2018 年全球新药研发报告——第2 部分: 趋势与挑战(Ⅴ) Areport Of

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2018 年全球新药研发报告——第2 部分: 趋势与挑战(Ⅴ) Areport Of 701 715 PROGRESS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019,43 (9):701-715 701 ·全球药讯· GLOBAL PHARMACEUTICAL INFORMATION 编者按 :本刊于 2013—2018 年连续 6 年分期译载了科睿唯安(原汤森路透公司)独家授权的“全球新药研发报告”,该报告一经刊出, 就因内容全面、资料权威、视角独到、数据翔实、时效性强广受好评。读者纷纷来函索要单行本,众多药企高层对该报告也高度关注。 本期“全球药讯”栏目继续刊登由科睿唯安独家授权的“2018 年全球新药研发报告”(Ⅴ)。相信会为广大读者提供翔实、 及时的行业资讯,为启迪研发思路、锁定研发管线助一臂之力! 2018 年全球新药研发报告——第 2 部分: 趋势与挑战(Ⅴ) Graul A I, Dulsat C, Pina P, Cruces E, Tracy M ( 科睿唯安 ) [摘要] 从制药产业的全局着眼,重点探讨 2018 年那些最令人瞩目的事件,包括埃博拉疫情在刚果的大规模持续性爆发,基因编辑 技术 CRISPR 的潜在应用及滥用等。与往年一样,报告还将继续回顾孤儿药的开发情况,新的监管支持政策,如欧盟的优先药物制 度(PRIME)和日本的 Sakigake 制度,企业研发管线的损耗,以及值得关注的制药 / 生物技术公司的兼并与收购。最后,报告还对 2019 年即将获批的新药进行了预测。 [ 关键词 ] CRISPR-Cas9;埃博拉;孤儿药;Sakigake;优先药物制度;兼并与收购;研发管线 [ 中图分类号 ] R97 [ 文献标志码 ] A [ 文章编号 ] 1001-5094(2019)09-0701-15 A Report of New Drugs Research and Development in 2018—Part II: Trends and Challenges (V) Graul A I, Dulsat C, Pina P, Cruces E, Tracy M (Clarivate Analytics) [Abstract] This eagle’s-eye overview of the drug industry in 2018 provides insight into some of last year’s top stories, including a large and still growing outbreak of Ebola in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the potential uses (and abuses) of CRISPR technology. As in previous years, we also review orphan drug development, new regulatory agency- supported programs such as Priority Medicines Scheme (PRIME) and Sakigake, pipeline attrition, and pharma/biotech mergers and acquisitions of note. Finally, we take a glimpse into the crystal ball to anticipate the new drugs that will be approved in 2019. [Key words] CRISPR-Cas9 ; Ebola ; orphan drug; Sakigake ; PRIME; mergers and acquisitions; pipeline (接 2019 年第 8 期) 药物研发产业的发展。 1 引言 在 2018 年全球新药研发报告的第 2 部分,我们 2 CRISPR 技术最受关注 将提炼出刚刚过去的 2018 年中最具影响力的热点事 2018 年 11 月,中国研究者贺建奎声称其已使 件与发展趋势,并通过对此概括,来评估这些事件 用成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)-Cas9 中短期内对产业发展所起到的影响。