May, 2009. 4 1. Introduction The foundation of seismology is based on the linear elasticity theory of simple homogeneous materials under infinitesimal strain. This theory was mostly developed in the early nineteenth century: the differential equations of the linear elastic theory were first derived by Louis Navier in 1821, and Augustin Cauchy gave his formulation in 1822 that remains virtually unchanged to the present day (Sokolnikoff, 1956). From this theory, Simeon Poisson demonstrated in 1828 the existence of longitudinal and transverse elastic waves, and in 1885 Lord Rayleigh, the existence of elastic surface waves. In 1897, Richard Oldham first identified these three types of waves in seismograms, and the linear elasticity theory has been embedded in seismology ever since. Seismology is based primarily on the observation and modeling of three-component translational ground motions. Although effects of rotational motions due to earthquakes have long been observed (e.g., Mallet, 1862), Richter (1958, p. 213) stated that: “Perfectly general motion would also involve rotations about three perpendicular axes, and three more instruments for these. Theory indicates, and observation confirms, that such rotations are negligible.” However, Richter provided no references for this claim, and the available instruments at that time did not have the sensitivity to measure
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