american academy of arts & sciences winter 2005 Bulletin vol. lviii, no. 2 Page 1 American Academy Welcomes Its 224th Class of Members

Page 16 Academy Study Challenges Corporate America To Think Beyond Regulation

Page 39 Science on the Café Scene Roald Hoffmann

inside:

Academy Projects, Page 17 New Members: Class of 2004, Page 24 Visiting Scholars Program, Page 36 From the Archives, Page 44 Calendar of Events

Wednesday, Monday, February 9, 2005 February 28, 2005 1887th Stated Meeting–Cambridge 1888th Stated Meeting–New York City “Markets, Morals, and Civic Life” Presiding: E. John Rosenwald, Jr., Vice Chairman and Senior Managing Director, Contents Speaker: Michael J. Sandel, Harvard Bear Stearns Companies, Inc. University “Universities as Urban Planners” Location: House of the Academy Academy News 1 Speakers: Lee C. Bollinger, Columbia University, James Polshek, Polshek Tuesday, llp Challenges Facing the February 15, 2005 Partnership Architects , and Omar Intellectual Community 7 Blaik, University of Pennsylvania Meeting–Pasadena, California Moderator: Robert Campbell, Cambridge, ma Academy Publications 16 Host: David Baltimore, President, California Institute of Technology Location: 7 West 43rd Street, New York City Projects and Studies 17 “Neuroeconomics” Speaker: Colin Camerer, California Wednesday, Institute of Technology March 9, 2005 New Members: Class of 2004 24 Location: The Athenaeum, California 1889th Stated Meeting and S. T. Lee Institute of Technology Lecture in the Humanities–Cambridge Visiting Scholars Program 36 “Images of Power in Shakespeare” Wednesday, Annual Fund 38 February 16, 2005 Speaker: Stephen Greenblatt, Harvard University Meeting–Los Angeles, California Science on the Café Scene 39 Location: House of the Academy Host: Albert Carnesale, Chancellor, University of California, Los Angeles Wednesday, In Response: Presentations by newly elected Fellows April 6, 2005 The Ticking Bomb Contention 41 Speakers: Andrea Ghez and Joel Handler, 1890th Stated Meeting and Joint Meeting both University of California, Los Angeles with the Boston Athenaeum–Cambridge Noteworthy 42 Location: Faculty Club, University of Speaker: Robert Pinsky, Boston University California, Los Angeles From the Archives 44 Location: House of the Academy

Thursday, Wednesday, February 17, 2005 May 11, 2005 Meeting–San Francisco, California 1891st Stated Meeting and Annual Host: David Kessler, Dean, University of Meeting–Cambridge California, San Francisco School of Medicine Speaker: Alan Brinkley, Columbia and Vice Chancellor for Medical Affairs University Presentation by newly elected Fellow Location: House of the Academy Speaker: Jay Levy, University of California, San Francisco

Location: Kalmanovitz Library, University For information and reservations, contact the of California, San Francisco Events Of½ce (phone: 617-576-5032; email: [email protected]). Induction 2004

New Fellows Gang Tian (MIT) and Rodolfo Dirzo (Stanford University) Foreign Honorary Member Renata Mayntz (Max- Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung) with new Foreign Honorary Member Jürgen Kocka (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung)

New Fellows A. Paul Alivisatos (University of California, Berkeley), New Fellows Paul F. Berliner (Northwestern University) and Sharon Olds R. Lawrence Edwards (University of Minnesota), and Harry N. Scheiber (New York University) (University of California, Berkeley)

4 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 G. David Forney (MIT) with new Fellows John F. McDonnell (McDonnell New Fellows Peter Rossky (University of Texas at Austin) and Mark E. Douglas Corporation) and Henry Samueli (Broadcom Corporation) Dean (International Business Machines Corporation)

Trust member E. John Rosenwald (Bear Stearns Companies) and new New Fellows Rubie S. Watson (Harvard University) and Brice Marden Fellow Leonore Annenberg (Annenberg Foundation) (New York, New York)

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 5 Induction 2004

New Fellows Dedre Gentner (Northwestern University) and Graham C. New Fellows Edward D. Lazowska (University of Washington) and Donald Walker (MIT) G. Saari (University of California, Irvine)

New Fellows William Galston (University of Maryland) and Rogers M. Robert Post (Yale University), Jesse Choper (University of California, Ber- Smith (University of Pennsylvania) keley), and new Fellow Jay A. Levy (University of California, San Francisco)

6 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 Induction Ceremony Challenges Facing the Intellectual Community

On October 9, 2004, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences welcomed its 224th class of members at an Induction Ceremony in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The ceremony began with a reading by poet Carl Phillips. Astronomer Steven Beckwith, neurobiologist Steven E. Hyman, circuit court judge Diane P. Wood, literary scholar Richard H. Brodhead, and U.S. Senator Paul S. Sarbanes also addressed the audience. Their remarks appear below.

“To the Harbormaster” –ignorable, a small concern. I wanted to be sure to reach you; though my ship was on the way it got But the boy at the bow was shirtless: caught how bells at evensong, in some moorings. I am always tying up though this was morning, leave and then deciding to depart. In storms and changed the air– at sunset, with the metallic coils of the tide around my fathomless arms, I am unable Facing the others, he watched them to understand the forms of my vanity pull in unison their or I am hard alee with my Polish rudder course across and in my hand and the sun sinking. To you I offer my hull and the tattered cordage over again the water, of my will. The terrible channels where as if to the rowing there were now the wind drives me against the brown lips no struggling, of the reeds are not all behind me. Yet or it was as if–about struggling– I trust the sanity of my vessel; and the only dif½cult part left Carl Phillips if it sinks, it may well be in answer lay in settling to the reasoning of the eternal voices, the waves which have kept me from ½nally on a pattern for it. To paraphrase Samuel Johnson, the busi- reaching you. Three strokes; four– ness of the poet is not so much to tell us how And the boy at the bow sang out to them: or what to think but rather to enlarge our sen- The next poem is my own. It’s called sibility. The poems I admire the most, from “Crew”–as in the sculling crews on the What is dread which I have learned the most, are those that Charles River. but that from which the soul without actually asking us to do so direct us will be delivered? toward an interior interrogation of ourselves “Crew” as human beings. In the course of that inter- (St. John’s) To which O what rogation, we give thought to nothing less than is the soul? the rest of the boys what it means to be alive, human, flawed, Most wore shirts–oversized, sang back. to have a body and to trust it, even as we ac- shabby-aquarium-green knowledge its instinctive nature and the ways singlets that the light in which that nature collides routinely with off the water at once that strange and uniquely human creation– ½lled, making moral conduct, whatever that is. Sex and the bodies inside prayer, devotion, and the meaningful tension between the desire to risk abandon–with- visible: their lack out which devotion is nothing at all–and to of fullness, what resist it. eventually they would come

If the body is a ship, who is the harbormas- into, briefly ter? That’s but one of the questions hovering the body seemed what it over this ½rst poem by Frank O’Hara. It’s never is called “To the Harbormaster.”

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 7 constant, but the rate of change of the expan- sion over cosmic time, leading to the discov- We need a more scienti½- ery that the universe is actually accelerating cally literate electorate if as it grows. This is one of the most impor- tant discoveries in the last hundred years. we are to make the right We now have proof beyond any reasonable doubt not only for the existence of black holes choices for the future of but the presence of one in the center of our our society. own galaxy, a discovery credited in part to one of our Class I inductees, Andrea Ghez. We our latest detectors on the Hubble Space have been able to see back to the time when Telescope, we have improved the sensitivity the ½rst stars and galaxies emerged from the over the human eye by thirty billion times, soup after the Big Bang, a time we call cosmic enough to easily detect the light from a ½re- dawn. We can now produce pictures of the fly at the distance of the Moon. Engineering young galaxies, demonstrating unequivocal- drives science. ly that the universe really looked different Steven Beckwith thirteen billion years ago, a palpable veri½- • Techniques from applied mathematics are cation that the universe has evolved and the used to process the data we collect, removing Big Bang theory is better than the alternatives. unwanted interference from the instruments A few years ago, my wife and I were on va- and the Earth’s atmosphere. Basic research cation with friends from New York at their And we have not only discovered more than in mathematics provides the underpinnings beach home on Long Island. We were sit- a hundred planets orbiting stars other than for all theories in cosmology, gravitational ting on the deck of their house admiring the the Sun, in itself an almost unbelievable ac- research, and elementary particle physics moonrise over the ocean with the tide just complishment, but we have also made the needed to understand the early universe. starting to change, and–trying vainly to be ½rst measurements of elements in the atmos- • The development of chemical rockets erudite–I remarked on the lag between the phere of one of them. Ten years ago, very few made it possible to place our telescopes above time of the tides and the position of the Moon people thought we would discover any extra- the Earth’s atmosphere, allowing us to ap- as it went around the Earth. The husband of solar planets in our lifetimes, let alone study proach the quantum limits of observation the other couple looked at me and said in their atmospheres. with our most advanced instruments. complete candor, “So the Moon goes around We are the ½rst generation since the rise of the Earth?”I was a bit startled, but I drew the human species to develop the means to • Advances in computer technology let us upon years of experience dealing with fellow answer some of the deepest questions of record, process, and analyze data from our academics and said, calmly, “Yes, the Moon philosophy about our origins and place in experiments at a rate not dreamed of a cou- orbits the Earth once a month. That’s why it the cosmos: where did we come from, what ple of decades ago. The entire processed has different phases.” is the destiny of the universe, are we alone? image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, our deepest image of the universe contained in a “I never knew that,” he said. Most people don’t realize the enormous progress made by basic research into these few hundred megabytes, ½ts easily on a data I was not immediately sure if he was serious, questions. Many of us take for granted the stick that I can carry in my pocket and is ac- but he looked genuinely pleased to learn some- technological innovations that improve and cessible for viewing by anyone in the world thing new, so I segued quickly to another sub- lengthen our lives, innovations won by re- with a link to our website. Gutenberg could ject before succumbing to the urge to deliver markable perseverance and creativity apply- never have imagined the access to informa- a lecture on basic astronomy while we were ing one of the most powerful developments tion we have today. sitting on his deck overlooking his beach. of human thought, the scienti½c method. Just as our basic sciences depend so heavily His failure to register the most basic knowl- The intellectual achievements I cited here on developments in technology, so basic re- edge about our nearest neighbor surprised come from my own ½eld of astronomy, yet search gives back to technology in turn: the me at the time, and this true story will be the they rely completely on developments in transistor, the laser, and the World Wide Web basis for my future challenge. For we are in many other ½elds of science and technology all emerged from advances or inventions in a truly remarkable time in human history, and thus demonstrate the true renaissance of basic research, in addition to the intellectual when our knowledge about the universe has our current era. Here are just a few examples: advances made possible by a deep understand- already gone far beyond what most profes- ing of space and physical theory. • sional scientists would have imagined as re- The detectors needed to sense the faint Despite this overwhelming intellectual boun- cently as twenty years ago. Just picking a few light from distant galaxies, stars, and black ty, there is a large and perhaps even growing examples from my own ½eld of astronomy, holes were ½rst developed for military recon- gap between those of us at the cutting edge the last ten years have seen the measurement naissance by materials science, made afford- and people in society who ultimately make of the age of the universe to a precision of able by their incorporation in hand-held vid- these discoveries possible. My conversation better than 5 percent, measurement not only eo cameras, and re½ned for astronomy only at the beach house is a poignant example of of its rate of expansion, the so-called Hubble after several billion dollars of military and commercial engineering investment. With this gap. Although a deep understanding of the universe or the Moon would probably 8 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 make little difference in the life of my friend, raise many questions. For example, when his worrisome lack of knowledge reminds us white subjects are shown pictures of unfamil- of how easily people can substitute supersti- iar black faces they activate their amygdalae; tion for understanding when looking at the this is a brain structure involved in process- world. ing emotions such as fear and anger, in a way that correlates with measures of implicit It is this tendency that is our most immediate racial bias.1 Amygdala activation in this cir- societal challenge. It is troubling to see broad cumstance does not signify that a person is societal policies put in place by people with bigoted; indeed, most of the subjects would little understanding of and in some cases out- sincerely deny any awareness of bias, let alone right disdain for the scienti½c progress that bigotry, thanks to the cognitive control ex- has made our advance as a civilization possi- erted by their prefrontal cortices.2 The po- ble. A surprisingly large number of our citi- tential deployment of imaging technology zens consult horoscopes to help them make outside the laboratory to detect unconscious decisions. Stem cell research, genetic engi- bias or other unconscious phenomena has neering, nuclear energy generation, and many possible rami½cations; here I want to an understanding of global climate change, highlight the issue of brain privacy. If the while not immune from uncertainties and Steven E. Hyman inferences of the authors of these papers are ethical considerations, nevertheless hold a correct, they are seeing evidence (amygdala promise for our future as a species that we activation) for reactions to unfamiliar black should not turn away from just because they Brain science is a young ½eld. The ½rst de- faces that the subject might not be aware of, conflict with age-old beliefs and, yes, super- partment of neuroscience was founded in indeed might be distressed by. One can read- stitions that we must overcome to survive 1966 in recognition of the idea that only a ily imagine poor uses of such technologies and prosper as a civilization. My challenge sustained interdisciplinary effort would per- that could be quite harmful to individuals or to the Academy is to ½nd ways to counter mit signi½cant headway in addressing the groups. Moreover, in a world so dominated the anti-intellectual trends that undermine complexity of the brain. And, of course, the by security concerns, attempts to harness the greatest accomplishments of science for brain is complex, as it would have to be in cognitive science and brain imaging to sift society and in the worst case could allow a order to underlie all thought, emotion, and truthful answers from deception might prove return to the dark ages after a period of en- behavior. Driven by the human desire for irresistible in many societies, including our lightenment. self-understanding as well as for progress own, even if the technology turns out to be In last winter’s Bulletin of the Academy, against dread diseases such as schizophre- far from perfect. Robert Rubin wrote, “Our country would nia, autism, and Alzheimer’s disease, and despite its youth and its dif½cult subject mat- bene½t enormously from a more economi- Prediction cally literate electorate.” I believe the same ter, neuroscience has advanced. All scienti½c advances bring with them ethical, social, statement applies to scienti½c literacy in Families and societies might reasonably want and policy dilemmas–but progress in brain America: we need a more scienti½cally lit- information about the temperaments, talents, science brings special concerns. erate electorate if we are to make the right and vulnerabilities of their children. Early in- choices for the future of our society. terventions to prevent depression or antiso- The opportunities are abundant. Many peo- Brain Privacy cial behavior or enrichments to enhance ed- ple are fascinated by even the most esoteric ucation are all potentially worthy goals. At One’s mind would appear to be the last bas- ideas. Stories about scienti½c discoveries the same time, predictions can be misused; tion of privacy. Within one’s mind it is pos- regularly grace the front pages of the major even well-meant interventions can prove stig- sible to safely harbor fear, hatred, prejudice, newspapers in the world. The Air and Space matizing or limiting of educational opportu- embarrassment, lust, or any train of thought, Museum in Washington is the most visited nities, and later of work opportunities or even and no one else can be the wiser. And it would museum in the world. Our website provid- health insurance. There has long been con- seem almost certain that no one could know ing access to pictures from the Hubble Space cern about inappropriate use of genetic infor- more about what is going on within our heads Telescope has a million visitors per month, mation to stigmatize individuals or groups. than we do. These certainties are now being rivaling cnn’s website for popularity. Peo- However, most behavioral phenotypes that eroded. To be sure, neuroscience is not on ple can be interested in the intellectual prog- we might care about result from complex the verge of creating mind-reading technol- ress of science and technology if we make it ogy. But it is, however, now possible to peer accessible to them. 1 E. A. Phelps et al., “Performance on Indirect into the human brain and to observe surro- Measures of Race Evaluation Predicts Amygdala We must seize these opportunities to infect gates of thoughts and emotions with the aid Activation,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 our fellow citizens with the love of intellec- of new imaging technologies. (5) (September 2000): 729–738. tual achievement that drew us to the calling The application of imaging technologies out- in the ½rst place. If we can do that, our im- 2 J. A. Richeson et al., “An fMRI Investigation side the laboratory has clear bene½ts when of the Impact of Interracial Contact on Execu- pact on society will reach far beyond what we used to diagnose illness or observe the prog- tive Function,” Nature Neuroscience 6 (12) (De- do as individual scholars and pave the way ress of treatment, but other potential uses cember 2003): 1323–1328. for a rich future of intelligent choices. Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 9 interactions of many genetic and nongenetic There is, of course, the important issue of sionally occurs in schools and more often factors, not simple determinative factors. In safety since no drug can be absolutely free in the criminal justice system, is a complex fact, it is our brains, not our genes, that have of side effects and the risk-bene½t calculus matter for law and regulation. The issue of most to do with intelligence, talent, emo- changes when the user is not ill to begin with. implicit coercion has no such obvious fo- tional style, and a diversity of behavioral out- This issue is best managed, at least in theory, rum for discussion. Competitive pressures comes. Potentially predictive brain-based by scienti½c advance, thorough testing in ap- have turned aspects of child rearing in some studies are in early stages. Yet several inves- propriate populations, regulation of adver- communities into something of an arms tigations have found correlations between tising, and education of physicians and the race. Many young people now approach sat fluid intelligence and frontal lobe structure public. Other social issues, fairness and co- coaching as necessary, if only to ensure that or function. Other investigators have made ercion, have less obvious paths to a solution. they are not the only person in their cohort premature claims about identifying features lacking prior exposure to the test and aware- of the brains of antisocial individuals.3 Even ness of successful test-taking strategies. Sim- with mature technologies brain-based pre- As we develop more ilar logic could easily operate within certain dictions will likely remain probabilistic rath- school communities in which there is wide- er than certain, but we as a society should be complete and compelling spread use of stimulant drugs. Parents might prepared to manage the outcomes. understandings of the feel that they put their child at a disadvan- tage in terms of behavioral control and abil- biology of thought, emo- ity to study if a large number of other chil- Enhancement of Normal dren are receiving stimulants. In a competi- Functioning tion, and behavior, there tive workplace, one can easily imagine sce- narios in which caffeine, stimulants, and Several drugs, such as methylphenidate (Rit- may follow a persistent newer drugs become de rigueur to keep work- alin), selective serotonin reuptake inhibi- ers alert, energetic, and attentive for longer tors (ssris), and others, developed to treat erosion of the sense of hours; or cases when ssris are informally mental disorders, and moda½nil, developed suggested to banish irritability. Even the to treat narcolepsy, exhibit bene½cial effects personal responsibility in motives behind implicit coercion raise im- on cognitive performance, alertness, and neg- portant ethical issues, for example, the point ative emotions4 in people with milder symp- a variety of communities. at which love and hope shades into the in- toms who would not ordinarily be account- strumentalization of children by narcissistic ed ill; indeed they exhibit similar effects in While fear has long been expressed that psy- parents.7 healthy people. Some of these drugs are al- chotropic drugs might be used to pacify a ready in wide use among individuals with- Finally the use of psychotropic drugs for ex- restive underclass, the data suggest that stim- out a diagnosable illness.5 As more effective tended periods of time touches on the ques- ulant drugs and ssris are more widely ac- drugs are developed for existing indications tion of a person’s identity. The human brain cepted and used among educated and advan- as well as for new ones such as memory en- is highly malleable or, to use the technical taged families.6 Based on some individuals’ hancement, and as their use spreads, as it will term, “plastic.” Insofar as any life experience ½nancial means, access to information and in a free society, ethical, social, and policy leaves an impression on us, a memory, or a prescribers, and a culture that creates incen- concerns will grow yet more pressing. new set of reactions, it is because our brains tives for a competitive advantage, there is a are changed by the remodeling of synapses risk of widening the gulf between the most 3 A. Raine et al., “Reduced Prefrontal Gray Mat- (the structures across which nerve cells and least advantaged in Western societies by ter Volume and Reduced Autonomic Activity in communicate) and the resulting alteration the existence of chemical “haves” and “have- Antisocial Personality Disorder,” Archives of Gen- in brain circuitry. The use of drugs changes nots.” In short, the already advantaged may eral Psychiatry 57 (2) (February 2000): 119–127. the brain by two broad classes of effects. The gain even greater competitive advantages ½rst is indirect and is mediated by a person’s 4 J. L. Rapoport and G. Inoff-Germain, “Re- at school and at work by being able to stay experience of him- or herself. For a person sponses to Methylphenidate in Attention-De½cit/ awake longer, attend better, and remember who is suffering terribly, drugs may mean Hyperactivity Disorder and Normal Children: more. The pattern of stimulant use even to Update 2002,” Journal of Attention Disorders 6 that life is not hopeless and that a future can treat attention de½cit hyperactivity disorder (Suppl. 1) (2002): S57–6; D. C. Turner et al., be planned for. For a child who did not feel in the United States (greater among the af- “Cognitive Enhancing Effects of Moda½nil in symptomatic and who receives drugs to con- fluent and educated, less among minorities) Healthy Volunteers,” Psychopharmacology (Berl) trol behavioral outbursts, the result might 165 (3) (January 2003): 260–269; B. Knutson et suggests that this is not an idle concern. al., “Selective Alteration of Personality and Social be a diminished sense of personal responsi- Behavior by Serotonergic Intervention,” Ameri- An allied issue is coercion. The explicitly re- bility and self-ef½cacy. Of course, the reality can Journal of Psychiatry 155 (3) (1998): 373–379. quired use of psychotropic drugs, as occa- is almost always far more complex and nu-

5 A. Angold et al., “Stimulant Treatment for Children: A Community Perspective,” Journal 6 Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, U.S. 7 M. J. Sandel, “The Case Against Perfection,” of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Department of Health and Human Services, Atlantic Monthly, April 2004. Psychiatry 39 (2000): 975–984, 1004–1007. 1999.

