Land Resources of the Ravenshoe- Mt Garnet Area North Queensland

QV94006

~------;'..... -iMiiiii~i~i!iii~;;--;-;---iiiiiil, iiiiiii! iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ililililili iiiiiiiiii!,~,~,~,~,~,!,!,~,~,~,~,!iliiiii?,i,~,~iiiiiiiiiiiiiii~,=..iiiiil ...... iiiii'!'!iiiii~,~iii,,...... ,iiii~iiii...... iilil ...... iiii!'!'!"!'!"! ilii~ iiiiiil iiii~'~iiiiiii LAN I''RI' I II U RC E $

i;iliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~=~iiiiiiiii;!i#ii!i~: iiii;iiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiiiiiil;iii iil;iiii;;ii;i;iil;i;iil;i i;ii!;iiii; ;iiiii;ilil i;ii!ilil; %iiiiil

Land resources of the Ravenshoe- Mt Garnet area north Queensland

Vol 1 - Land resource inventory

I. J. Heiner and M. J. Grundy Land Use and Fisheries

BPIO, PA RTME NT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES

['IU 4 4" Ft ~ :1,] Queensland Government Technical Report

This report is a scanned copy and some detail may be illegible or lost. Before acting on any information, readers are strongly advised to ensure that numerals, percentages and details are correct.

This report is intended to provide information only on the subject under review. There are limitations inherent in land resource studies, such as accuracy in relation to map scale and assumptions regarding socio-economic factors for land evaluation. Before acting on the information conveyed in this report, readers should ensure that they have received adequate professional information and advice specific to their enquiry.

While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report neither the Queensland Government nor its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result from any inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein.

For information about this report contact [email protected] Land Resources Bulletin Series QV94006

Land resources of the Ravenshoe- Mt Garnet area north Queensland Vol 1 - Land resource inventory

I. J. Heiner and M. J. Grundy Land Use and Fisheries

Department of Primary Industries Queensland ISSN 0811-9007 Agdex 524

This publication was prepared for Department of Primary Industries officers. It may be distributed to other individuals and organisations. Commonwealth Government support for this study through the National Soil Conservation Program is gratefully acknowledged.

Department of Primary Industries GPO Box 46 Brisbane Q 4001 Contents gage

List of Figures ...... v

,.° List of Tables ...... vm

Abstract ...... x

1. Introduction ...... 1

2. Survey methods ...... 5

3. Climate ...... 6

3.1 Rainfall ...... 6 3.2 Other climatic factors ...... 9

4. Geology ...... 10

5. Landform and soils ...... 13

5.1 Low and high hills ...... 13 5.2 Plains and rises ...... 14

6. Water resources ...... 16

6.1 Surface water ...... 16 6.2 Subsurface water ...... 17

7. Natural vegetation ...... 18

7.1 Introduction ...... 18 7.2 Vegetation communities ...... 18

8. Soils - morphology and classification ...... 21

8.1 Introduction ...... 21 8.2 Soil distribution and morphology ...... 21 8.3 Soil classification ...... 23

9. Soils - chemical and physical attributes ...... 28

9.1 Soil chemical attributes ...... 28 9.2 Soil physical attributes ...... 48 iv

10. LAND USE ...... 55

10.1 Agricultural land use ...... 55 10.2 Other land uses ...... 56

11. Acknowledgements ...... 57

12. References ...... 58

APPENDIX I ...... 61

APPENDIX II ...... 63

APPENDIX III ...... 74

APPENDIX IV ...... 114 List of Figures

Figure:

1 Location of the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet study area and the Atherton - Einasleigh overview study ...... 4 2 Average annual rainfall and elevation above sea level from Innisfail to Mt Garnet ...... 6 3 Historic annual rainfall for six centres within the study area ...... 7 4 Mean rainfall per rain day for three centres in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area . 8 5 Monthly rainfall deciles and coefficient of variation for three centres in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 8 6 Derived temperature and radiation data for Mt Garnet ...... 9 7 The distribution of landform in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 13 8 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils from the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area .... 36 9 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils from the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 36 10 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils from the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 37 11 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils from the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 37 12 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected cracking clay soils (Group 5) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 37 13 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 37 14 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils on alluvia (Group 7) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 38 15 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 38 16 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) ...... 41 17 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) ...... 41 18 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soil (Group 2) ...... 42 vi

19 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) ...... 42 20 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) ...... 42 21 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations in the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) ...... 42 22 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) ...... 43 23 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations - non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) ...... 43 24 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the cracking clay soils (Group 5) ...... 44 25 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations in the cracking clay soils (Group 5) ...... 44 26 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) . . . 44 27 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations in the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) ...... 44 28 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the soils on alluvia (Group 7) ...... 45 29 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations in the soils on alluvia (Group 7) . . 45 30 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) ...... 45 31 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic cations in the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) ...... 45 32 pH and electrical conductivity in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) ...... 46 33 pH and electrical conductivity in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) ...... 46 34 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) ...... 46 35 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) ...... 46 36 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the cracking clay soils (Group 5) ..... 47 37 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) . . 47 38 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the soils on alluvia (Group 7) ...... 47 39 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) ...... 47 40 Particle size analysis of the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) ...... 48 vii

41 Particle size analysis of the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) ...... 48 42 Particle size analysis of the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) . . 49 43 Particle size analysis of the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) ...... 49 44 Particle size analysis of the cracking clay soils (Group 5) ...... 49 45 Particle size analysis of the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) ...... 49 46 Particle size analysis of the soils on alluvia (Group 7) ...... 50 47 Particle size analysis of the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) . . 50 48 CEC/Clay ratio for the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) ...... 51 49 CEC/Clay ratio for the massive to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) ...... 51 50 CEC/Clay ratio for the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) ..... 51 51 CEC/Clay ratio for the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) ...... 51 52 CEC/Clay ratio for the cracking clay soils (Group 5) ...... 52 53 CEC/Clay ratio for the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) ...... 52 54 CEC/Clay ratio for the soils on alluvia (Group 7) ...... 52 55 CEC/Clay ratio for the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) ..... 52 VIII List of Tables

Table:

1 Previous land resource surveys in the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet Area ...... 3

2 Geological units recorded in UMA ...... 11

3 Streamflow attributes for the major watercourses ...... 16 4 Major distinguishing attributes and landform patterns of the soil profile classes . . 24 5 Soil groups used in discussing chemical and physical attributes of soil profile classes ...... 28 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ration in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 30 7 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ration in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 30 8 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ratio in the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 30 9 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ratio in the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 31 10 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ratio in the cracking clay soils (Group 5) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 31 11 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ratio in the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 31 12 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ratio in the soils on alluvia (Group 7) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 32 13 Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and their ratio in the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area .... 32 14 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 33 15 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ..... 33 16 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 34 17 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 34 18 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the cracking clay soils (Group 5) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 34 19 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 35 20 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the soils on alluvia (Group 7) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 35 21 Soil phosphorus and potassium levels in the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 35 22 Micronutrient levels in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) in the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area ...... 39 23 Micronutrients in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2) ...... 39 24 Micronutrients in the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3) ...... 39 25 Micronutrients in the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) ...... 39 26 Micronutrients in the cracking clay soils (Group 5) ...... 40 27 Micronutrients in the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) ...... 40 28 Micronutrients in the soils on alluvia (Group 7) ...... 40 29 Micronutrients in the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) ...... 40 30 Estimated plant available water capacity (PAWC) for the soil profile classes (SPC) ...... 53 Abstract

This is the first of two reports describing the land resources of some 300 000 ha of land surrounding the towns of Ravenshoe and Mt Garnet in north Queensland. This Bulletin describes the soil and land resources of the area, lists their attributes and relates them to geographic distribution. The second Bulletin discusses the attributes of the resources as they limit agricultural production and evaluates the land suitability of the study area.

The majority of the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area is used for low intensity beef cattle breeding. Irrigated or broadscale agriculture is concentrated in the higher rainfall north- east areas or on the Herbert River at Red Bend.

In order to provide more detailed advice on cropping reliability and the potential for degradation, the National Soil Conservation Program (NSCP) provided funding for a study into the land resources of the dry tropics. The first stage of the project was an overview of the area to identify the major land resources and enable an assessment of priorities for further more intensive work. That resulted in a 1:250 000 study of the land resources of some 3.5 million ha to the south and west of Mareeba (Grundy and Bryde 1989b). The study found an area of 533 000 ha suitable for rainfed summer grain production. The second stage of the project which is reported here is a survey of the Ravenshoe 1:100 000 map sheet which was one of twelve such sheets within the overview mapping.

Thirty five soil profile classes and two miscellaneous units were identified in this survey. The resources of the area are documented in this report. Detailed descriptions of these soil profile classes and representative sampled sites and chemical and physical characteristics are documented. These 35 soil profile classes have been amalgamated into eight groups which consist of soils with similar origin and management requirements. All groups have low levels of one or more of the major nutrients for crop production and low to marginal levels for improved pastures. Further sampling is recommended to establish fertilisation requirements before agricultural enterprises are established. Many of the soils also have hardsetting surfaces which can affect seedling germination and the entry of rainfall into the soil profile.

Between 80 and 90 percent of rain falls in the months November to April with a gradual increase in summer dominance in the west. The major agricultural soils are formed from Tertiary-Quaternary basalt flows, Tertiary-Quaternary colluvium and alluvium or recent alluvium associated with major streams. Many of these soils have formed under complex hydrological conditions and it is essential this is considered before large scale clearing proceeds. The climate, water resources, geology and geomorphology of the area are also documented.

The information in this report will be useful to industry groups, land holders and local authorities who have a commitment to maintain the land in a productive state. • Introduction

This Bulletin reports on an inventory of the soil and land resources of the Ravenshoe and Mt Garnet area in north Queensland. The study area covers the 1:100 000 Ravenshoe map sheet, some 300 000 ha between 145°30'E and 17°30'S in the north-west and 145°00'E and 18°00'S in the south-west (Figure 1). The report describes and maps the soil and land resources of the areas and lists their attributes.

The land adjacent to the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland has long been recognised as having the potential for more intensive uses than the traditional store cattle production from unimproved pastures. For example, the "Assessment of the Agricultural and Pastoral Potential of Queensland" (Weston et al. 1981) mapped appreciable areas as being suitable for sorghum cropping with pasture leys. The Weston et al. study was only a broad assessment, however, based on small scale soils mapping (Isbell et al. 1968) with input from local officers of the Department of Primary Industries (DPI). It indicated a need for more detailed advice on cropping reliability and the potential for land degradation based on primary land resource data.

This more detailed work was achieved through a project funded by DPI and the National Soil Conservation Program (NSCP). The first stage of the project was an overview of the area to identify the major land resources and enable an assessment of priorities for further more intensive work. That resulted in a 1:250 000 study of the land resources of some 3.5 million ha to the south and west of Mareeba (Figure 1) (Grundy and Bryde 1989).

The second stage of the project which is reported here is a survey of the Ravenshoe 1:100 000 map sheet which was one of twelve such sheets within the overview mapping. This area was selected for more intensive mapping on the basis of the following criteria:

• the Ravenshoe sheet has a significant area of suitable soil associations;

• it was the sheet with the best climatic suitability;

• the area is under significant current development pressure;

• the Ravenshoe areas had the best access to existing agricultural infrastructure;

• some production and research data were available for the area; and

the proportion of freehold land was greatest on the Ravenshoe sheet giving enhanced flexibility in land use choice.

The sheet area selected was intended to be a key area for the substantially larger area covered in the 1:250 000 survey. Although the sheet area is called Ravenshoe in the National Mapping Catalogue, the climate and land resources around Mt Garnet are more typical of the sheet area. The study area has thus been referred to as the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area in this report and associated materials.

The specific aims of the project were to map areas of suitable soils, develop a detailed land suitability framework to match crop requirements with soil and land attributes and to identify specific hazards and other land management issues. This involved field survey, detailed soil analysis, the establishment of monitoring sites for soil water dynamics and land suitability analysis incorporating crop modelling.

Historically, land use in the study area has been limited for the most part to store cattle production from native pastures. There has been cropping in the higher rainfall area around Ravenshoe and more isolated cropping at Red Bend on the Herbert River and a small area west of Mt Garnet. There have been less successful attempts on small areas elsewhere. Crops produced include a range of broadacre crops, horticultural crops and irrigated crops such as tobacco and potatoes. A survey of cropping history and intention for the study area and surrounds is available (East 1990).

Existing resource mapping for the area is patchy in the area covered and the intensity of the surveys. Table 1 summarises the mapping which was used as a background during this study.

This report is part of a package which includes:

two substantial reports - one covering the land resource inventory, the other land suitability and land resource data management;

colour fact sheets which illustrate the important land management aspects of the major soil groups and of the area as a whole;

non-colour fact sheets (in the DPI ref note series) containing the same information as the colour sheets but designed for a wider audience;

• maps of soil distribution and land suitability for selected crops; and

a GIS or geographic information system which can be used to retrieve other combinations of data as required and which will form part of the land information system for Far North Queensland.

liiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiii iiiiiiiiiil I " "':-(..! sfail Iiiiiiii!iiiill!iilii!!!iil iiiiil !i iili ii!iiiii!ili!iiiil !!i ii.liiiiiiiiii~iiiiiii!! !i!i!iiti!iit Tullyi." ~ iii i iiiiii ',iiii iiii iliii i i iliiil i ii iil

I "

ili!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!lRavenshoe - Mt Garnet area // ...... Major roads

Figure 1 Location of the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet study area and the Atherton - Einasleigh overview study. 11 Survey methods

Land resource mapping was undertaken at 1:100 000 scale in order to compile a resource inventory appropriate for extensive land uses and regional planning. This scale of mapping is compatible with the guidelines for resource assessment adopted for the State Government Land Resource Information System (LRIS).

Soil, geology and vegetation patterns were identified using air photos with a scale of approximately 1:37 000. Soil morphological, topographic, vegetation and geological information were then recorded at sites along representative transects using the procedures and codes of McDonald et al (1984). A tentative soil mapping scheme was then prepared from these 420 detailed site descriptions. Soil profile class is the basic mapping unit and a description of the criteria for these units is given in Isbell (1988).

The study area was divided into two topographic regions. The first region, most of which was south of the Kennedy Highway, was an area of predominately low slopes that were potentially suitable for agriculture. In this area, mapping was done using the free survey technique (Reid 1988). Ground observations were selected to characterise mapping units delineated on the air photos. Soil profile classes were mapped within landform patterns (Speight 1984).

The remainder of the study area has predominately steep slopes, generally unsuitable for agriculture. This area was mapped using air photo interpretation and detailed transects where possible.

A total of 1 500 recorded observations were made for the study area. All site data has been entered on computer and is available on request from the Manager, Resource Assessment and Planning. The site intensity for the agricultural area is approximately 1 site to 150 ha and for the non-agricultural area approximately 1 site to 700 ha.