尽管在快速发 技术对一对双胞胎女婴进行了 DNA 编辑,该消息 展的当下,很难确定哪些事件彼此相关,但在本报 一经发布震惊世界,并且受到了来自各方的强烈谴 告中我们仍可总结出以下事件将在未来数年中驱动 责,因为几乎所有的科学家都认为 CRISPR-Cas9 技 2019 年 9 月 第 43 卷 第 9 期 Prog Pharm Sci Sep. 2019 Vol. 43 No. 9 702 Graul A I,等:2018 年全球新药研发报告——第 2 部分:趋势与挑战(Ⅴ) 术仍是一种实验性工具 [1]。贺建奎从南方科技大学 细菌防御系统,随后被用作治疗人类疾病的有力工 的研究岗位上离职时表示,他曾用 CRISPR 技术修 具 [2]。CRISPR 序列是在细菌和其他微生物的基因 改了 2 个胚胎的 CCR5 基因(该基因编码的蛋白是 组中发现的短的部分回文的重复 DNA 序列。这些 一些常见的 HIV 病毒入侵免疫细胞的辅助受体), 序列对于原核生物适应性免疫和防御外来遗传物质 并将修改基因后的胚胎植入到一名女性体内,其最 (即侵入的噬菌体或病毒)是至关重要的。一旦细 终顺利分娩生下一对双胞胎。虽然有报道称这对双 菌细胞被病毒感染,CRISPR 免疫系统可以破坏入 胞胎父亲的 HIV 呈阳性,但这种技术在人类中任何 侵病毒的基因组,从而保护细菌免受病毒感染。作 形式的应用都存在着巨大的伦理争议,而且对于这 为基因编辑技术,DNA 的 CRISPR 序列及其相关 种已被证实存在其他疗法的疾病来说,这种争议更 蛋白可用于编辑一条基因的碱基对,并选择性地沉 为严重,该事件的道德层面问题已被多方广泛讨论, 默该基因。CRISPR 也可用于创建人类细胞疾病模 包括是否可以在不违反隐私的情况下证实贺建奎的 型。例如,应用于诱导多能干细胞的 CRISPR 可以 研究。然而,此次事件已经成功地将人们的注意力 在与疾病相关的基因中靶向性地引入突变 [3]。基于 集中到了 CRISPR 这项新技术,该技术确实在治疗 CRISPR 的疗法正在发展过程中,可用于治疗罕见 严重的、无法治愈的疾病方面具有广阔的应用前景。 的遗传性疾病,例如镰状细胞贫血、杜兴氏肌营养 RNA 引导的核酸酶系统 CRISPR 最初被鉴定为 不良症、癌症等(见表 1)。 表 1 基于 CRISPR 技术的处于临床前或临床阶段的产品 Table 1 CRISPR-based therapeutics under active preclinical and clinical development 产品名称及描述 研发机构 适应证或适用人群 开发状态 CTX-001(自体 CRISPR-Cas9 修饰的 + CRISPR Therapeutics/ Vertex 镰状细胞性贫血,β-地中海贫血 Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床 CD34 人造血干细胞和祖细胞) 具有 CRISPR 编辑的内生 TCR 和 PD-1 的 CSL/Ludwig Institute for Cancer 癌症 Ⅰ期临床 NY-ESO-1 重定向的自体 T 细胞 Research 利用 CRISPR-Cas9 改造的靶向 CCR5 基因、 + 中国人民解放军第三〇七医院 患有血液系统恶性肿瘤的 HIV 阳性患者 临床阶段 同种异体的 CD34 人造血干细胞 / 祖细胞 (基于 技术的基因组编 EDIT-101 CRISPR 先天性黑矇 型 申报 辑疗法) Editas Medicine Leber 10 IND AAV-Dmd CRISPR 哈佛医学院 杜兴氏肌营养不良症 临床前 AAV9-Cas9 followed by AAV9-sgRNA-51 U 得克萨斯大学 杜兴氏肌营养不良症 临床前 ABO-302 Abeona Therapeutics 罕见的血液病 临床前 (抑制 基因表达的 RB-1916 PD-1 CAR-T 弥漫性大 细胞淋巴瘤 临床前 细胞疗法) Refuge Biotechnologies B 资料来源:Clarivate Analytics Integrity 在这些技术中最先进的是基因的体外操作。例 在这些细胞上 CRISPR 能有效发挥作用,如 Editas 如 CTX 001,是先分离出患者自身的血液干细胞, Medicine 公司的 EDIT-101,这是一种用于遗传性 用 CRISPR-Cas9 技术编辑这些干细胞以增加胎儿 视网膜疾病 Leber 先天性黑矇 10 型(LCA10,儿 血红蛋白(HbF)的表达,再将编辑后的干细胞输 童失明的主要原因)的潜在疗法,EDIT-101 计划 回患者体内。当然,也有直接作用于疾病细胞的, 在 2019 年下半年进入Ⅰ / Ⅱ期临床试验。