10 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 anced. The second class of effects comes from law when individual rights are concerned: the direct actions of the drug on the brain to “When interpreting the Bill of Rights, a court, produce altered brain wiring. We certainly tribunal or forum...must consider interna- do not know that such changes would be tional law, and may consider foreign law.”3 harmful for existing drugs; indeed for those Many other countries similarly reflect respect suffering a mental illness the goal of both for international law in their legal systems, drug treatment and psychotherapy is a bene- whether or not they have singled it out for ½cial long-term change in brain function. special attention in their constitutions. Nonetheless, it is an issue worthy of discus- Why are things so different here? The ex- sion; the brain of a person who has been planation certainly is not that Americans are treated with psychotropic drugs emerges as skeptical about law in general. a slightly different brain than it was before. Au contraire. Americans believe deeply in written laws and in the court system at the domestic level. We Personal Responsibility can hardly keep up with the flood of legisla- tion that comes forth from Congress and the There is a large and growing literature on law, state legislatures every year, and people are 8 neuroscience, and psychology, but even out- Diane P. Wood just as happy today to take their problems side the courtroom there are important is- (legal or otherwise) to the courts as they were sues raised by advances in neuroscience. As when Alexis de Tocqueville wrote Democracy we develop more complete and compelling n the brief time I have, I would like to re- in America. Indeed, they seem to like this so- understandings of the biology of thought, I flect on one of the oldest, yet still a new prob- lution more and more every year, somewhat emotion, and behavior, there may follow a lem for the legal system: namely, is there any- to the dismay of hard-working judges. The persistent erosion of the sense of personal thing worthy of being called “law” at the in- National Center for State Courts reports that responsibility in a variety of communities. ternational level? If so, what is it, and where combined civil, criminal, domestic relations, Already more behavioral conditions ranging can we ½nd it? If not, is this a problem and and juvenile ½lings, which were a whopping from learning styles to temperaments such (if it is) how might one remedy it? Most oth- 38.5 million in 2002, have grown 15 percent as shyness or moodiness are coming under er countries in my experience do not share in the ten years since 1993; when you add medical rubrics. This movement is welcomed the ambivalence about international law that traf½c-related cases to the mix, the total ½l- by some and decried by others, but nonethe- 4 we ½nd at home. The Constitution of the ings in 2002 amounted to 96.2 million cases. less will require thoughtful engagement. Federal Republic of Germany, for example, Next to this, the workload of the federal courts sounds like a drop in the bucket, but In this short talk I’ve only been able to touch squarely states that: “The general rules of federal judges too are experiencing unprece- on a minority of the issues raised by the brain public international law constitute an inte- dented demand for their services. In 2003, sciences, and in each case only to highlight gral part of federal law. They take precedence the Administrative Of½ce of the U.S. Courts areas deserving of substantial investigation over statutes and directly create rights and reported that criminal cases representing and discussion. It is thus quite welcome to duties for the inhabitants of the federal ter- more than 92,300 defendants were ½led in see a growing interest in the ethical, social, ritory.”1 the district courts, and more than 250,000 and policy issues raised by neuroscience.9 To similar effect, the Constitution of Japan civil cases were ½led.5 This represented on includes “the law of nations” in its suprema- the criminal side a 44 percent increase over cy clause, which reads as follows: “...This the 1994 case levels; on the civil side it was Constitution shall be the supreme law of the a 10.2 percent increase.6 At the court of ap- nation...[and] [t]he treaties concluded by peals level, some 60,600 cases were ½led Japan and established law of nations shall be 2 faithfully observed.” 3 Constitution of South Africa, Article 39(1)(b), found at http://www.info.gov.za/constitution/ The 1996 Constitution of the Republic of 1996/96cons2.htm#7. South Africa draws an interesting distinc- tion between international law and foreign 4 National Center for State Courts, Court 8 G. Garland, ed., Neuroscience and the Law Statistics Project, Overview, available at (New York: Dana Press, 2004). http://www.ncsconline.org/D_Research/ 1 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ger- csp/2003_Files/2003_Overview.pdf. 9 S. Marcus, ed., Neuroethics: Mapping the Field many, Chapter II, Article 25 (Public Internation- (New York: Dana Press, 2002); M. J. Farah, al Law), found at http://www.jurisprudentia. 5 Administrative Of½ce of the U.S. Courts, “Emerging Ethical Issues in Neuroscience,” Na- de/jurisprudentia.html. Federal Judicial Caseload Statistic, March 31, ture Neuroscience 5 (11) (2002): 1123–1129; M. J. 2004, available at http://www.uscourts.gov/ Farah et al., “Neurocognitive Enhancement: 2 Constitution of Japan, Chapter X, Article 98, caseload2003/front/Mar03Txt.pdf. What Can We Do and What Should We Do?” found at http://www2.gol.com/users/michaelo/ Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (5) (2004): 421–425. Jcon.ChX.html. 6 Ibid.

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 11 in 2003, which was a 21.8 percent increase tic Law: The Shrinking Domaine Réservé.”8 States was caught overstepping boundaries 7 since 1994. At a concluding panel, which I moderated, was described in the ½rst round of the Alvarez- Machain litigation, when agents of the feder- So the problem is de½nitely not that we are we discussed the ways in which internation- al Drug Enforcement Agency slipped across congenitally allergic to law. But, you might al norms have had to be incorporated in do- the Mexican border and kidnapped a doctor say, domestic law is somehow more reliable mestic law in areas as diverse as economic who allegedly was assisting the drug lords in than whatever international law might be. It issues, national security laws, land-use and the ultimately fatal torture and interrogation is made by people we elected; it is enforced environmental rules, and global regulations of a dea agent.9 The U.S. agents spirited Dr. by other people we elected or their appoin- that affect disease prevention and control hiv aids Alvarez-Machain back to the United States tees; and the courts (I hope) are suf½ciently (especially / ). At the risk of over- for trial. Mexico objected strongly to this respected that their judgments are carried simplifying, in the end the panel concluded violation of its territorial integrity. The U.S. out. True, true, true, and, I would argue, ir- that the domaine réservé has indeed shrunk, Supreme Court held that nothing had hap- relevant. Those same people whom we elect though not perhaps to as great a degree or at pened that should prevent the doctor’s crim- and to whom we delegate the responsibility as great a pace as some might have thought. inal trial from going forward. In so doing, to govern are the ones who are deciding, case That still seems correct to me. Moreover, it read the extradition treaty between the by case and ½eld by ½eld, where rules of in- many groups around the world have also seen United States and Mexico very narrowly, as ternational scope exist and how we should this, and some–the protesters in Seattle ½ve something that provided a mechanism for respond to them. International conventions, years ago, for example–have not liked what extradition but that did not expressly forbid in the sense of usages or customs rather than kidnapping. The decision received wide- formal agreements, dictate an astonishing There is something worthy spread criticism, because international law amount of actual behavior of nation-states. does not permit countries freely to exercise Let me offer a few examples from my own of being called international police powers outside their own borders. In experience, which is largely in the area of fact, since then, and despite all the pressures international economic relations. After that, law, or rules that operate of the war on terrorism, kidnapping is not a I’ll turn to current events, which make the strategy that any country, including the Unit- point just as well. reasonably effectively to ed States, has employed publicly. It appears One of the more elaborate efforts at inter- restrain nation-states. Such therefore that the international rule remains national rule-making in the last sixty years intact, even after an apparent setback. can be found in the network of agreements rules are becoming more, What is happening today? Did international now enforced by the World Trade Organiza- law get tossed into the wastebasket in the tion. While at one time its predecessor, the rather than less, important. wake of the September 11 horrors? Has it be- somewhat clumsy General Agreement on come a luxury that we cannot afford (along Tariffs and Trade, con½ned itself to succes- they have observed. Thus, at the moment we with the Fourth Amendment and other quaint sive rounds of tariff reduction, prohibitions appear to be in a period of retrenchment for rules in the Bill of Rights)? I think not. One against obvious quantitative restrictions, and wto the : the procedures and rules adopted cannot answer these questions by looking at a consensus-based form of dispute resolu- at the end of the Uruguay Round are quietly a few snapshots of current events: glimpses tion, over the years the organization became being put into place; the dispute resolution for instance of the U.S. decision to commence far more ambitious. Attention shifted to bodies are open for business and are slowly a war in Iraq without express authorization so-called non-tariff barriers to trade, and building credibility; yet the more ambitious from the U.N. Security Council, or glimpses it quickly became apparent that practically initiatives for more international rules have of the disregard of the Geneva Conventions any national policy (or lack of a policy) could been beaten back. at Abu Ghraib or at Guantanamo, or glimpses affect international trade flows: subsidies of inaction in the face of the growing geno- for education; research and development Other areas where international norms op- cide in Darfur. Instead, the system needs support; government purchasing programs; erate more strongly than is commonly sup- time to work. Although it seemed to many the enforcement of environmental laws; posed also exist. Take international criminal that the United States was disregarding the child labor rules; norms against discrimina- law enforcement cooperation. The U.S. au- United Nations at the beginning of the Iraq tion on the basis of sex, or religion, or race, thorities cooperate every day with their for- war, and that remarks were being lobbed or ethnicity; or the antitrust laws. Indeed, eign counterparts in a huge network of other about to the effect that the institution had these developments were so notable that the countries, investigating drug crimes, money American Society of International Law was laundering, terrorist acts, consumer fraud prompted in the spring of 1993 to devote a schemes, child pornography, and endless 9 United States v. Alvarez-Machain, 504 U.S. 655 (1992). A later phase of this case reached substantial portion of its annual meeting to other topics. Most extraditions are not front- the Supreme Court in 2004, when it rendered the topic “The Internationalization of Domes- page news, precisely because they are suc- cess stories. One notable time that the United a decision dealing with follow-on litigation brought by Dr. Alvarez-Machain against the kidnappers. See Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 124 S. 7 Ibid. 8 asil Proceedings 553 (87) (1993). Ct. 2739 (2004).

12 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 lost any possible effectiveness or utility, the That’s me! I could have cried. How did he picture is starting to look quite different. The guess? reports of the U.N.’s death were, like those This was my ½rst recognition of the power of of Mark Twain’s, greatly exaggerated.10 Not someone else’s creation to give voice to my only for the ongoing conflict in Iraq, but also experience, an experience self-imprisoned in many other troubled areas of the world, and un-self-knowing until a stranger’s words the U.N. has proven once again that it is far brought it to expression. But soon thereafter, better than the alternative. We are watching I learned another primitive power of art. That a similar drama unfold with respect to the ap- same spring I read the ½rst poem I ever really plicability of the Geneva Conventions to the loved (I must have been going through a sort detainees at Guantanamo Bay: initial deni- of literary puberty): Wordsworth’s “Tintern als, followed by statements backing off from Abbey,” which flooded me with nostalgia for those denials, followed ultimately by a recog- the more intense experience lost with my nition that the substance of the Conventions youth. It was some years before I realized that had to be respected. These developments oc- curred against the backdrop of widespread criticism around the world of the position the United States had taken–that is to say, Richard H. Brodhead Strange beasts, we humans, there was pressure on this country to adhere who need not just to live to these international rules, and the pressure has had an impact. It is an honor to speak as the representative but also to understand of Class IV of new members of the Academy. There is, then, something worthy of being As students of rapids know, Class IV events our lives; stranger yet that called international law, or rules that oper- are massively energetic and thrilling but ate reasonably effectively to restrain nation- typically not life-endangering. That ½ts the we should know ourselves states. Such rules are becoming more, rather humanities and the arts, and no doubt ex- than less, important, as we witness the de- plains why we were assigned this number. I not directly but through velopment of the Internet as a mechanism of won’t speak here as a professional humanist, global communication and commerce, but still less as an administrator of the modern borrowed understandings, also of global crime; as more and more busi- home of the humanities, the university. In- through images composed nesses operate worldwide; and as threats to stead I’ll say a word about the founding need security become less and less tied to any par- for this form of human practice, and with by others’ hands. ticular piece of geography. If those rules are your permission I’ll make it personal. to work, they must bind everyone: the strong as well as the weak, the rich as well as the I knew poetry from the days of nursery I had not in fact lost my youth at the time poor. Domestically, we have understood this rhymes, but the ½rst time I “got” it was in when its demise seemed so drenched in pa- since the beginning: even presidents and the my fourteenth year. I remember the moment thos. When I recognized this fact, I learned rich and famous must obey the law, as we saw fairly vividly. I was in high school not thirty that this poem had not so much voiced my in the Nixon case, the Clinton case, and the miles from here and at the low watermark of experience as induced a new experience, giv- Martha Stewart and Andrew Fastow cases. I self-esteem. Each day, changing classes, my ing me access to a state of feeling that I knew am reminded of Voltaire’s famous statement fellows would parade past, every one of them through the poem that I did not yet know about God: “If God did not exist, it would an image of some adequacy I lacked: this one from life. be necessary to invent him.”11 So too with cooler, that one more handsome, this one Sometime later I learned a further variant international law: if it has not existed up more popular, that one more athletic. Doing in which, art having given me a foretaste of until now, it will be necessary to invent it. my homework one day, I started into a Shake- certain forms of experience–let’s call them More than that, it will be up to those of us speare sonnet where I was met by these lines: virtual experiences, experiences imaginative- here to adapt and improve it to the formida- When in disgrace with Fortune and men’s ly induced and entertained–I came to know ble challenges that face us. I am con½dent eyes, them in reality. My sense was never of the that we will do so. I all alone beweep my outcast state, gap between life and art. Rather, I had the And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless sense of learning at last what art’s images cries, had been referring to, with art still providing And look upon myself and curse my fate, Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, words for what I now came to know. I knew 10 Mark Twain (aka Samuel Clemens), Cable Featured like him, like him with friends King Lear’s famous line over the dead Cor- from London to the Associated Press (1897). possessed, delia many years before I ever stood over the Desiring this man’s art, and that man’s scope, body of a loved one of my own. When I did, 11 Épitre à l’Auteur du Livre des Trois With what I most enjoy contented least . . . I felt I grasped at last what Lear (or Shake- Imposteurs, November 10, 1770. (Shakespeare, Sonnet 29) speare) meant, but Lear’s line gave me a way

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 13 to name the tormenting, gratuitous, inexpli- on convoluted and often fraudulent account- cable proximity of some things (for no good ing devices to inflate earnings, hide losses and reason) living to others (for no good reason) drive up stock prices. Facts were distorted dead: “Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have and withheld. The result was a crisis in in- life/And thou no life at all?” I had long been vestor con½dence. Over a period of months, struck by Whitman’s empathic identi½ca- market values of public companies fell by tions with the sufferings of common men in some trillions of dollars. Thousands of jobs Leaves of Grass–not just the runaway slave, were lost. Retirement savings dried up. but, less predictably, a ½reman pinned in the In the judgment of the rubble of a collapsed building: Wall Street Journal, “The scope and scale of the corporate trans- I am the mashed ½reman with breastbone gressions of the late 1990s...exceed anything broken . . . tumbling walls buried me in the U.S. has witnessed since the years pre- their debris, ceding the Great Depression.” Heat and smoke I inspired . . . I heard the yelling shouts of my comrades, That the crisis was not worse was due in large I heard the distant click of their picks and part to the statutory infrastructure estab- shovels . . . lished by the 1933 and 1934 Securities Acts. Paul S. Sarbanes Together these Acts changed assumptions September 11 supplied a real referent for what with respect to our capital markets. As Pres- had heretofore been an imaginary experi- ident Roosevelt said of the 1933 Act, which ence. But in the wake of 9/11, while the rub- It might be said that there was an American was also known as Truth in Securities, “[it] ble was still being sifted and the eventual Academy of Arts and Sciences before there adds to the ancient rule of caveat emptor, the toll of life not yet known, I felt I could enter was an America. The American Academy further doctrine ‘let the seller also beware.’ into a plight made real by history through received its charter from the Massachusetts It puts the burden of telling the whole truth the medium of these 150-year-old words. legislature nearly 225 years ago, at a time when on the seller.” Strange beasts, we humans, who need not Massachusetts was a state–no longer a col- The new laws, as Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. has just to live but also to understand our lives; ony, but not yet part of the sovereign nation explained them, “gave disillusioned inves- stranger yet that we should know ourselves that would be established within the decade. tors new reasons for con½dence. Even more, not directly but through borrowed under- The “end and design” of the Academy, as the [they] removed the whole process of capital standings, through images composed by oth- Act of Incorporation put it, was to “promote investment from the realm of guess and gam- ers’ hands. The of½cially designated divisions and encourage” knowledge and discovery, ble and rested it–through the detailed and of the humanities will have their ups and in order to “cultivate every art and science continuous disclosure required by the sec– downs, but as long as these needs stay in play, which may tend to advance the interest, hon- on the basis of reliable fact.” the core activity of the humanities will not or, dignity, and happiness of a free, indepen- go away. As Academy member Henry James dent and virtuous people.” For the past seventy years our regulatory once wrote: “Till the world is an unpeopled infrastructure has worked remarkably well, void there will be an image in the mirror.” In that extraordinary period, the Academy making the U.S. capital markets the most was founded in the conviction that where transparent and ef½cient in the world. But there is education, knowledge, and open in- in recent years the markets have undergone quiry and debate, there will be freedom and rapid and fundamental changes, often be- prosperity. It has been borne out in the expe- yond the reach of the existing infrastructure, rience of this nation. and the commitment to serving the interests Full and timely access to information, free of the investing public gave way too often to inquiry and debate, and reasoned discourse short-term personal gain. are indispensable to informed and responsi- Upon analysis there was surprisingly little ble decision-making–in our personal lives, controversy about the nature of the problems: in our politics, in our economic and ½nancial affairs. • Inadequate oversight of accountants;

In our capital markets in recent years, how- • Lack of auditor independence; ever, we have had to confront the disastrous • Weak corporate governance procedures; consequences of departing from that princi- ple. In October 2001, Enron was the nation’s • Stock analysts’ conflicts of interest; seventh-largest corporation. By the end of • that year it was bankrupt. Enron was the ca- Inadequate disclosure provisions; nary in the mineshaft. • Grossly inadequate funding of the A number of major public companies, with Securities and Exchange Commission. the complicity of their auditors, were relying

14 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 The Senate Banking Committee concluded ing recommendations for rebuilding the trust that the systemic nature of the problems re- If our capital markets are that is the linchpin of our market system. I quired a statutory remedy. As Fortune maga- to work ef½ciently, they was privileged to participate in one of the zine put it, “This isn’t just a few bad apples project’s sessions. we’re talking about. This, my friends, is a cannot tolerate conflicts The issues are exceedingly complex, but the systemic breakdown.” That statutory frame- underlying principles are not. If our capital work is carefully built upon, and reinforces, of interest. They must markets are to work ef½ciently, they cannot the framework established by the 1933 and tolerate conflicts of interest. They must have 1934 Securities Acts. have effective checks and effective checks and balances, and gatekeep- Let me briefly outline the principal provi- balances, and gatekeepers ers who faithfully carry out their responsibili- sions of the new law. ties. They must ensure that investors have ac- who faithfully carry out cess to full, accurate, and timely information. • It establishes the Public Company Ac- counting Oversight Board (pcaob), under their responsibilities. Bill Donaldson, the chairman of the Securi- the sec, to assure effective accounting over- ties and Exchange Commission, emphasizes sight. All accounting ½rms that audit public holders, and disclosure of material off-bal- that compliance with the rules is not enough. companies must register with the Board, ance-sheet transactions. “Successful corporate leaders must strive to which has broad discretion to establish stan- do the right thing...and they must instill in • It addresses analysts’ conflicts of interest dards, investigate conduct, and, when nec- sec their corporation this attitude of doing the essary, impose penalties. by requiring the and the exchanges to right thing...They should make this ap- adopt rules prohibiting conflicts of interest proach...part of their companies’ dna.” • It establishes auditor independence by that undermine analysts’ independence, and prohibiting accounting ½rms from offering establishes safeguards to protect analysts The principle that Donaldson enunciated for a broad range of consulting services to the against retaliation. our public companies extends far beyond the companies they audit. boardroom and the executive suite to every • sec It funds the at a level that enables the aspect of our personal and national life. It is • It sets standards for corporate gover- Commission to hire additional accountants a cardinal principle on which this Academy nance. Public companies must have audit and attorneys and improve its technology in- was founded more than two centuries ago. committees that are independent of man- frastructure. These resources were urgently agement. Auditors now work for the audit needed, and long overdue. In a four-year committee. ceos and cfos are required to period we have succeeded in virtually dou- vouch directly for the accuracy of their com- bling the sec budget. © 2004 by Carl Phillips, Steven Beckwith, panies’ ½nancial statements. Corporations Changes in the law have had the salutary Steven E. Hyman, Diane P. Wood, Richard H. are prohibited from making personal loans Brodhead, and Paul S. Sarbanes. “To the Har- to their executives. effect of prompting sober reassessment in boardrooms and classrooms across the coun- bormaster” by Frank O’Hara. From Meditations in an Emergency, Grove/Atlantic. © 1957 by Frank • It requires numerous disclosures, includ- try. This Academy undertook a project on O’Hara. “Crew” from The Rest of Love by Carl ing prompt disclosure of trades in company “Corporate Responsibility: Beyond Regula- Phillips. © 2004 by Carl Phillips. Reprinted by stock by management and 10 percent share- tion” that will shortly issue a report, includ- permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, llc.

Academy Officers: President Patricia Meyer Spacks (University of Virginia), Vice President Louis Cabot (Cabot-Wellington, LLC), Executive Officer Leslie Berlowitz, and Deputy Secretary Jerrold Meinwald (Cornell University)

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 15 Publications

Academy Study Challenges Corporate America To Reviewer Think Beyond Regulation Comments

Restoring Trust in American Busi- According to the Academy report, “This powerful collection of ness, a new book by the American the recent scandals illustrate that commentaries by the nation’s Academy of Arts and Sciences, minimum compliance with the most compelling thinkers examines the recent wave of cor- law isn’t always enough. For that makes it clear that the engine porate scandals. It systematical- reason the solution cannot be that drives the markets is not ly assesses the role of six “gate- simply a rush to regulation. In money but integrity, and that keepers”–auditors; lawyers; many instances, there was a broad it takes a village of commit- investment bankers; corporate and systemic failure of profes- ted, principled, and vigilant directors; regulators; and busi- sionalism. Professionals, expect- participants to make it work. ness journalists–highlighting ed to use specialized knowledge It is ½lled with indispensable insights and practical advice their failure to prevent corporate for the public good and abide by for executives, directors, in- misconduct. The book recom- explicit codes of conduct, instead vestors, and policy-makers.” mends concrete steps for improv- succumbed to market pressures ing corporate conduct and re- and ½nancial self-interest. –Nell Minow, Editor, storing con½dence in American The Corporate Library; co- “Acting with integrity can’t be author, business. Corporate Governance legislated, but it can be encour- As the book points out–and as ment scholar Jay Lorsch convened aged through stronger peer asso- “These essays present clear, Americans who invest in stocks a series of roundtables that looked ciations and improved profession- concise and cogent analyses and read the business pages know beyond regulation, to consider al checks and balances,” said co- of why America lost trust in –“the early years of the new cen- how to promote greater corpo- editor Andy Zelleke, project di- American business and what tury have been plagued by major rate responsibility. The sessions rector of the American Academy’s must be done in order to re- scandals at Enron and World- included experts from law, jour- Corporate Responsibility study. store that trust.” Com, by numerous instances of nalism, government, investment The study concludes that gate- –Donald Keough, former overly aggressive accounting and banking, corporate governance, keepers must embrace higher pro- President and ceo, Coca- excessive executive compensa- management, and a variety of fessional standards to improve Cola Company tion, by compromised auditors scholarly disciplines. Published corporate conduct and limit the by the mit Press, the volume and securities analysts, by inat- ability of “bad apple” managers “This book could be subti- tentive boards of directors, and features essays by twenty-two to compromise accepted values tled ‘The Road Back From by self-indulgent mutual fund distinguished contributors, in- and practices. To achieve that end, Enron.’ It offers a moderate managers. Public con½dence in cluding John Reed (New York the report proposes remedies and readable approach to American business and ½nance Stock Exchange), Felix Rohatyn speci½c to individual profession- letting American business has been shaken to a degree not (formerly Lazard Freres), Gerald al roles: back into civilized society seen since the Great Depression.” Rosenfeld (Rothschild North on a promise of good behav- • America), Damon Silvers (afl- Lawyers must reformulate ior–a promise that needs to “The American Academy recog- cio), William Allen (New York their public obligations and codes be monitored.” nizes that public con½dence in of conduct in order to balance University), and Rakesh Khurana –Daniel Schorr, Senior American business and ½nancial (Harvard Business School). their allegiance to clients with News Analyst, National institutions is critical to our na- the greater public interest; Public Radio tional stability,” said co-editor “In order to function properly, • Auditors must ensure that Leslie Berlowitz, Executive Of- our market system depends on their primary duty is to the in- • ½cer of the Academy. “To restore a set of gatekeeper institutions,” Regulators and business jour- vesting public rather than to the that public trust, it is time to re- said co-editor Jay Lorsch, Profes- nalists need to articulate and company they are auditing; imagine and rebuild gatekeeper sor at Harvard Business School. adhere to explicit standards of professionalism that are tied to roles to enable those holding such “When those gatekeepers either • Investment bankers and cor- upholding the public trust. positions to shape corporate can’t or won’t meet their explic- porate directors must develop it or implied responsibility to the conduct more effectively.” a consensus about their public To order copies of Restoring Trust public trust, the system breaks obligations and foster a more in American Business, call the mit Under the Academy’s auspices, down. Having strong gatekeep- professional identity and orien- Press at 1-800-405-1619 or visit corporate lawyers Martin Lipton ers is vital to the well-being of tation; http://mitpress.mit.edu. and Larry Sonsini and manage- our market system.”