The mapping units are associations, that is, each contains one or more soil profile class. Each occurrence of a mapping unit is termed a unique map area (UMA). Data on soils, landform, geology, land degradation, vegetation and selected properties related to agricultural suitability classification were individually recorded on computer files for each UMA. The mapping unit is named after the dominant soil profile class but the associated soils and an estimate of their occurrence is listed in the UMA file. The information recorded in the UMA file is shown in Appendix IV. This information is available upon request from the Manager, Resource Assessment and Planning.

Each soil profile class is described in Appendix II and the distribution of mapping units is shown on the soils map. The soil profile classes are grouped into landscape patterns which have similar parent material and topography. 3. Climate

This section will highlight aspects of note within the study area; the second Bulletin will discuss, using a modelling approach, the rainfall attributes important in developing a land suitability analysis. The Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area has a hot, semi-arid climate with a marked winter dry season and rainfall concentrated in the summer months of the year.

With the exception of the recent establishment of a QDPI remote weather station, climate statistics within the study area have been limited to rainfall, with only six sites having an appreciable length of record. Although some other data are available from nearby, the nature of the rainfall and altitudinal gradients make extrapolation into the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area difficult.

3.1 Rainfall

Rainfall statistics for the semi-arid regions of north Queensland which includes the study area have been extensively analysed and presented in a series of graphs by Huda et al. (1991).

There are three distinct patterns of rainfall over north Queensland coinciding with winter months (April to October), pre-season months (September and October) and summer months (November to March). During the winter months, dry upper level westerlies dominate so that these months are generally dry. Upper level lows, however, can cause storm rain at any time during the dry season although these events are rare. During the pre-season, convectional thunderstorms begin to develop but from November onwards the approach from the north of the thermal low pressure monsoon trough leads to an increase

4OOO Innisfail 1500 35OO .~ohnstone 1250 3OOO

25OO

750 ~, 1500 5oo

25O 5011

0 !i!iiii!!i:ii!i!jiii!iii!ii!iiiiii!i ,0 ii!! 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Distance from Coast (kin)

Figure 2 Average annual rainfall and elevation above sea level from Innisfail to Mt Garnet in the scale and frequency of rainfall activity. During the summer months, north Queensland is subject to extreme daytime heating which initiates convection to produce the summer inland trough, a semi permanent area of low pressure generally situated west of the Dividing Range. Additionally, the area is affected by larger scale features, such as moving troughs and tropical depressions and cyclones. These latter features may produce a significant proportion of the total summer rainfall, often of high intensity and affecting large areas.

Evelyn Ravenshoe 250O 2500

2000 2000

MP.an

1500 _.. :_..J __ :__ _. x_ __ :... 15oo Median 1000 100o

500 500

0 ...... o 1891 194o 1987 1891 194o 1987

Woodleigh Mandalee 2500 2500

2000 20OO

1500

1000 x -._- 2.-. --- -._- ~r- .... - .

500 500

...... 0 0 1891 1940 1987 1891 1940 1987

Mt Garnet Glmnawarra 2500 2500

2000 2000

1500 15oo

100o

500

...... 0 ...... o 1891 1940 1987 1891 194o 1987

Figure 3 Historic annual rainfall for six centres within the study area mm rain % 600- .. Ravenshoe 200 , , • . 150 -- Ravenshoe / 1 400- • - /x cotv -- Mt Garnet /.:" 100 1 2 • .. Gnnnawan'a //,~/ 200-~-:.:.:. 9 i!i!i:::::::::!~iiii!i'!i!ii!i!i!:!:!:!:i:i:!:i:i:i:i:i:!:!:!:!:i:i:!!i:?:i50 • °° / ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ". \\ ...---"I 6 + ~...~. ,,'~.. 7.-..~.-.~.. ~ ~. ~. ;.-. 3-3-:-3. F 3.-:. N. ~:. 3-:.:.; o ,"~~",,,/", ~ ,~ " ?--- "".--- :"~--~, "~" ""," Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov 3

0 60O Mt Garnet 200 Jan Jtm Dec • 150 400

Figure 4 Mean rainfall per rain day for three • 100 centres in the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area 200 :~i~:..-...i~:.`~.i~iii?ii!iiiiiiii!i!ii!i!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiii!iii!!i!i50 The salient feature of rainfall for the study area and the lands to the east is the 0 o extreme rainfall gradient from the coast to Jan Mar May Jttl Sep Nov Mt Garnet. Rainfall decreases at a rate of Gunnawarra 200 35 mm/km from Innisfail to Mt Garnet. 600 This rainfall gradient is the largest in Australia (Gentilli 1971) and is due to the cofv -150 4OO abrupt effect of the coastal mountain barrier on the tropical air stream (Figure - 100 2). 200 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: The variation is somewhat reduced within ======the study area but there is a marked 0 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov contrast between the wetter north-eastem areas and the bulk of the study area Figure 5 Monthly rainfall deciles and coefficient of typified by Mt Garnet and Gunnawarra. variation for three centres in the Ravenshoe-Mt Average annual rainfall in the area varies Garnet area from 1500mm at Evelyn in the north-east to 758mm at Gunnawarra in the south-west (Figure 3). Figure 3 also illustrates the large variation in rainfall between years in all centres but more pronounced in the drier west and south, typified by Mt Garnet and Gunnawarra. The Bureau of Meteorology's rainfall variability index ranges from around 0.75 on the eastern fringe to 1.0 in the south-west and thus covers the range from the better end of moderate variability to the better end of high variability. Between 80 and 90 percent of rain falls in the months November to April with a gradual increase in summer dominance in the west. This corresponds to a decreasing chance of early winter drizzle away from the eastern area. Rainfall is most reliable in the four months from December to March (Figure 4). Rainfall in December and January has lowest variability and the variability is similar throughout the study area. The variability of both early and late wet season rain increases away from the north-east, that is, the length of the growing season is less reliable in the drier parts of the study area.

Rainfall per rain day is greatest during the summer months and relatively higher in the drier centres in the west in the early wet season months (Figure 5). Values for all centres are relatively high by Australian standards (Gentilli 1971) and indicate potential for water erosion.

3.2 Other climatic factors

There are no recorded data on evaporation for the area and no data such as temperature and relative humidity which would allow estimation of evaporation. Huda et al. (1991) estimated that monthly potential evaporation exceeds monthly average rainfall in all months except for February, however rainfall approaches potential evaporation during the wet season from December to March. Evaporation and rainfall are not directly comparable data in determining 'effective rainfall'. Grundy and Bryde (1989b) derived Waite index values (r/e °'7) for Herberton, which is wetter and cooler than most of the study area, and Mt Surprise, which is drier and warmer than the study area. These data suggested that, on average, at least four 'humid' months should occur during summer throughout the study area, that is, moisture should be available for crop growth.

Carberry et al. (1991) estimated mean weekly minimum and maximum Radiation 30 ~ .25 temperatures and radiation using data from nearby sites such as Mt Surprise and 25 ~iiiiiiiii:::" ....::i:?:i:i:i:i:i:i: 20 Walkamin. The estimated mean daily 20 :.:.:.:.:.:.:..~.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:~.~....~.:...... :~...... , 15 minimum, mean daily maximum and mean .~15 ======:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::- 10 daily solar radiation for Mt Garnet has lo :i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i~i<:i:~/~i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i:i: • ...-.-.-...... -.-.-...... -.-.-.- -.-.'.-.'.'.'.-.-.-.- been derived from this data and is shown 5 ~ii~iiiiiii~iiii~iii~iiiiiiii~iiiii~i~iiiii~iiiiii~iii~ii~iiiiii.i.i.i.i.i-i.~.i-i.~.i-i.i-i'i'i'i'~'i'i'~-i'i'~'i'i'i'~'i'~'i~'i.5 ...... in Figure 6. The higher Ravenshoe area is ...... ,'""','"'I',"''"1""'I'''";"'";"'"I'""I''"'t"''"I'""I 0 normally 2 to 3 degrees cooler than the Mt Jan Jun Dec Garnet area. Figure 6 Derived temperature and radiation data for Mt Garnet (Carberry et al. 1991) Evidence collected during the survey suggests that light frosts can be expected 3 to 4 times per year. Severe frosts occur on average once in three years and these are more damaging in low lying areas. 10 4. Geology

Best (1962) has documented the geological history as follows:

In the Archaean Period the basement was formed from metamorphosed sediments and igneous rocks. This basement was uplifted above sea level during the Proterozoic and in late Precambrian period. During a period of major orogeny, these sediments were folded and the area uplifted and strongly faulted along the eastern side and serpentinite, dolerite and granite intruded. In Upper Silurian - Lower Devonian periods the eastern part of the area was submerged and greywacke, conglomerate, limestone and chert were deposited. Another period of major orogeny in the Devonian period folded and uplifted these sediments.

In the Carboniferous period the Ringrose sediments folded, faulted and uplifted. Mild orogeny followed when these sediments were folded. Block faulting followed and sediments and volanics were deposited in the resulting grabens. Then followed the extrusion of basic, intermediate and acid volcanics, intensive faulting, grabens formed and rhyolite erupted along fissures and grey and later pink granites were intruded in Permian - Triassic era. During the Cretaceous period the area had low relief and marine transgression from the west led to deposition of conglomerate. Epeirogenic uplift caused the withdrawal of the sea in the Cainozoic period and increased erosion and ultimately resulted in the inversion of topography over most of the area.

About Middle Tertiary period, basalt volcanoes began to erupt and olivine basalt flowed down valleys along the eastern and southern parts of the area. This continued spasmodically until the Recent period. In Late Tertiary to Recent periods there has been a period of erosion and to the east, strong vertical faulting caused beheading of west-flowing streams and their diversion and capture mostly by east flowing streams. Deposition of alluvium and colluvium (unconsolidated) occurred as the rivers reached new base levels.

This history and the basalt flows allowed large areas of alluvium and colluvium to be deposited. The depth of this deposition varies but some deep borings indicated five metres of deposition has occurred as the Herbert River came to equilibrium in its present channel. There has been differential leaching of silicates, aluminium and iron through these profiles to form an underlying indurated layer at depth.

The Qa units have been deposited from the current Herbert River channel. The earlier deposits were dominated by clay and silt but the recent deposits have changed to sandier sediments. This sequence gives rise to the three different soil profile classes found on the recent alluvium.

Within the study area, geological formations are exposed which range from the Precambrian to the present. The older Precambrian exposures include various metamorphic series and are mainly found as small low hilly areas in the south west of the study area. The Palaeozoic exposures include fine-grained Silurian-Devonian sediments in 11 low rounded hills in the north and central west of the area, Carboniferous and Permian granites in large hilly areas in the north and in smaller areas characterised by tors in the south and various Carboniferous acid volcanic series in a large mountainous block on the eastern edge of the sheet and in a hilly area in the north west. The Cainozoic was characterised by extensive volcanic extrusion, deep weathering of a Tertiary peneplain and subsequent uplift and erosion. Consequently the area has exposures of basalt (in the north-east and south-west), small areas of deeply weathered duricrust and extensive alluvial deposits. 12

More recent geological mapping (Bultitude in preparation) at 1:37 000 scale was available in the latter stages of the study. Geological units have been recorded in the UMA file. A detailed list of the lithology and codes recorded in the UMA datafile is shown in Table 2. 13

11 Landform and soils

The landforms found in the study area are geographically separated into two distinct groups (Figure 7). The first includes the low and high hills with slopes ranging from undulating to steep. These landforms are concentrated in the north and east of the study area. The second includes the level to gently undulating rises and plains. These landforms are derived from a range of lithologies but the most important are rhyolite, granite and fine grained sedimentary rocks.

5.1 Low and high hills

In the hilly landforms, most soils are formed in situ with some colluvial sediments deposited downslope in fans or footslopes. Both overland and lateral water movement through the profile are important soil forming agents.

Soils formed on rhyolite and ignimbrite are most important in the wet zone of the area. The lithosol, Whelan, is formed in situ on weakly to moderately weathered rhyolite. On extremely weathered rhyolite or in lower landscape positions the red podzolic soil, Bally, occurs. Quandong, a xanthozem, occurs in lower landscape positions where Figure 7 The distribution of landform in the lateral water movement from upslope Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area (hills - dark shading; accumulates and soil profiles have a rises - hatching; plains - blank; the line separates watertable for a few months of the year. the wet zone from the dry).

Granitic landforms are concentrated in the dry zone. Soils derived from granite are also related to the weathering of the parent material together with landscape position. The lithosol, Nettle, is formed in situ with the minimal profile development reflecting the weakly weathered parent material and high erosion of the landscape. The deeper sandy soil, Kiama, is formed in areas of sediment accumulation within the steep landscape. Expedition, a red podzolic soil, forms below these areas where finer clay accumulation has occurred. In the south-west of the area, Expedition is found as a fan formed from isolated granite outcrops.

Ambrose, Fullerton and Corella are formed from sedimentary rocks in the dry zone but generalisations about soil catenas and associations are more difficult due to the greater variability within this geological unit. The lithosol, Ambrose, is formed in landscapes where erosion is a major soil forming influence and the lithology is dominated by fine grained sedimentary rocks such as chert. In isolated level areas within the sedimentary 14 hills, Fullerton, a solodic soil, has formed on mudstones and siltstones. This soil is not mapped in the study area but it is an important component of the Ambrose mapping unit. Corella is formed on mid slopes and footslopes of the sedimentary rocks where sediment has collected through overland flow and lateral water movement.

5.2 Plains and rises Rises and plains associated with granodiorite and sedimentary rocks In the southern part of the study area, relatively large areas of soils formed on granite and granodiorite occur. These gently undulating landforms rise above the surrounding older alluvia and duricrust and seem to pre-date them. The soils (Campsbourne, Redbox and Archer) are acid or alkaline sodic soils with extremely low levels of mineral nutrients and organic matter.

Level to gently undulating footslopes associated with the Devonian sediments extend in all directions from the outcrops of these sediments. In places, the geomorphological relationship with the sedimentary hills is clear and continuous, elsewhere there has been extensive dissection and deposition so that this landform appears as isolated patches. The soil types (the red and yellow podzolic soils, Morecambe and Inno0 are indicative of the landform.

Basaltic landforms

Climate, in particular annual rainfall and temperature, is a major influence on both the soil development processes in the basaltic soils and the shape of the landform. Although there are two different basaltic provinces, the Atherton Province in the north-east and the McBride Province in the south-west, the soils reflect the weathering environment in which they have formed. The krasnozem, Pin Gin, has formed in the wettest environment. The high rainfall regime has resulted in significant dissection of this area with numerous small and large streams. Slopes range from very steep on the slopes of V-shaped valleys to level or very gently inclined on the remnant plateaus. Kaban is formed in a slightly drier environment and is typically on gently undulating plains. Millstream is a soil of the drier westem extension of the Atherton Province and of patches within the McBride Province. It occurs on flat plains. The euchrozem, Ironbark, is the best drained soil on the McBride Province in the south-east of the study area. It occurs on flat to very gently undulating plains often with significant quantities of basalt rocks in the profile and on the surface. Woodleigh is a black cracking clay soil which has formed on basalt adjacent to the Millstream and Wild Rivers where accumulation of 2:1 lattice clays has been possible.