此外, Prog Pharm Sci Sep. 2019 Vol. 43 No. 9 2019 年 9 月 第 43 卷 第 9 期 Graul A I,等:2018 年全球新药研发报告——第 2 部分:趋势与挑战(Ⅴ) 703 另一个早期产品RB-1916 是使用“dead”Cas9 止,受试者已经接受了 MAb-114 和 remdesivir 治疗, (dCas9)作为靶向机制,以实现精确的基因特异性 而REGN EB3也将按照计划加入到该临床试验当中 [7]。 激活(CRISPRa)和基因特异性干扰(CRISPRi), WHO 分管应急响应的副总干事彼得 • 萨拉马博士 Refuge Biotechnologies 将此产品及相关的细胞治疗 曾预测说,尽管存在这些治疗方法,疫情可能还会 产品设计为仅在肿瘤细胞表面发现特定识别物时才 持续 6 个月。 激活 CRISPRa/CRISPRi。 一方面,对感染患者的治疗非常重要,而另一 方面,接种疫苗也是阻止疫情进一步蔓延的关键。 3 刚果爆发埃博拉疫情 2018 年中国政府开始储备由生物医学工程研究所、 根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的报告,埃博拉 军事医学科学院和天津康希诺生物技术有限公司联 病毒是2019年全球最主要的十大健康威胁之一 [4]。 合开发的一种新型埃博拉疫苗。这款被命名为 Ad5- 2018 年刚果民主共和国(DRC)接连爆发了 2 次 EBOV 的疫苗,由重组 E1 和 E3 缺失的腺病毒 5 型 病毒性出血病,其中之一还在蔓延。值得关注的是, 载体组成,该载体编码埃博拉病毒 Zaire 2014 株的 疫情已经影响到了人口超过 100 万的城市地区,此 糖蛋白。与国外研制的液体剂型埃博拉疫苗相比, 外,疫情还蔓延到了一个活跃的军事冲突地区。然 中国研制的冻干型埃博拉疫苗具有更高的稳定性, 而,直到 2018 年,医疗工作者才首次得以配备有 更适合在非洲等高温地区进行运输和使用。这是自 效的药物和疫苗来抗击埃博拉病毒 [5]。如果没有这 2013 年西非爆发埃博拉疫情以来,第 2 个获批上 些药物和疫苗(其中大部分是在 2014—2016 年西 市的埃博拉疫苗。第 1 个是 2015 年俄罗斯开发的 非疫情爆发期间开发的),感染患者数量和死亡人 Gam Evac Combi。然 而 ,这 2 种疫苗均未在刚果使用, 数可能会更多(2019 年 2 月 6 日确认分别为 791 此次使用的是默克公司研发的 rVSV-ZEBOV。根据 和 492 人)。 刚果卫生部的统计数据,2018 年 8 月至 2019 年 1 2018 年 6 月,WHO 宣布,刚果伦理委员会 月期间,有超过 61 200 人接种了该疫苗。2018 年 首次批准使用 5 种研究性疗法来治疗埃博拉病毒 11 月,默克公司宣布已开始向美国 FDA 提交 V920 感染,该批准是基于 WHO 的 2016 年人道主义条 (rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP,减毒活疫苗)的滚动生物 款,对未经注册或实验性干预措施可在紧急情况 制品许可证申请(BLA),预计将于 2019 年完成全 和有监测的情况下进行使用(简称 MEURI)。 部提交。如表 2 所示,埃博拉病毒治疗药物和疫苗 获批的 5 种药物分别为单克隆抗体联用 ZMapp 产品的研发管线首次变得如此丰富。 (larcaviximab/cosfroviximab/porgaviximab)、 Regeneron 公司的单克隆抗体组合REGN-EB3 4 孤儿药获得持续关注 (REGN-3470/REGN 3471/REGN-3479)、美国国 多年来,Drugs of Today 对孤儿药的发展趋 立卫生研究院(NIH)研发的 MAb-114,以及抗病 势进行了持续报道,在此期间罕见疾病的新疗法 毒药物favipiravir 和 remdesivir[5-6]。同年11 月, 也数量激增。自 1983 年美国国会通过《孤儿药法 一项Ⅱ / Ⅲ期临床试验开始招募受试者测试 4 种治 案》以来,美国已经批准了 500 多种孤儿药 [8], 疗方案(临床试验识别码:NCT03719586),该 仅 2018 年当年就批准了 90 种。虽然这其中有部 随机对照的临床试验在刚果埃博拉治疗中心开展, 分药物早前已获批上市用于其他适应证,但还是有 试验招募所有年龄段的 EVD 确诊患者,试验旨在 相当数量的新药首次获批用于罕见病。根据艾昆纬 对比接受 3 种抗埃博拉病毒在研药物(MAb-114、 (IQVIA)的研究数据,从 1983 年至 2018 年 8 月 remdesivir 或 REGN-EB3)之一治疗的患者与接受 批准的 503 种孤儿药,其中有 78% 的药物获批仅 ZMapp 治疗的对照组患者的死亡率。