16 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 Projects and Studies

At a morning orientation program for new members, held on October 9, 2004, leaders of current Academy studies pre- sented updates on their work, with particular attention to the Academy’s unique ability to convene representatives of diverse ½elds, professions, and organizations–both scholars and practitioners. Their remarks appear below.

Rules of Space very contentious public-policy Academy is very good at pulling civilian space program. The ½rst issue. Policy decisions now being together. John Steinbruner (Uni- is a set of federal regulations made will affect not only our na- versity of Maryland), cochair of called export controls that require Neal Lane tional security but also our abili- the Academy’s Committee on a company or an organization to ty to successfully compete with International Security Studies, apply for an export license to sell, University Professor, Senior Fellow, other countries in the commer- directs the overall project. The or even share collaboratively with James A. Baker III Institute for cial use of space, and to collabo- Academy has commissioned a any foreign country–ally or not Public Policy, Rice University rate with other parts of the world series of papers and reports on –information or technologies in the peaceful uses of space– topics ranging from Chinese and that the U.S. government wish- for example, in such areas as Russian perspectives on the U.S. es to control. These rules apply The Academy’s Committee on space-based research and human space program to technical re- to any information concerning International Security Studies exploration of space. quirements for achieving U.S. space, satellites, rockets, technol- has initiated a new project on the military objectives in space to ogy, and instrumentation. Since In an effort to focus attention on Rules of Space. To provide you U.S. policies affecting space com- all devices related to space are critical policy matters, and to with some context for the study, merce as well as space-based re- considered munitions, the license suggest some policy alternatives let me begin by making a few as- search activities in universities must be provided by the U.S. that might improve the current sertions. America’s space pro- and laboratories around the State Department. The problem situation, the Academy has con- gram, I believe, is at a critical turn- country. is that the rules are ambiguous, vened a series of workshops and ing point in its history. America’s the process is cumbersome and seminars; participants include George Abbey, former director of preeminent role in space is being slow, and the outcome is highly representatives of the U.S. aero- the Johnson Space Center, and I challenged, both internationally uncertain. In many ways, it re- space industry, satellite manu- are collaborating on one of these and here at home. And America’s sembles the visa situation of re- facturers, launchers, and opera- reports. Under the working title, intentions for the future military cent months. As a result, the U.S. tors; international military ex- “International Competition and use of space are, in some cases, satellite industry has been severe- perts; and scientists. They are Cooperation in U.S. Space Pol- drawing considerable criticism ly damaged: we have lost 40 per- broad-based, highly informed icy,” we are examining the three from other nations. Space policy cent of the market share in a pe- groups of individuals that the barriers currently facing the U.S. has become a prominent and a riod of three years. These export

Leaders of current Academy projects

Front (left to right): President Patricia Meyer Spacks (University of Virginia), David Clark (MIT), and Michael Kremer (Harvard University)

Back (left to right): Robert C. Post (Yale University), Gerald Rosenfeld (Rothschild North America), Linda Greenhouse (The New York Times), Neal Lane (Rice University), and Tom Leighton (MIT and Akamai Technologies)

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 17 controls also apply to students, ident Bush, Senator McCain in- Securing the Internet someone to steal your con½den- postdocs, and visiting collabora- vited me to testify before the tial information, your bank pass- tors from other nations, forcing Senate Commerce Committee as Public Space word, and not just by “phishing” the research establishment to to express my thoughts from the attacks, where someone fraudu- continually ensure that it is fol- perspective of my previous ex- Tom Leighton lently poses as an institution re- lowing regulations, but with a perience. Now I’m a space cadet; quiring your bank or credit card great deal of ambiguity and un- I’ve always wanted to go into Professor of Applied Mathematics, information. It would be very certainty. space. What I said was that, in- MIT; co-founder and Chief Scientist, easy for me to steal your online deed, nasa needs a vision. nasa Akamai Technologies banking password. You wouldn’t The second barrier–a huge one needs a plan, and although this know. The bank wouldn’t know. –concerns possible shortfalls plan is bold, it’s incomplete be- in the science and engineering cause it makes space science a workforce. For a long time, boys As I’m sure you all know, the lower priority than returning hu- Today we ½nd ourselves and girls in the United States Internet has seen a stunning adop- mans to the moon. It also does in a situation where the have chosen career directions tion rate in our society over the not suggest how we are going other than science and engineer- last decade. It has become a dom- Internet has gone rapidly to obtain the funding for what inant communications medium would be a very expensive mis- from a novelty to main- Space policy has become for business, government, de- sion. Softly put, that was my view fense, and leisure. And this is just stream; it is now a criti- a prominent and a very on the program. the beginning. I’m sure you have cal resource but we have contentious public-policy I want to mention a fourth barri- all read stories about Internet er–as a former government of½- telephony, and it would not sur- no security. issue. Policy decisions now cial I can only remember three prise me if over the next ten years barriers at a time. The fourth re- the telephone becomes depend- being made will affect not And then I can do as I want with lates to America’s future military ent on the Internet for commu- your bank account, and there’s only our national security plans in space. The missile de- nication. This is all good news. a lot of ways I can do that, and fense system is an early indica- The Internet is an amazing and but also our ability to that’s in part because there’s no tor of what direction the United wonderful technology. But what authentication today on the In- successfully compete with States might be taking, but na- many people don’t understand ternet. I can claim to Sprint or tions around the world, individ- is that a large portion of the cur- other countries in the any other provider that I own uals we’ve spoken with, both in- rent protocols and the technolo- the bank’s ip address (its unique commercial use of space. side and outside of government, gy that the Internet uses are based identifying number) and direct believe that the United States is on the same protocols developed your traf½c to me. Nobody checks. ing. We’ve made up for that with on a trajectory to control space over thirty years ago by my col- It’s not authenticated. There’s our ability to attract the bright- by arming satellites with weap- league in this project, David Clark, something called dns (Domain est and the best young and not- ons, which has never been done and other experts in the ½eld Name System) on the Internet, so-young minds from all over the before, at least to my knowledge, when only several hundred peo- which is the equivalent of 411, world. The strength of American and by using satellites as launch- ple were using the Internet. These which you invoke every time you science and technology has been ing platforms, or as weapons individuals were from a few uni- go to a website. That’s not au- dependent on these individuals. themselves, perhaps to control versities, industrial-research labs, thenticated. I can slip in my ip But in the post-9/11 era with visas Earth from space. It’s a very real and government groups; they address instead of the one where so dif½cult to obtain, fewer tal- fear that has raised objections were very intelligent, very so- you’re going, and you will come ented people want to come to the from China and other nations. phisticated, and intended no to me without knowing it. And United States, leaving us unsure Now, this may not be U.S. poli- harm to other users. At that time, there’s no traceability. You can’t about the source of our future cy, but certainly such plans are there was a race to add function- catch the bad guy, and when you science and engineering work- on the drawing board, and they ality with little effort paid to se- do catch somebody, usually it’s force. are based on serious, blue ribbon curing that functionality as one the innocent bystander whose commissions reporting to the went along. The third obstacle that George identity was stolen in some way. military establishment. The mil- Abbey and I identify is what, in Today we ½nd ourselves in a sit- itarization of space is a critical Now, does this matter? This is our opinion, is an unrealistic plan uation where the Internet has issue, one that will be discussed actually a subject of debate to- for the future of the U.S. civilian gone rapidly from a novelty to in our report but will be exam- day. To me, there’s no question space program and for nasa in mainstream; it is now a critical ined intensely in the “Rules of this is a serious problem. But particular, where the focus has resource but we have no securi- Space” project as a whole. there are people in positions of shifted to returning humans to ty. Everybody’s been attacked responsibility today that say, so the moon, and perhaps beyond, by a virus or a worm, or been in- what if my email’s slow. So what in future years. Shortly after this undated by spam, but it goes a if I couldn’t get to eBay today. new plan was announced by Pres- lot deeper than that. The public doesn’t realize how easy it is for That really isn’t important. And I agree in the big scheme of things.

18 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 There are issues more important cause we don’t insist that indi- How can we shape the rights of the state, and the reali- than cybersecurity, but this secu- viduals have a well-known and ty of the global nature of the In- rity is also important, especially veri½able identity before they Internet so we can deal ternet that spans jurisdictions when you see today what’s hap- can send mail. We also don’t in- with disruptive and mal- and many societies with dispa- pening with international orga- sist that email carry a stamp or a rate social norms. This is the lev- nized crime running extortion price in any form. If we had put icious participants with- el at which we have to examine on the Internet through (denial- a charge of a penny on an email, out harming the shared security issues and, more broad- of-service) attacks, stealing of we might have reduced spam, ly, the problems of this shared con½dential information, the although we would have created experience of people who, experience we have in the Inter- threat of a state-sponsored attack a collection and tracking night- like all of my friends in net. Our new Academy study will on critical portions of our infra- mare. The current state of email focus on the security of the Inter- structure, and potential terrorist (and spam) is de½ned by the the old days, actually do net as a public space. How can attacks timed to coincide with current technology, but we can want to cooperate? we shape the Internet so we can physical attacks. It is very scary, change technology. The funda- deal with disruptive and mali- and a very serious problem for mental question is what do we can’t identify? Who owns the cious participants without harm- our country. want? Decisions about the struc- knowledge about where we are? ing the shared experience of peo- ture of email, if we think about Your cell-phone service provider ple who, like all of my friends in them in a deliberative way, are knows where you are. Is he per- the old days, actually do want to David Clark social decisions. For example, mitted to sell that information or cooperate? For this approach, we we could create something just is it yours? Who owns the knowl- need more than a room of tech- Senior Research Scientist, MIT like email except that you can edge of who we are and what we ies. We need social scientists, Laboratory for Computer Science only talk to people you’ve been like? How can that information economists, political scientists, introduced to–gated communi- be used? If you have a computer philosophers, and others who ties in cyberspace, so to speak. on the net running software from have views on the nature of soci- As Tom has pointed out, securi- The solution to spam, whatever a particular vendor and a nasty ety and the nature of human ac- ty is built out of technical build- it is, is going to change the nature virus takes over the machines, tion–along with computer sci- ing blocks, such as strong encryp- of the shared social experience. launching a denial-of-service at- entists. tion, and bad security is often the We’re going to have to ask and tack against a major provider, are As a computer scientist by train- fault of bad technology: flaws in answer the question of under you liable? Is the software pro- ing, I know that we cannot de- software that leave your machine what circumstances can you in- vider liable? velop or implement an effective open to attack. But in order to trude on somebody you don’t approach to security on the In- frame my remarks, I want to offer know, and what range of re- How do we balance our rights as ternet without a broad range of you a different way of sorting the sponses is socially acceptable. an individual, for example, our perspectives. security problem into two buck- right to use encryption to protect Consequently my question about ets. I want to describe security private conversations, with the spam, and about a lot of the other problems as, A, stupid, or B, non- rights of the state to carry out law- problems we have in the Internet, technical. Software-engineering ful intercept? We’re having a tus- is not can we build a solution, but Congress and failures exemplify a stupid prob- sle today in Internet space as to what is the right thing to build? ip the Court lem. Many of the computer at- how voice over (Internet tele- To answer it, we must take into tacks today use a very simple form phony) should be reimplement- account a broad range of social of exploitation that involves ed so that it is amenable to law- and economic policy issues. Let Linda Greenhouse sending a message that is much ful intercept. The law of the Unit- me quickly pose some other ques- longer than your software can ed States, in this regard, is the Supreme Court Correspondent, tions I don’t expect you to an- handle. Your software doesn’t Communication Assistance for The New York Times swer. If we alter our accessibility calea bother to check how long it is; it Law Enforcement Act ( ) to the Internet, what forms of simply takes the message, lays it but the Internet standards are identity will be required in order global protocols, not U.S. proto- out in memory, and stomps all he Academy is recognized for to participate? Will we continue cols. If we insert wiretaps into T over itself. This is a serious prob- its ability to perceive emerging to have any rights of anonymous those protocols, they’re going to lem, but it is a self-contained problems in our society even be- action? How can we be held ac- be handled in every country ac- one. We don’t need to redesign fore the actual participants in countable for misbehavior? Are cording to that country’s de½ni- the Internet to solve it. them are aware that they exist. we going to see an overall loss of tion of lawful. How should we In addressing a group of federal Let me take an example of some- con½dence in the Internet result- balance our design decisions in judges several months ago, Jus- thing that really annoys us: spam. ing from activities such as phish- this global context? tice Sandra Day O’Connor ad- Is spam a technical problem or, to ing–this continuous flow of mes- vised: “Try to make a friend out ask the question more precisely, sages that appears to be coming All of these examples capture of the members of Congress. Try can spam be directly solved by a from an institution like Citibank tensions that live in a space of to help them understand the technical change? First we must but in fact is coming from some- personal rights, the interests of needs of judges. It’s much harder recognize that spam exists be- where overseas in a country I large private-sector players, the

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 19 I have been an observer in a way that we haven’t seen for A few years ago, several Academy power. Congress was effectively quite some time–not so much members became concerned given constitutional authority of the Congress-Court in terms of more abstract doc- about Supreme Court decisions to pass all laws that Congress relationship for more than trine but at the personal level seeking to limit the power of the believed were necessary to meet of judicial pay and other issues. national Congress. We formed national needs. a quarter century and I Criminal sentencing has been a committee, whose members Then in 1995 and subsequently in a major thorn in the side of the were experts in law, political sci- have never seen such a 2000, the Supreme Court revived judiciary. Last year, Congress ence, journalism, and public pol- the notion that the federal gov- sharp deterioration, cou- passed the Feeney Amendment icy and service, to consider how ernment had only limited pow- that puts federal judges in the we could identify and address pled with a toxic atmos- ers, so that it could not pass leg- dock for handing down sentences the tensions between the federal islation it deemed necessary for phere, in the interaction that are lower than members of legislature and the judiciary. the good of the nation. For the Congress think they should be. of these two branches of The premise of these decisions ½rst time since the New Deal, the The House Judiciary Committee involves a basic concept of the Court began to strike down stat- government. is conducting an internal inves- American constitutional order. utes on the ground that they were tigation of a Court of Appeals to turn a cold shoulder on some- From the end of the eighteenth beyond the power of Congress. decision on an af½rmative-action one you know.” One seldom century, it was well understood These statutes included the Vio- case involving the University of hears this kind of discourse from that the federal government had Michigan. A resolution moving a Supreme Court Justice, but only the powers granted to it by through the House of Represen- The evolving nature of today federal judges as a group, the Constitution. State govern- tatives calls on federal judges to and the members of the Supreme ments, by contrast, retained all this project exempli½es stop the very nascent, and some Court in particular, are feeling governmental powers except of us think very fruitful, practice how Academy projects rather besieged at the hands of those denied to them by the Con- of citing decisions from foreign Congress. stitution. Until the 1930s, the can maintain their value courts to illuminate various prob- Supreme Court would regularly When the Academy began its lems facing American courts, and relevance to the articulate the constitutional lim- study of the relationship of Con- including gay rights and capital its of congressional power. In broader public by flexibly gress and the Court in 2002, it ap- punishment for juveniles. 1918, for example, the Court held peared to those of us involved in responding to changing I have been an observer of the that Congress had exceeded the the project that the shoe was on Congress-Court relationship for bounds of its constitutional pow- circumstances. the other foot. Congress was feel- more than a quarter century and er when it sought to regulate ing much besieged at the hands I have never seen such a sharp de- child labor. lence Against Women Act and of the Supreme Court, which in terioration, coupled with a toxic the Gun-Free School Zones Act. the mid-1990s had started down The Great Depression illustrated atmosphere, in the interaction The Court’s decisions were a doctrinal road of reexamining the utter interdependence of the of these two branches of govern- highly controversial and unclear. some basic premises that had national economy, which effec- ment. It is appropriate for an or- Congress was left with only a been extant since the New Deal, tively undermined the notion that ganization such as the Academy vague sense of the limits of its such as the role of Congress in Congress could have only limited to consider how we can examine own legislative authority. regulating national affairs with a power. The New Deal response the consequences of the current national scope. In a series of de- to the crisis of the 1930s required In the belief that the Academy situation. cisions, the Court placed limits Congress to expand national au- could act as an honest broker in on the ability of Congress to en- thority in ways that were incon- this dif½cult situation, our com- force basic guarantees of equal sistent with the idea that the na- mittee of Fellows began to pursue protection and due process Robert C. Post tional government had only spe- a multipronged strategy. We de- through the Fourteenth Amend- David Boies Professor of Law, ci½cally enumerated powers. The signed Stated Meetings in Wash- ment, on premises that had not Yale Law School upshot was a dramatic confron- ington, D.C., among policymak- been questioned since the 1930s. tation between Franklin D. Roo- ers, in which the implications The Academy felt there was a sevelt and the Supreme Court. of these recent court decisions role to be played in convening fdr’s proposed court-packing could be discussed and evaluated. he Courts and Congress study the principals in this debate and T plan was averted only at the last In 2002 we sponsored a debate illustrates how the Academy can providing neutral ground where minute when Justice Owen Rob- about the criteria for the con½r- use its good of½ces to examine they could meet face to face in erts changed his vote, prompting mation of federal judges; partic- questions that call for both schol- the hope that they might better the famous quip that “a switch in ipants included Senator Charles arly and professional perspec- understand one another. time saved nine.” For half a cen- Schumer and the then Chief tives, and how the nature of an tury after the New Deal, Ameri- Judge of the United States Court Since then, there has been a shift Academy study can evolve over can constitutional law effectively of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, in the polarity of the problem. time in response to changing conceptualized the national gov- James Harvie Wilkinson. In 2003, Congress has been on the war- circumstances. ernment as possessing plenary we sponsored a debate about the path against the federal judiciary