Basalt flows during the Tertiary and Quaternary periods were important events in the geomorphology of the area. They filled existing river valleys and displaced streams and it appears likely that a blockage of the ancestral Herbert River by a northern flow from the McBride Province led to the extensive alluvial deposits which cover a large section of the southern portion of the study area. 15

Alluvial and colluvial landforms

The study area includes significant areas of recent alluvia which are still influenced by relatively frequent overbank streamflow and deposition. There is a much larger area of older alluvium which is not influenced by current alluvial activity but formed as the Herbert and other rivers changed course during the basaltic eruption.

The soils on the older alluvium form a suite of six (Tirrabella, Gunnawarra, Sludge, Sugarbag, Nanyeta, Tunmirendah) which appear to differ because of the various hydromorphic conditions encountered on the plain. There is a tendency for the better drained soils to be slightly higher in the landscape although there are exceptions and the overall distribution mirrors the situation described for the Pentland area by Coventry and Williams (1984). In that study, the change in colour was found to correlate with a progressive reduction of iron oxides until, in the grey soils, all iron is precipitated out into nodular form. Under the red soils on these older sediments, there is the pronounced layering typical of lateritic profiles with bands of pisolitic ironstone and pallid clays.

The more recent alluvial materials support a range of soils which reflect the depositional history and the origin of the sediments. Sodic soils are scattered throughout the area but the greatest concentration is along Blunder and Rudd Creeks and the Herbert River below the confluence with these creeks. The most recent alluvia along the Herbert River is dominated by two depositional periods, the first of clayey material, the second of more sandy sediment. A suite of three soils (Uramo, Mullaburra and Logcamp) have been identified which have formed in a combination of these layers and which have varying depths of the sandy material over the finer sediment. Where the alluvial soils occur adjacent to each other, the non-sodic soils occur on terraces and levees adjacent to the streams, the sodic soils on backplains further away. There are occasional occurrences of swamps, billabongs and lagoons (Wooroora). 16

m Water resources

6.1 Surface water

The Herbert River and its major tributaries, Blunder Creek, The Millstream and Wild River are the major supply of surface water in the study area. Stream flow data are available for various locations on these streams (Table 3).

Source: Water Resources Commission

All except the Wild River are permanent streams in most years and all have a pronounced seasonality of flow. No artificial storages have yet been constructed on any of the streams but large permanent waterholes are a feature of them all. Other major streams with seasonal flows include the Dry River, Archer, Nettle, Nanyeta, Tunmirendah and Rudd Creeks.

Very little use is made of surface water for irrigated agriculture apart from some areas around Red Bend and Tirrabella. The main use is for stock watering.

The proposed Tully Millstream hydroelectric project will involve the construction of five dams and weirs and associated channels and tunnels to direct water to a new 600 MW power station in the Tully Gorge. The immediate impact of this scheme is likely to reduce flows within the study area, particularly in the drier periods of the year. Any proposed expansion of irrigation would therefore require the provision of additional storage either in the proposed dams or along the Millstream or upper Herbert River. The reduction in flow would also have some effect on the grazing industries downstream. 17

6.2 Subsurface water

Little data are available on subsurface water but given the geology of the area, it is unlikely there are large aquifers to supply good quality water in the amounts required for irrigation. There are some bores in the study area which produce water in the order of 0.2 to 5 litres per second. These rates are only suitable for stock or domestic supply. The quality of this water is unknown.

There has been a recent increase in drilling associated with rural residential development on the basalt areas in the north-east of the study area around Ravenshoe. Appreciable levels of soluble salts have been measured in at least one bore and supplies are only suitable for domestic use.

Black teatree (Melaleuca bracteata) occurs in the drainage lines from the Darcys Plain area. This species has been used as an indicator species for poor quality water in other areas of the semi-arid tropics. 18

• Natural vegetation

7.1 Introduction

During the study, the vegetation structural form and dominant floristics of each UMA was recorded. Most described sites also include vegetation data. These data have been used as the basis of the following discussion supplemented by the published information of Tracey (1982).

Most of the study area is uncleared woodland which has been altered since European settlement only by the presence of domestic stock and a change in the fire regime. Clearing has been limited to relatively small areas mainly in the north-east. The study area has a considerable range in climate, topography and soils each of which influences the vegetation communities.

This section briefly discusses the distribution and dominant floristics of vegetation communities. Appendix I lists the scientific and common names of the plants identified during the survey.

7.2 Vegetation communities

Closed forest

Closed forests originally occurred in the higher rainfall areas around Ravenshoe and on the north-eastern fringe of the study area. The structural form and floristics of these communities is related to the soil profile class on which they occur. In higher rainfall areas, closed forests occur on a range of soil types but as rainfall decreases, they are more commonly confined to the soils formed on basalt. Remnants of complex notophyll vine forests are found on the highly leached Pin Gin soil which has formed on basalt. The similar soil on acid volcanic rock, Bally, supports simple notophyll vine forests or vine forests with eucalypt or Acacia emergents (most commonly Eucalyptus grandis within the study area). The complex floristics of these communities are described by Tracey (1982). These communities have been mostly cleared for agriculture.

Open forest

These communities adjoin the closed forest areas in the eastern part of the study area. Dominant upper strata species include white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides) with other species such as turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), forest red gum (E. tereticornis) and lemon scented gum (E. citriodora) less common or occupying particular niches. The dominant soil types are Bally, Kaban and to a lesser extent Quandong. These taller forests grade to an open forest dominated by pink bloodwood (E. intermedia) with associated narrow-leaved ironbark (E. drepanophylla) as rainfall decreases. Forest oak (Casuarina torulosa) is an important mid-stratum species on the Quandong soil. 19

Woodland and open woodland

As the rainfall decreases in the study area, the density of trees decreases to woodland. Open woodland occurs in the south-west and on soils with low plant available water holding capacity. Within this drier zone, height, density and floristics are closely correlated with soil profile class. For example, communities dominated by narrow-leaved ironbark (Eucalyptus drepanophyUa) or in association with Clarkson's bloodwood (E. clarksoniana) and variable-barked bloodwood (E. erythrophloia) occur on well-drained and moderately well-drained soils such as Tirrabella, Gunnawarra and Sludge. Substratum species may include quinine berry (Petalostigma pubescens), cocky apple (Planchonia careya), silver oak (Grevillea parallela), G. pteridifolia, G. glauca, other Grevillea species and various Acacia species. As the soil drainage becomes more impeded the proportion of Clarkson's bloodwood increases in the community and other eucalypt species appear. On yellow and grey earths (Sugarbag and Nanyeta soils), Molloy red box (E. leptophleba) is the dominant species. On the wettest sites typified by the Tunmirendah soil, white gum (E. platyphylla) becomes frequent and may become dominant. On these more poorly drained soils there is frequently a dense understorey of wattles (Acacia species) and broad-leaved teatree (Melaleuca viridiflora) and where a deep sandy A horizon is present, cypress pine (Callitris intratropica).

Molloy red box is common on soil profile classes with sodic, slowly permeable B horizons. It occurs with gum-topped box (E. molucanna) as the dominant vegetation on the Campsbourne and Redbox soils and together with white gum on the Rudd and Blunder soils. Clarkson's bloodwood may occur on some Rudd sites; some of the Blunder sites almost exclusively support white gum.

The well drained soils of the recent alluvium (Uramo, Logcamp and Mullaburra) often support tall stands of forest red gum and carbeen (E. tessellaris) although quite complex mixtures of narrow-leaved ironbark, Clarkson's bloodwood and Molloy red box occur. The banks of the major streams support a range of species including forest red gum, carbeen, long-leaved paper-bark (Melaleuca leucadendra), river sheoak (Casuarina cunninghamiana) and weeping red bottlebrush (Callistemon viminalis).

The non-cracking basalt soils of the drier areas also have vegetation communities which reflect their drainage status. The better drained Ironbark soils support narrow-leaved ironbark and variable-barked bloodwood. Molloy red box and forest red gum become dominant on the more poorly drained Millstream soils.

The vegetation of the hills is variable reflecting the large number of ecological niches. The shallow nutrient deficient soils support a diverse flora dominated by Proteaceae with significant numbers of species of other families including Fabaceae. In some instances the species are endemic to the small area in which they are found. Examples include Grevillea glossadenia, Eucalyptus rhodops, and E. abergiana. Trees which are widespread on the ridges, hills and mountains include Leichhardt's rustyjacket (E. leichhardtii), silver-leaved ironbark (E. melanophloia), white mahogany, lemon-scented gum and narrow-leaved ironbark. The shrub layer ranges from being non-existent to forming a diverse thicket. 20

Throughout most of the area, the dominant grasses include kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra), black speargrass (Heteropogon contortus), giant speargrass (H. triticeus), wiregrass (Aristida species), summer grass (Digitaria species) and sorghum (Sorghum species). For the most part pasture improvement has occurred through sowing exotic species into existing burnt or grazed native grasses and forbs. Clearing may or may not be undertaken. Initial experience with exotic species was with Townsville stylo (Stylosanthes humilis) which spread rapidly through the study area both naturally and with human assistance. The species was susceptible to a strain of the pathogenic fungus anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and was virtually wiped out throughout north Queensland. No plants were observed during the study. Pasture improvement has continued with other species notably Stylosanthes hamata, S. scabra and S. viscosa. Plants of these species were observed at various sites. There has been negligible introduction of exotic pasture grass species.

The black earths and grey clays (Sooty and Caesar) are usually on treeless or sparsely treed plains with bluegrass (Dicanthium species) prominent among a wide range of grasses and forbs. Black tea-tree (Melaleuca bracteata) occurs in thick clumps along drainage lines on these soils in the south-east of the area.

Various species are known to have a negative economic effect on agriculture in the region. Poisonous plants include lantana (Lantana camara) in moist gullies and heart-leaf poison bush (Gastrolobium grandiflorum) which occurs on some Sugarbag, Morecambe, Innot, Gunnawarra and Nanyeta soils in the western part of the study area. It is very toxic to stock and access is usually prevented through fencing. Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) has invaded stream frontages in the north-east of the study area. The relatively limited experience with cropping in the area has demonstrated that a number of weed species appear which impose appreciable costs to control. These include pigweed (Portulacca oleracea), button grass (Dactyloctenium species) and wild cucumber (Cucumis anguria). 21 8. Soils - morphology and classification

8.1 Introduction

The area was mapped previously in a survey by Grundy and Bryde (1989b) at 1:250 000 scale. This overview of 3.5m ha of the dry tropics area recommended the Ravenshoe 1:100 000 sheet as an area requiring further work.

Grundy and Bryde used soil landscape units (a recurring pattern of soils, landform and geology) together with soil associations as the basic mapping unit. The current survey has used soil profile class as the basic mapping unit. The original concept of soil profile class as defined by Beckett and Webster (1971) has been modified by Isbell (1988). In this survey, soil profile class is taken to be groups of soils showing similar morphological and chemical attributes in similar landscape positions and derived from similar geology.

Thirty five soil profile classes and two miscellaneous units were identified and are described in detail in Appendix II. Their major distinguishing attributes and landform patterns are listed in Table 4. Representative sampled profiles are shown in Appendix III. The distribution of soil profile classes of the Ravenshoe 1:100 000 sheet, is shown on the enclosed map.

8.2 Soil distribution and morphology

Acid volcanic rocks dominate the eastern portion of the study area. Whelan, a shallow, stony lithosol with a bleached A2 horizon and sandy loam textures throughout, is formed in situ in upper landscape positions. A heavier variant with textures ranging up to clay loam is also found. In the wet zones in the north-east of the study area, Bally, a deep red podzolic soil with a pale A2 horizon, has formed on weathered rhyolite. Downslope from this soil in poorer drained areas, a deep mottled yellow xanthozem (Quandong) has formed.

Granitic outcrops occur throughout the study area. Nettle, a shallow, stony lithosol with a bleached A2 and coarse sandy textures throughout, has formed in situ in the upper landscape positions. A moderately deep sandy soil with a bleached A2 horizon (Kiama) occurs on lower sloping areas. A deep red earth (Expedition) with a pale A2 horizon and an A3/B1 horizon has formed on footslopes, particularly in the south and south-west.

A deep sandy soil (Stringybark) with little or no B horizon development has formed on granitic footslopes. This soil normally overlies a sandy clay horizon at about 1.30 m. Archer is a duplex soil with a deep coarse sandy A horizon, a bleached A2 horizon and an acid B horizon with a C horizon before 0.95 m. 22

Campsboume is a duplex soil with a light textured A1 horizon, a bleached A2 horizon and an acid, clay B horizon. A duplex soil (Redbox) with a medium textured A1 horizon, a bleached A2 horizon and an alkaline heavy textured B horizon also occurs. Campsbourne and Redbox occur as either sedentary soils on granodiorite or granitic colluvia.

Silurian-Devonian sedimentary rocks occur around the Mt Garnet area. A shallow, stony lithosol (Ambrose) with sandy loam to clay loam textures has formed in situ in upper landscape positions. A stony solodic soil (Fullerton) occurs in upper landscape positions on mudstones and siltstones. Corella is a shallow (less than 60 cm deep), red podzolic soil formed on lower slopes of sandstone and chert rises and low hills. On footslopes or the remnants of footslopes, a deep red podzolic soil (Morecambe) with a pale A2 horizon and a weak to moderately pedal B horizon has formed. In more poorly drained areas a deep yellow podzolic soil (Innot) has formed. Both Morecambe and Innot have a few chert and quartz gravels throughout.

Basalt flows are located in both the north-east and south-west corners of the survey area. Pin Gin, a deep acid, red friable uniform soil occurs in the dissected landscapes on Atherton Province in the north-east of the area. A deep, neutral, red, friable uniform or gradational soil (Kaban) occurs in the slightly drier environment to the west of the Pin Gin landscape. Kaban has few to many ferromanganiferous nodules throughout the profile. A yellow or brown friable gradational soil (Millstream) is formed in poorer drained areas on both the Atherton and McBride Provinces. Millstream soils have common ferromanganiferous nodules throughout and normally overlie decomposing basalt at about 1.2 m. On the western edge of the Atherton Province, a self mulching, black cracking clay (Woodleigh) is formed on lower slopes. Decomposing basalt is normally found at about 0.95 m.

On the McBride Province in the south-west of the study area, a stony, red, neutral, friable uniform or gradation soil (Ironbank) is formed. Decomposing basalt is normally found at or about 0.90 m. Sooty is a strongly self mulching black cracking clay soil formed in alluvium derived from the McBride Province. Linear gilgai is normally a feature of this soil profile class. In poorer drained situations or in association with Sooty, a moderate self mulching grey cracking clay (Caesar) is formed. Either linear or melonhole gilgai is common. Although this soil is normally alkaline, an acid variant was described in wet depressions on the Atherton Province.

The blockage of the Herbert River by the basalt flow mentioned in Section 5 has led to a large deposition of fairly uniform old alluvium. A suite of six soils have been mapped. Lateral water movement down the slope rather than though the profile has been an important factor in the morphology of these soils. A deep gradational, massive red earth with a hard setting surface (Tirrabella) is found in slightly elevated or better drained landscapes. A deep duplex, massive red earth with a loose to firm surface (Gunnawarra) is also found in similar positions.