2019 年 1 月, 用于罕见病,剩余 22% 的药物除用于罕见病治疗 WHO 公布了该临床试验的最新情况,称到目前为 外,也获批用于非罕见病。 2019 年 9 月 第 43 卷 第 9 期 Prog Pharm Sci Sep. 2019 Vol. 43 No. 9 704 Graul A I,等:2018 年全球新药研发报告——第 2 部分:趋势与挑战(Ⅴ) 表 2 处于临床阶段的用于治疗和预防埃博拉病毒的代表性药物和生物制剂 Table 2 Representative drugs and biologics in clinical testing for the treatment and prevention of Ebola 产品名称 研发机构 描述 开发状态 默克(从 NewLink 埃博拉疫苗,由活的减毒重组水泡性口炎病毒(rVSV)分 离 株( 11481 rVSV ∆ G-ZEBOV-GP 预注册 Genetic 获得许可) nt)组成,经过修饰,可表达来自埃博拉病毒 Kikwit 株的包膜糖蛋 白(GP1 和 GP2)(Zaire1995) 埃博拉疫苗由 E1/E3 缺失的重组腺病毒血清型 26 组成,可在巨细 Ad26.ZEBOV 杨森 胞病毒(CMV)启动子和猿猴病毒 40(SV40)聚腺苷酸化序列的 Ⅲ期临床 控制下表达扎伊尔埃博拉病毒(ZEBOV)GP 多价丝状病毒疫苗,由编码埃博拉(苏丹和扎伊尔株)和马尔堡病 MVA-BN Filo Bavarian Nordic/ 杨森 Ⅲ期临床 毒抗原的改良型痘苗病毒安卡拉(MVA-BN)病毒的减毒形式组成 由编码 病毒 的重组黑猩猩腺病毒血清型 ( ) GSK-3390107A 葛兰素史克 /NIAID ZEBOV GP 3 rChAd3 Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床 组成的埃博拉疫苗 MAb-114 NIAID 针对 ZEBOV GP 的人源化单克隆 IgG1κ 抗体 Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床 针对埃博拉病毒( 株) 上不同表位的 种人源化 REGN-EB3 Regeneron Makona GP 3 IgG1 Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床 单克隆抗体(REGN-3470、REGN-3471、REGN-3479)的组合 remdesivir 吉利德 /NIAID 抗病毒 nucleobindin-1(NUCB1)抑制剂 Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床 Zmapp(larcaviximab/ NIAID 单克隆抗体组合 Ⅱ/Ⅲ期临床 cosfroviximab/porgaviximab) EBOV-GP Novavax 由 EBOV GP 纳米颗粒组成的埃博拉疫苗 Ⅰ期临床 HPIV3/ΔHNF/EbovZ GP NIAID 表达 ZEBOV GP 的人 3 型副流感病毒减毒活疫苗 Ⅰ期临床 INO-4212 Inovio 埃博拉 DNA 疫苗 Ⅰ期临床 使用囊泡递送系统表达来自埃博拉病毒的表面糖蛋白的重组减毒水 rVSVN4CT1-EBOVGP1 Profectus Biosciences Ⅰ期临床 泡性口炎病毒 资料来源:Clarivate Analytics Integrity,数据截至 2019 年 1 月 18 日 如表 3 所示,2018 年首次上市的新药和生物 孤儿药资格,表 4 列出了处于临床开发阶段的新授 制剂中有 29 种具有孤儿药资格,几乎占据 2018 予孤儿药资格的药物。 年上市新药的一半。其中几款孤儿药可以满足明 在相对成熟的市场中,有人认为常见疾病存在 确的罕见病治疗需求,例如 voretigene neparvovec 过度“罕见化”的现象,例如将肺癌或白血病等常 (Luxturna),该药是首个治疗眼科疾病的基因 见疾病的不常见亚型列为罕见病适应证,这种做法 疗法,获批用于罕见的致盲性双等位基因 RPE65 利于推高药价 [10]。尽管如此,大多数在 2018 年新 突变相关的视网膜营养不良;例如tecovirimat 认定的孤儿药都是用于治疗真正的罕见疾病。例如 (Tpoxx),该药是首个治疗天花的抗病毒药物; 2018 年有 2 种药物获批用于治疗晚期婴儿神经元蜡 例如 moxetumomab pasudotox(Lumoxiti),该药是 样脂融合病 2 型(CLN2),这是一种极其罕见且进 20 多年来首个用于治疗毛细胞白血病(HCL)的新 展迅速的儿童脑部疾病,在美国每年仅有 20 名新生 疗法,毛细胞白血病仅占所有白血病的 2%,美国 儿被诊断出患此疾病。