20 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 independence of the federal ju- reer path will affect the nature of The Academy’s analysis are simply expected to obey the diciary; participants included American judging. law. Although a higher level of Academy Fellow Judith Resnik of corporate responsibility awareness on the part of regu- In the near future, the Court and (Yale University), Representative lators and senior managers in ½- Congress project will sponsor a has drawn on representa- Howard Berman of California, nancial services may help to pre- Stated Meeting in Washington, and Danny Boggs, Chief Judge tives of both scholarship vent future corporate scandals, it D.C., on how the Constitution of the United States Court of is clear that external forces will deals with the kind of stress ex- and the professions to Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. continue to pressure investment empli½ed by the events of 9/11. help us understand how bankers toward higher standards We also organized private, off- We are also considering a Stated of conduct. In my view, the in- the-record conversations among Meeting comparing the Ameri- we might address the vestment community should act members of Congress and the Su- can Constitution with other na- breakdown in values in to adopt its own code of conduct. preme Court. These candid dis- tional constitutions. cussions were useful to the par- American business. In addition to my commentary, The evolution of the Academy ticipants. After 2003, however, it Restoring Trust in American Busi- project on Congress and the Court became clear that the relation- emy today. On the basis of these ness includes a broader analysis illustrates the value of examin- ship between the branches had and other discussions, a series of of management as a profession. ing issues from the viewpoint of deteriorated to the point where papers was commissioned and The book concludes with a set of both scholars and practitioners. this strategy had become ineffec- will be published early next year recommendations designed to The evolving nature of this proj- tive. We therefore began to plan by the mit Press. The volume, enhance gatekeeper profession- ect exempli½es how Academy scholarly studies of issues that Restoring Trust in American Business, alism and to underline the im- projects can maintain their value these conversations had demon- is edited by one of the cochairs portance of continuing cooper- and relevance to the broader strated were salient. Two Acad- of the study, Jay Lorsch of the ative efforts on the part of this public by flexibly responding to emy studies are now in the de- Harvard Business School; the nation’s intellectual, business, changing circumstances. velopment stage. The ½rst, led by Executive Of½cer of the Acad- and public leaders to ensure Academy Fellow Philip Frickey emy, Leslie Berlowitz; and the higher standards of corporate (University of California, Berke- Project Director, Andy Zelleke conduct. ley), focuses on the question of of the Wharton Business School. Corporate As we go forward, there will be how courts interpret federal stat- Responsibility The study focuses on the signi½- meetings to follow up on the re- utes. Using a number of case cance of values in guiding corpo- action to the book and the possi- studies, the study will examine rate conduct and the role of var- bility of undertaking an in-depth how legislation was enacted by Gerald Rosenfeld ious groups–whom we termed study of one or two of the gate- Congress and subsequently in- “gatekeepers”–in upholding keeper professions. In this pro- terpreted by the Court. The effort Chief Executive Of½cer, Rothschild ethical standards. They include cess, the Academy will continue will be to ½nd grounds that might North America regulators, auditors, journalists, to provide a unique forum for the improve the relationship between lawyers, investment bankers, and nonpartisan analysis of these dif- the Court and Congress in the corporate directors: the individ- ½cult and controversial issues. quotidian but important matter Like the Congress and the Court uals that guide and oversee the of statutory interpretation. study, the Academy’s analysis institutions surrounding the The second study is being led by of corporate responsibility has business community. Serious Judith Resnik. It focuses on the drawn on representatives of both issues concerning human behav- Universal Basic and staf½ng of the federal judiciary. scholarship and the professions ior are evident in each of these Secondary Education American judges are not profes- to help us understand how we professions. sional in the sense of French and might address the breakdown In my own article for the book, I German judges. Instead they in values in American business. Michael Kremer deal with ethical standards in the come to the judiciary from pri- The background to this study has investment banking community. Gates Professor of Developing vate practice or public service. played itself out on the pages of Since I am an investment banker Societies, Harvard University Although they are not trained in the newspapers and in the courts and have been one for decades, I the art of judging, they tend to for the last three or four years, as am particularly concerned about possess the kind of political savvy public con½dence in American the question of whether invest- that seems a prerequisite of the business has seriously eroded. The Academy’s study on Uni- ment banking is (or should be) American practice of judicial re- versal Basic and Secondary Edu- I became involved in the project recognized as a profession with ubase view. In recent years, however, cation ( ) is a multidisci- in May 2003 at a series of work- obligations to the public, includ- federal judges have increasingly plinary effort to evaluate the shops in New York and subse- ing responsibility as a “gatekeep- spent their careers as magistrates bene½ts and obstacles involved quently took part in a very use- er” helping to constrain corpo- or as some other kind of non- in educating all of the children ful discussion with Senator Sar- rate misconduct. Investment Article III judge. The Academy of the world, aged six to sixteen. banes, who, I am honored to say, bankers have no speci½c set of will study the causes of this shift, Nearly 28 percent of the world’s is being inducted into the Acad- behavioral rules to follow; they and whether this change in ca- children in this age group–400 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 21 million in total–are not enrolled There are many ways to much more cost-effective than er recipients. When we learned in school and even for those at- many traditional interventions. about this project, we decided to tending school, educational qual- increase the number of take advantage of the lottery to There are many ways to increase ity often leaves much to be de- compare the students who won children in school; the the number of children in school; sired. Moreover, in the develop- the vouchers with those who did the more dif½cult challenge is ing world, the number of young more dif½cult challenge not. We found that several years to provide them with a quality people aged six to sixteen is ex- after receiving the vouchers, the is to provide them with education. The availability of re- pected to grow by more than lottery winners scored higher on sources is a key issue, but their 100 million in the next quarter a quality education. The tests. As the years passed, they impact can be more complicated century. were more likely to complete availability of resources than one might think. I was in- high school and to score well on With these facts in mind, Joel volved in a study of textbook pro- is a key issue, but their college entrance exams. There Cohen of Rockefeller University vision in a part of Kenya where is no doubt that the lottery was and David Bloom of the Harvard impact can be more com- primary-school students had very highly cost-effective for those School of Public Health initiated few textbooks. Why do you need plicated than one might who bene½ted, but there remain the ubase study and recruited a study? Isn’t it obvious that more serious questions about the more scholars and representatives of think. textbooks will lead to enhanced general impact of vouchers. international organizations to performance? In fact, the results their children to public schools. analyze the challenges involved showed that the children who Ultimately, what we need to ad- One can try to control for observ- in launching such a massive edu- tested well before they received vance educational development able socioeconomic differences cational effort. There are several the textbooks improved consid- is greater knowledge about edu- such as income and education, aspects to the project: how the erably, but those who did poorly cational systems and the impact but parents can also differ in un- goal of bringing quality education in the pretest showed no improve- of speci½c interventions. Ran- observable ways such as their to the world’s children can be de- ment. Because I had taught in domized evaluations are valuable attitude toward education. Even ½ned; how progress toward this this area of Kenya before enter- because they can create greater if one found a way to establish a goal can be measured; what ob- ing graduate school, the outcome certainty about how we should constant in the comparison of stacles–technological, ½nancial, was understandable. The entire proceed, and the ubase project parents, children may require dif- political, and cultural–will be Kenyan educational system is is helping to develop a strong ferent educational experiences. encountered; what the conse- based on English, but for these evidence base for action. Statistically, it is dif½cult to con- quences of success might be, and children, English is their third trol for all the random variables. how a set of options for the steps language. Their home language needed to advance the goal might In contrast, we can adopt another is their ½rst and Swahili is their The Humanities be developed. The current phase approach known as randomized second. Because they are often of the project will produce re- evaluation that is used in the nat- sick or have other responsibili- Initiative search reports in eight areas, from ural sciences and particularly in ties, many of these children at- the gathering of facts and data medicine. Having been involved tend school perhaps 70–80 per- for measuring progress toward in a number of educational eval- cent of the time, and their teach- Patricia Meyer Spacks universal basic and secondary ers show up at about the same uations using randomized data, Edgar F. Shannon Professor of education to the intersection of rate. Only those students with let me illustrate how we can ap- English, University of Virginia health and education, and cost ply this method to a few of the the best attendance can bene½t and ½nance issues. questions being addressed in the from textbooks. study. For example, what is the My particular aspect of the study These ½ndings raise questions n 1998, the Academy established most cost-effective way to edu- I deals with the evaluation of edu- about the need for more system- a two-pronged Humanities Ini- cate more children in developing cational initiatives and reforms. atic educational reform. The tiative. I’ll report ½rst about the countries, given the limited re- Most of the evidence on the im- educational system in Kenya is effort to develop humanities in- sources available? The best ap- pact of various educational strat- oriented toward students from dicators, one of those key enter- proach–and it was not the ½rst egies or interventions comes from Nairobi with more privileged prises, and then about the histo- that came to mind–was the elim- comparing schools with differ- backgrounds and with parents ries of the humanities, the other ination of intestinal worms that ent characteristics. For example, who can afford textbooks. The central project. They’re both at affect one out of every three to to learn about the impact of pri- system isn’t really serving the a very exciting stage of develop- four people in the world and are vate education as opposed to pub- typical student in rural areas. ment. inexpensive to treat. We found lic education, experts have com- that a program involving mass In another developing country– Unlike scientists and engineers, pared private to public schools. treatment of children in random- Colombia–students from poor humanists have never had avail- The problem is that these com- ly selected schools led to a reduc- neighborhoods were given vouch- able to them a single, depend- parisons can be confounded by tion in absenteeism of at least 25 ers to allow them to attend pri- able source of data about what’s other factors. Parents who send percent. The cost of the program vate schools. Given the lack of happening in their ½eld. The their children to private schools was only about $3.50 per addition- suf½cient funds, a lottery was in- , might differ from those who send Science and Engineering Indicators al year of schooling generated– stituted to determine the vouch- issued biennially by the Nation-

22 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 al Science Foundation, provide These books, in conjunc- according to their historians– ment of the United States with information about education show unexpected convergences the wider world, and that they and employment over a consid- tion with the effort to with science. I have to say it was continue to serve a crucial pur- erable disciplinary range. In the create comprehensive, something of a shock to me, as it pose as a means of incorporating humanities, various profession- will be perhaps to you, to learn America’s ethnic and cultural al organizations have tried to as- accurate data for the that in its early days comparative diversity. semble facts about developments literature aspired to the status of humanities, will help to We hope to have both these vol- within their disciplines, but data a science. umes published in 2005 and 2006 between ½elds are generally not elucidate the speci½c Reading the drafts and hearing to coincide with the observance compatible, since different or- functions, the speci½c their authors talk were invigor- of the Academy’s 225th anniver- ganizations employ different ating experiences, reminding sary. Together, and in conjunc- means of gathering data and dif- condition, and the me, as the ½nished volume will tion with the effort to create com- ferent ways of codifying them. speci½c importance of remind its readers, how funda- prehensive, accurate data for the The American Academy set out mentally the humanities partici- humanities, they will help to elu- to facilitate the inauguration of humanistic knowledge pate in the life of this country, cidate the speci½c functions, the a comprehensive system for ac- in the United States. engaging in various terms the is- speci½c condition, and the spe- cumulating and organizing basic sues that perplex the nation, and ci½c importance of humanistic information about education and ti½cation to suggest how exten- reflecting in their internal con- knowledge in the United States. employment in the humanistic sive the collaboration is. Thanks flicts wider dilemmas of meaning. disciplines. How many people to the cooperation of individuals major? How many take courses? and organizations, a working It was essential to the Humani- How many get advanced degrees committee has agreed upon a ties Initiative from the start that © 2004 by Neal Lane, Tom in these ½elds? What happens to core set of questions of interest the Academy sponsor multiple Leighton, David Clark, Linda those with Ph.D.s in the human- to all learned societies, and that histories to emphasize that every Greenhouse, Robert C. Post, ities? What do they do for a liv- wasn’t an easy task. We are mov- set of facts can generate different Gerald Rosenfeld, Michael ing? You can’t assume nowadays ing toward a national survey of stories, and that the story told Kremer, and Patricia Meyer that they get jobs in universities. humanities departments to gen- often depends on who is telling Spacks, respectively. How much teaching in the hu- erate basic information about it. Academy Fellow David Holl- manistic areas is done by part- faculty and staf½ng trends and inger, a historian from Berkeley, time faculty? These are the sorts about teaching loads. has edited another volume offer- of questions we have in mind. ing histories of the humanities The project to create histories of disciplines from a speci½c point To accomplish our aim turned the humanities is closer to my of view. out to be unimaginably complex, heart, since I cochair it with Stev- as well as unimaginably expen- en Marcus, and I’m editing one His book, The Humanities and the sive. The enterprise involves ½g- of the two volumes currently Dynamics of Inclusion since World uring out how best to make use approaching publication. Both War II, explores social and cul- of existing data as well as how to these books explore from differ- tural determinants that have gather new information. It has ent points of view changes that helped shape a distinctly Ameri- required the collaboration of have shaped the humanities over can version of the humanities in men and women from many dis- the past century. the twentieth century. Its essays, ciplines–statisticians, social sci- also of multiple authorship, ar- In the fall, the authors of the es- entists, and humanists–and from gue that the role played by the says in my volume, Mapping the many organizations, including academic humanities in embrac- Humanities, met in New York to the learned societies under the ing the diversity of subject mat- discuss drafts of their work. The aegis of the American Council of ters, ideas, and types of Ameri- meeting was exhilarating. The Learned Societies. cans has not been fully appreci- essays cover individually seven ated. They examine the rise of But it is actually happening, humanistic disciplines. They tell, foreign-area studies, the emer- thanks to foundation support as you would expect, seven dif- gence of American studies and and to the leadership of Norman ferent stories, but with provoca- other interdisciplinary programs, Bradburn, who recently left the tive convergences. All record his- and the growth of American National Science Foundation to tories of immense vitality, with higher education as the opportu- rejoin the National Opinion Re- each discipline’s governing as- nity to attend colleges and uni- search Center at the University sumptions in constant flux and versities expanded in the postwar of Chicago, along with medieval with new consensus repeatedly era. Hollinger and his authors historian Francis Oakley and stat- generated out of controversy. show that the humanities have istician Steven Raudenbush. I Several disciplines–comparative played a vital role in the engage- mention their professional iden- literature, philosophy, and law,

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 23 New Members: Class of 2004

Class I: a role in establishing a mathe- sis of semi-simple groups and the Moses H. W. Chan matical theory for liquid crystals, spectral theory and cohomology Pennsylvania State University, Mathematical and for both the static and dynamic of their quotients. Work encom- University Park, PA Physical Sciences cases. Made contributions to the passes Lie theory, Riemannian Evan Pugh Professor of Physics. study of topological defects. Estab- geometry, differential equations, Conducted experimental studies Section 1: Mathematics lished the dynamical laws for automorphic forms, algebraic of phase transitions in quantum the Ginzburg-Landau vortices in geometry, mathematical physics, and classical fluids. Elucidated superconductivity and the topo- and quantum computing. Authored David Aldous the effects of reduced dimensions, logical solitons in superfluids. monographs on the cohomology restricted geometries, and impu- University of California, of discrete groups, representation rities on phase behavior. Dis- Berkeley, CA Yuri I. Manin theory, and invariant theory. covered the supersolid phase in Professor of Statistics. Leading Northwestern University, Evanston, helium. ½gure in discrete probability, the IL; Max Planck Institute for Mathe- Lai-Sang Young study of random processes on ½- matics, Bonn, Germany; Steklov New York University, Courant Paul A. Fleury nite structures. Made contribu- Mathematical Institute, Moscow, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT tions in several areas of probabil- Russia New York, NY Dean of Engineering and Freder- ity theory: rates of convergence to Trustee Chair and Professor of Professor of Mathematics. Expert equilibrium in ½nite-state Markov ick William Beinecke Professor Mathematics; Scienti½c Member; in the theory of dynamical sys- of Engineering and Applied Phys- chains, Poisson approximations Professor. Solved many problems tems, particularly their ergodic in diverse contexts, probabilistic ics. Condensed matter physicist. in number theory and algebraic behavior. Explores the geometric Advanced the optical spectrosco- analysis of algorithms, and the geometry. Developed new tech- and statistical theories of chaotic analysis of coalescent processes. py of solids. Headed Sandia Na- niques in the theory of differen- dynamical systems, including mea- tional Laboratory and major de- tial equations and mathematical surements of dynamical complex- partments at Bell Laboratories. Leonard Gross physics. Recent research focuses ity, and the cumulative effects of Cornell University, Ithaca, NY on quantum cohomology and small random perturbations on Steven M. Girvin Professor of Mathematics. Contri- noncommutative geometry. the long-term behavior of dynam- Yale University, New Haven, CT buted to the interface between ical systems. mathematics and physics. De- Donald Anthony Martin Professor of Physics and Applied vised the rigorous framework for University of California, Yves Colin de Verdiere (fhm) Physics. Condensed matter theo- white noise analysis that is used Los Angeles, CA Université Joseph Fourier, rist with interests in many-body throughout probability and its ap- Grenoble, France problems, quantum phase transi- Professor of Mathematics and tions, low-dimensional systems, plications. Created and explored Philosophy. Leader in the devel- Professor of Mathematics. Ad- logarithmic Sobolev inequalities atomic physics, and quantum opment of axiomatic set theory. vanced spectral theory, semi- computation. Known for work and their relations to hypercon- Derived, with others, a de½nabil- classical analysis, and the combi- tractivity, tools now applied far on the quantum Hall effect, the ity theory for the continuum from natorics of graphs. Worked on superconductor-insulator transi- from their origins in constructive game-theoretic determinacy hy- the spectral theory of Laplace op- ½eld theories. tion, and the quantum mechan- potheses. Wrote proofs for stan- erators, providing the ½rst rigor- ics of electrical circuits. dard set theory of Borel determi- ous proof that the length spectrum Anatole Katok nacy and projective determinacy of a Riemannian manifold is a Jeffrey A. Harvey Pennsylvania State University, from large cardinals. Motivated spectral invariant of the Laplace University Park, PA and contributed to work on the as- operator. Proved fundamental University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Raymond N. Shibley Professor of sociated philosophical problems. theorems in the spectral theory Enrico Fermi Distinguished Ser- Mathematics. Leading researcher of graphs. vice Professor and Chair, Depart- in ergodic theory and theory of Gang Tian ment of Physics. Codiscoverer of dynamical systems. Shaped the Massachusetts Institute of Section 2: Physics the heterotic string, a milestone subject through work on dynam- Technology, Cambridge, MA in the quest for a uni½ed theory ics of billiards, construction of of the laws of nature. Brought Simons Professor of Mathematics. Guenter Ahlers clarity to the nature of and inter- ergodic transformation, and geo- Authority in the ½eld of differen- desic flows. Provided the basis for University of California, relations among string theories tial geometry and complex analy- Santa Barbara, CA through work on compacti½ca- this area of research with work sis, with contributions to Kähler- Professor of Physics. Experimen- tion, notably on orbifolds, and on the rigidity of commuting flow Einstein metrics, geometric equa- talist whose contributions include by elucidating the role of string actions. tions, and quantum cohomology. the elucidation of critical phenom- solitons and instantons. Recipient of the Alan Waterman ena near the superfluid transition Fang-Hua Lin Award (National Science Founda- in liquid helium-4 and near mag- Alfred H. Mueller New York University, Courant tion) and the Veblen Prize (Amer- netic phase transitions; the ½rst Institute of Mathematical Sciences, ican Mathematical Society). Columbia University, New York, NY experimental observation of cha- New York, NY Professor of Physics. Led the study otic behavior in a deterministic Silver Professor of Mathematics. Nolan R. Wallach of high-energy quantum chromo- system; and the analysis of pat- dynamics (qcd). Developed con- Solved many problems originat- University of California, terns in spatially extended non- qcd ing in physics or geometry and San Diego, CA cepts and techniques in that equilibrium systems. permitted precise quantitative pre- leading to nonlinear elliptic par- Professor of Mathematics. Con- tial differential equations. Played dictions and experimental tests, tributed to the harmonic analy- thereby helping to establish qcd