A duplex or gradational yellow earth (Sludge) with a pale A2 horizon and whole coloured yellow upper B horizon has formed in slightly poorer drained areas. This soil is found as a levee along minor drainage lines where the surrounding soil is Nanyeta or Tunmirendah. A bleached duplex yellow earth (Sugarbag) with common ferromanganiferous nodules at 23 depth has formed in poorer drained areas or in lower landscape positions. Downslope or in poorer drained areas, a bleached, nodular duplex grey earth (Nanyeta) with common ferromanganiferous nodules throughout has formed. A bleached, nodular, duplex lateritic podzolic soil (Tunmirendah) with common to many ferramanganiferous nodules throughout is formed downslope or in broad, ill defined drainage lines. Nanyeta and Tunmirendah are separated on the colour of the upper B horizon with Nanyeta having a mottled yellow-brown to yellow-grey colour while Tunmirendah usually has a whole coloured grey upper B horizon.

Glengordon is a nodular yellow earth formed after sediments from the Glengordon acid volcanics covered a basaltic plain. The soils have a pale or bleached A2 horizon, many ferromanganiferous nodules through the profile and overlie a D horizon of heavy clay over decomposing basalt.

On recent Quaternary alluvia associated with the Herbert River or with streams which drain into the Herbert, there is a suite of six soils. Uramo is rudimentary podzol with a deep loamy sand to sandy loam over a red structured D horizon. Mullaburra is a deep, acid red podzolic soil with a pale A2 horizon. A deep structured clay soil (Logcamp) with silty textures is also formed on this alluvium. The clayey alluvial material in which Logcamp formed seems to be identical to the material from which the B horizon of the Mullaburra and the D horizon of the Uramo soil profile classes formed. The A horizon of the Mullaburra appears to be the result of a subsequent deposition of sandy material while in the case of Uramo, some soil development has occurred in a much thicker sandy deposition.

Rudd is a duplex soil with a bleached A2 horizon and an alkaline heavy textured B horizon. It is formed on backplains of the Herbert River and its tributaries. A duplex soil (Blunder), with a bleached A2 horizon and an acid heavy textured B horizon is formed on back plains of Blunder Creek. This soil commonly overlies another buried soloth. A duplex humic gley (Wooroora) with a thin organic surface and grey or gleyed B horizon has formed in swampy depressions on Blunder Creek alluvium.

8.3 Soil classification

The Great Soil Group (Stace et al. 1968), Principle Profile Form (Northcote 1979), and New Australian Classification (Isbell 1993) of all sampled soil profiles are given in Appendix III. 24

:: :: :: :: ::: ::: :::, : :: ...... iii~i.!~:ii!iiii:i:i .::..:: :: iii:ii:i~:i~ii:i:ii iiiiiii:i: iii!ii:i:

: : ::':: : : :::' ii~iiiii~iii:i:i:iiii :::: ::: :: :: :.:: : :: :: :: i: ::i: :iii:: i ::: ::<:::::.:.:: : :::: :: :::: .::::::::::::::: :::

i:ii:i"~iiii~i: :::::::I~:: :: ::.: :' .:: : !iiiiiiii!i i :: ::: ::::::: :: ...... :::: :: ::: : <::::: :: ...... ::: :: ::- ::<:: : :: ::::: ::: ::: ::: : .: : :::::::: : :: : :: ::.:: : :: ::::: : : ,. :: :::: :':: : :: :::: : :: :: :: :: :::: : :::

:::: : ......

:: :::: :: ::. ::: : :::: : :: ::: :

: :: ::::::: : : ::: : ::: :: : :: . : ::: ::::::::: : • ..... :i i: ::I~I : :i i !: :i

:: :: : :: : :...... i:!:.'~::i:!:i:i::i :: ::':~::: :: :: : :::r,/~ ::::::: :i:i!~-~! !:!ii i!! ilili:i~i!ii:iiii:i:: i:~!!i:i iiiii~iiii~i;~!ill : :I~): ::::: : :::::::: :.:::.. : ::. iiii~iil;ii:ii~i;~i:i;~;! ~!il.i~:~iiii!?:ii

i:iiil;i;i~iiiii!ii;ii:i;...... !i,iiiiiiiii!!ii :i:i:::ii: :i:ii i:::::

:i~ii ...... iii:.ii!iiii?i!:!!i ~i!~i!~:~!i~i~i~i~ ~ ~:~ ~: ~! ~ ~:~: :~::~~:: ::...... :::: ::: :: :: ::~:::: ~)~ ...... ::::: :~ ~:~ ::~::::~: :: ::.~::::::'~:::~::: ::~ii~ii~iiii~ i?~!i~'~i~i~i~I~i~i~!~i!~i~i~i~i~!~i~i~i~i~z. !!i:iiii!:!:!iiii:i:?i ...... :~i! ~ i !i~ii ii~ii~ii~ii~ii~--ii~ii:i! !i ! ii i:ii ii ~i i! ~i:~:i:~?i~i~ ...... ~ ~::::~::::~:,:: : ...... i;iiiiiiiiii!iiii:iii!ii ,~, ~..~ ~ ~:: ,::~>:::~:~:::~:II~:::~:~::~: ~:: :~::: ::::~. ~i~>~~ >~>~>~ • ......

.~ ...... ~ -~.-.~,: :,.~:-: :~ :: :~.--,:~, ,::..., : ::.~:~,:~ L~. -. • ::~. :. ~ ~ :i ~:i:::~ii~'~i~i~ ~i:>:i':~i~i~::i:~ii: i?iii~i~ii~i~i~)!~ ~ i:i: ~::~'~:~l~I~I~:~o: :i:iii:i::::: ::

::::::::< ...... ~::: ~ ::,~ ...... ~: ...... ~ ...... ~ ...... ::::: : ~. ~ ::~.:~:~: ~' :. ~: :~ ,:.:: .~: ~: ~::: ~ii:! ~i! !i~! i!-~:!i !! ?!::ii !! !! !~!i:i!~_! !i~ii i: !: i:'i::i 'i ii ~ii,i~i:~S~?iS~ ~ ~:~:iS~::~i i::~!?:~ ~ i~ :i ~!i!i~ilili~iiiii~i~il i~i!~i~!i~!~ii ii i:i~i ii ~i::~:ii i ~i:~i~:i~:~ i:ii :i:~!::i ~ ii :i~,i: ii~i:'i~i i::ii!:!i i::!iii!i i~i!~!i _~!i: ...... ~)~ "~ ...... ~ ...... ~ ...... ~ ~.. ~'~ ~) ~I ...... ~ I~ ~ ...... ' ::<: ' " :~:::::::: i!i!i:~:ii!i!:!!i:i :: i: ~i :~!i:~i~!iii~ ! ::: ::::::::::: ::: : :::: !,~ ! :~:!.i:~:::i~::~::::: ...... ~::: ':::'::::::: :: ::: i:::: :::::: ::;: ::::::: 'I~"~I~ <' :~,::~I,):: ..::::::: : i:::i~i:i :: ::!! = :: :::::: ..... :~: .... ::o ...... ~ ...... ~ ...... c~-::: :::::::::::::::::::::: i::oi::~i:~-:i ::i:::i:::::~:i:I~::~:i::::ii:~:i:ii~:i!i:~ii~ii:~ :. : :N:ii iil ii!ii~:ii:iii!ii !!iiiii~ii}i[:i!~)i .~::::~-~...... :: : :~ :~::::::::_:::::::~:: :: :: :o:~ ...... : ~ ...... : :: ~:::~ ::.~ ...... ~ ...... :::...... _=~::::o::::~::o.~. ....~ -~ ...... =o .... :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::: :.:: ~i: :_~: :: i ~: ~:i.!.~.!i:: i: :: :~ !i::~ :~^: :i::::~: :: :i::: :::. :;~ ~. ::~::...... :::: ::--~::::~):::::~::..: .:: :::: :::~:::::..:::::~:::::::::...... ::~:::~:::::~!!~i!~i!~:~: i!: :!: : !: ...... i)iii:i~ii~i!iii~ :~?:i:i il ,.. ~d~),~...,0~ ¸ .~ .... ~ ;~, ~ ......

:::: ~::: :: i:i:i~i:i:.ii:ii

:::~: :::::< :ii:i~i;:i~iiiii:::::: :: : :: : ::: !i;:;i:ii!i~iiiiii;i;ii~ ::I~-~ ::<: :: i:i.!:i~ii:i:!:iii 25

i li !ii~iii

iiii~ii !i i!i iiiiii~i

~!ii~ili~ iiiii

!i!ili!!iii ~

~iiiiiiii~il

!!libel!!iil

~ ~ ~l ~

•~ ira1, 26

~< ~k< ¸ iii~i

iiiiiTiiii

:i!iii~ili<~ ii

7i~iiil ii~ii!ii:iil !::<:!/i!i~

!:i

!: !iii !i i!

i/<,L!~

?ii~i<:il iiiiiiii Yi > ~< iii! !ifi~i ~!ii~!!I <: iiii!iii~i~il i:C

~i~+< ~ > ~~ y~

~ <~>~ k ¸ ~

: ~>~:~ >!~:!i ~

~/~k7 7!<7

~ ~ ~ L~: ~k< ~ ~ ~ ~k~<~ ~ ~ ~ < > ~

~ 9 ¸ ~7 ~i f ~ y~ ~ 7 ¸ <~

7~ <~ ~ ~ ~

Yi>Y ~

!iiii~i !il 28

111 Soils - chemical and physical attributes

9.1 Soil chemical attributes

Background

The sites with detailed chemical and physical data are limited to one or more soil profiles which represent the modal concept of the Soil Profile Class (SPC). These are selected on field morphological attributes. More sites were analysed for SPCs which had significance in land use and which covered significant parts of the study area. A number of these sites were collected and analysed in a joint DPI-CSIRO Division of Soils field trip. Where data from more than one site representing an SPC are presented, standard deviations and site numbers are included.

The chemical attributes will be discussed as they occur in the soil groups identified in Table 5. The groupings have been chosen to facilitate the discussion of chemical and physical properties and consist of soils of similar origin and/or management requirements. A similar grouping will be used to produce extension materials. Abbreviations used for SPCs are shown in Table 5. The methods used and adequacy levels referred to are those detailed in Baker and Eldershaw (1993), except where mentioned in the text.

?i 29

....!: !' i!~::::?: i::~:::~i: ::!::i! i :i~r~¸¸¸ Gin:!ii! i~ i~ il i ¸~i~i i: ilPg ii~ ~:i!~ !~i! i ~~ngi iday! is0i~ i¸on b~,t,i:i i:i !~,~!~!ii~ i!~ ¸!~ii ¸~ii:i: ili!! ¸i !!i:i!:i: % :! ::i:::::::::: :::: :Ironb~gi:::::::i::i: :::i:Ib::i:::::Thcscaren0n:cracldngi::::impcrfectlyoriwdi~drain~i:::::::i

Soil organic matter, organic carbon and total nitrogen

Group 1 In common with most tropical semi-arid soils, these soils have low levels of organic carbon ranging from 0.7% in the Corella sample to 1.84 in Tirrabella (Table 6). By calculation, this suggests an organic matter level of 1.6 to 4.2%. Consequently levels of nutrients which are associated with the organic fraction are low. Total nitrogen levels are proportionally low, resulting in carbon-nitrogen ratios which are suggestive of a low level of mineralisable nitrogen. The levels of organic carbon and total nitrogen are consistently higher in the Tirrabella soil than in any of the other soils in this group. This is reflected in higher levels of most nutrients in the surface soil and accompanies a higher surface clay content.

Group 2 Most of the soils in Group 2 (Table 7) have sandy surfaces and have formed on similar substrates to the soils of Group 1. Organic carbon and total nitrogen levels are similarly low; carbon/nitrogen ratios tend to be high. The soils are unlikely to supply adequate levels of nitrogen (or other nutrients associated with the soil organic matter fraction) for most agricultural uses without supplementation with fertiliser or leguminous plants. 30

Group 3 Quandong and Bally have formed on acid volcanic rocks in the wet zone of the study area. Bally was sampled under rainforest; Quandong under wet sclerophyll forest. Consequently there are high levels of organic carbon in the surface (Table 8). The nitrogen levels, while high compared with most soils in the survey, are relatively low for the organic carbon level (C:N > 23), a possible reflection of the high leaching environment. 31

Group 4 Organic carbon levels in these soils reflect the climatic/vegetation environment (Table 9). Pin Gin forms under rainforest and was sampled under a permanent grass/legume pasture. Kaban and Millstream occur under tall open forests on the edge of the wet zone of the study area. Ironbark has formed on the McBride Province in the south-western part of the area where the average annual rainfall has declined to around 750mm and the vegetation is open woodland. The latter soil has a lower carbon-nitrogen ratio which reflects the less intensive leaching in the drier areas.

Group 5 The cracking clay soils as a group are characterised by a relatively uniform and low C:N ratio which appears independent of geographic position (Table 10). Clearly, the reduced permeability through the heavy swelling clay moderates the potential for leaching despite rainfall variability. All were sampled under native grassland but the Caesar and Woodleigh sites had been more heavily grazed which may explain the lower organic carbon and nitrogen levels measured in these soils.

Group 6 Blunder is an acid, sodic soil formed on recent alluvia which has relatively high levels of organic carbon and nitrogen despite the bleached surface (Table 11). The Rudd data indicates lower levels of organic carbon and nitrogen but this is a widely distributed soil with a considerable variety of surface characteristics. Campsbourne and Redbox appear to be some of the oldest soils in the study area; they also have the lowest levels of organic carbon of any soil. Fullerton is a shallow solodic soil in relatively steep terrain and appears relatively infertile. 32

Group 7 The organic carbon levels in Table:: 12:: i~i[:org~ie:iearb0n~t0~i nltro~enand::~eir::: these soils reflect the surface texture :~ rati61 in:~::ih~:is6iis:::~ ~li~ia (Group ~ the and position in the landscape (Table ,iiiRa~enshOeiMt!G~et:~ea i i~::: :::.i::i~: ' iiiii:::.~ ::

12). Wooroora is a soil formed in ...... seasonal or semi-permanent swamps. The long period of reducing conditions maintains high levels of organic matter (and associated nutrients such as nitrogen) in the surface and down the profile. The remaining soils in the i group are well drained. Uramo and Mullaburra have relatively low carbon and nitrogen levels while Logcamp has i~i...... I ...... I...... i/ii ~ i i~ i ~ii ~ iii i[!iiiiiiiiiii[~i:~i:ii:i~ a less sandy surface and a higher carbon and nitrogen content. Where Logcamp and Mullaburra have been cropped, the level of soil organic matter declines rapidly. The contrast in soil surface structure between cropped and adjacent uncropped areas is marked.

