Perspectives on Pests
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DFID CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Perspectives on pests Achievements of research under the UK Department for International Development's Crop Protection Programme, 19962000 Edited by Anne Sweetmore, George Rothschild and Simon Eden-Green Natural Resources International Limited i DFID CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Department for International Development The Department for International Development (DFID) is the UK government department responsible for promoting development and the reduction of poverty. The policy of the Government was set out in the White Paper on International Development published in November 1997. The central focus of the policy is a commitment to the internationally agreed target to halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by 2015, together with associated targets including basic healthcare provision and universal access to primary education by the same date. The renewable natural resources (RNR) research strategy funded by DFIDs Rural Livelihoods Department (RLD) has the primary purpose of generating benefits for poor people by applying new knowledge in natural resources systems. The bilateral component of the strategy is organised as eleven research programmes, the largest of which is the Crop Protection Programme (CPP). The CPP is managed by Natural Resources International Limited (NRIL). Natural Resources International Limited NRIL specialises in managing programmes and projects in the natural resources, environmental and rural development sectors, as well as in such cross-cutting areas as institutional development. The company is owned by the University of Greenwich, the University of Edinburgh and Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London (incorporating Wye College), and draws on the expertise of these and other institutions, both in the UK and overseas. In addition to the Crop Protection Programme, NRIL also manages the Crop Post-Harvest, Livestock Production, Forestry and Post-Harvest Fisheries research programmes on behalf of DFID. Ó Natural Resources International Limited, 2001 Short extracts of material from this publication may be reproduced in any non-advertising, non-profit-making context provided the source is acknowledged as: SWEETMORE, A., ROTHSCHILD, G. and EDEN-GREEN, S.J. (Eds) (2001) Perspectives on Pests: Achievements of Research under the UK Department for International Development's Crop Protection Programme, 19962000. Natural Resources International Limited, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, UK.140 pp. CD-ROM of selected CPP/IPMSA publications, 19892001 ISBN 0-9539274-1-5 Permission for commercial reproduction should be sought from: The Research Dissemination and Promotion Manager Natural Resources International Limited Pembroke Chatham Maritime Chatham Kent ME4 4NN UK Tel: +44 (0) 1634 883542 Fax: +44 (0) 1634 883937 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nrinternational.co.uk Typeset by: Anne Sweetmore Publishing Services, Witney, Oxon, UK Printed by: Pragati Offset Private Limited (www.pragati.com) Cover design: Medway Design Team, University of Greenwich Database software programming: SADs Limited, Maidstone, Kent ii DFID CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Contents Page Preface v Pests and poverty: the continuing need for crop protection research vii Integrating crop protection research and sustainable livelihoods xi Crop protection and the environment xiii Africa Improved methods for the management of Striga: nitrogen, tolerance, screening and cultural practice R6921 1 Integrated control of Striga in Tanzania R6654 2 Moisture conservation through improved weed management in conservation tillage systems R6655 4 Control of water hyacinth in the Shire River, Malawi R6392 7 Improving the health of seed yams in West Africa R5735, R6691 8 Characterization of sweet potato and cassava virus diseases R6617 10 Management of cassava virus diseases in southern Tanzania R6765 13 Control of African cassava mosaic disease R6614 15 Functional diversity of Phaseolus bean mixtures in East Africa R6651 18 Development of integrated management strategies for termites in maize-based smallholder cropping systems in Uganda R6653 20 Development of strategies for maize streak virus disease R6642 21 An investigation into the biology, epidemiology and management of finger millet blast in low- input farming systems in East Africa R6733 24 Groundnut rosette disease epidemiology R6811 27 Molecular and biochemical techniques for detection and identification of Ralstonia solanacearum and other plant-pathogenic bacteria R6520 29 Investigation of banana leaf speckle in Africa R6794 31 Adaptation of novel techniques for detection of fungi causing fusarium wilt and Sigatoka leaf spots of banana and plantain R6006/7, R6692 