24 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 as the theory of the strong inter- electronic states in these quan- ods in classical and quantum sta- two international institutes and actions. Recipient of the Sakurai tum dots and established single tistical mechanics that elucidate chairs strategic panels for the nrc, Prize (American Physical Society). quantum dot spectroscopy. Dem- the origin of experimental obser- nasa, and esa. Has advocated onstrated applications of these vations. for the scienti½c productivity of Lisa Randall quantum dots ranging from stim- the Hubble Space Telescope. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA ulated emission and lasing, elec- Henry Frederick (Fritz) troluminescence, and biomedical III Professor of Physics. Particle the- Schaefer Charles L. Bennett imaging. orist whose work on the effect of University of Georgia, Athens, GA NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the geometry of extra dimensions Greenbelt, MD Peter Beak Graham Perdue Professor of on the hierarchy puzzle influenced Chemistry; Director, Center for Senior Scientist for Experimen- thinking about particle physics, University of Illinois at Urbana- Computational Quantum Chem- tal Cosmology. As pi for nasa’s space, and gravity and brought Champaign, Urbana, IL istry. Applied methods of quan- Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy phenomenology and string theo- James R. Eiszner Endowed Chair tum chemistry to solve problems Probe, led the team that mapped ry closer together. Contributed in Chemistry. Made discoveries of interest to general chemists. the cosmic microwave back- to supersymmetry breaking and and provided unifying concepts Predicted the structure of methy- ground sky, determined the age the Standard Model. in organic chemistry. Established lene. Current research focuses on of the universe, the cosmological thermodynamic differences for a the silicon-carbon double bond. constant, the dark and baryonic Vladimir Borisovich number of isomeric systems. Has matter, and the Hubble constant. nasa Braginsky (fhm) been influential in the design and Richard Palmer Van Duyne On earlier Cosmic Back- execution of synthetic strategies. ground Explorer, measured the Moscow State University, Northwestern University, cosmic spectrum and discovered Moscow, Russia Evanston, IL Malcolm Harold Chisholm temperature variations. Professor of Physics. Formulated Charles E. and Emma H. Morri- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH the concept of standard quantum son Professor of Chemistry. Ac- Claude R. Canizares limits on high-precision measure- Distinguished Professor of Math- complishments include the dis- ments that use conventional tech- ematical and Physical Sciences. covery, development, and appli- Massachusetts Institute of niques, and invented quantum Made contributions to the devel- cation of surface-enhanced Raman Technology, Cambridge, MA nondemolition methods to cir- opment of inorganic, organometal- spectroscopy (sers) and the de- Bruno Rossi Professor of Experi- cumvent these limits. Developed lic, and materials chemistry. Pio- velopment of nanosphere lithog- mental Physics and Associate Pro- technology for high-precision neered the use of π-donor ligands raphy (nsl) and its use in nano- vost. Directed the development measurements including gravita- such as amides and alkoxides and particle optics. Advanced all areas of high-resolution spectrometers tional-wave detection and carried explored the use of metal-metal of science involving molecules for the Einstein and Chandra X- out experimental tests of the multiple bonds as reactive func- adsorbed on surfaces and nano- ray observatories and devised the equivalence principle and other tional groups. particles. theoretical and practical basis for fundamental laws of physics. X-ray diagnostics of hot plasmas Bernard Lucas Feringa (fhm) in celestial objects. Served as Di- rector of the mit Center for Space Eric N. Jacobsen University of Groningen, Section 3: Chemistry Research (1990–2002) and as Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Groningen, The Netherlands Chairman of the Space Studies Sheldon Emory Professor of A. Paul Alivisatos Professor of Chemistry. Devised Board of the National Academy Chemistry. Developed methods Lawrence Berkeley National Labo- the ½rst chiroptical molecular of Sciences (1994–2000). for the preparation of epoxides ratory; University of California, switch and the ½rst light-driven in enantiomerically pure form Berkeley, CA unidirectional rotary molecular R. Lawrence Edwards utilizing conceptually innovative motor in studies on functional Chancellor’s Professor of Chem- approaches. Conceived the Mn nanosystems. Developed the ½rst University of Minnesota, istry and Materials Science. Pio- (Salen) epoxidation method that catalytic enantioselective 1,4-ad- Minneapolis, MN neered the development of the is widely used in academia and dition of organometallic reagents Distinguished McKnight Univer- physical chemistry of semicon- industry. Subsequent work in- with absolute stereocontrol using sity Professor. Primarily respon- ductor nanocrystals. Elucidated volving hydrolytic kinetic reso- a novel class of chiral monoden- sible for the development and their structural, thermodynamic, lution led to myriad applications tate phosphoramidite ligands. application of thermal ionization optical, and electrical character- and mechanistic insights. measurement of precise 230Th ages istics as a function of particle size. to the timing and causes of Qua- Developed synthetic procedures Peter Jacob Rossky Section 4: Astronomy ternary climatic and oceanograph- to achieve size control and dem- ic changes. Pioneered Sr/Ca and onstrated the ½rst practical appli- University of Texas at Austin, (including Astrophysics) Austin, TX U/Ca thermometry and uranium- cations of these new materials. and Earth Sciences thorium-protoactinium dating Marvin K. Collie-Welch Regents of carbonates, increasing under- Chair in Chemistry, Professor of Moungi Gabriel Bawendi Steven V. W. Beckwith standing of past climate change Chemical Engineering, and Di- Massachusetts Institute of Space Telescope Science Institute, and environmental problems. rector, Institute for Theoretical Technology, Cambridge, MA Baltimore, MD Chemistry. Pioneered the theo- Professor of Chemistry. Pioneer retical atomistic description of Director. Leading observational Andrea Ghez in the organometallic synthesis chemical and biomolecular struc- astronomer in the areas of star University of California, and physical characterization of ture, reaction dynamics, and elec- formation, circumstellar disks, Los Angeles, CA semiconductor materials in the tronic processes in a liquid phase molecular emission, and infrared Professor of Astronomy. Devel- nanometer size range (quantum environment. Created new meth- detectors and techniques. Directs oped high-spatial resolution im- dots). Elucidated the structure of Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 25 aging techniques to study star Arden L. Bement, Jr. Sciences. Contributions in re- putational geometry in theoretical formation. Established the exis- National Institute of Standards and search include designs for “intel- computer science. Solved many tence of a supermassive black Technology, Gaithersburg, MD ligent highways,” new algorithms long-standing questions in com- hole at the center of our galaxy Director. Acting Director, Nation- for air traf½c control, autonomous putational geometry, including and determined its mass, posi- al Science Foundation. Conducted software for rotary aircraft, and optimal-time algorithms for sim- tion, and motion with unprece- research on radiation effects in computer-assisted surgery. Direc- ple polygon triangulation, line dented accuracy. tor of the Information Technolo- segment intersection, and higher- materials, high-temperature semi- darpa conductors, and the processing- gy Of½ce of (1999–2001). dimensional convex hull. Donald A. Gurnett structure-property interrelation- University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA ships in structural materials and Subra Suresh James H. Clark Roy J. Carver/James A. Van Allen thin-½lm devices. Promoted nu- Massachusetts Institute of Shutterfly Corporation, Professor of Physics. Expert in the clear fuel management, reactor Technology, Cambridge, MA Redwood City, CA observation and interpretation of safeguards, and nuclear nonpro- Ford Professor of Engineering and Chairman. Computer scientist electromagnetic and plasma wave liferation. Head, Department of Materials and entrepreneur. Cofounded phenomena of Earth, Jupiter, Sat- Science and Engineering. Research Silicon Graphics, Inc. (sgi) and urn, Uranus, and Neptune and the Mary Cunningham Boyce has advanced materials science Netscape. Developed the Geom- heliospheric medium. Designed and engineering, in particular the etry Engine Chip, a central ele- Massachusetts Institute of sgi instruments to gather informa- Technology, Cambridge, MA study of mechanical response of ment of ’s technology. tion on these phenomena during Kendall Family Professor of Me- structural and functional materi- spacecraft missions, including the chanical Engineering. Authority als. Author of Fatigue of Materials Barbara J. Grosz Cassini mission orbiting Saturn on the mechanical behavior of and coauthor of Thin Film Mate- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA and the Mars Express mission. rials: Stress, Defect Formation, and polymeric materials. Developed Higgins Professor of Natural Sci- Surface Evolution. physical models at the level of mi- ences; Dean of Science, Radcliffe Lyman Alexander Page, Jr. crostructure for large strain de- fhm Institute for Advanced Studies. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ formation and failure of polymers Herbert Gleiter ( ) Known for contributions in the Professor of Physics. Developed that de½ne the state of the ½eld. Institute of Nanotechnology, ½elds of natural language pro- new techniques to study the uni- Leads an interdepartmental re- Karlsruhe, Germany cessing and multi-agent collabo- verse through the cosmic back- search group that is reshaping Director. Performed pioneering ration, and for addressing funda- ground radiation (cmb). Formu- the role of elastomers, polymers, work on the synthesis of nano- mental problems in modeling lated experiments that measured polymer blends, and nanocom- crystalline materials. Contribu- collaborative activity. Pioneered the ½rst peak in the cmb angular posites as engineering materials. tions have led to major technolog- the rigorous study of the struc- power spectrum, providing a de- ical innovations, including the ture of discourse. termination of the total matter Murray S. Daw new ½eld of nanostructured ma- density in our universe. Founding terials. In the 1980s introduced Takeo Kanade nasa Clemson University, Clemson, SC member of ’s Wilkinson R. A. Bowen Professor of Physics. the idea of synthesizing materi- Carnegie Mellon University, Microwave Anisotropy Probe Developed three techniques in als with nanocrystalline (_< 100 Pittsburgh, PA Project. nm) grain size to achieve superi- materials theory: the Embedded U. A. and Helen Whitaker Uni- or and novel properties. Atom Method, the Variational versity Professor of Computer Maria T. Zuber Density Matrix Method, and the Science and Robotics. Director, Massachusetts Institute of Anthony James Merrill Relevant Rate Extraction Theory. fhm the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Technology, Cambridge, MA Work has especially bene½ted Spencer ( ) Mellon University (1992–2001). E. A. Griswold Professor of Geo- simulations of defects in metals. University of Nottingham, Robotics researcher whose work physics. Leader in the study of Nottingham, United Kingdom spans many areas, including ma- planetary interior structure and Mark E. Dean Emeritus Professor of Theoretical nipulators, sensors, computer vi- deformation. Led the determina- International Business Machines Mechanics. Devised continuum- sion, and multimedia. Advanced tion of the ½rst high-resolution Corporation, Tucson, AZ mechanical theories for rigid- the development of direct-drive structural models for the Moon, ibm Fellow and Vice President, plastic and other ½ber-reinforced manipulators, automated face rec- Mars, and the asteroid Eros, and Storage Technology. Contribu- materials and for the flow of gran- ognition, the most popular opti- developed a suite of quantitative tions include research and appli- ular materials and their implica- cal flow algorithm, and a 3-D con- models for the interpretation of cation of systems technologies tions. Contributed to the build- struction method from multiple planetary deformational features. spanning circuits to operating en- ing of the theoretical mechanics images. vironments. Research and devel- school at the University of Nott- Section 5: Engineering opment accomplishments include ingham. Edward D. Lazowska Sciences and Technologies high-performance microproces- University of Washington, sors, systems and software, cellu- Section 6: Computer Sci- Seattle, WA lar systems structure (Blue Gene), Bill & Melinda Gates Chair in Lilia A. Abron and digital visualization. ences (including Arti½cial Computer Science & Engineering. Peer Consultants, Rockville, MD Intelligence and Informa- Known for the design, imple- ceo President and . Advanced Sosale Shankara Sastry tion Technologies) mentation, and analysis of high- environmental engineering and University of California, Berkeley, CA performance computing and com- sustainable design through work nec munication systems. Chaired nsf Distinguished Professor of Bernard Chazelle in both academia and the private Electrical Engineering and Com- Advisory Committee for Com- sector. puter Sciences and Bioengineer- Princeton University, Princeton, NJ puter and Information Science ing; Chair, Department of Elec- Professor of Computer Science. and Engineering and cochaired trical Engineering and Computer Helped establish the ½eld of com- President’s Information Tech- nology Advisory Committee. 26 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 James L. Massey Carl Frieden Graham C. Walker ulatory roles of the Snf1 protein kinase and its human homologue, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Washington University School of Massachusetts Institute of ampk (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland; Lund Medicine, St. Louis, MO Technology, Cambridge, MA , in the metabolic response University, Lund, Sweden Wittcoff Professor and Head, De- American Cancer Society Research to glucose signals. Professor Emeritus of Digital Sys- partment of Biochemistry and Professor; Howard Hughes Med- tems Engineering; Adjunct Pro- Molecular Biophysics. Contribut- ical Institute Professor. Elucidat- Scott David Emr fessor of Information Technology. ed to the ½elds of enzyme kinet- ed how cells respond to dna University of California School of Contributed to information the- ics and mechanisms, regulatory damage by inducing expression Medicine, San Diego, CA ory and to cryptography. Past enzymes, actin polymerization, of repair pathway genes. Carried Professor of Cellular and Molec- president of the ieee Information and protein folding. Developed out pathbreaking work on the ular Medicine; Investigator, How- Theory Society and the Interna- the concept of hysteretic enzymes biochemistry of plant-microbe ard Hughes Medical Institute. tional Association for Cryptologic and the use of fluorine nmr for signaling. First to establish a role for phos- Research. studying protein folding. Devised phoinositide lipids in the spatial programs for analyzing complete Robert Hugh Waterston and temporal control of mem- Henry Samueli time courses of enzymatic reac- University of Washington, brane traf½cking pathways, to Broadcom Corporation, Irvine, CA tions. Seattle, WA identify numerous effector mol- ecules (that contain fyve and Cofounder, Chairman, and Chief Professor and William Gates III px Technical Of½cer. Innovator in Paul Lawrence Modrich Endowed Chair of Genome Sci- domains) that directly bind broadband communications. Re- Duke University Medical Center, ences. Brought whole-genome se- the lipid PtdIns(3) P, and to iden- tify the molecular machinery sponsible for all research and de- Durham, NC quencing of metazoan organisms escrt velopment activities of Broadcom, James B. Duke Professor of Bio- to reality through leadership of ( complexes) required for receptor down-regulation and a leading manufacturer of semi- chemistry; Investigator, Howard the project to sequence the ge- hiv conductor solutions for broad- Hughes Medical Institute. Estab- nome of the nematode Caenorhab- viral binding. band applications. lished the molecular mechanism ditis elegans. Played a central role by which the dna mismatch re- in the determination, analysis, and Andrew Z. Fire Class II: Biological pair system prevents mutations. public release of the sequences Stanford University, Stanford, CA Assigned activities to bacterial of the human, mouse, and other Professor of Pathology and Ge- Sciences and human mismatch repair pro- genomes. netics. Participated in develop- teins and demonstrated that tu- ing methods to reintroduce genes Section 1: Biochemistry mor cells derived from patients Section 2: Cellular and into C. elegans and to inactivate with hereditary nonpolyposis genes using double-stranded rna. and Molecular Biology colon cancer are defective in this Developmental Biology, Uses these methods to address reaction. Microbiology, and Im- the roles of double-stranded rna Tania A. Baker and other unique nucleic acid Massachusetts Institute of Linda Lea Randall munology (including structures in animal development Technology, Cambridge, MA University of Missouri-Columbia, Genetics) and immunity. Whitehead Professor of Biology; Columbia, MO Donald Emil Ganem Investigator, Howard Hughes Professor and Wurdack Chair of Gary G. Borisy Medical Institute. Leader in bio- Biochemistry. Contributed to the University of California, Northwestern University Feinberg chemical studies of dna trans- understanding of protein export San Francisco, CA School of Medicine, Chicago, IL position, the function of disas- and molecular chaperones. Laid Professor of Microbiology and Leslie B. Arey Professor of Cell sembly chaperones, and energy- the foundations for biochemical Immunology; Investigator, How- and Molecular Biology. Advanced dependent protein degradation. study of bacterial protein export, ard Hughes Medical Institute. knowledge of how cells organize Advanced understanding of fun- discovered that modulation of Made contributions to the under- their cytoplasm. Participated in damental life processes ranging protein folding was crucial for standing of the hepatitis B virus the discovery of tubulin, elucidat- from viral replication to the pro- export, demonstrated the central infection and to the study of epi- ed microtubule dynamics, intro- teolytic resculpting of the cellu- role of molecular chaperones, and demiology, replication, and path- duced novel techniques to analyze lar proteome. established the importance of ogenesis of the virus that causes cytoskeletal function in living kinetic partitioning. Kaposi’s sarcoma, one of the cells, dissected the mechanism Donald Max Engelman leading tumors in patients with of chromosome movement, and Aziz Sancar aids. Yale University, New Haven, CT furthered understanding of the Eugene Higgins Professor of Mo- University of North Carolina, supramolecular basis of the actin lecular Biophysics and Biochem- Chapel Hill, NC machinery in cell motility. Leonard P. Guarente istry. Contributed to two areas Kenan Professor of Biochemistry Massachusetts Institute of of physical biochemistry: the use and Biophysics. Authority in the Marian B. Carlson Technology, Cambridge, MA of neutron scattering to establish ½eld of dna repair. Elucidated Columbia University College of Phy- Novartis Professor of Biology. the protein arrangement in the the properties and mechanisms sicians and Surgeons, New York, NY Made important discoveries in small ribosomal subunit; and of the enzymes responsible for transcriptional regulation using nmr Professor of Genetics and Micro- the use of computational, , three different repair systems. yeast. Discovered that the gene biology. Leader in the ½eld of X-ray scattering, and protein en- Isolated a protein that couples sir2 regulates the life span of yeast gene regulation. Identi½ed gineering methods to study the transcription and repair. yeast cells and roundworms. the roles of the swi-snf chro- folding, assembly, and structure Work contributes to the molec- matin remodeling complex in of membrane proteins. ular study of aging. transcriptional regulation. Made discoveries elucidating global reg-

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 27 Erin K. O’Shea Section 3: Neurosciences, organ, including novel multigene ry of the lamprey with respect to University of California, families encoding candidate pher- connectivity, neurophysiology, San Francisco, CA Cognitive Sciences, and omone receptors. Used molecu- biophysics, pharmacology, and Professor of Biochemistry and Behavioral Biology lar and genetic tools to analyze neural modeling. Biophysics; Assistant Investiga- the coding of pheromone signals in the mammalian brain and the fhm tor, Howard Hughes Medical In- Huda Akil Richard G. M. Morris ( ) stitute. Made breakthroughs in speci½city of the pheromone re- University of Edinburgh, University of Michigan, sponse leading to gender discrim- the regulation of gene expression. Ann Arbor, MI Edinburgh, United Kingdom First determined the mechanism ination and aggression. Gardner Quarton Distinguished Professor of Neuroscience. Pio- of a coiled-coil transcription fac- University Professor of Neuro- neered the study of spatial mem- tor. Demonstrated how speci½c Susan Hock½eld science and Psychiatry and Co- ory in rodents by devising a nav- phosphorylation of a transcrip- Massachusetts Institute of Director and Senior Research Sci- igational water maze (the Morris tion factor determines its locali- Technology, Cambridge, MA entist, Mental Health Research maze). Used this and other meth- zation and regulatory activity and Institute. Made discoveries in the President. Formerly William Ed- ods to illuminate the role of the how inositol polyphosphates neurobiology of behavior, espe- ward Gilbert Professor of Neuro- hippocampus in memory. Dis- recruit chromatin remodeling nmda cially in the molecular mecha- biology and Provost, Yale Univer- covered the role of re- factors. nisms underlying responsiveness sity. Introduced powerful meth- ceptors in spatial learning. to stress and pain. Demonstrated ods for producing monoclonal Douglas C. Wallace a role for endorphins in addiction antibodies. Used this methodol- Section 4: Evolutionary University of California, Irvine, CA and in related studies on the neu- ogy to discover some of the ½rst Donald Bren Professor of Bio- roendocrinology of anxiety and cell-type molecular markers, which and Population Biology logical Sciences and Molecular depression. Advanced understand- have enriched understanding of and Ecology Medicine. Pioneer in the study ing of emotionality and human brain development and plasticity. dna of human mitochondrial behavioral dysfunction. Ted J. Case (mtdna) genetics. De½ned the Steven E. Hyman University of California, principles of mtdna inheritance, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Mark F. Bear San Diego, CA surveyed global mtdna variation Professor of Neurobiology and Massachusetts Institute of Professor of Biology. Ecologist permitting reconstruction of an- Technology, Cambridge, MA Provost. Scientist at the intersec- cient human origins and migra- known both for empirical and Picower Professor of Neuroscience; tion of molecular neurobiology tion, discovered the ½rst inherited theoretical work, including stud- Investigator, Howard Hughes and psychiatry. Served as Direc- mtdna disease, and demonstrat- ies of the mechanisms of species Medical Institute. Contributed to tor of Psychiatry Research at Mas- ed the importance of mtdna invasions. Developed theories of neuroscience by elucidating the sachusetts General Hospital and variation in aging and degenera- alternative stable states in com- synaptic and molecular mecha- as the ½rst faculty Director of tive diseases. munities. De½ned concepts and nisms of plasticity in the cerebral Harvard’s interfaculty initiative on Mind/Brain/Behavior. Previ- methods for measuring higher- fhm cortex. Demonstrated that exci- order (multispecies) interactions. Anthony James Pawson ( ) tatory synapses throughout the ously Director of the National Institute of Mental Health. Developed theories of spatial Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, mammalian cerebral cortex are coevolution and continental bio- Toronto, Canada bidirectionally modi½able, showed geography. University Professor of Medical how these modi½cations can be Peter L. Strick Genetics and Microbiology. Fun- reliably induced, and furthered University of Pittsburgh, Bernd Heinrich damentally changed the view of understanding of the underlying Pittsburgh, PA University of Vermont, cellular regulation and signal molecular mechanisms. va Senior Research Career Scien- Burlington, VT transduction. Discovered the Src tist, Professor of Neurobiology, Emeritus Professor of Biology. homology 2 domain and showed Thomas James Carew and Co-Director, Center for the Research biologist and nature that tyrosine kinases exert effects University of California, Irvine, CA Neural Basis of Cognition. Author- through modular protein-protein writer. Pioneered studies of in- Bren Professor and Chair of Neu- ity on brain circuitry and motor interactions. Went on to establish sect thermoregulation and polli- robiology and Behavior. Leading behavior. Unraveled the matrix that interaction domains provide nation energetics. Author of Bum- neuroscientist investigating the of interconnections that forms the a general paradigm through which blebee Economics, Ravens in Winter, cellular neurobiology of learning basis of the brain’s motor systems cells are organized. and The Hot-blooded Insects. and memory. Extensive research and provided a framework for understanding the cognitive con- fhm on neuroplasticity in Aplysia re- Bruce R. Levin Masatoshi Takeichi ( ) vealed synaptic mechanisms me- trol of normal movement and Emory University, Atlanta, GA RIKEN Center for Developmental diating several forms of memory, movement disorders. Served as Biology, Kobe, Japan including habituation, sensitiza- Editor in Chief of the Journal of Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor Professor and Director. Discov- tion, and associative learning, as Neurophysiology. of Biology. Pioneer in the study of the population biology and evolu- ered that cell-cell adhesion is me- well as time-dependent phases of fhm diated by cadherins, transmem- synaptic facilitation and memory. Sten Grillner ( ) tion of bacteria and their viruses brane surface proteins that medi- Karolinska Institute, and plasmid. Elucidated resource- ate homotypic binding between Catherine Dulac Stockholm, Sweden based competition, host-parasite coevolution, genetic diversity, and neighboring cells. Demonstrated Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Professor of Neurophysiology that a code exists such that cells the genetic structure of bacterial Professor of Molecular and Cellu- and Behavior. Made fundamen- with like cadherins attach to each populations. Current research in- lar Biology; Investigator, Howard tal discoveries in the neurophys- other. iology of the motor function of cludes theoretical and experimen- Hughes Medical Institute. Identi- tal studies of the evolution of vir- ½ed essential signaling compo- the spinal cord. Elucidated the locomotion-related spinal circuit- ulence in microparasites, and the nents of the murine vomeronasal epidemiology and within-host 28 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 population and evolutionary dy- Bess B. Ward that molecular biology could be by the independent discovery of hiv namics of bacterial infections, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ applied to the study of human dis- and earlier xenotropic viruses, antibiotic treatment, antibiotic Professor of Geosciences. Biolog- ease. Made contributions to the that yielded crucial information resistance and its control. ½elds of cell disorders, gene reg- on virus-host cell interactions. ical oceanographer whose work cd unites the ½elds of microbiology ulation, and membrane biology. Recognized novel 8+ cell non- Michael John Novacek cytotoxic anti-hiv responses and geochemistry. Developed hiv American Museum of Natural immunological and molecular Charles J. Epstein and identi½ed natural anti- History, New York, NY probes for quanti½cation of func- University of California, factors. Discoveries have far- reaching importance for treat- Senior Vice President, Provost of tionally related organisms and San Francisco, CA ment and vaccine development. Science, and Curator of Paleontol- coupled these with autoradio- Professor of Pediatrics and Chief, ogy. Advanced understanding of graphic and isotopic analyses to Division of Medical Genetics. Con- mammalian evolution and rela- link the oceanic population to ducted research on the develop- Joseph Roy Nevins tionships using diverse evidence global reaction rates, forcing ma- ment of animal models for study- Duke University Medical Center, ranging from fossils to genes. jor revisions in understanding ing the pathogenesis of Down’s Durham, NC Made discoveries in the ½eld that the marine nitrogen cycle. syndrome and the genetic control James B. Duke Professor and have fundamentally changed views of oxygen-free radical metabolism. Chairman of Molecular Genetics of vertebrate evolution at key in- Bryan C. Clarke (fhm) Played a leading role in guiding and Microbiology; Director, Duke tervals. Noted author and spokes- University of Nottingham, the development of medical ge- Center for Genome Technology; person for the natural sciences. Nottingham, United Kingdom netics into a recognized and inde- Investigator, Howard Hughes Med- Professor Emeritus of Genetics. pendent medical specialty and in ical Institute. Elucidated mecha- Stuart L. Pimm Demonstrated the widespread shaping many of its research and nisms that regulate cell prolifer- Duke University, Durham, NC occurrence and importance of clinical institutions. President- ation and that contribute to can- elect, American College of Med- cer development. Discovered the Doris Duke Chair of Conservation frequency-dependent selection ical Genetics. E2F transcription factor, discov- Ecology. Delineated structures in nature. Helped to explain such ered that E2F is a functional part- of ecological food webs, the rea- diverse phenomena as geograph- ner with the retinoblastoma tu- sons why only certain invading ical variation in gene frequencies, Jeffrey Ivan Gordon mor suppressor, and demonstrat- species succeed and become pests. evolutionary dynamics of host- Washington University School of ed the role of the Rb-E2F path- Elucidated factors determining parasite interactions, speciation Medicine, St. Louis, MO way in the control of cell-cycle expected extinction times for mechanisms in snails, and the Dr. Robert J. Glaser Distinguished progression. plant and animal populations. maintenance of genetic variation University Professor and Head of Applied these insights to prob- in human populations. Molecular Biology and Pharmacol- lems of conservation biology. ogy. Conducts research in gastro- Thalia Papayannopoulou Rodolfo Dirzo (fhm) intestinal development. Devised University of Washington, Loren H. Rieseberg Universidad Nacional Autónoma de mouse models that have provid- Seattle, WA Indiana University, Bloomington, IN México, Mexico City, Mexico ed insight into stem cell biology, Professor of Hematology. Con- epithelial cell renewal, and the ducts research in hematology with Class of ’54 Professor of Biology. Professor of Ecology. Leading molecular foundations of symbi- an emphasis on stem cell biology. Merged modern tools of genome tropical forest ecologist and con- otic host-bacterial relationships Improved understanding of the analysis with classic and inno- servation biologist. Studied the in the gut. Discovered and char- mechanisms of stem cell mobi- vative approaches in ecology to dynamics of tropical forests and acterized the enzyme responsi- lization and stem cell homing. demonstrate the relevance of hy- the evolution of plant-animal in- ble for protein N-myristoylation Showed (with George Stamato- bridization and chromosomal re- teractions. Conducted classical and its biological signi½cance. yannopoulos) that fetal hemo- arrangements in evolution. Pio- experimental studies on the sig- globin can be induced by pertur- neered the application of genetic ni½cance to the ecosystem of bations of erythropoiesis by cyto- map-based approaches to natural the loss of large herbivores from James Larry Jameson toxic drugs, providing the basis populations and developed wild tropical forests. Documented Northwestern University Feinberg for the introduction of cytotoxic sunflowers into a leading plant the causes and rates of tropical School of Medicine, Chicago, IL drug treatment in hemoglobino- model for studies of speciation. deforestation. Irving S. Cutter Professor and Chair pathies. of Medicine. Unraveled steps in Gene E. Robinson the complex genetic cascade that Section 5: Medical Sci- George Stamatoyannopoulos University of Illinois at Urbana- governs reproduction and thyroid University of Washington, Champaign, Urbana, IL ences (including Physiol- hormone action through studies of naturally occurring mutations Seattle, WA G. William Arends Professor of ogy and Pharmacology), in human genes. Research links Professor of Medicine (Medical Integrative Biology and Director Clinical Medicine, and the functional effects of muta- Genetics) and Genome Sciences. of the Neuroscience Program. tions with clinical and molecular Conducts research in molecular Entomologist. Elucidated the en- Public Health pathophysiology, leading to a new hematology, including the cellu- docrine, neural, and genetic reg- understanding of human endo- lar control of hemoglobin switch- ulation of behavior in social in- Edward J. Benz, Jr. crine development and hormone ing. Showed (with Thalia Papa- sects at both the individual and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, action. yannopoulou) that fetal hemo- colony levels. Advanced under- Boston, MA globin can be induced by pertur- standing of the role of genes, hor- President and ceo. Academic he- bations of erythropoiesis by cyto- mones, and neurochemicals in Jay A. Levy matologist whose demonstration toxic drugs, providing the basis the evolution of social behavior. University of California, that Cooley’s Anemia is due to a San Francisco, CA for the introduction of cytotoxic de½ciency of beta globin messen- drug treatment in hemoglobino- Professor of Medicine. Conducted ger rna was the ½rst veri½cation pathies. retrovirus research, highlighted