Group 8 These soils are grouped because of their minimal soil profile development and relative agricultural unimportance. Their properties vary ' il markedly and are directly related to the substrate on which they have formed (Table 13). Stringybark, Nettle and Kiama are deep and shallow sandy soils formed on granite. These soils have low levels of carbon and nitrogen. Whelan and Ambrose are finer textured soils formed on acid volcanics and fine sedimentary rocks respectively. Both have a higher organic components in ! II the soil, particularly the Whelan sample. This soil covers a large area of the eastern part of the study area, not all of which experiences the high rainfall associated with the sampled site.

Phosphorus and potassium

Group 1 Extractable phosphorus levels (Table 14) are low for crop species and marginal for Stylosanthes species. This supports earlier work in the region (Gilbert et al. 1989). Response of Verano (Stylosanthes hamata cv Verano) to soil extractable P levels occurs over the range 3 ppm to 8 ppm in far north Queensland. Each of the soil profile classes in this group have values in the deficient to marginal range for Verano. All would require fertilisation for adequate growth of the crop plants considered in the study. 33

Extractable and exchangeable levels of potassium are lower in Expedition, Gunnawarra, Morecambe and Corella (which have relatively coarse textured surfaces) than in Tirrabella soils. There are few data available for the area on detailed responses to soil levels of potassium. Potassium levels in Tirrabella will be sufficient for plant growth, but the remaining soils in this group may be marginal for some agricultural purposes and thus require fertilisation.

Group 2 The first four soils in this group, Sludge, Sugarbag, Nanyeta and Tunmirendah, have all formed in older alluvial materials in the south-west of the study area. The low levels of phosphorus make the application of fertiliser mandatory for pasture improvement (Table 15). Innot has marginal levels for Stylosanthes species while the Glengordon soil would support unfertilised Stylosanthes species. All soils have low levels of phosphorus for most crop plants. 34

Potassium levels are low in Sludge, Sugarbag and Nanyeta and marginal in the remaining soils. :i:i

Group 3 Both Bally and Quandong have low levels of phosphorus for cropping species and marginal to low levels for the pasture species likely to be used in the wet zone (Table 16).

The soil levels of potassium are adequate for crop and pasture species.

Group 4 Pin Gin, Kaban and Millstream soils have formed on the Atherton Province and Ironbark on the McBride | Province. The low phosphorus levels on the Atherton Province (Table 17), indicates fertilisation may be required. Adequate levels of phosphorus are always present on the McBride Province soils. Most soil tests return values of bicarbonate/extractable p in I excess of 100 ppm (Grundy and Bryde 1989a).

Potassium levels are adequate. The higher values occur in the neutral red soils (Kaban and Ironbark).

Group 5 The cracking clay soils have lower phosphorus levels than the non-cracking clay soils on the same substrates, with the exception of Woodleigh (Table 18). These levels would be marginal to adequate for Stylosanthes species and low for cropping.

Potassium levels are high with the exception of the acid form of Caesar. 35

Group 6 All of the sodic soils have low levels of soil phosphorus for crop I growth (Table 19). Rudd, Campsbourne, Redbox and Fullerton have extremely low levels of phosphorus which would need to be supplemented to ensure the growth of pasture legumes, although other attributes of these soils render an economic return from such fertilisation doubtful i:ii I I I I III I (Grundy and Heiner 1995). Campsbourne and Redbox have low levels of potassium while the levels in the other soils are marginal to sufficient for plant growth.

Group 7 With the exception of Wooroora, the soils in this group have the uniformly high phosphorous levels expected of soil formed on recent alluvia (Table 20). Wooroora, which forms in seasonal and semi- permanent swamps has lower levels of phosphorus. i: I III I I ::::!i :!:i:

Group 8 Phosphorus levels are uniformly low in these rudimentary soils (Table 21). In contrast, there is considerable variation in potassium levels, which presumably reflects the content in the rocks on which the soils formed. Whelan (acid volcanics) and Ambrose (fine sedimentary rocks) have adequate levels for plant growth. The remaining soils, which have formed either directly on granite or on granite colluvia, have low to marginal levels of potassium. 36 Sulphur

In the following discussion on the level of the nutrient sulphur in the sampled soils, the weighted profile means of sulphate-sulphur was used to distinguish potentially responsive from non-responsive soils. The weighting (using the approach of Probert and Jones 1977) allows for the influence of subsoil sulphate on plant growth.

/, ¢ Ep (8.0) + M¢ (3.S) ~-50- --• G'w (3.9)

o. C1-100 - -100

• sg (5.4) ---II-- m (4.6) -150 --- Y I I I I -150 I I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Sulphate S (ppm) Sulphate S (ppm) Figure 8 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils Figure 9 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils from the massive and weakly to moderately pedal from the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1) in the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet yellow and grey soils (Group 2) in the Ravenshoe- area (weighted profile means in brackets) Mt Garnet area (weighted profile means in brackets)

Groups 1 and 2 In all soils in these groups, levels of sulphate-sulphur are low in the surface but rise in the subsoil (Figures 8 and 9). Sulphur has presumably leached out of the surface organic matter of these soils and adsorbed onto the clay and sesquioxides of the B horizon. Sulphur deficiency is unlikely to occur in these soils (Probert and Jones 1977) with the possible exception of the Glengordon soil. Two sampled Glengordon profiles returned similar sulphur levels down the profile. The lack of sulphate accumulation at depth is consistent with the hypothesis that the Glengordon soils have formed relatively recently in colluvial outwash materials from the nearby acid volcanic hills.

Groups 3 and 4 Although these soils have formed on dissimilar parent materials, rhyolites and basalts respectively, the levels of sulphate mirror the vegetation coverage rather than the parent material (Figures 10 and 11). The two soil profile classes which occur in the wettest fringe of the study area, Bally on acid volcanics and Pin Gin on basalt, have high levels of sulphate sulphur. Both soils have high levels of organic matter in the surface and are acid at depth. Quandong, which forms on acid volcanics, and Kaban, which forms on basalt have much lower levels while still remaining within the sufficiency range for agricultural species. Both soils are in the wet sclerophyll belt. The remaining soils have formed on basalt and occur in the drier parts of the study area. Sulphur deficiency is probable on the Ironbark soil and possible in some areas of the Millstream soil. 37

Group 5 The cracking clay soil profile classes fall into two groups. The acid version of Caesar, Caesar-a, and Woodleigh have formed on the drier western extremity of the Atherton Province. Both have low levels of sulphate sulphur throughout the profile (Figure 12). The alkaline phase of Caesar and Sooty have formed on the McBride Province in the south-west of the study area and both have sufficiently high levels of sulphur in the B horizon to make deficiency unlikely. The substantial increase in sulphate sulphur down the profile in these western soils mirrors the total sulphur, chloride and electrical conductivity trends and suggests that the wetting front rarely descends below about one metre.

0 i.~. Jl,, By (153) + Qd (14)

~ , -50-

a -lOO -

-150 I t i I t t i -1O,o 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Sulphate S (ppm) Figure 10 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils Figure 11 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils from the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks from the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group (Group 3) in the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area 4) in the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area (weighted (weighted profile means in brackets) profile means in brackets)

•~, -50-

r- *A,

- oo -i "- 7" - ---¢- .b (5.8> i~ -100 / / -+-

-15o0/ I , , , ,-,+ Rd113) , -150 " i I I I I I 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Sulphate S (ppm) Sulphate S (ppm) Figure 12 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected Figure 13 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected cracking clay soils (Group 5) in the Ravenshoe-Mt sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) in the Garnet area (weighted profile means in brackets) Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area (weighted profile means in brackets)

Group 6 The alluvial soloth, Blunder, had accumulations of sulphate sulphur in the surface and declining levels with depth (Figure 13). These levels are marginally sufficient for agricultural species. Campsbourne and Redbox, which are older soils on granodiorite, and Rudd, an alluvial solodic soil have accumulated appreciable levels of sulphate in the B horizon. This coincides with elevated electrical conductivity and chloride levels and suggests that the wetting front would rarely descend past 0.90 m. Fullerton is a shallow soil on shales and siltstones and has low levels of sulphate. 38

Group 7 The recent soils on alluvia with sandier surfaces, Uramo and Mullaburra, have low levels of sulphate sulphur throughout the profile (Figure 14) and probably require supplementation for agricultural uses. The heavier soils, Logcamp and Wooroora, have high surface organic matter contents and thus higher and sufficient levels of sulphate sulphur. None of the soils on alluvia have accumulated significant amounts at depth.

I / -50 - ~ ~7~'A~

,," Km (1.0) a.l~- \ ~ Wr ~.0) I~ -100 Nt (9.0) ~ ~ (8.1) Wh (8.3) *-- Mb (2.61 ,g Ab (3.0) mm Um (1.4) - Sy (1.1) -150 - i I I I I -150 I I I I I 0 6 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Sulphate S (ppm) Sulphate S (ppm) Figure 14 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils Figure 15 Sulphate sulphur levels in selected soils on alluvia (Group 7) in the Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet with minimal profile development (Group 8) in the area (weighted profile means in brackets) Ravenshoe-Mt Garnet area (weighted profile means in brackets)

Group 8 This group includes deep sandy soils (Stringybark) and the shallow soils on the hills and mountains. Only the finer textured soil, Whelan, has appreciable levels of sulphate (Figure 15).

Micronutrients - iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu)

Group 1 All soils in the group have adequate levels of iron and manganese (Table 22) (Baker 1991 p52). Tirrabella consistently has moderate to high levels of the DTPA extractable Mn, Zn and Cu. Low levels of zinc are present in Expedition and marginal levels in all other soils of the group; copper is present in marginal levels in all soils.

Group 2 Adequate levels of iron and manganese are present in all soils in the group (Table 23). In contrast, all soils had low to marginal levels of zinc and Innot and Glengordon had low levels of copper. Adequate soil testing would be advisable before cropping these soils.

Group 3 At the sampled sites all soils had adequate amounts of micronutrients (Table 24). Copper and zinc are sufficiently low, however, to make more intensive testing advisable as part of a cropping enterprise. 39

[ ;Table 23! : Micr0nutriemS: m: ~e:: m~sive )~d:il I iwe~ to im~demiely i~d~i~i[o~:: ~d grey

[ Nanye~ ::: i4 6i7 11013 [ I Glengo~don: ::! :: 27::.

Group 4 Levels of the four micronutrients are moderate to high in all four of the basalt soils in Group 4 (Table 25). The only likely concern is that levels of manganese may rise to toxic levels in the more acid members of the Pin Gin and Kaban soil groups.

iii:i :i ! :.i~n:Gin i: :i53 i ii:4i !::.:2i5i::i i:: ~i ii18 ~: iii;i: i::: Ka 149:1:t9 2~4i:i;ii: )il

:::::MillStr~:m::i~::481i:i:::87: :::412: :::::3~3::.i::::::

Group 5 All cracking clay soils sampled had adequate soil levels of the four micronutrients (Table 26).

Group 6 Most of the sodic soils are characterised by very low levels of zinc and low to marginal levels of copper (Table 27). Blunder, which tends to occur in wetter areas and collects sediment from the relatively rich Quandong and Bally soils in the acid volcanic hills and mountains has adequate levels of all micronutrients. None of the soils are low in iron or manganese. 40

~Table27 i:i Mier0nutfients im ihel sodic l~ ~ag~sic soiisi(~roup 6~i i::.: i :: : :: :::::: :Soil:type:::: :: ::i Fe :::Mn::.cu zn:: ::i:::i

[ ::.~:.Blunder i: :125 o14 ii3

1: ::::: ~edbox ~:O::i ~[3~:: 0i3 : 0i2 :

Group 7 The data for the non-sodic soils in alluvia (Table 28) reflect the variation between these soils. Wooroora which forms in swampy conditions has low levels of zinc and copper and the lowest level of manganese recorded in the survey (although the level is still adequate for plant growth). The better drained soils of the group have adequate levels of all micronutrients.

Group 8 The soils in this group have micronutrient levels which reflect their parent materials (Table 29). Those that have formed on granite or on granitic colluvia have low to marginal levels of copper and zinc for plant growth. Iron levels are low relative to all other soils in the study area, however iron deficiency is unlikely. Ambrose, which has formed on much finer substrates, had adequate levels of the four micronutrients.

Talkie28- Micronutrients inthe soils: on alluvia

Mn...... ::~:-- Cu zni:?i,i

Uramo:i!: ::: ::20 30:: 0.4 2.4 Mullaburra: 68 t00 I2 3~0 41 Cation exchange capacity, exchangeable cations and exchange acidity

CEC refers to: • (in the case of alkaline soils) the cation exchange capacity of the soil measured using a 1M NHaC1 in 60% ethanol at pH 8.5 extraction; and • (in all other soils) the sum of exchangeable cations and exchange acidity measured using a 1M NH4C1 at pH 7.0 extraction.

For each group, the first figure illustrates the change in the level of CEC down the profile; the second figure illustrates the proportions of exchangeable cations down the profile (where ECaP is the percentage of the CEC occupied by calcium, EMgP is the percentage of magnesium, ENaP is the percentage of sodium and EKP is the percentage of potassium). Exchange acidity is represented by the gap between the sum of the exchangeable bases and 100 %.

EKP [] ENaP IB EMgP [] ECaP Tb Gw Mc Ep Or .~ Corella 100 ~,-50 Av F_xpedltlon o,2, .¢: Morecambe 80 4.m ¢3. A Gunnawarra tO a -lOO --~ Tirrabella

2O -150 I I L I I 0 10 2o 3o 4o 5o 0 CEC (meoJl00g) Depth ineroments~ (10,30,60,90,120 era) Figure 16 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 17 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red cations in the massive and weakly to moderately soils (Group 1) pedal red soils (Group 1)

Group 1 The cation exchange capacities of each soil in the group are uniformly low. Only the upper horizons of Tirrabella exceeds a value in the soil of five, presumably due to relatively higher levels of organic matter in this soil profile class. These levels indicate a low capacity to retain cation nutrients. No exchange acidity was detected (Figure 16).

The Expedition soil has a relatively high proportion of magnesium in the exchange in the lower part of the profile. The upper part of the profile and the entire profiles of the other soils in the group are dominated by calcium. No appreciable levels of sodium are present (Figure 17).

Group 2 All soils in this group have very low levels of CEC in the upper soil profile (Figure 18). For all but the Glengordon soil this trend continues to deep in the soil. Glengordon is underlain by a heavy pedal clay D horizon overlying weathered basalt. CEC/Clay ratio of 0.5 indicates that this layer is dominated by an expanding lattice clay. The slowly permeable clay contributes to poor drainage in this soil. 42

All soils have relatively large proportions of calcium in the exchange in the surface but these levels decline rapidly with depth while magnesium proportions rise (Figure 19).