此外,还确定了几种针对各 每年大约有 1 000 例新确诊病人 [9]。 种形式的肌营养不良症(MD)的新疗法,这些肌营 新的孤儿药不断涌现,1983年至2018年6月美国 养不良症包括面肩肱型肌肉营养不良症、杜兴氏肌 FDA 共收到了近 7 400 份新的孤儿药申请,申请速 营养不良症、肢带型肌营养不良症和贝克型肌营养 度呈逐年递增的趋势。根据科睿唯安的 Integrity 数 不良症等,几乎所有类型的肌营养不良症都为罕见 据库统计,2018 年监管机构共授予了 400 多种新的 疾病,其发病率为 198/1 000 000 ~ 251/1 000 000 [11]。 Prog Pharm Sci Sep. 2019 Vol. 43 No. 9 2019 年 9 月 第 43 卷 第 9 期 Graul A I,等:2018 年全球新药研发报告——第 2 部分:趋势与挑战(Ⅴ) 705 表 3 2018 年首次上市的具有孤儿药资格的药物 Table 3 Drugs first launched in 2018 with orphan drug status 药品名称 适应证 首次上市的国家 amikacin liposomal inhalation suspension 鸟分枝杆菌复合群肺病 美国 (Arikayce) andexanet alfa(AndexXa) 利伐沙班和阿哌沙班的抗凝逆转 美国 ( ) binimetinib Mektovi + encorafenib 不可切除或转移性黑色素瘤 美国 (Braftovi) burosumab(Crysvita) X- 连锁低磷血症 德国 cannabidiol(Epidiolex) Lennox-Gastaut 综合征或 Dravet 综合征患者的癫痫发作 美国 caplacizumab(Cablivi) 获得性血栓性血小板减少性紫癜 德国 darvadstrocel(Alofisel) 克罗恩病患者的复杂性肛周瘘 奥地利 复发难治性慢性淋巴细胞白血病 小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤( );复 ( ) / CLL/SLL 美国 duvelisib Copiktra 发或难治性滤泡性淋巴瘤 elapegadamase (Revcovi) 腺苷脱氨酶缺乏性重度联合免疫缺陷症 美国 fostamatinib disodium (Tavalisse) 慢性免疫性血小板减少症 美国 gilteritinib(Xospata) 急性髓系白血病 美国 glasdegib maleate(Daurismo) 急性髓系白血病 美国 ibalizumab(Trogarzo) 多重耐药的 HIV-1 感染 美国 inotersen(Tegsedi) 遗传性甲状旁腺素蛋白淀粉样变性患者的多发性神经病变 德国 ivosidenib(Tibsovo) 急性髓系白血病 美国 lanadelumab(Takhzyro) 遗传性血管神经性水肿 美国 larotrectinib sulfate(Vitrakvi) 具有神经营养受体酪氨酸激酶(NTRK)基因融合的实体肿瘤 美国 levoglutamine(Endari) 镰状细胞病 美国 macimorelin acetate (Macrilen) 成人生长激素缺乏症 美国 moxetumomab pasudotox (Lumoxiti) 毛细胞白血病 美国 patisiran(Onpattro) 遗传性甲状旁腺素蛋白淀粉样变性患者的多发性神经病变 美国 pegvaliase(Palynziq) 苯丙酮尿症 美国 rituximab(Rituxan) 寻常型天疱疮 美国 sargramostim(Leukine) 急性放射综合征造血异常 美国 tafenoquine succinate (Krintafel) 间日疟原虫疟疾的根治 美国 tecovirimat(Tpoxx) 天花 美国 tezacaftor/ivacaftor (Symdeko) 囊性纤维化病 美国 velmanase alfa(Lamzede) α-甘露糖苷贮积症 德国 voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna) 双等位基因 RPE65 突变相关视网膜营养不良症 美国 2019 年 9 月 第 43 卷 第 9 期 Prog Pharm Sci Sep. 2019 Vol. 43 No. 9 706
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