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 29 George D. Yancopoulos Dedre Gentner theoretical and empirical studies Yu Xie Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Northwestern University, of the distinction between intrin- University of Michigan, Tarrytown, NY Evanston, IL sic and extrinsic motivation and Ann Arbor, MI President, Research Laboratories, Professor of Psychology, Educa- of their educational effects. Ap- Otis Dudley Duncan Professor and Chief Scienti½c Of½cer. Elu- tion, and Social Policy, and Direc- plies this research to identify the of Sociology and Statistics; Re- cidated and biologically charac- tor of the Cognitive Science Pro- most effective motivational and search Professor, Institute for So- terized several families of cytokine gram. Research has focused on instructional techniques of expert cial Research. Developed statis- and tyrosine kinase receptors and analogy and similarity in learn- tutors. tical tools for comparative analy- their ligands, and demonstrated ing and reasoning. Structure- sis of social mobility and human their roles in regulating neural, mapping theory led to insights on Donald G. Saari fertility. Deepened understand- muscular, and vascular develop- the role of relations in conceptu- University of California, Irvine, CA ing of gender differences in sci- ment. Originated the technique al processing and to a computa- Distinguished Professor of Eco- ence careers, socioeconomic out- of epitope tagging to de½ne re- tional model of similarity. Con- nomics and Mathematics; Direc- comes of Asian Americans, and ceptor complex composition and tributions include work on men- tor, Institute for Mathematical social and economic inequality provided unifying concepts for tal models and on the develop- Behavioral Sciences. Conducted in China. the understanding of receptor ment of cognition and language. analysis of dynamical systems of mediated signaling. classical models of economic equi- Section 2: Economics David C. Grove librium, which showed noncon- Lucio Luzzatto (fhm) vergence, and of the Newtonian University of Florida, Abhijit Vinayak Banerjee Instituto Nazionale per la Ricerca Gainesville, FL n-body systems, which showed Massachusetts Institute of sul Cancro (IST), Genova, Italy collision orbits are improbable. Professor of Anthropology. Au- Technology, Cambridge, MA Scienti½c Director. Made contri- thority on the period when Mex- Created geometric description to Professor of Economics; Director, butions to the understanding of ican cultures ½rst displayed he- explain voting paradox. Poverty Action Lab. Applied eco- glucose-6-phosphate dehydro- reditary inequality and chiefly nomic theorist with broad inter- genase (g6pd) de½ciency. Estab- power. Directed excavations on Norbert Schwarz ests. Made contributions to social lished its role in resistance to ma- the Mexican Altiplano, temper- University of Michigan, learning in games, economic anal- laria, cloned the cdna and the ate Morelos, and the Veracruz Ann Arbor, MI ysis of income and wealth distri- gene, and characterized several Coast that furthered understand- Research Professor, Institute for bution, and the application of mutations causing the de½ciency. ing of lowland-highland hetero- Social Research; Professor of Psy- contract theory to a range of is- Using g6pd as a marker, demon- geneity and interaction. chology; Professor of Marketing. sues involving developing econo- strated the clonal origin of parox- Conducted studies of judgment, mies. Recent work helped estab- ysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria revealing biases in information Michael Hechter lish development economics as a (pnh) and pioneered studies of processing and decision-making. University of Washington, sub½eld within applied economics. its genetic basis. Seattle, WA Research interests focus on the interplay of feeling and thinking, Professor of Sociology. Developed Jeremy Israel Bulow the role of conversational process- Class III: Social new theoretical approaches to Stanford University, Stanford, CA questions in comparative social es in reasoning, and the nature Richard Stepp Professor of Eco- Sciences history and the origins of values of mental construal processes in nomics, Graduate School of Busi- and norms. Author of Internal judgment. ness. Developed the ½rst formal Section 1: Social Relations Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in model of durable goods and char- British National Development, Prin- Robert James Sharer (Anthropology, Archaeol- acterized ½rms’ interactions ciples of Group Solidarity, and Con- University of Pennsylvania, through “strategic substitutes ogy, Sociology, Social taining Nationalism. Philadelphia, PA and complements” (with Geana- Shoemaker Professor of Anthro- and Developmental koplos and Klemperer). Made pology. Contributor to new mod- Roger E. Kasperson contributions to sovereign debt Psychology, Education, els of ancient Maya civilization, Stockholm Environment Institute, (with Rogoff), auction theory particularly in the area of second- Demography, Geography) Stockholm, Sweden (with Roberts and Klemperer), ary state formation. Leader in Executive Director. Geographer. tax and labor policy (with Sum- combining excavation data with Marilynn B. Brewer Extended the scienti½c assess- mers), and pension theory. ment of risk into the social realm, hieroglyphic writing to illuminate Ohio State University, the political and ritual behaviors Columbus, OH compared its use in national cul- a d Avner Greif tures and multinational corpo- of Maya rulers from . . 400– Professor of Psychology. Field Stanford University, Stanford, CA rations, created a theory for the 900. Author of The Ancient Maya. work established that ethnocen- Bowman Family Professor in the social ampli½cation and attenua- trism yields negative judgments Humanities and Sciences. Expert tion of risk, analyzed the moral Rubie S. Watson about particular characteristics on European economic history, bases of technological choice, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA of outgroups, while evaluation of institutional economics and de- assessed regional environmental Curator of Comparative Ethnol- ingroups tends to be uniformly velopment. Applied game theory degradation. ogy. Specialist on Chinese mar- positive. Conducted experiments and historical analysis in the study riage ceremonies. Published on that indicated that intergroup dis- of the development of economic Chinese women’s patterns of crimination is driven primarily Mark R. Lepper institutions, their interrelations culture and lineage organization by ingroup favoritism rather than Stanford University, Stanford, CA with political, social, and cultur- among Cantonese villagers. At the outgroup derogation. Professor and Chair of Psychology. al factors, and their impact on Peabody Museum, reintroduced Made contributions to the under- economic growth. standing of social-psychological material culture into mainstream aspects of motivation. Conducted sociocultural anthropology. 30 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 Maurice Obstfeld empirical work on a variety of uty assistant to President Clinton Section 4: Law (includ- problems. Work encompasses for domestic policy. University of California, Berkeley, CA ing the Practice of Law) Class of 1958 Professor of Econom- monetary theory, business-cycle ics. Contributed to the modern models, inventory models, hous- Nancy Lipton Rosenblum theory of the interactions of em- ing markets with ½xed costs, the- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Philip Chase Bobbitt oretical and empirical analysis of ployment, output, interest rates, Senator Joseph Clark Professor University of Texas Law School, commodities markets, and social price levels, and exchange rates of Ethics in Politics and Govern- Austin, TX security. among countries in a global econ- ment. Leading scholar in politi- A. W. Walker Centennial Chair omy. Most recent work considers cal theory in both the historical in Law. Contributed to the con- the role of capital flows in the Section 3: Political and analytic mode. Author of ceptualization of American con- major fluctuations experienced by Bentham’s Theory of the Modern stitutional decision-making, to a number of developing countries. Science, International State, Another Liberalism, and the understanding of the devel- Relations, and Public Membership and Morals. opment of the modern state, and Christina Romer Policy to the intricacies of national se- University of California, Berkeley, CA Stephen Skowronek curity policy. Author of Consti- tutional Interpretation and The Class of 1957 Professor of Eco- Yale University, New Haven, CT James E. Alt Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and nomics. Researcher in historical Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Pelatiah Perit Professor of Politi- the Course of History. macroeconomics. Work showed cal and Social Science. Authority that much of the apparent stabi- Frank G. Thomson Professor of on the development of American George Philip Fletcher lization of the postwar American Government. Made interdisci- national institutions. Instrumen- economy was an illusion caused plinary contributions in political tal in building a ½eld of American Columbia Law School, New York, NY by inconsistent measurement economy. Conducts research on political development in contem- Cardozo Professor of Jurispru- techniques. Used new data sources parties, political institutions, and porary political science and in dence. Has written and lectured to understand the sources and ef- ½scal policy in industrial coun- fostering a historical-institutional in the ½elds of torts, criminal fects of monetary policy actions tries. Founding Director of the approach to political scholarship. law, comparative law, and con- and analyzed the causes of the Center for Basic Research in the Research on presidential politics stitutional law. Published nine Great Depression. Social Sciences. Coedited the recasts the uses of political his- books and over a hundred arti- series “The Political Economy of tory for understanding leadership cles. Received a Coif Award for Mark Allen Satterthwaite Institutions and Decisions.” in contemporary America. Rethinking Criminal Law. Northwestern University, Jonathan Bendor Evanston, IL Rogers M. Smith Michael J. Graetz Stanford University, Stanford, CA Professor of Managerial Econom- University of Pennsylvania, Yale Law School, New Haven, CT ics and A. C. Buehler Professor Walter and Elise Haas Professor Philadelphia, PA Justus S. Hotchkiss Professor of of Hospital and Health Services of Political Economics and Or- Christopher H. Browne Distin- Law. Recognized expert on pub- Management. Research focuses ganizations. Contributed to the guished Professor of Political lic ½nance. Contributed to the on economic institutions’ ability study of bureaucracy (e.g., redun- Science. Authority on U.S. con- understanding and improvement to induce self-interested individ- dancy, delegation, and other ways stitutional law and advocate of of federal tax policy and social uals to reveal their preferences of easing individual-level cogni- historical-institutional approaches insurance policy through academ- accurately so that ef½cient allo- tive constraints; causes and ef- to public law studies. Devised an ic scholarship and public service. cations can be implemented. The fects of political control), theory influential account of American Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem of collective action (e.g., how un- citizenship and enriched debates Joel F. Handler certainty affects cooperation; the in social choice and the Myerson- over the roles of race, class, and University of California Satterthwaite theorem in micro- evolution of norms), and the the- gender in American politics. ory of bounded rationality (e.g., at Los Angeles School of Law, economics established fundamen- Los Angeles, CA tal limits on institutions’ abilities satis½cing; incrementalism). fhm Jean F. P. Blondel ( ) Professor of Law. Authority on to accomplish this. David Collier European University Institute, social welfare law and poverty. Florence, Italy Conducted empirical studies on Michael Woodford University of California, Berkeley, CA External Professor. Cofounder and poverty, political participation, Columbia University, New York, NY Professor of Political Science. ½rst Executive Director of the and administration of justice. John Bates Clark Professor of Po- Leading scholar in comparative European Consortium for Polit- Author of Social Movements and litical Economy. Monetary theo- and political methodology whose ical Research. Worked to trans- the Legal System, Down From Bu- rist and leader in the development research has focused on Latin form European political science reaucracy, and The Poverty of Wel- of an integrated analysis of mon- America. Work bridges quantita- from a fragmented, nationally fare Reform. President, Law and etary and ½scal policy. Codevel- tive and qualitative methods. con½ned, and professionally un- Society Association (1991–1993). oper of a general equilibrium mod- derdeveloped discipline by estab- el with Keynesian properties. William Arthur Galston lishing an international enterprise Daniel J. Meltzer University of Maryland, that now has over two hundred Harvard Law School, Guy Laroque (fhm) College Park, MD ½fty member departments and Cambridge, MA INSEE-CREST (National Institute Saul I. Stern Professor of Civic over four thousand af½liated Story Professor of Law. Authority of Statistics and Economic Studies), Engagement. Published ½ve books scholars. Awarded the Johan on federal jurisdiction, American Paris, France and dozens of scholarly articles Skytte Prize in Political Science. federalism, and criminal law and Director, Macroeconomics Labo- on political philosophy. Leader procedure. Coauthor of Hart & ratory. Produced theoretical mod- in efforts to revitalize civic learn- Weschler’s The Federal Courts and els, econometric techniques, and ing and engagement. Former dep- the Federal System. Published on, inter alia, sovereign immunity, Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 31 constitutional remedies, and fed- ry of mind reading in cognitive Within: The Contest of Cultures Anne Firor Scott eral habeas corpus jurisdiction. science. Author of Epistemology in Colonial North America. Also Duke University, Durham, NC and Cognition and Knowledge in a known for studies of higher edu- W. K. Boyd Professor of History Thomas Wendell Merrill Social World. cation in the United States. Emerita. Pioneer of women’s his- Columbia University Law School, tory in the United States. Noted New York, NY Wayne A. Meeks Ira Berlin for her scholarly work and publi- Charles Keller Beekman Profes- Yale University, New Haven, CT University of Maryland, cations, including The Southern sor. Legal scholar specializing in Woolsey Professor of Biblical College Park, MD Lady, Making the Invisible Woman administrative law, property law, Studies Emeritus. Influential Distinguished University Profes- Visible, Natural Allies, and Unheard constitutional law, and the Su- scholar in New Testament stud- sor. Expert on slavery and eman- Voices. Past president of the Organ- preme Court. Recent work focus- ies. Helped shape the ½eld with cipation in the Americas and au- ization of American Historians. es on understanding the concept work on the social origins of early thor of Generations of Captivity: A of property in constitutional law Christianity and early Christian History of African American Slavery, William Sewell and explaining standardization in literature. Author of The Origins Many Thousands Gone: The First University of Chicago, Chicago, IL property law. Served as Deputy of Christian Morality and The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North Max Palevsky Professor of Polit- Solicitor General (1987–1990). Urban Christians. America, and Slaves Without Mas- ical Science and History. Works ters: The Free Negro in the Antebel- on the history of early modern Diane P. Wood Mark A. Noll lum South. Founder of the Freed- and modern France, especially United States Court of Appeals for Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL man and Southern Society Project the Revolutions of 1789, 1830, and and past president of the Organ- the Seventh Circuit, Chicago, IL McManis Professor of Christian 1848; and on the relationship be- ization of American Historians. Circuit Court Judge. Leading schol- Thought. Author on and historian tween history and social theory. ar of comparative law. Expert in of American Christianity, espe- Recipient of American Sociolog- antitrust law, federal civil proce- cially the development of religious Dipesh Chakrabarty ical Association awards for arti- dure, and international trade and thought in America, and the rise University of Chicago, cles in historical sociology, cul- business. Distinguished service and long cultural hegemony of Chicago, Illinois tural sociology, and sociological in government (U.S. Department Protestant Evangelicalism. Laurence A. Kimpton Distin- theory. of Justice) and in the academic guished Service Professor of His- world (extensive publications on Peter Albert Railton tory and South Asian Languages Jean Strouse international comparative law). University of Michigan, and Civilizations. Founding mem- New York Public Library, Ann Arbor, MI ber of the journal Subaltern Stud- New York, NY ies. Combines social history of John Stephenson Perrin Professor Director, Dorothy and Lewis B. Class IV: Humanities modern India with postcolonial of Philosophy. Made contribu- Cullman Center for Scholars and historiography in works that in- and Arts tions to ethics and the philoso- Writers. Writer, biographer, and fluence the ½eld at large. Recent phy of science. Known in ethics historian. Wrote a biography of books include Provincializing Eu- Section 1: Philosophy for a defense of moral realism. Alice James, which won the Ban- rope: Postcolonial Thought and His- Advanced understanding of sci- croft Prize in American History and Religious Studies torical Difference and Habitations enti½c explanation and probabil- and Diplomacy, and a biography of Modernity. of J. Pierpont Morgan. Recipient Ned Block ity. Author of Facts, Values, and Norms: Essays Toward a Morality of MacArthur and Guggenheim New York University, New York, NY of Consequence. G. Robert A. Conquest fellowships. Past president of the Professor of Philosophy and Psy- Stanford University, Stanford, CA Society of American Historians. chology. Leading philosopher of Samuel Scheffler Fellow, Hoover Institution. Noted mind and psychology. Known for University of California, Berkeley, CA historian of the Soviet Union. Re- (Albert) Raymond (Maillard) critical reactions to functionalism vealed Stalin’s purges and forced fhm Class of 1941 World War II Me- Carr ( ) and for a long series of papers, collectivization of Soviet peasant- morial Professor of Philosophy Oxford University, Oxford, spanning three decades, which ry to the Western world. Books and Law. Leading moral and po- United Kingdom maintains the irreducibility of include The Great Terror and Re- litical philosopher. Books include Honorary Fellow, Christ Church qualia, sensations, imagery, and flections on a Ravaged Century. Has The Rejection of Consequentialism, College and St. Antony’s College. consciousness to either represen- also written many works of po- Human Morality, and Boundaries Historian of modern Spain. Helped tationalist or functionalist view- etry, criticism, verse translation, and Allegiances. Advisory Editor to create St. Antony’s College points. Also known for work on and ½ction. the iq controversy. of Philosophy and Public Affairs. and served as Warden there for nearly twenty years. Editor of and Michael A. Cook contributor to Spain: A History. Alvin Ira Goldman Section 2: History Princeton University, Princeton, NJ Rutgers University, Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Emilio Gabba (fhm) New Brunswick, NJ James L. Axtell Near Eastern Studies. Authority University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Board of Governors Professor of College of William & Mary, on Muslim history and thought. Professor Emeritus. Historian of Philosophy and Cognitive Sci- Williamsburg, VA Published books on early Muslim the classical world. Known for ence. Contributed to epistemol- William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor dogma, Muhammad, and the Ko- work on a variety of problems, ogy, philosophy of mind, meta- of Humanities. Historian of Amer- ran. Recently published Command- including agrarian history, the physics, and political and legal ican colonialism, ethnohistory, ing Right and Forbidding Wrong in Romanization of Italy, and clas- theory. Championed the causal and education. Has written widely Islamic Thought. sical historiography. Member of theory and reliabilism in episte- on Native American history and the Accademia Nazionale dei mology and the simulation theo- culture. Author of The Invasion Lincei in Italy.