Glengordon EKP [~ ENaP ,,~ Innot EMgP ~ ECaP SI Sg Ny Td In Gg Tunmlrendah 100 b --,4--- Nanyeta

v e,- Sugarbag 80 --B-- Sludge (D Q -100 - ~ 6o "6,~

20 -150 t I I I I 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 CEC (meq/100g) Depth increments ~ (10,30,60,90,120 cm) Figure 18 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 19 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the massive and weakly to moderately pedal cations in the massive and weakly to moderately yellow and grey soil (Group 2) pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2)

The poorly drained grey earth soils, Tunmirendah and Nanyeta, become sodic at depth.

o ~ EKe [--I EN,,P

-50 100 - Quandong ili-il ° =~o°o 40-'

-150| , , t , , L:~ - !iiilJiiiiil Ii.i:.iiJ I!'.:.iil 0 10 20 30 40 50 O- CEC (meq/100g) Depth increments ~ (10,30,60,90,120 cm) Figure 20 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 21 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group cations in the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic 3) rocks (Group 3)

Group 3 Both Quandong and Bally have low levels of CEC throughout most of the profile, declining from relatively higher levels in the surface (Figure 20). Both soils were sampled from undisturbed forested sites and these elevated CEC levels in the surface reflect high levels of organic matter. It has been observed in the area that these levels decline rapidly with cultivation with a consequent loss in nutrient retention.

Both soils are characterised by a decline in the relative level of calcium with depth exchange and an accompanying increase in the levels of magnesium and potassium with depth. In Quandong, magnesium is by far the dominant cation in the subsoil. There were low levels of sodium in both soils. Bally is a strongly acidic soil, pH less than 5.5, with an increasing level of exchange acidity with depth which is indicated in Figure 21 by the lower proportion of basic cations in the CEC. The exchangeable aluminium levels are high throughout the profile, with a peak of 1.1 meg/100 gms at 0.33m. 43

Group 4 The difference in CEC profiles of these soils reflect the degree of leaching and weathering to which they have been exposed (Figure 22). Pin Gin, Kaban and Ironbark are all red friable soils formed on basalt. Pin Gin usually supported rainforest and occurs in the higher rainfall portions of the study area, reflected in the lower level of CEC. Kaban soils are found where the rainfall has declined sufficiently for the closed vegetation to be replaced by tall open forest. It has slightly higher levels of CEC throughout the profile. Ironbark is found in the lower rainfall south-west of the study area and has significantly higher CEC levels. These changes presumably reflect an increasing proportion of illite rather than kaolinite in the soils although there are no mineralogy data available. Millstream is a more poorly drained soil found in similar and slightly drier environments to Kaban. The jump in CEC in the lower subsoil coincides with the presence of a heavier clay layer which restricts drainage from the soil. The CEC/Clay ratio indicates this layer is dominated by expanding clays.

In all soils the exchange is dominated by calcium in the surface but there is a marked decline with depth accompanied by an increase in magnesium and to a lesser extent potassium (Figure 23). There is considerably less change with depth in Ironbark, which has formed on basalt from the McBride Province and the exchange is clearly dominated by calcium throughout. There are very low levels of sodium in each soil.

0- EKP I-q ENaP BB EMgP ECaP Kb Ib Ms Pg -50- ---Ak-- Millstream 100 ~ ---+-- Ironbark 80 J~ _" Kaban O. O O .." Pin Gin -100 o 40

-150 I I I I I 20: ~:: 0 10 20 30 40 50 CEC (meo,/100g) 0 -Depth Increments 10,30,60,90,120 cm) Figure 22 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 23 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) cations - non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4)

High levels of exchange acidity were measured in the strongly acidic Pin Gin soil, pH less than 5.5, in all horizons and increasing with depth. There is a strong possibility of aluminium and/or manganese toxicity in sensitive plants on this soil. No appreciable exchange acidity was measured in any other soil on basalt. 44

0 ~--~ EKP I~] ENaP II EMgP ~ ECaP Cs Cs-a St Wd 100

8O rO

o 40

CEC (meo,/lOOg)\:,o' 0 Depth increments...... ~ (10,30,60,90,120 cm) Figure 24 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 25 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the cracking clay soils (Group 5) cations in the cracking clay soils (Group 5)

Group 5 This group exhibits the highest levels of CEC of all groups (Figure 24) reflecting the high levels of expanding clays (eg. montmorillonite). The highest levels were observed in the soils formed on the McBride Province (Sooty and Caesar). The relatively low levels observed in the surface of the acid phase of Caesar may occur due to mixing of surface layers with soil materials from surrounding Millstream soils.

With the exception of Sooty, each soil had cation exchange dominated by calcium and magnesium (Figure 25). There was an appreciable increase in sodium with depth in the Sooty soil which occurs in places as a complex with duplex sodic soils (Redbox). A small amount of exchange acidity was measured through the profile of the acid version of Caesar (Csa).

Group 6 These soils exhibit a wide variation in CEC levels but there is a consistent increase with depth (Figure 26). This reflects the strong duplex nature of the soils (sandy loams over clays) and the low levels of soil surface organic matter.

0- .~ /, ~ X Fullerton I~ EKP [---] ENaP II EMgP ~ ECaP /---+-- c=~o Rd Bd Cp Rb R _/ -- 100

e- 8O Q. £:1-100- °Wj 6o I "6 40

I I I I I 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 CEC (meq/100g) Depth increments t...... ~. (10,30,60,90,120 cm) Figure 26 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 27 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) cations in the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6) 45

All of the soils are strongly sodic in the clay subsoil with sodium and magnesium increasing with depth and calcium decreasing with depth (Figure 27). In the case of the Fullerton and Blunder soils there is virtually no calcium on the exchange in the lower depths. In contrast, Rudd, Campsbourne and Redbox have relatively high calcium levels. The Blunder soil is notable in this group in that the clay subsoil is strongly acid (less than pH 5.5) and has a high proportion of the exchange taken up by exchange acidity (for the most part, aluminium). Aluminium toxicity is possible in sensitive plants depending upon rooting depth. Campsbourne also has some exchange acidity in the upper part of the B horizon.

Group 7 The CEC profiles for the well drained Uramo, Mullaburra and Logcamp soils, reflect the field textures; the finer the field texture the higher the CEC (Figure 28). The relatively narrow range of CEC values down the profile presumably reflect the relative youth of these soils which for the most part still experience periodic flooding and a relative uniformity of alluvial source material.

'4 ~] EKP [~ ENaP BB EMgP ~ ECaP Um MI Lg Wr .,50 Wooroora 100 - ~ Logcamp e- 80 - A Mullabun'a O,. i i ll! -100 ---I!--- Uramo 60- "6 40-

-150 I I I I I 20- 0 10 20 30 40 50 CEC (meq/100g) °be )th increments ~ (10,30,60,90,120 cm) Figure 28 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 29 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the soils on alluvia (Group 7) cations in the soils on alluvia (Group 7) Each soil has similar proportions of cations, with the exception of Wooroora which is a soil of the swamps in the eastern edge of the study area (Figure 29). Each of the better drained soils have exchange surfaces dominated by calcium with relatively little change down the profile. Wooroora has a substantial build up of sodium at depth and is dominated by exchange acidity throughout.

EKP [---1 ENaP II EMgP ~ EC~P Sy Ab ~ Nt Km 4,~ K]arrta ...,-5O 100 Av Nettle

e- Whelan 8O --= Ambrose (O I~ -100 - --B--- Stdngybark

-150 I I I I I 2O 0 10 20 30 40 50 CEC (meq/100g) 0 Depthincrements ~ (10,30,60,90,120 era) Figure 30 Cation Exchange Capacity profiles of Figure 31 Proportion of CEC occupied by basic the soils with minimal profile development (Group cations in the soils with minimal profile 8) development (Group 8) 46

Group 8 The sandy soils, Nettle, Stringybark and Kiama, have low levels of CEC throughout the profile (Figure 30). The loamier soils, Ambrose and Whelan, have higher levels.

All soils decrease in relative levels of calcium with depth and increase in magnesium (Figure 31). Whelan has significant levels of exchange acidity throughout the profile. All soils are non-sodic. pH and electrical conductivity (EC)

EC (dSIm) EC (dSIm) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0 i i i i 1 0 I I I I I EC pH f EC

4r~~* CI .50_ ~~\/~//~ In -50 Ep Td ---'!'--- Mc ~.~ Ny --" Gw -lOO - II1 \ Sg -100 Tb

-150 r " i ~ i i -150 r i I ~ --I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 pH pH Figure 32 pH and electrical conductivity in the Figure 33 pH and electrical conductivity in the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red soils massive and weakly to moderately pedal yellow (Group 1) and grey soils (Group 2)

Group 1 Each of these soils are slightly acid to neutral throughout the solum (Figure 32). EC and chloride levels indicate negligible levels of soluble salts.

Group 2 These soils are slightly acid to acid throughout the profile (Figure 33), except for Glengordon which is alkaline at depth. In Glengordon, Tunmirendah and Nanyeta, there is impermeable clay at depth and a corresponding accumulation of soluble salts. The EC levels are relatively low however, in terms of plant growth. Sludge, Sugarbag and Innot soils have negligible levels of EC throughout the profile.

EC (dSIm) EC (dS/m) 1.6 2 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 i i i I J I I I L •EC

-~ Ms -.50 -• By ---i--- rll m• Kb Pg -100 I -lOO 't

-~~1l I II - I I I I I -150 ~-~ i -T I I I I I -150 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t0 tl pH pH Figure 34 pH and electrical conductivity levels in Figure 35 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the deep pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group the non-cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4) 3) 47

Group 3 These soils of the higher rainfall areas have low levels of soluble salts (Figure 34). The more freely drained Bally is strongly acid throughout the profile with the consequent potential of aluminium and manganese toxicity; Quandong is slightly acid.

Group 4 The non-cracking clay basaltic soils have low levels of soluble salts and most have slightly acid to neutral pH (Figure 35). The exception is Pin Gin which occurs in the high rainfall areas.

EC (dS/m) EC (dSIm) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 I I ] I I I I I I ~"-..EC pH ,~.,t. ~ Wd ~\EC 't*~ '~pH ~ Ft

~ ----4--- cp -50- ~\ "--- ///"--

-100 - -100 - \/ "--. II/ \

,~' ../7 J /lt.l.\~ / -150 I 1 I" - I- " I I - -~ - n T I- "l I lll 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lll 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 pH pH Figure 36 pH and electrical conductivity levels in Figure 37 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the cracking clay soils (Group 5) the sodic and magnesic soils (Group 6)

Group 5 The cracking clay soils are divided into two groups in terms of pH and EC (Figure 36). The grey cracking clay (Caesar-a), which is found in drainage depressions in the Atherton Province in the higher rainfall parts of the area, is acid to strongly acid throughout the profile. The remaining soils are all alkaline at depth. There is a slight accumulation of soluble salts at depth in the soils formed on the Atherton Province (Caesar-a and Woodleigh soils). The grey cracking clay soil on the McBride Province (Caesar), has high levels at about lm. The black earth on the McBride Province (Sooty), had similar levels at about 0.4 m.

Group 6 Most of these soils have formed on alluvia and exhibit a wide variation in soil properties (Figure 37). All except Blunder increased in pH in the subsoil, as the proportion of sodium in the exchange increased. The Rudd soil became strongly acid at depth which coincided with a D horizon. Blunder is acid throughout. In all of these soils there is an accumulation of salts with depth. Moderate to high levels of salts occur closer to the surface in the Rudd and Redbox soils.

EC (dS/m) EC (dS/m) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 o 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0 i t I I r o I I I I pH

A v Wr ~ Nt Lc r- ---4--- Wh ~, Mb i °! -" Um I~ -100 ---I-- sy

-150 -150 I I I I - i I I lll I 1 I I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 4 5 8 7 8 g 10 lll pH pH Figure 38 pH and electrical conductivity levels in Figure 39 pH and electrical conductivity levels in the soils on alluvia (Group 7) the soils with minimal profile development (Group 8) 48

Group 7 The well drained soils, Uramo, Mullaburra and Logcamp, have neutral pH (Figure 38), whereas Wooroora, which is waterlogged for a substantial part of the year, is acid throughout and strongly acid in the humic surface. There were negligible levels of soluble salts in any of the soils.

Group 8 These skeletal and sandy soils are acid to slightly acid and have low levels of salts (Figure 39).

9.2 Soil physical attributes

Background

The physical attributes of the soil will be discussed in the soil groups identified in Table 5.

Particle size analysis

~--~ Clay ~-] Slit [~ Clay [--] Silt BB Rne sand [] Coarse sand • Fine sand [] Coarse sand

Tb Gw Mc Ep CI SI Sg Ny Td In Gg

°~ 0 ~ 75 C .- 50 0 ~ 25

0 0 Depth Increments ...... -~ (10,30,60,90,120era) Depth Increments ...... ~ (10,30,60,90,120¢m)

Figure 40 Particle size analysis of the Figure 41 Particle size analysis of the massive and weakly to moderately pedal red massive and weakly to moderately pedal soils (Group 1). yellow and grey soils (Group 2).

Group 1 These soils have similar texture profiles which increase from lower clay levels (sandy loam to sandy clay loam) in the surface to light clay B horizons (Figure 40). Tirrabella has a gradual increase in clay, while the remaining soils have an abrupt increase in clay from the A horizon to the B. Small differences in surface clay contents reflect a significantly higher level of some key chemical attributes (Section 9.1).

Group 2 These soils all have surface horizons dominated by the sand fraction and the clay fraction increases abruptly in the B horizon (Figure 41). This group is characterised by a consistently high proportion of coarse and fine sand and very little silt. Glengordon soil has a heavy clay D horizon at depth which is markedly different from the soil materials overlying it. 49

Group 3 Both soils in the group gradually increase in clay content with depth (Figure 42). These soils have uniformly higher silt contents than sand reflecting the rhyolitic parent material.

Group 4 All basalt soils in the area have clay textures throughout the profile which increase slightly with depth (Figure 43). Surface clay contents are significantly higher in the Pin Gin soil. All other soils have appreciable levels (20 to 40%) of sand.

Clay [~ Silt BB Finesand [] Coarsesand BB Rne sand [] Coarse sand

Qd Kb Ib Ms Pg

0 0 Depth Increments ...... '-'-~ (10,30,60,90,120 cm) 0-, 11111. Depth incrementsI111 ~...... ~..~ I1111(10,30,60,90,120 t1111 cm)

Figure 42 Particle size analysis of the deep Figure 43 Particle size analysis of the non- pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3). cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4).

Group 5 All cracking clay soils in the area have high and uniform clay texture profiles (Figure 44).

Group 6 This is a variable group but all soils exhibit a clay increase with depth which is usually abrupt (Figure 45). All soils, except Blunder which has a high silt content, have a high proportion of sand throughout the profile. The decrease in clay with depth in the Fullerton, Blunder and Campsbourne soils is associated with buried soils or transitional horizons to rock.

[] Clay I~ Slit [] Clay ~] Silt BB Fine sand D Coarse sand BB Fine sand [] Coarse sand

Ca Cs-a St Wd Rd Bd Cp Rb Ft

o o Depth increments,:.,.:...,.~.:.:...:~ (10,30,60,90,120 cm)

Figure 44 Particle size analysis of the Figure 45 Particle size analysis of the sodic cracking clay soils (Group 5). and magnesic soils (Group 6). 50

Group 7 These soils have a relatively low level of pedological development so the clay content tends to reflect the depositional history rather than processes of clay illuviation and weathering (Figure 46). All soils with the exception of the Wooroora soil have a high fine sand and silt content. Uramo is a soil formed in sandy alluvia overlying more clayey material; Mullaburra is formed in a similar mix of material except that the clayey material is much closer to the surface. Logcamp is formed solely in the clayey material.