32 Epidemiology of rice yellow mottle virus disease in rice farming systems in Tanzania R6763 35 Epidemiology and crop loss assessment of rice nematodes in West Africa R6009, R6658 38 Optimizing insecticide barriers for locust control R7065 40 Field demonstration of vertical-looking radar as a cost-effective, automatic monitor of desert locust migration R5445 42 Identification of the factors which lead to changes in desert locust populations at the beginning and end of recession periods R6822 43 Statistical analyses of desert locust movements R6809 44 Models of Quelea movements and improved control strategies R6823 45 Detection of phytoplasmas in putative insect vectors of Cape St Paul wilt disease of coconut in Ghana R6521 46 Evaluation of the significance and potential for control of mistletoe in cocoa and citrus R6656 47 Development and evaluation of a pilot field handbook on natural enemies of vegetable pests in Kenya and Zimbabwe R7266 48 IPM of vegetables in Ghana R6657 49 Pest management in horticultural crops: integrating sustainable pesticide use into biocontrol- based peri-urban production systems in Kenya R6616 50 Investigation of biorational methods for control of insect pests of vegetables in Kenya R6615 53 Development of pheromone traps for monitoring the legume podborer Maruca testulalis (M. vitrata) R6659 56 Development of coffee IPM components in Kenya R6782 59 Integrated management of the fusarium wilt/root-knot nematode complex on cotton R6761 60 Assessment of major soilborne pests of the multi-purpose agroforestry tree Sesbania sesban, and the development of IPM strategies R6736 63 Asia Development of appropriate management systems for hymenomycete disease of perennial crops R6628 66 Coconut diseases of uncertain etiology R6604 68 Development of pheromones for management of coconut pests in Sri Lanka R6929 71 Continued... iii DFID CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Page Nematode resistance in bananas R6391 72 Identification, vector relationships, epidemiology and control of virus and bacterial diseases of banana R6579 74 Investigation of the Rhizoctonia sheath disease complex in rice R6643 77 Epidemiology and management of rice tungro virus disease R6519 80 Application of mating disruption to control yellow rice stem borer in India R6739 83 The PakistanUK fruit fly project R6924, R7447 86 Sustainable management of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) on tomato in India R6627 88 Use of insect viruses to control Helicoverpa R5540, R7004 91 Detection, identification and epidemiology of mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) associated with little leaf of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) R5881, R5885 94 Sustainable insect pest management in Indian cotton R6734, R6760 95 Use of pheromones in insect pest management on cotton R5272 98 A biocontrol strategy for management of the alien perennial weed Mikania micrantha in tree crop-based farming systems in India R6735 100 Other locations Pest constraints affecting tree crops in Bolivia R6820 103 Improved ecological and economic recommendations for the control of Hypothenemus hampei in coffee in Mexico R6812 104 Development of an integrated management strategy for itchgrass in maize-based cropping systems in selected areas of Latin America R6690 105 Management of herbicide-resistant weeds of rice in Bolivia, Mexico and Central America R6652, R6793 108 Improved monitoring of conventional and microbial pest management sprays R6620 110 Acronyms and abbreviations 111 Project list 19962000 113 Addresses of main participating institutions 120 Perspectives on Pests Bibliography A compilation on CD-ROM of selected publications produced by the Crop Protection inside back Programme and its predecessor, the Integrated Pest Management Strategy Area, 19892001 cover iv DFID CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMME Preface In order to help define strategic priorities for generation of new knowledge, the then UK Overseas Development Adminis- tration (ODA; now Department for International Development, DFID) implemented a Renewable Natural Resources Research Strategy in 1989. Reduction in loss and damage caused by pests was a major element of this strategy, reflecting the long tradition of experience and expertise in this area established by UK development programmes since colonial times. Work on crop protection was coordinated under the Integrated Pest Management Strategy Area (IPMSA) and management was delegated to the ODAs executive agency, the Natural Resources Institute (NRI). The IPMSA1 continued until 1995 when a major revision of the Research Strategy was published as what became popularly known as The Yellow Brick, on account of its size and the colour of its covers. This established a framework of six Production Systems, corresponding to agro-ecological zones or cropping systems, and sought to guide and