32 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 Jürgen Kocka (fhm) Gustavo Pérez-Firmat Women: Walking the Tightrope, a innovation in relation to reli- Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Columbia University, New York, NY recent biography of Simone Weil, gious and sociopolitical life in Sozialforschung, Berlin, Germany David Feinson Professor of Hu- and At Home with the Marquis de Zimbabwe. Sade, which was a ½nalist for the President. Historian. Author of manities. Poet, critic, and novel- Pulitzer Prize. Regular contribu- numerous studies of modern, ist. Has written books on Spanish, John Corigliano tor to The New Yorker. European, and comparative his- Latin American, and Latino liter- The Juilliard School, New York, NY tory. Advocate of social science ature and culture, among them Composer and Professor of Com- approaches to history. Played a Idle Fictions, The Cuban Condition, Sharon Olds position. Known for his opera role as a member of the German Life on the Hyphen, and Tongue Ties. New York University, New York, NY The Ghosts of Versailles and two Scienti½c Advisory Council in re- Author of the memoir Next Year Poet and Professor of English. Au- symphonies: New Grove’s, a “me- structuring East German academ- in Cuba and several volumes of thor of numerous collections of morial to the victims of aids,” ic institutions after uni½cation. poetry. poetry. Winner of the National and the Symphony No. 2. Winner Book Critic’s Circle Award for of the 2001 Pulitzer Prize in Music. Section 3: Literary Janet Breckenridge The Dead and the Living. New York Pierrehumbert State Poet. Established the Writ- Mario Davidovsky Criticism (including Northwestern University, ing Program at Goldwater Hos- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA pital, which brings young poets Evanston, IL Composer and Fanny P. Mason Philology) into the hospital to help severely Professor of Linguistics. Work Professor of Music Emeritus. Has disabled patients in their writing. Joan W. Bresnan combines computational and ex- been a central force in the devel- Stanford University, Stanford, CA perimental methods to investigate opment of electronic music in this language sound structure. Devised Carl Phillips country. Working with Milton Sadie Dernham Patek Professor a model of intonation that has Washington University in St. Louis, Babbit at the Columbia-Princeton in Humanities. Leading ½gure been influential in theoretical lin- St. Louis, MO Electronic Music Center, devel- in syntactic theory. Originated guistics, phonetics, speech tech- Poet. Professor of English and Af- oped many of the techniques later the theory of Lexical-Functional nology, and psycholinguistics. rican and Afro-American Studies. adopted by generations of younger Grammar and its optimality-the- One of the founders of laborato- Author of seven books of poetry. composers. Has written extensive- oristic extensions. Conducted ry phonology. Current research Recipient of the Kingsley Tufts ly for conventional instruments. quantitative investigations reveal- explores how phonological cate- Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship, ing that grammar is inherently gories and grammars are formed and an Award in Literature from variable and stochastic in nature, Brice Marden in individuals and populations. the American Academy of Arts a highly plastic cognitive system New York, NY and Letters. Translated Sopho- sensitively tuned to the frequen- Visual Artist. Leading American cles’ Philoctetes and wrote a book cies of the environment. William H. Pritchard minimal abstractionist creating of essays on the art of poetry. Amherst College, Amherst, MA monochromatic works of art. In- Richard H. Brodhead Henry Clay Folger Professor of vestigates the subtle harmonies Duke University, Durham, NC English. Author of numerous Section 5: Visual and and optical effects obtained by books and essays, including Up- juxtaposing broad areas of simi- President. A. Bartlett Giamatti Performing Arts– dike: America’s Man of Letters, Ran- lar hues with different values of Professor of English at Yale Uni- dall Jarrell: A Literary Life, and Criticism and Practice light and dark. In the late 1980s versity and Dean of Yale College Frost: A Literary Life Reconsidered. effected an abrupt change, incor- (through June 30, 2004). Special- porating Chinese cultural and ar- ist on American literature. Pub- John Baldessari tistic influences: calligraphy, tao- lished books on Hawthorne, Mel- University of California, Section 4: Literature ism, scholars’ rocks, and poetry. ville, Faulkner, Eudora Welty, Los Angeles, CA Continues to work in this com- and Richard Wright and edited (Fiction, Poetry, Short Professor of Art. Conceptual art- plex painterly yet linear mode. the journals of Charles W. Chest- Stories, Non½ction, Play- ist who invented a new approach nutt. Author of The Good of this to photography. Uses the latest Ed Ruscha Place: Values and Challenges in writing, Screenwriting) techniques to create collages jux- College Education. taposing photographs, words, Los Angeles, CA Ann Beattie and colors to spark new associa- Painter, printmaker, creator of Brian D. Joseph University of Virginia, tions. Known for work with im- books, and ½lmmaker. Associated Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Charlottesville, VA ages taken from old Hollywood with the Pop Art movement. Fig- black-and-white movie stills. ure in contemporary American Distinguished University Profes- Novelist and short story writer. art. Has been exhibited interna- sor of Linguistics and the Ken- Edgar Allen Poe Professor of Cre- tionally for three decades and is neth E. Naylor Professor of South ative Writing. Has written seven Paul Franklin Berliner represented in major museum Slavic Linguistics. Leading spe- novels, including Chilly Scenes Northwestern University, collections throughout the world. cialist in the linguistic structure of Winter and Picturing Will, and Evanston, IL and history of the Greek language. seven collections of short stories. Professor of Ethnomusicology. Judith Tick Authority on Balkan linguistics Recipient of an award for excel- Research revealed the rigors of and on general historical linguis- lence from the American Academy improvisation within the oral Northeastern University, Boston, MA tics. Known for his monograph and Institute of Arts and Letters. traditions of Zimbabwean mbira Matthews Distinguished Univer- on language change through con- music and American jazz. Inter- sity Professor. Musicologist, pio- tact in the Balkans. Research spans Francine du Plessix Gray prets the impact of war on cul- neer in the study of women and the Indic, Germanic, Italic, and Warren, CT tural legacies in Zimbabwe by music, and innovator in the ½eld Anatolian language groups. Novelist and biographer. Author contextualizing processes of mu- of musical biography. Associate of Rage and Fire: A Life of Louise sic learning, transmission, and editor of the Musical Quarterly. Colet, Lovers and Tyrants, Soviet Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 33 Work ranges across historical dealing with the historical, myth- for pbs News. Senior Counselor tions, and her work promoting periods, theoretical frameworks, ological, and literary themes that to the Continuity of Government British-American relations. and artistic styles. animate postwar German culture. Commission. Convener of the Work balances the dual purposes Campaign Finance Reform Work- Henry H. Arnhold Joan Tower of visually powerful imagery and ing Group. Coauthor of Vital Arnhold & S. Bleichroeder Holdings, Bard College, intellectually critical analysis. Statistics on Congress. Inc., New York, NY Annandale-on-Hudson, NY fhm Chairman. Serves as President of Composer and Asher Edelman Gerhard Richter ( ) Paul Spyros Sarbanes the Arnhold Foundation, which Professor of Music. Composed Staatliche Kunstakademie United States Senate, supports environmental and ani- orchestral and chamber music. Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany Washington, D.C. mal welfare organizations. Board Founded the Da Capo Chamber Professor of Art. Conceptual U.S. Senator. Democratic senior member, New School University Players (received the Naumburg painter who is considered a mas- Senator from Maryland. Won re- and Conservation International. Award for Chamber Music in ter of deconstruction of the for- election in 2000 to an unprece- Serves on the American Council 1973). Composer-in-residence mal conventions of painting. Has dented ½fth term. Serves as the on Germany, the Council on For- with the Saint Louis Symphony mastered a diversity of genres, in- Ranking Member of the Senate eign Relations, and the Foreign (1985–1987). cluding gestural abstraction, land- Banking, Housing, and Urban Policy Association. scape, portraiture, and photo- Affairs Committee and as a sen- James Turrell based painting. ior member of the Foreign Rela- John Bogle Flagstaff, AZ tions, Budget, and Joint Econom- Vanguard Group, Valley Forge, PA Visual artist. His created spaces Class V: Public ic Committees. Author of the Founder. Pioneered index funds, isolate light, giving it form, depth, Sarbanes-Oxley Act to set stan- which implement the central ½nd- and mass. Work suggests a paint- Affairs, Business, dards for accounting and corpo- ings of modern portfolio theory. erly sensibility in three dimen- and Administration rate responsibility. Led the industry in eliminating sions, while commanding an in- sales loads and reducing fund ex- vestigation of the act of seeing. Section I: Public Timothy Endicott Wirth penses. Author of John Bogle on In- Recipient of Guggenheim and United Nations Foundation, vesting, Common Sense on Mutual MacArthur Fellowships. Affairs, Journalism, Washington, D.C. Funds, and Bogle on Mutual Funds. and Communications President. As Congressman, Sen- Mary Alice Zimmerman ator, Under Secretary of State, and Alexander W. Dreyfoos, Jr. Northwestern University, Loren Frank Ghiglione President of the United Nations West Palm Beach, FL Evanston, IL Foundation, played a role in the Retired Chairman and Chief Northwestern University, formulation and enactment of Professor of Performance Studies. Evanston, IL Researcher, Dreyfoos Group. In- Writer and director known for policies to address the problems vented the Video Color Negative Dean, Medill School of Journal- posed by population growth, cli- adapting classical texts to the stage. ism. Has directed two other jour- Analyzer, which received an Acad- Winner of a MacArthur Fellow- mate change, loss of wilderness, emy Award from the Academy nalism programs, owned and op- and resource mismanagement. ship and a 2002 Tony Award for erated New England newspapers, of Motion Picture Arts and Sci- Direction. Works include Meta- and served as president of the ences. Founding Chairman of the morphoses, The Odyssey, The Note- American Society of Newspaper Section 2: Business, Raymond F. Kravis Center for the books of Leonardo da Vinci, Journey Performing Arts. Lifetime Mem- Editors and as a Pulitzer Prize Corporate, and Philan- mit to the West, and The Arabian Nights. juror. Wrote or edited six books ber of the Corporation and on journalism. thropic Leadership of the Board of the Scripps Re- Ellen Taaffe Zwilich search Institute. Founder of the (Private Sector) Palm Beach County Council of Florida State University, Richard C. Holbrooke the Arts. Tallahassee, FL Perseus, LLC, New York, NY Leonore Annenberg Composer and Francis Eppes Pro- Vice Chairman. Served in the Annenberg Foundation, Radnor, PA John F. McDonnell fessor of Music. Won the Pulitzer Kennedy, Johnson, Carter, and President, Chair, and Sole Di- McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Prize in 1983 for Symphony No. 1. Clinton administrations in many Composed three other sympho- rector. Associated with a diverse St. Louis, MO roles, including U.S. Ambassador group of charitable, cultural, and nies, concertos, and music for to Germany, Assistant Secretary Retired Chairman of the Board. chamber ensembles. Held the educational institutions, includ- Served as ceo from 1988–1994. of State for Europe, American ne- ing the Annenberg Schools for ½rst Composer’s Chair awarded gotiator for the Dayton Accords, Retired when McDonnell Doug- by Carnegie Hall. Communication. Trustee emer- las merged with Boeing in 1997. U.S. Ambassador to the United itus, Acquisitions Committee, Nations, and special envoy to Director of Boeing. Chairman of Lucian Freud (fhm) Metropolitan Museum of Art; the Board and longtime Trustee Kosovo. Author of To End a War. Trustee, Philadelphia Museum London, United Kingdom of Washington University in St. of Art; Managing Director, Met- Louis. Painter. Britain’s best-known con- Norman Jay Ornstein ropolitan Opera. Recipient of the temporary portrait painter. Spe- American Enterprise Institute, Pat Nixon Ambassador of Good- Gerald Rosenfeld cializes in portraits and nudes, of- Washington, D.C. will Award. Awarded an honorary Rothschild North America, ten observed in arresting close-up. Resident Scholar. Illuminated Commander of the Most Excel- lent Order of the British Empire New York, NY fhm the complexities of policy mak- ceo Anselm Kiefer ( ) ing in Washington, through nu- by Queen Elizabeth II in recogni- . Leading investment banker. Barjac, France merous books, research studies, tion of her contribution to the Key investment banking adviso- ry responsibilities in the indus- Painter. Internationally celebrat- and commentaries for national preservation of important British trial and technology sectors. Has ed for imposing operatic works television. Regular commentator cultural and educational institu- shown a strong commitment to 34 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 corporate responsibility. Teaches Paul Zuckerman (fhm) partment chair) at the University Gerald Schoenfeld ½nance at New York University. of Pennsylvania before assuming nyu Zuckerman & Associates LLC, The Shubert Organization and The Member of the Board of London, United Kingdom the directorship of the Folger Shubert Foundation, New York, NY Overseers and of the Executive Shakespeare Library, a post he Chairman. Also serves as Deputy Chairman. Played a pivotal role Committee of the Jewish Theo- held for eighteen years. Chairman of icap plc, and as in revitalizing the operation and logical Seminary. Non-Executive Director of a num- productions of live-performance ber of other companies. Formerly Frances Degen Horowitz theaters in many U.S. cities. Ad- Robert Gregg Stone, Jr. an investment banker with Cas- City University of New York, vanced community development Kirby Corporation, New York, NY pian Securities and S. G. Warburg. New York, NY and civic affairs in New York City Chairman Emeritus. Numerous Treasurer of the International President of the Graduate School and helped lead the effort to re- directorships in business, includ- Women’s Health Coalition (New and University Center. Developed new and improve Times Square ing the chairmanship of West In- York) and the National Art Col- a new campus as a signi½cant ur- and the surrounding area. dia Shipping Company, General lection Fund (United Kingdom), ban hub of scholarship, research, Energy Company, and the Kirby and Chairman of the William and public discourse. Recognized Patty Stonesifer Corporation. Served for twenty- Walton Trust. educational leader and develop- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, seven years as a member of the mental psychologist who serves Seattle, Washington Harvard Corporation (including Section 3: Educational, in numerous scienti½c, education- President and Co-Chair. Leads the Senior Fellow, 1995–2002). al, and civic capacities. Has worked foundation in its efforts to im- Scienti½c, Cultural, and to bridge academic and public prove health and learning around Anne Tatlock Philanthropic Adminis- interests locally and nationally. the world. Chairs the executive Fiduciary Trust International, committee of the Vaccine Fund New York, NY tration (Nonpro½t Sector) Curtis W. Meadows, Jr. and sits on the boards of Ama- Chairman and ceo of Fiduciary University of Texas at Austin, zon.com and Viacom. Trust and Vice Chairman and Leslie Cohen Berlowitz Austin, Texas Board Director for Franklin Re- American Academy of Arts and Founding Director, rgk Center Guillermo Jaim sources, Fiduciary Trust’s par- Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts for Philanthropy and Communi- Etcheverry (fhm) ent company. Board member of Executive Of½cer. Formerly Vice ty Service, and faculty member University of Buenos Aires, Merck and Fortune Brands. Trust- President for Academic Advance- of the Lyndon B. Johnson School Buenos Aires, Argentina eeships include American Ballet ment at New York University. of Public Affairs. Served for eigh- President. Heads one of the larg- Theater, Conference Board, Cul- She serves on numerous educa- teen years as President, ceo, and est institutions of higher learning tural Institutions Retirement Sys- tional and arts boards. Director of the Meadows Founda- in Latin America. Neurobiologist, tem, Howard Hughes Medical tion of Texas. Held leadership educator, and academic leader. Institute, Mayo Foundation, An- positions with more than sixty Carol T. Christ Proposals for educational reform drew Mellon Foundation (Chair- charitable and community organi- Smith College, Northampton, are reinvigorating the Argentine man, 2003–), Teagle Foundation, zations. Counsel to the law ½rm Massachusetts educational system. and Vassar College. of Thompson and Knight, llp. President. Previously Provost and Vice Chancellor at Berkeley. Cred- fhm Preston Robert Tisch C. D. Mote, Jr. Ho-Wang Lee ( ) ited with building top-rated de- National Academy of Sciences, Loews Corporation, New York, NY University of Maryland, partments. Scholar of nineteenth- Seoul, Republic of Korea Chairman. Chairman and Co- century English literature. College Park, MD President. Discovered the Han- ceo of a leading nfl football President and Glenn L. Martin taan and Seoul viruses, the etio- franchise. Distinguished record Institute Professor of Engineer- Philippe L. de Montebello logic agents of Hemorrhagic fever of public service. Served as U.S. ing. Advocate for students and Metropolitan Museum of Art, with renal syndrome (hfrs), in Postmaster General and chaired mentorship and for university New York, New York 1976–1981. Identi½ed reservoir the New York Convention and partnerships with federal labora- hosts, the mode of virus trans- Visitors Bureau and the New York Director. Has led the Metropolitan tories and industry. Former Vice mission, and developed an effec- City Partnership. Founder and Museum of Art for over twenty- Chancellor and fanuc Chair in tive vaccine against hfrs. Con- Chairman of Take the Field, an four years. Presided over the ex- Mechanical Systems, University tributed to the prevention of organization that rebuilds public pansion of the museum’s perma- of California, Berkeley. Special- hantaviral diseases. high-school athletic ½elds in New nent collection. Trustee of the ties include dynamics and sta- York City. New York University Institute of bility of gyroscopic systems and Fine Arts and the American Fed- biomechanics. Manuel Martínez- eration of the Arts. Honored with fhm Peter V. Ueberroth Maldonado ( ) the Chevalier de la Legion d’Hon- William B. Quandt Ponce School of Medicine, Contrarian Group, neur in 1991 and the Spanish In- Ponce, Puerto Rico Newport Beach, CA stitute Gold Medal Award. University of Virginia, Managing Director. Member Charlottesville, VA President and Dean. Noted sci- of the board of directors of the Werner Leonard Edward R. Stettinius Professor entist, physician, scholar, and public servant. Developed stu- Coca-Cola Company, the Hilton Gundersheimer of Politics. Former Vice Provost Hotels Corporation, and the Ir- for International Affairs. Leading dent and residency training pro- Folger Shakespeare Library, vine Company. Served as Com- scholar of the Arab-Israeli peace grams and curricula, fostered a Washington, D.C. missioner of Major League Base- process. Active participant, as a more equitable policy of organ ball and as President of the Los Director Emeritus. Distinguished member of the National Securi- sharing in the United States, and Angeles Olympic Organizing scholar and administrator. Au- ty Council staff, in negotiations promoted public-health initia- Committee responsible for stag- thored publications in the ½eld leading to the Egyptian-Israeli tives, medical education, and ing the 1984 Olympic Games. of Renaissance studies and served peace treaty. Senior Fellow at the research in Latin America. as professor of history (and de- Brookings Institution. Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 35 Visiting Scholars Program

The Visiting Scholars Program (vsp) stim- the Academy to plan joint lectures, seminars, Cheryl Finley–Assistant Professor of the ulates and supports research conducted by and informal discussions. History of Art, Cornell University. Ph.D., Yale scholars and practitioners who show prom- University. B.A., Wellesley College. Commit- Scholars are chosen by means of a national ise of becoming leaders in their ½eld, espe- ted to Memory: The Slave Ship Icon in the Black competition. Fellows expert in the candi- cially those who work on multidisciplinary Atlantic Imagination. An examination of the dates’ ½elds review applications, and the re- topics. The program, now in its third year, history, meaning, and use of the leading vi- sulting recommendations are passed on to a offers opportunities for Visiting Scholars to sual image associated with slavery, the en- ½nal advisory committee. carry out their individual research as well graving Description of A Slave Ship, from its as to collaborate with Academy Fellows on A group of more than 40 academic institu- emergence in 1789 as a propaganda tool of shared scholarly or policy-related interests. tions from across the country have become the abolitionist movement to the present day, It also contributes to making the House of “University Af½liates” of the Academy, with when it remains an icon of remembrance and the Academy an active research center for a special interest in developing and support- identity in twentieth-century black Atlantic intensive scholarship by individuals from ing the vsp. literary, political, and artistic spheres. diverse disciplinary, institutional, and geo- Hsuan L. Hsu–Assistant Professor of En- graphic backgrounds. Visiting Scholars, 2004–2005 glish, Yale University. Ph.D., University of Visiting Scholars have the opportunity to California, Berkeley. A.B., Harvard College. join in seminars sponsored by the Academy’s Christopher Capozzola–Assistant Professor Scales of Identi½cation: Geography, Affect, and program areas as well as to participate in so- of History, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Nineteenth-Century U.S. Literature. An analysis cial gatherings and other regularly scheduled nology. Ph.D., Columbia University. A.B., of two sets of writings–texts that deal with Academy activities. Neighboring institutions, Harvard College. Uncle Sam Wants You: Citi- the colonization of Africa by freed American including Harvard University, the Boston zenship and Obligations in World War I America. slaves and Japanese and American writings Public Library, and the Boston Athenaeum, A study of military conscription; voluntary on the opening of Japan to Western com- partner with the Academy in the work of the associations and their dual roles in war mobi- merce–that exemplify how nineteenth- program. lization and home front repression; and the century literature reflected changes in the rise of legal understandings of civil liberties geographical scale by which events are influ- The Visiting Scholars Program is undertaken and citizenship rights, demonstrating how enced and interpreted. in collaboration with the Harvard Humani- political obligations were tied to coercive ties Center, which provides access to the uni- Christopher Klemek–Assistant Professor practices of citizenship in early twentieth- versity’s research facilities and works with of History, Florida International University. century American political life. Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania. B.A., Ohio State University. Urbanism as Reform: Modern- ist Planning and the Crisis of Urban Liberalism in Europe and North America, 1945–1975. A survey of the development of the interdisci- plinary ½eld of urban studies, focusing on institutions, such as the Harvard-mit Joint Center for Urban Studies; public policies, including the Federal Model Cities Program; and individuals, such as neighborhood ac- tivist and author, Jane Jacobs.

Matthew Lindsay–J.D. Yale Law School, Ph.D. candidate, University of Chicago. B.A., University of California, Irvine. In Defense of “Racial Balancing”: Accounting for Inequality in the Post-Civil-Rights Era. The study analyzes the Supreme Court’s retreat from the ideal of racially proportionate representation in several areas of American antidiscrimina- tion law, including employment discrimina- tion, government contracting, and af½rma- tive action in higher education. It maintains that central to that retreat has been an intel- Front (left to right): Chair of the VSP James Carroll, Hsuan L. Hsu, Robert MacDougall, Cheryl Finley; back (left to right): Christopher Capozzola, Asif Siddiqi, Lisa Szefel, Matthew Lindsay, Christopher lectual sea change in the meaning that sever- Klemek al of the Justices, in dialogue with a host

36 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 of influential political and social scienti½c Massachusetts, Amherst. M.S., Texas A&M by the interaction of organizations and pub- thinkers, have ascribed to conspicuous racial University. Science and Repression in the Twen- lications that linked poets, readers, and edi- underrepresentation. tieth Century: Revisiting Soviet Science and Tech- tors in new ways, resulting in fresh creative nology. An historical study of the dialectic re- possibilities for poets and new expectations Robert MacDougall–Postdoctoral Scholar, lationship between repression and the prac- in readers. Harvard University. B.A., Queens University. tice of science and technology in the Soviet The People’s Phone: Rewiring the History of the Union, focusing particularly on the costs and . A history of vsp Gilded Age and the Progressive Era bene½ts of state-sponsored repression to sci- Chair of the the telephone and telephone networks in the enti½c and engineering communities during United States and Canada from the 1880s to James Carroll–Historian and columnist for the Great Terror. the 1920s, demonstrating how the political The Boston Globe. Books include An American struggles of the Gilded Age and the Progres- Lisa Szefel–Postdoctoral Scholar, Univer- Requiem, Constantine’s Sword: The Church and sive Era were inextricably intertwined with sity of Rochester. M.A., University of Virgin- the Jews: A History, and, most recently, Crusade: technological changes. ia. A.B., Mount Holyoke College. The Ameri- Chronicles of an Unjust War, a collection of his can Poetic Community, 1890–1920. An analy- Boston Globe columns since 9/11. During his Asif Siddiqi–Postdoctoral Scholar, Carne- sis of the transformation of American poetry tenure at the program, he is working on a gie Mellon University. M.B.A., University of in the early twentieth century brought about history of the Pentagon.

Cheryl Finley, A. Hunter Dupree (Cambridge, MA), and Donald Hornig (Harvard School of Public Health)

Lisa Szefel and Krister Stendahl (Harvard University) Eugene Skolnikoff (MIT) and Robert MacDougall

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 37 Science on the Café Scene by Roald Hoffmann

One day in spring 2001, when a science writer whose latest I was in New York City for a few book is “The Hole in the Uni- months, my friend K.C. Cole, verse,” for an evening of read- who writes inspiringly about ings and talks about “the con- physics, came to me and said, “I cept of nothing, the void, the Buddhist idea of emptiness, in want to set up a reading at the art, science, physics,” accord- Cornelia Street Café in Green- ing to the evening’s organizer, wich Village to publicize my new the poet Angelo Verga. “It’s a book The Hole in the Universe. But dif½cult thing to explain,” he when I went to the owner of says. “It’s such an intriguing the café, Robin Hirsch, he said, idea that I’m just going to get ‘You’re not famous enough.’ Ro- out of their way and give them ald, would you like to read with their space.” me?” I agreed. So K.C. returned It was a magical evening. The to Robin with a plan to have theme “Nothing” (everyone has both of us read. This time Robin lots to say about nothing), and said, “You’re both not famous Oliver’s name, had three hun- enough!” We thought again, and dred people clamoring to get in- came up with the idea of adding to a small cave-like café in which Oliver Sacks, whose work K.C. Robin has been hosting music often cited, and whom I knew and the spoken word for twenty- well. Oliver agreed, and, of ½ve years. course, now we were famous enough. K.C. read of the vacuum and its Robin Hirsch, one of the owners of the Cornelia signi½cance to physicists; Oliver Thanks to a friend then at The Street Café, and Roald Hoffmann in front of the Café. spoke of the lack of sensation, New Yorker, Ren Weschler, and to a nothing of another order; and the wonderful imagination of I found to my surprise that I and so “Entertaining Science” We have less than two hours. In- Angelo Verga, the poet who or- had written some poems on the began in January 2002. spired by our only model, that ganizes readings at the Café, this spring 2001 evening, I’ve tried to theme. Or something. The at- The setting is a dark, narrow item appeared in The New Yorker: have a theme for each show and mosphere of the evening was room. Not quite a Sacromonte two to four people. Sometimes I The author Oliver Sacks joins wonderful. When it was over, I cave, it certainly looks like you’d let one lead person pick a theme, Roald Hoffmann, a Nobel- asked Robin if he’d let me organ- imagine a Bohemian café. There’s and together we talk about other laureate chemist, and K.C. Cole, ize a monthly series. He agreed, a stage about eight feet square. participants and performers. For instance, Diane Ackerman want- ed to talk about art and the brain, what eventually became her Al- chemy of Mind. So she and I dis- cussed neuroscientists in New York. The performers get paid nothing, nada, ni odnoi kopeiki– “so what’s new,” my young friends in music and the theatre say. We have to depend on lo- cal talent, or people traveling through New York. Diane men- tioned that she had loved a book by Joseph LeDoux, of New York University, who studies emo- tions, especially fear. “Let’s ask him,” I said, and sure enough, he agreed. I then suggested adding an actor/storyteller friend of The audience at a Cornelia Street Café cabaret. Can you recognize the Academy member mine, Jack Klaff, who did a won- in the crowd? Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 39 a café! And Daniel Brush showed When it works, science emerges his sculptures in steel and gold. as human, lively, and fun.