Wooroora is a soil of seasonal swamps. The high clay content in the top 0.6m is most likely associated with the high levels of organic matter.

Group 8 These are either sandy soils (Stringybark, Nettle and Kiama) or loamier soils (Whelan and Ambrose). There is little or no pedological development; the texture profile reflects the parent material, granite, acid volcanic or fine sediments respectively.

Clay [] Silt [] Clay I--] Silt BB Fine sand [] Coarse sand BB Fine sand [] Coarse sand

Um Mb Lc Wr Sy Ab Wh Nt Km

~ 25 ~ 25 ._=0 1111111111IIIII 0 __1iii11 Depth increment= ...... -..~ (10,30,60,90,120crn)

Figure 46 Particle size analysis of the soils Figure 47 Particle size analysis of the soils on alluvia (Group 7). with minimal profile development (Group 8).

Clay activity ratios

Group 1 The low CEC levels of these soils result in CEC/clay ratios of less than 0.2 for the clayey B horizons (Figure 48). The exchange is clearly dominated by low activity clays.

Group 2 All soils apart from the Glengordon soil have the low CEC/clay ratios typical of low activity kaolinitic clays (Figure 49). Low activity kaolinitic clays dominate the upper profile (CEC/clay ratios <0.2) of the Glengordon soil and illitic clay minerals (or a combination of kalonitic and montmorillonitic clays) are present in the lower profile (CEC/clay ratios 0.3 to 0.5).

Field coring suggests that layers of impermeable clays at varying depths below the modem solum are heavy smectitic clay minerals whose exchange surface is dominated by sodium. 51

Group 3 The CEC/clay ratios (< 0.2) of the soils suggest that the exchange is dominated by low activity clays throughout (Figure 50).

CEC/Clay ratio CEC/Clay ratio

~-100 ~ GTbw ¢~ -100 SISg

-150 | i i i i i -150 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0:2 0.4 0.6 018 ; Figure 48 CEC/Clay ratio for the massive and Figure 49 CEC/Clay ratio for the massive to weakly to moderately pedal red soils (Group 1). moderately pedal yellow and grey soils (Group 2). Group 4 All soils have significantly higher CEC/clay ratios in the surface compared with the subsoil as a result of organic matter in this layer (Figure 51). All soils have CEC/clay ratios of less than 0.2 in the subsoil, which indicates a dominance of low activity koalinitic clays. However, the Ironbark and Millstream soils may include some smectitic clay minerals at depth.

CEC/Clay ratio CEC/Clay ratio 0 CEC/Clay ratio

I~ -100 + Ms ~-100 --+-- Ib I • Qd ,& Kb By --I-- Pg -150 i -lr~ i i 0 0.2 0.4 08. 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 06 0.8 1 Figure 50 CEC/Clay ratio for the deep Figure 51 CEC/Clay ratio for the non- pedal soils on acid volcanic rocks (Group 3). cracking clay soils on basalt (Group 4).

Group 5 CEC/clay ratios suggest that these soils are dominated by montmorillonite type clays (Figure 52). The lower CEC/clay ratios for the upper profile of the Caesar Acid variant soil reflect the stronger weathering environment in which soil has formed.

Group 6 The abrupt texture increase from A horizon to B horizon is also accompanied by an increase in expanding clays in the B horizon. CEC/clay ratios for the B horizons suggest montmorillonite clays for the Rudd soil, illite clays for the Campsbourne and Redbox soils and kaolinite clays for the Blunder soil. These clay types reflect the more intense weathering environment for Blunder and the older age of the Campsbourne and Redbox soils (Figure 53). 52

CEC/Clay ratio CEC/Clay ratio

~ ..50 ,,...,'~"-5o Rb £ c'p Bd 1~1-100 a~'-lOO Rd Cs -150 I I / I I -150 I I 1 I I 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Figure 52 CEC/Clay ratio for the cracking Figure 53 CEC/Clay ratio for the sodic and clay soils (Group 5). magnesic soils (Group 6).

Group 7 Although the soils are mainly sandy alluvial material, the CEC/clay ratios suggest that the Uramo and Mullaburra soils are dominated by illite clay materials and the Logcamp soil by montmorillonite type clays (Figure 54). Wooroora however is dominated by low activity kaolinitic clays.

Group 8 The CEC/clay ratios for this group are variable (Figure 55). They do however suggest that the low activity kaolinitic clays are dominant.

CEC/Clay ratio CEC/Clay ratio

-5'0-- £o~" -50- I I~ -100 - I~ -100 - ~, ./ ~ Mb I ,m Ab Um -150 i I I -150 I 0 0.2 Figure 54 CEC/Clay ratio for the soils on Figure 55 CEC/Clay ratio for the soils with alluvia (Group 7). minimal profile development (Group 8).

Plant available water capacity (PA WC)

There was a range of data collected to estimate PAWC. All sampled soils were analysed for -1500 kPa to estimate the permanent wilting point of the PAWC range. Neutron moisture meters were installed in seven SPCs (Tirrabella, Morecambe, Sludge, Sugarbag, Nanyeta, Sooty and Kaban) that had significance in land use and which covered significant parts of the study area. These were monitored for two years from 1990 to 1992 and the highest and lowest values were used to estimate PAWC. The model of Shaw and Yule (1978) was also used in conjunction with laboratory analysis for the remaining soils. More details of this approach is given in Grundy and Heiner (1995).

An estimate of PAWC is recorded for each UMA in the UMA data file. This figure is based upon the major SPC in each UMA. PAWC figures have been adjusted for barriers to root growth such as hard impermeable layers or salt bulges at depth for each UMA. 53

The estimates for PAWC for each SPC is shown in Table 30. Further discussion of PAWC as a limitation to agricultural land uses in the study area are explained in Grundy and Heiner (1995).

Sodicity and dispersion ratio

Sodicity is the ratio of exchangeable sodium to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) expressed as a percentage (ESP). Dispersion ratio, considered in conjunction with PSA and ESP analysis, gives an indication of the structural stability of soils.

Groups 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8 The majority of the moderately well to well drained soils in these groups have low sodicity and dispersion ratios, indicating these soils are water stable. They are well to moderately drained and B horizon clays are stable. The exceptions are: 54

lower depths of Quandong and Kaban soils with ESP greater than 6, and Wooroora profile where ESP is greater than 6 throughout and dispersion ratios are greater than 0.6 below 0.3m.

Group 2 Nanyeta, Tunmirendah and Glengordon SPCs all have impermeable horizons at depth with high sodicity and dispersion ratios. Sugarbag, Sludge and Innot do not.

Group 5 Sooty and Caesar SPCs have high sodicity and dispersion ratios at 0.3m and 0.6m respectively. Additionally, these soils have high EC levels at these depths, which would restrict root growth. These layers are likely to act as a barrier to water movement through the profile. Consequently, if exposed by erosion or cultivation, these horizons are prone to severe erosion. Woodleigh and Caesar-a both have low sodicity ratios and moderate dispersion ratios.

Group 6 All soils throughout the clay B horizon have ESP ratios greater than 6 and except for the Blunder SPC have dispersion ratios in the range of 0.6 to 1.0. The low dispersion ratio in the Blunder is most likely due to the increased exchangeable aluminium present on the clay exchange.

Water movement through these profiles would be slow. The B horizons are very erosive if exposed and tunnel erosion is a potential problem. 55 10. LAND USE

10.1 Agricultural land use

The majority of the lower rainfall region of the study area is used for low intensity beef cattle breeding. In 1880 Woodleigh station was settled and during the next decade the Atkinson family took up large areas of grazing lands. This station was subsequently subdivided into 12 smaller holdings. The majority of these smaller holdings are leasehold although some have been converted to freehold in the last 10 years. Low intensity grazing is normally carried out on native pastures. There is some pasture improvement with seca in the study area. Some property owners have adopted improved husbandry practices such as early weaning and supplementary feeding of phosphorus. However, there is a large potential for improved husbandry techniques and more intensive management of pastures (McCosker and Winks, 1994). At present most cattle in the area are sold as stores rather than the forward stores or fat cattle which would be possible on improved pastures.

The Ravenshoe-Kaban-Tumoulin locality (approximately 8000 ha) is the most productive cropping area and has been since the early 1950s. The current land uses include improved pasture, irrigated potatoes, broad acre cropping, horticultural crops and grass for both hay and seed. Many of these activities are dependant upon the availability of irrigation from bores or surface storages.

Irrigated cropping is also carried out on approximately 800 hectares involving some 20 small farms situated just south of Innot Hot Springs along the Herbert River. As well as the crops mentioned previously, tobacco and certified hybrid maize seed have been produced from this area.

A 100 hectare block at Strathvale just west of Mt Garnet on the Kennedy Highway was cleared in the mid 1970s. This block has grown dryland broad acre crops periodically since clearing.

In the early 1980s approximately 3000 hectares of a mixture of soils dominated by poorly drained grey earths were cleared on the Ben Avon property. To date sorghum cropping on this area has been unsuccessful and the area was sown to improved pastures in late 1990. Regrowth of the original vegetation remains a problem.

Approximately 200 hectares were cleared adjacent to the Herbert River on Tirrabella station since the mid 1980s. Cropping has involved peanuts, maize, sorghum and grass/legume pastures.

Broad statements of current land use are included in the unique map area (UMA) data file. The amount of the UMA used for various land uses (undisturbed land, improved pastures, cleared but not cropped, field crops or horticultural crops) is recorded as a 56 percentage of the UMA area. This information is available upon request from the Manager, Resource Assessment and Planning, Indooroopilly. A detailed analysis on agricultural land use suitability for this area has been developed by Grundy and Heiner (1995).

10.2 Other land uses

In 1883 copper was discovered at Mt Garnet and became established as a mining centre in the 1890s. During the late 1970s and early 1980s alluvial tin was mined extensively in the Innot Hot Springs and Mt Garnet areas. Large areas of Tunmirendah, Nanyeta, Battle and Nettle Creeks and various small tributaries of these creeks were mined for tin. These areas, together with the sludge dispersal areas, have been mapped as ML units on the soils map.

Land use in the area is becoming more diversified. In recent times, there has been a considerable increase in tourism, gem fossicking, rural residential settlement and nature conservation. 57 1 1. Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank:

• G. Stephens, N. Bryde, R. Reynolds and Mrs J. Armour for technical assistance during the survey;

• R. Shepherd, C. Adriaansen, J. Kilpatrick, T. Campbell and G. East for assistance in assessing the area for cropping;

• L. Cogle and D. Heiner for sharing research results from the Pinarrendi conservation cropping project;

• NSCP for providing some of the funds to complete the project;

• R. McDonald (deceased) and K. Day for technical supervision and comments;

• D. Baker and staff at Agricultural Chemistry for soil analyses;

• V. Eldershaw and P. Wilson for editorial comment;

• Administrative staff at Mareeba and Rockhampton (K Gibson) for word processing support; and

• G. Swan for compiling figures and maps. 58 12. References

Baker, D.E. (1991). Interpreting soil analysis from soil surveys conducted in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Bulletin QB91001.

Baker, D.E. and Eldershaw, V.J. (1993). Interpreting soil analyses -for agricultural land use in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Project Report QO93014.

Beckett, P.H.T. and Webster, R. (1971). Soil variability: a review. Soils and Fertilisers 34, 1-15.

Best, J.G. (1962). Atherton, Queensland, 1:250 000 Geological Series. Bureau of Mineral Resources Australia, Explanatory Notes E/55-5.

Bultitude, R.J. (in prep). Geology photoscale compilation Ravenshoe 1:100 000 sheet. Queensland Department of Mines.

Carberry P.S., Cogle, A.L. and McCowen, R.L. (1991). An Assessment of Cropping Potential for Land Marginal to the Atherton Tablelands of North Queensland. A Final Report for the Rural Industries R. & D. Corporation.

Coventry, R.J. and Williams, J. (1984) Quantitative relationships between morphology and current soil hydrology in some alfisols in semiarid tropical Australia. Geoderma 33, 191-218.

East, G.N. (1990). Cropping in the Semi Arid Tropics of North Queensland: A survey of farming practices. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Project Report QO90003.

Gentilli, J. (Ed.) (1971). Climates of Australia and New Zealand. World Survey of Climatology Volume 13. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, London, New York.

Gilbert, M.A., Edwards, D.G., Jones, R.K. and Shaw, K.A. (1989). Effect of phosphorus supply on three perennial Stylosanthes species in tropical Australia. I. Vegetative and reproductive growth. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, 1193-1203.

Grundy, M.J. and Heiner, I.J. (1995). Land Resources of the Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area, North Queensland. Vol H Land Suitability. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Bulletin. 59

Grundy, M.J. and Bryde, N.J. (1989a). Upper Herbert River- Blunder Creek Irrigation Feasibility Study. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Project Report QO89003.

Grundy, M.J. and Bryde, N.J. (1989b). Land Resources of the Einasleigh-Atherton Dry Tropics. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Project Report QO89004.

Grundy, M.J. and Reid, R.E. (1986). Agricultural land suitability of Herberton Shire. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Project Report QO86006.

Huda, A.K.S., Cogle, A.L. and Miller, C.P. (1991). Agroclimatic Analysis of Selected Locations in North Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Bulletin QB91002.

Isbell, R.F. (1988). Soil Classification. In Gunn, R.H., Beattie, J.A., Reid, R.E. and van de Graaff, R.H.M. (Eds). Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Isbell, R.F. (1993). A classification of Australian Soils - Third Approximation. CSIRO Division of Soils Technical Memorandum No. 2/1992.

Isbell, R.E., Webb, A.A. and Murtha, G.G. (1968). Atlas of Australian Soils. Sheet 7. Townsville-Normanton-Cooktown-Mitchell River-Torres Strait area. With explanatory data, CSIRO and Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

Laffan, M.D. (1988). Soils and Land Use on the Atherton Tableland, North Queensland. CSIRO Division of Soils, Soils and Land Use Series No. 61.

McCosker, T.H. and Winks, L. (1994). Phosphorus Nutrition of Beef Cattle in Northern Australia. Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Information Series QI94012.

McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1984). Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Northcote, K.H. (1979). A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils. Fourth Edition. Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Probert, M.E. and Jones, R.K. (1977). The use of soil analysis for predicting the response to sulphur of pasture legumes in the Australian tropics. Australian Journal of Soil Research 15,137.

Reid, R.E. (1988). Soil Survey Specifications. In Gunn, R.H., Beattie, J.A., Reid, R.E. and van de Graaff, R.H.M. (Eds). Australian Soil and Land Survey Handbook. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 60

Shaw, R.J. and Yule, D.F. (1978). The assessment of Soils for Irrigation, Emerald, Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry Branch Technical Report No 13.