Among Academy members who Perhaps the themes tell the have performed have been Jerry story–aside from those I’ve Meinwald (in a program with mentioned, here’s a selection: the theme of “Metamorphoses”), “What’s So Funny About Sci- Koji Nakanishi (in “Now You ence” (with Steve Mirsky, Marc See It, Now You Don’t”), Benoit Abrahams, Lynda Williams, and Mandelbrot (in “The Smooth and Jim Lyttle), “The Two-Fisted the Wildly Rough”), Lynn Mar- Singing Universe” (with Joel gulis (in “Thermodynamics and Primack, Nancy Abrams, and the Purpose of Life”), Joel Cohen Richard Brandt), “Vox Humana” (in “How Many People, Past and (with mezzo-soprano Stephanie Future?”), and Paul Greengard McGuire and Johan Sundberg, (in “Right Brain, Left Brain”). expert on the acoustics of the human voice), “Coltrane, Ein- My initial problem in organiz- stein, and Cosmology” (with ing the evenings was that when Oliver Sacks in his element. Stephon Alexander, Papa Smurf, I thought of interesting people and Sharon Glassman). derful monologue on what goes tion. And I detected an interest (scientists and artists), I always on in an actor’s mind. in science, a scienti½c thread in came up with people my own age. “Entertaining Science” is the Ligeti’s composition. It worked. This would not do. Fortunately I name of the Cornelia Street Café I try to get in music because it have pretty broad musical tastes, cabaret, the ½rst Sunday of every works so well in the café setting. Another time the theme was and New York City is brimming month. We’ve become the hot- So when the theme was “Blind “Heavy Metal.” Now the music with young dancers, actors, and test cheap ticket in New York Will and Sel½sh dna,” and tu- part was obvious–it was provid- musicians eager to perform. I City, and have ½lled the house mor biologist and writer George ed, on a steel guitar, by a won- took and take risks, and now have mano a mano on Superbowl Sun- Klein read his masterly essay on derful instrumentalist and elec- a group of young people who will day and the Sunday preceding that theme, I thought of asking tronic composer, Elliott Sharp. recommend talent. Or jump in the 4th of July. It is fun. the electronic percussion player Oliver Sacks read from his Uncle themselves. I also love the hazard and composer Lukas Ligeti to Tungsten and could not resist de- of connections. And mother-son join us. I wasn’t sure if George monstrating the properties of teams. Roald Hoffmann, Frank H. T. would like Ligeti’s music, but metals. I talked about packing Rhodes Professor of Humane After the two-hour set, the per- there was a Hungarian connec- polyhedra, and gamma brass. In Letters at Cornell University, formers and friends move to the shared the Nobel Prize in Chem- restaurant upstairs and enjoy istry in 1981 for his theoretical their only pay–a good free meal. work on the course of chemical The discussion flows; it is a nat- reactions. A Fellow of the Amer- ural continuation, among friends, ican Academy since 1971, Hoff- of what started in the cave. mann is a playwright, poet, and What is my purpose in this se- essayist as well as a chemist. ries? To bring science to the café scene? Yes, perhaps to teach a little science. But ultimately we Some of the Academy mem- are not serious, except in the way bers who have performed at that life is (and is not). The per- the Café: formers in the series juxtapose science with music, the written Joel Cohen and spoken word, art and perfor- Paul Greengard mance. The Cornelia Street Café Roald Hoffmann audience is fantastic. The people Benoit Mandelbrot who come– a smattering of sci- Lynn Margulis entists, some friends of the per- Jerrold Meinwald formers, Village denizens, artists, Koji Nakanishi people off the street–are primed Oliver Sacks to make every connection the performers want. And then some. Koji Nakanishi doing his magic.

40 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 In Response: The Ticking Bomb Contention by Michael Traynor

The Perspectives section of the Summer breached. They do not require monitoring 2004 issue of the Bulletin reported on an or oversight by inspectors general to guard Academy meeting on “Contemplating Tor- against abuse. Moreover, the guidelines are ture and Lesser Forms of Highly Coercive only that; they are not enforceable rules. Interrogation.” At a November 16, 2004, press conference in Washington, D.C., The so-called “ticking bomb” scenario in- Michael Traynor dissented from some of volving interrogation of a captured terror- the recommendations on highly coercive ist is a dif½cult theoretical one. In the real interrogations discussed in the article. Fol- world, the scenario posed is both arti½cial lowing are excerpts from his remarks: and unlikely–a straw man, invented to create fear and a panicked public endorse- I agree with the strong statements that the ment of the shameful erosion of due pro- United States shall abide by its statutory cess. More likely, large numbers of cap- and treaty obligations that prohibit torture tured people will be swept up by troops. and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Such people will include individuals who I dissent, however, from the exception are innocent and have no useful informa- permitting cruel, inhuman or degrading tion, neighbors, relatives, or others who treatment in some circumstances and from are innocent but might have marginally the recommendations that permit highly useful information, and a few terrorists. coercive interrogations that would violate This is not the example the United States the Constitution of the United States if should set for its own citizens or for our applied to a prisoner accused of a crime. allies or even for our enemies. Moreover, highly coercive interrogation techniques In exceptional circumstances, the recom- are not demonstrably effective to elicit mendations permit highly coercive inter- truthful information . . . Techniques that rogation techniques that are cruel, inhu- by de½nition exceed constitutional limits man or degrading. In nonexceptional cir- on the interrogation of persons accused of cumstances, they permit highly coercive crime are likely to be repugnant to people interrogation techniques that fall into the who cherish human rights as well as vio- vague and troubling zone between prohib- late due process. They are likely to be inef- ited techniques that courts ½nd “shock the fective against true terrorists and fanatics conscience” and proposed techniques that trained to withstand them and prepared to exceed the reasonable standards set for die and injurious to innocent people sub- “seeking a voluntary confession under the jected to them. Moreover, they are likely due process clauses of the U.S. Constitu- to provoke retaliation against our own tion.” The recommendations do not de- troops and civilians who are captured, fos- ½ne the various techniques but leave them ter disrespect and resentment around the to be recommended secretly by the Attor- world, and corrode discipline in our own ney General, promulgated secretly by the forces. President, and provided only to selected congressional committees. This culture of secrecy in itself should set off alarm Michael Traynor, a Fellow of the American bells. The recommendations provide for Academy since 2002, is a partner at Cooley brie½ng by the Attorney General to con- Godward llp. He served as an advisor to gressional committees and oversight by a project on a long-term legal strategy con- them but only as “to which hci’s are cerning terrorism sponsored by the National presently being utilized” and for making Memorial Institute for the Prevention of “probable cause” determinations available Terrorism. For the full text of his dissenting to congressional intelligence committees, statement, please see http://cooley.admin. the Attorney General, and inspectors gen- hubbardone.com/½les/tbl_s5SiteRepository/ eral of pertinent departments. They do not FileUpload21/392/Heymann_.pdf. For the call for brie½ng or oversight about such ½nal report of the Long-Term Legal Strategy important questions as whether any lives Project for Preserving Security and Demo- were saved or any act of terrorism was cratic Freedoms in the War on Terrorism, prevented, whether any deaths or serious please see http://www.mipt.org/Long- injuries occurred as a result of the interro- Term-Legal-Strategy.asp. gations, and whether the guidelines were

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 41 Noteworthy

Select Prizes and Awards Peter Dallos (Northwestern Uni- Cherry A. Murray (Lawrence gy) has been appointed director of versity) has been elected an Hon- Livermore National Laborato- the National Science Foundation. orary Fellow of the Hungarian ry) has been awarded the 2005 Nobel Prizes, 2004 Academy of Sciences. George Pake Prize by the Ameri- Samuel Bodman has been con- can Physical Society. ½rmed as the new U.S. Secretary Economic Sciences Antonio Damasio and Hanna Da- of Energy. Finn E. Kydland (Carnegie Mel- masio (both, University of Iowa) Jaroslav Pelikan (Yale Universi- lon University) and Edward C. were awarded the Jean-Louis Sig- ty) and Paul Ricoeur (Chatenay, Frances D. Fergusson (Vassar Prescott (Arizona State Univer- noret Prize in Cognitive Neuro- France) were awarded the John College) has been elected to the sity; Federal Reserve Bank of science given by La Fondation W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Board of Directors of Wyeth. Minneapolis) Ipsen. Achievement in the Human Sci- Richard W. Fisher (Kissinger ences by the John W. Kluge Cen- McLarty Associates) has been Physics Robert F. Drinan, S.J. (George- ter at the Library of Congress. David J. Gross (University of Cal- town University) received the appointed president of the Fed- ifornia, Santa Barbara), H. David 2004 aba Medal from the Amer- Steven Pinker (Harvard Univer- eral Reserve Bank of Dallas, ef- Politzer (California Institute of ican Bar Association. sity) received the Henry Dale fective April 2005. Technology), and Frank Wilczek Prize from the Royal Institution Robert Gagosian (Woods Hole (mit). Sir John Elliott (University of of Great Britain, the William Oceanographic Institution) has Oxford) has been elected to the James Book Prize and the Elea- Physiology or Medicine Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, been appointed to the U.S. Na- nor Maccoby Book Prize from tional Commission for the United Richard Axel (Columbia Uni- Italy. the American Psychological As- versity) and Linda B. Buck (Fred Nations Educational, Scienti½c, Herbert Gleiter (Institute of sociation, and the Kistler Book and Cultural Organization. Hutchinson Cancer Research Prize from the Foundation for Center) Nanotechnology, Germany) mit received the Hsun Lee Lecture the Future. Susan Hock½eld ( ) has been elected president of mit. Award from the Chinese Acad- Mark Ratner (Northwestern Wolf Prizes, 2005 emy of Science. University) is among the recipi- Bill Joy (Aspen Smallworks) has ents of the Chicago Innovation Mathematics Gertrude Himmelfarb (Washing- been named a partner at Kleiner Awards and received the 2004 Gregori Margulis (Yale Univer- ton, D.C.) and John Searle (Uni- Perkins Cau½eld & Byers. Visionary Pioneer Award. sity) and Sergei Novikov (Uni- versity of California, Berkeley) Linda K. Kerber (University of versity of Maryland and Landau are among the recipients of the Erkki Ruoslahti (Burnham Insti- Iowa) has been named president Institute for Theoretical Physics, 2004 National Humanities Medal, tute) and Masatoshi Takeichi of the American Historical Asso- Moscow) given by the National Endow- (riken Center for Developmen- ciation. ment for the Humanities. tal Biology, Japan) are recipients Medicine Steven Levitt (University of Chi- Tony Hunter Stephen P. Hubbell of the 2005 Japan Prize, awarded (Salk Institute for (University cago) has been appointed direc- Anthony by the Science and Technology Biological Studies), of Georgia) has been awarded tor of the Initiative on Chicago James Pawson Foundation of Japan. (Samuel Lunen- the Marsh Award for Ecology by Price Theory at the University feld Research Institute at Mount the British Ecological Society. Kay Lehman Schlozman (Boston of Chicago Graduate School of Sinai Hospital, Toronto), and Nikki Keddie (University of Cal- College) has been awarded the Business. Alexander Levitzki (Hebrew Uni- 2004 Rowman & Little½eld Award versity of Jerusalem) ifornia, Los Angeles) has been Julio Ottino (Northwestern Uni- awarded the Balzan Foundation for Innovative Teaching in Polit- ical Science. versity) has been appointed dean Physics Prize. mit of the McCormick School of En- Daniel Kleppner ( ) Jack L. Strominger Elizabeth F. Loftus (University (Harvard gineering at Northwestern Uni- of California, Irvine) received University) is the recipient of versity. the 2005 Grawemeyer Award for the 2004 American Society for Joyce Appleby (University of Cal- Biochemistry and Molecular Condoleezza Rice has been con- Psychology, given by the Grawe- ½rmed as the new U.S. Secretary ifornia, Los Angeles) and Peter meyer Foundation at the Univer- Biology-Merck Award. D. L. Stansky (Stanford Univer- of State. sity of Louisville. Oliver Williamson (University sity) have been named Couper of California, Berkeley) is the Judith Rodin (Rockefeller Foun- Scholars by the Phi Beta Kappa Claire Ellen Max (University 2004 recipient of the H.C. Reck- dation) has been named president Society. of California, Santa Cruz) and of the Rockefeller Foundation. Richard J. Saykally (University of tenwald Prize in Economics. Pierre Chambon (Institute of California, Berkeley) are among Stanford E. Woosley (Universi- Ronald Rogowski (University Genetics and Molecular and Cel- the recipients of the 2004 E. O. ty of California, Santa Cruz) has of California, Los Angeles) has lular Biology, France), Ronald M. Lawrence Awards in Physics, been awarded the 2005 Hans A. been named associate dean of Evans (Salk Institute for Biologi- given by the U.S. Department of Bethe Prize by the American the ucla International Institute. cal Studies), Elwood Jensen (Uni- Energy. Physical Society. versity of Cincinnati), and Mat- Aaron J. Shatkin (Center for Ad- thew Meselson (Harvard Univer- Jerrold Meinwald (Cornell Uni- vanced Biotechnology and Med- sity) are among the recipients of versity) received the 2005 Roger New Appointments icine) has been appointed to the the 2004 Lasker Medical Research Adams Award in Organic Chem- Board of Directors of Serologi- Awards. istry, given by the American Arden L. Bement (National Insti- cals Corporation. Chemical Society. tute of Standards and Technolo-

42 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 Select Publications the Corporate Ballot. Harvard Uni- War, Secrecy and Deception Trans- Exhibitions versity Press, January 2005 formed the Presidency, from Theo- dore Roosevelt to George W. Bush. Louise Bourgeois: Likeness: Por- Poetry Alfred Chandler (Harvard Uni- Basic Books, September 2004 traits of Artists by Other Artists, versity) and Bruce Mazlish (mit), Institute of Contemporary Art, Richard Howard (New York, New eds. Leviathan. Multinational Cor- Richard Howard (New York, Boston, through May 2005; Cel- York). Inner Voices: Selected Poems, porations and the New Global Histo- New York). Paper Trail: Selected ebrating Sculpture: Modern and 1963–2003. Farrar, Straus & ry. Cambridge University Press, Prose, 1965–2003. Farrar, Straus Contemporary Works from Dallas Giroux, October 2004 January 2005 & Giroux, October 2004 Collections, Dallas Museum of Art, through April 25, 2005. Sharon Olds (New York Univer- Jared Diamond (University of Alan Lightman (mit). A Sense sity). Strike Sparks: Selected Poems, California, Los Angeles). Collapse: of the Mysterious: Science and the Ellsworth Kelly: Tablet, The Me- 1980–2002. Alfred A. Knopf, How Societies Choose to Fail or Suc- Human Spirit. Pantheon, January nil Collection, Houston, through September 2004 ceed. Viking, December 2004 2005 May 8, 2005; Drawn from Nature: The Plant Lithographs of Ellsworth Gary Snyder (University of Cali- Wendy Doniger Jean M. Mandler (University of (University of Kelly and Kelly in Color, Grand fornia, Davis). Danger on Peaks. Chicago). The Woman Who Pre- California, San Diego). The Foun- Rapids Art Museum, Michigan, Shoemaker & Hoard, September tended To Be Who She Was. Oxford dations of Mind: Origins of Concep- March 4–May 15, 2005. 2004 University Press, November 2004 tual Thought. Oxford University Press, April 2004 Lee Friedlander: Lee Friedlander: Richard Wilbur (Smith College). John E. Dowling (Harvard Uni- At Work and Sticks and Stones, Co- Collected Poems: 1943–2004. Har- Bruce Mazlish mit versity). The Great Brain Debate: ( ). Civilization lumbus Museum of Art, March 11 court, December 2004 Nature or Nurture? Joseph Henry and Its Contents. Stanford Univer- –April 28, 2005. Press, November 2004 sity Press, January 2005 Fiction Robert F. Drinan, S.J. (George- Bruce Mazlish (mit) and Akira town University). Can God and Iriye (Harvard University), eds. Performances Louis Auchincloss (New York, Caesar Coexist? Balancing Religious The Global History Reader. Rout- Pierre Boulez: Boulez: Conductor New York). East Side Story. Hough- Freedom and International Law. ledge, March 2005 ton Mifflin, December 2004 and Composer (conducting), Chi- Yale University Press, September cago Symphony Orchestra, March 2004 Richard A. Posner (U.S. Court of Bharati Mukherjee (University Appeals, Seventh Circuit). Catas- 17–18, 2005. of California, Berkeley). The Tree Solomon Feferman (Stanford trophe: Risk and Response. Oxford Alfred Brendel: Alfred Brendel in Bride: A Novel. Theia/Hyperion, University) and Anita Burdman University Press, October 2004 September 2004 Recital, Benaroya Hall, Seattle, Feferman. Alfred Tarski: Life and March 13, 2005; Irvine Barclay Logic. Cambridge University Press, Allan R. Robinson (Harvard V. S. Naipaul (London, United Theatre, Irvine, Calif., March 18, October 2004 University) and Kenneth Brink Kingdom). Magic Seeds: A Novel. (Woods Hole Oceanographic 2005. Alfred A. Knopf, November 2004 David Hackett Fischer (Brandeis Institute), eds. The Global Coastal Placido Domingo: In Concert with University). Liberty and Freedom: Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Richard Stern (University of Chi- Ana Maria Martinez, rte Orches- A Visual History of America’s Found- Studies and Syntheses. Harvard Uni- cago). Almonds to Zhoof: Collected tra, The Point, Dublin, Ireland, ing Ideas. Oxford University Press, versity Press, December 2004 Stories of Richard Stern. Triquar- March 9, 2005; In Concert with October 2004 terly Books, February 2005 Ingrid D. Rowland (American Ana Maria Martinez, Iceland Sym- Lawrence M. Friedman (Stanford Academy in Rome). The Scarith phonic Orchestra, Egilshöll, Rey- John Updike (Boston, Massachu- University). Private Lives: Families, of Scornello: A Tale of Renaissance kjavik, Iceland, March 13, 2005; setts). Villages. Alfred A Knopf, Individuals, and the Law. Harvard Forgery. University of Chicago Die Walküre, Lyric Opera, Chica- October 2004 University Press, February 2005 Press, December 2004 go, March 29, April 5, April 12, 2005. John Edgar Wideman (Universi- William Galston (University of Geoffrey R. Stone (University ty of Massachusetts, Amherst). Maryland). The Practice of Liberal of Chicago). Perilous Times: Free Robert Levin: Mendelssohn the God’s Gym: Stories. Houghton Pluralism. Cambridge University Speech in Wartime from the Sedition Performer: Orchestra of the Age of Mifflin, February 2005 Press, January 2005 Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. Enlightenment, Queen Elizabeth W.W. Norton & Company, Oct- Hall, London, March 25, 2005. Ian Glynn (University of Cam- Non-Fiction ober 2004 bridge) and Jenifer Glynn. The Aharon Appelfeld (Wylie, Aitken Life and Death of Smallpox. Cam- Cornel West (Princeton Univer- We invite all Fellows and & Stone). The Story of a Life: A bridge University Press, August sity). Democracy Matters: Winning Foreign Honorary Members Memoir. Schocken Books, Octo- 2004 the Fight Against Imperialism. Pen- to send notices about their guin Press, September 2004 ber 2004 Barbara Goldsmith (Barbara recent and forthcoming pub- Kwame Anthony Appiah (Prince- Goldsmith Productions). Obses- Neal Zaslaw (Cornell University) lications, scienti½c ½ndings, ton University). The Ethics of Iden- sive Genius: The Inner World of and John Spitzer (San Francisco exhibitions and performances, tity. Princeton University Press, Marie Curie. W. W. Norton & Conservatory of Music). The and honors and prizes to January 2005 Company, November 2004 Birth of the Orchestra: History of [email protected]. an Institution, 1650–1815. Oxford Lucian A. Bebchuk (Harvard Uni- Stephen R. Graubard (London, University Press, June 2004 versity), ed. Shareholder Access to U.K.). Command of Of½ce: How

Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 43 cêçã=íÜÉ=^êÅÜáîÉë

In 1860, zoologist-geologist Louis Agassiz and botanist Asa Gray, both members of the Harvard faculty, took part in a debate held at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on the recently published Origin of Species. While Agassiz staunchly maintained his belief in the divine creation of individual species, Gray defended Darwin’s hypothesis on their variability. Among Agassiz’s allies in the exchange was Harvard philosopher Francis Bowen, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary analysis even at this stage in the Academy’s history. In response to remarks by Bowen, Gray present- ed the following rebuttal, as recorded by the Academy Secretary on April 10, 1860:

As to the charge that the hypothesis in question repudiated design or purpose in nature and the whole doctrine of ½nal causes, Professor Gray urged:–1. That to maintain that a theory of the derivation of one species or sort of animal from another through secondary causes and natural agencies neg- atived design, seemed to concede that whatever in nature is accomplished through secondary causes is so much removed from the sphere of design, or that only that which is super- natural can be regarded or shown to be design;–which no theist can admit. 2. That the establishment of this particu- lar theory by scienti½c evidence would leave the doctrines of ½nal cause, utility, special design, or whatever other tele- ological view, just where they were before its promulgation, in all fundamental respects; that no new kind of dif½culty comes in with this theory, i.e. none with which the philo- sophical naturalist is not already familiar. It is merely the old problem as to how persistence of type and morphologi- cal conformity are to be reconciled with special design, (with the advantage of offering the only scienti½c, though hypo- thetical, solution of the question,) along with the wider phil- osophical questions, as to what is the relation between or- derly natural events and intelligent ef½cient cause, or Divine agency. In respect to which, we have only to adopt Professor Bowen’s own philosophy of causation,–viz. “that the nat- ural no less than the supernatural, the continuance no less than the creation of existence, the origin of an individual as well as the origin of a species or a genus, can be explained only by the direct action of an intelligent cause,”–and all special dif½culty in harmonizing a theory of the derivation of species with the doctrine of ½nal causes will vanish.

(Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Image Donated by Corbis-Bettmann. Sciences, volume 4, 1857–1860) Asa Gray

For more information on these debates, see Asa Gray: American Botanist, Friend of Darwin (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988) by Academy Fellow A. Hunter Dupree.

44 Bulletin of the American Academy Winter 2005 Norton’s Woods, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 telephone 617-576-5000, fax 617-576-5050, email [email protected], website www.amacad.org academy officers

Patricia Meyer Spacks, President Leslie Cohen Berlowitz, Executive Of½cer Louis W. Cabot, Vice President Emilio Bizzi, Secretary Jerrold Meinwald, Deputy Secretary John S. Reed, Treasurer Steven Marcus, Editor Martin Dworkin, Vice President, Midwest Center Jesse H. Choper, Vice President, Western Center publications advisory board

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