Skerman, P.J. (1951). Investigation, Ravenshoe - Mt Garnet area. In Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Investigation for the Year 1950.

Speight, J.G. (1984). Landform. In, McDonald et al. (Eds). Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. Second edition. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Stace, H.C.T., Hubble, G.D., Brewer, R., Northcote, K.H., Sleeman, J.R., Mulcahy, J.J. and Hallsworth, E.G. (1968). A handbook of Australian soils. Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Tracey, J.G. (1982). The vegetation of the humid tropical region of North Queensland. CSIRO Australia. van Wijk (1962 unpublished). Investigation, Kaban - Tumoulin area.

Weston, E.J., Harbison, J., Leslie, J.K., Rosenthal, K.M. and Mayer, R.J. (1981). Assessment of the agricultural and pastoral potential of Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agriculture Branch Technical Report No. 27. 61 APPENDIX I PLANT SPECIES AND COMMON NAMES

Acacia bidwillii Corkwood Wattle Acacia flavescens Red Wattle Acacia holosericea Wattle Acacia species Wattles Alphitonia excelsa Red Ash Alphitonia species Soapwood Aristida calycina Dark Wiregrass Aristida species Wiregrass Brachiaria mutica Para grass Bursaria incana Prickly Spine Bursaria spinosa Australian Blackthorn Callistemon viminalis Weeping Red Bottlebrush Callitis intratropica Northern Cypress Pine Casuarina cunninghamiana River Sheoak Casuarina littoralis Black Sheoak Casuarina torulosa Forest Oak Cryptostegia grandiflora Rubbervine Cucumis anguria Wild Cucumber Cymbopogan species Barbed Wire Grass Cyperus species Nut Grass Dactyloctenium species Button Grass Dicanthium species Blue Grass Digitaria species Summer Grass Eragrostis obtusa Love Grass Eucalyptus abergiana Range Bloodwood Eucalyptus acmenoides Yellow Stringbark/White Mahogany Eucalyptus alba Poplar Gum Eucalyptus brownii Red River Box Eucalyptus citriodora Lemon Scented Gum Eucalyptus clarksoniana Clarkson's Bloodwood Eucalyptus cebra Narrow-leaved Ironbark Eucalyptus drepanophylla Narrow-leaved Ironbark Eucalyptus erythrophloia Variable Barked Bloodwood Eucalyptus grandis Flooded Gum Eucalyptus hylandii Gum-topped Bloodwood Eucalyptus intermedia Pink Bloodwood Eucalyptus leichhardtii Leichhardt's Rustyjacket Eucalyptus leptophleba Molloy Red Box Eucalyptus melanophloia Silver-leaved Ironbark Eucalyptus microcarpa Grey Box Eucalyptus moluccana Gum-topped Box Eucalyptus nesophila Melville Island Bloodwood Eucalyptus orgadophila Mountain Coolibah 62 Eucalyptus papuana Ghost Gum Eucalyptus peUita Large Fruited Red Mahogany Eucalyptus peltata Yellow Bloodwood Eucalyptus p latyp hy lla White Gum Eucalyptus polycarpa Long-fruited Bloodwood Eucalyptus resinifera Red Mahogany Eucalyptus rhodops Bloodwood Eucalyptus similis Yellow Jacket Eucalyptus stockeri Stockers Bloodwood Eucalyptus tereticornis Blue Gum/Forest Red Gum Eucalyptus tessellaris Moreton Bay Ash, Carbeen Eucalyptus umbra Broad-leaved White Mahogany Eulalia aurea Silky Browntop Ficus species Fig Gastrolobium grandiflorum Heart-leaf Poison Bush Grevillea goodii Grevillea glauca Bushman's Clothes Pegs Grevillea glossadenia Grevillea parallela Beefwood/Silver Oak Grevillea pteridifolia Golden Grevillea Grevillea robusta Silky Oak Hakea species Bulloak Heteropogon triticeus Giant Spear Grass Heterpogon contortus Black Spear Grass Imperata cylindrica Blady Grass Indigofera pratensis Forest Indigo Lantana camara Lantana Lophostemon suaveolens Swamp Mahogany Melaleuca bracteata Black Teatree Melaleuca leucadendra Long-leaved Paper-bark Melaleuca viridiflora Broad-leaved Teatree Petalostigma pubescens Quinine berry Planchonia careya Cochy apple Portulacca oleracea Pigweed Sorghum bicolor Sorghum Sorghum plumosum Plume Sorghum STylosanthes hamata Verano Stylosanthes humilis Townsville Stylo Slylosanthes scabra Seca Stulosanthes viscosa Sticky Stylo Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine Themeda quadrivalvis Grader Grass Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Xanthorrhoea johnsonii Grass Tree 63 APPENDIX II

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SOIL PROFILE CLASSES

INDEX TO SOIL PROFILE CLASSES

Soil Profile Class Page Soil Profile Class Page

Ambrose 65 Mullaburra 69 Archer 65 Nanyeta 69 Bally 65 Nettle 70 Blunder 65 Pin Gin 70 Caesar 66 Quandong 70 Campsbourne 66 Redbox 70 Corella 66 Rudd 71 Expedition 66 Sludge 71 Fullerton 67 Sooty 71 Glengordon 67 Stringybark 71 Gunnawarra 67 Sugarbag 72 Innot 67 Tirrabella 72 Ironbark 68 Tunmirendah 72 Kaban 68 Uramo 72 Kiama 68 Whelan 73 Logcamp 68 Woodleigh 73 Millstream 69 Wooroora 73 Morecambe 69

Conventions used in the Description of the Morphology, Landscape and Vegetation of the Soil Profile Classes.

The pH profiles are based on field determinations as per Raupach and Tucker (1959) for each horizon. 64

Colour nomenclature is based on the Value/Chroma rating system of Northcote (1979, p12) and is detailed in the following table:

Value/Chroma 2a = 4/1, 4/2 to 6/1, 6/2, 7/1, 7/4 to 8/1, 8/4

Value/Chroma 2b = 5/3, 5/4 to 6/3, 6/4

Hue

1OR dark red-grey red-brown red red 2.5 YR dark grey- red-brown red red brown

5 YR dark grey- brown red-brown red-brown brown

7.5 YR dark grey- brown yellow- brown brown brown

10 YR dark grey yellow- yellow brown brown

2.5 Y dark grey yellow- yellow olive-brown grey

5Y dark grey yellow- yellow olive grey

References

Northcote, K.H. (1979). A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils. Fourth Edition. Rellin Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Raupach, M. and Tucker, B.M. (1959). The field determination of soil reaction. Journal of Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 25, 129 - 33. 65

Soil Profile Class: Ambrose Soil Profile Class: Archer

Principal Profile Form: Uml.43, Uml.42, Uc4.I2. Principal Profile Form: Dy3.41, Dy2.41, Dy5.41.

Great Soil Group: Lithosol Great Soil Group: Soloth

Parent Material: Sedimentary rocks (chert) Parent Material: Granite or Acid volcanic rocks

Landform: Slopes of undulating to rolling low hills. Landform: Hillslopes of gently undulating to undulating rises

Dominant vegetation: Mid-high open woodland Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Dominant vegetation: Mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus acmenoides,

Eucalyptus clarksonia, Eucalyptus citriodora, Acacia Eucalyptus moluccana and Eucalyptus clarksoniana. species, Melaleuca viridiflora, and Hakea species.

Grey (IOYR 4/1-2, 5/2) grey-brown (7.5YR 4/2);

m m Dark (10YR 3/2, 7.5YR 2/1, 5YR 3/2), brown 0.03 coarse sand to coarse sandy loam; common fine

0.05 0.10 (10YR 3/3, 7.5YR 6/3) or grey (10YR4/2); sandy gravelly, subangular granite; massive or single 0.15 0.15 A~A~C 0.15 loam to clay loam; common large pebbles, A2 0.20 grained. Field pH 5.5 to 6.3. Clear change to - subangular sedimentary rocks; single grain or ~ massive. Field pH 5.5 to 6.3. Clear to gradual A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 0.40 \ C change to - \ horizon. Field pH 5.8 to 6.3. Clear change to - A2: Pale (dry) and as for A1 horizon field pH 5.5 to 0.60 Grey (10YR 6/1-2, 7/3, 2.5YR 7-8/1) or yellow-

6.3. Clear to gradual change to - brown (10YR 6/3-4,5/3-4) common medium distinct 0.95 ~ B2 / yellow or orange mottles; sandy light medium to Brown (10YR 3/4, 4/3, 7.5YR 4/3), red-brown medium heavy clay; few to common fine gravelly

(5YR 3/4, 2.5YR 6/3) or yellow-brown (10YR subangular quartz, rhyolite or granite; weak to

6/4); sandy loam to clay loam; abundant large moderate 5 to i0 mm subangular or angular blocky.

pebbles to cobbles, subangular sedimentary rocks; Field pH 5.0 to 6.5.

massive. Field pH 5.0 to 6.3. Clear change to -

C: Decomposing granite or acid volcanic rocks.

C: Decomposing sedimentary rocks. 1.50 ~

Variant: loamy sand to sandy loam textures throughout.

Soil Profile Class: Bally Soil Profile Class: Blunder

Principal Profile Form: Gn3.11, Gn3.14. Principal Profile Form: Dy3.41, Dy5.41, Dy3.42, Gn3.04

Great Soil Group: NSG, affinities with red podzolic soil Great Soil Group: Soloth

Parent Material: Rhyolite Parent Material: Quaternary alluvium

Landform: Slopes of undulating to rolling rises and low hills. Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating alluvial plains

Dominant vegetation: Tall open forest with some rainforest species and Dominant vegetation: Tall open woodland with Eucalyptus leptophleba,

Eucalyptus erythrophloia, Eucalyptus acmenoides and Eucalyptus alba and Eucalyptus tereticornis.

Eucalyptus drepanophylla.

m m Grey (10YR 4-5/2, 4-5/1), grey-brown (7.5YR 4/2) At m m Dark (2.5 YR 3/2) or red-brown (5YR 3/4); clay 0.03~ or dark (10YR 2 3/2, 2-3/1, 7.5YR 3/2); sandy 0.10 A1 0.12 0.15 ~N,~ "-----'- 0.15 loam; moderate 2 to 5 mm granular. Field pH 6.0 loam to silty clay loam; massive to weak 2 to 5mm

to 6.5. Clear to gradual change to - 0.25 granular. Field pH 5.5 to 6.0. Abrupt to clear

change to - \ B~ ~ 0.30 (Where present) Red (2.5YR 4/8) pale (dry); clay

loam; strong 2 to 5 mm polyhedral; very few fine 0.40 Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1

manganiferous nodules. Field pH 5.5 to 6.0. horizon. Field pH 5.5 to 6.0. Abrupt to clear

Gradual change to - change to -

Red (2.5YR 3/4-6) or red-brown (5YR 4-5/6); light Grey (10YR 4-7/1, 5-6/2, 2.5Y 5/I-2, 6/1-2), 0.80 to medium clay; few small pebbles, subangular yellow-brown (10YR 5/4, 6/3-4, 7.5YR 5/6), B2 quartz; moderate to strong < 2 to 5 mm polyhedral; yellow (10YR 5 6/6); common to many medium to 1.05 very few fine manganiferous nodules. Field pH 4.5 coarse distinct yellow or orange mottles; light

to 5.8. Diffuse change to medium to medium heavy clay; moderate to strong

2 to 50mm angular blocky or prismatic; none to few 1.30 D B22: Red (2.5YR 3/4) and as for B21 horizon. Field pH medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Field pH 5.3 1.3: 4.5 to 6.0. to 6.5. Clear change to - 1.50 B3~

D: Commonly buried soloth. 66

Soil Profile Class: Caesar Soil Profile Class: Campsbourne Principal Profile Form: Ug5.24, Ug5.26, Ug5.21. Principal Profile Form: Dy5.41, Dy3.41, Dy4.41. Great Soil Group: Grey clay Great Soil Group: Soloth Parent Material: Basaltic alluvium Parent Material: Granodiorite and granite colluvium Landform: Drainage depressions of level alluvial plains Landform: Slopes of gently undulating plains Dominant vegetation: Cleared or tall woodland with Eucalyptus orgadophila and Dominant vegetation: Tall to mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus leptophleba, Eucalyptus papuana Eucalyptus moluccana and Eucalyptus alba.

m m Grey (10YR 4/1-2, 2.5Y 4/1) or dark (10YR 3/1-2, m m AI: Grey (10YR 4/2), brown (10YR 3-4/3, 7.5YR 4/3) 0.01 All At 0.02 7.5YR 3/2); light to heavy clay; strong <2 to 5mm 0.05 or grey-brown (7.5YR 4/2); loamy sand to sandy 0.05 granular; few to common fine to medium calcareous loam; single grain or massive. Field pH 5.7 to 6.5. 0.13 0.15 NN~ 0.15 nodules. Field pH 6.3 to 6.7. Clear to gradual Clear change to -

B21 change to - 0.317 A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 Grey (10YR 4/1-2, 5/i-2, 2.5Y 4/i-2, 5/1-2); few 0.30 horizon. Field pH 5.5 to 6.3. Clear change to - to common fine distinct yellow mottles; light 0.40 k B2t medium to medium heavy clay; moderate to strong B2: Grey (10YR 5-6/2, 2.5Y 6/2), yellow (10YR 5- 10 to 50mm lenticular parting to moderate to strong \ 6/6), yellow-brown (10YR 5-6/3); common medium k \ 5 to 20mm angular blocky or Ienticular; few to distinct yellow mottles; sandy light medium to common fine to medium calcareous nodules. Field medium heavy clay; few small pebbles, subangular pH 7.3 to 8.5. Gradual to diffuse change to - \ quartz; strong 5 to lOmm angular blocky; very few to common medium manganiferous nodules. Field B22: Grey (10YR 5/1-2, 2.5Y 4/1-2, 5/1-2), yellow- pH 5.0 to 6.3. Clear change to - 0.80 brown (10YR 5/3-4, 6/3-4) or yellow (10YR 5/5-6); 1.00 B22 few to common fine to medium distinct yellow or D: (where present) Yellow-brown i10 YR 6/3), grey brown mottles; medium to heavy clay; moderate to (10 YR 7/4) or yellow (10 YR 6/6); common strong 20 to 100ram lenticular parting to strong 5 to medium distinct yellow mottles; clay loam sandy to 20ram angular blocky or lenticular; few to common sandy clay; moderate 10 to 20 mm angular blocky; fine to medium calcareous nodules. Field pH 7.8 to few to common medium carbonate soft 9.0. segregations. Field pH 7.8 to 8.5. 1.501 ~D~\ 1.5C Variant: Acid variant occurs in higher rainfall areas.

Soil Profile Class: Corella Soil Profile Class: Expedition

Principal Profile Form: Dr2.2i, Dr4.62. Principal Profile Form: Gn2.i5, Gn2.11, Dr4.61, Dr4.62.

Great Soil Group: Red podzolic soil/red earth integrade. Great Soil Group: Red earth

Parent Material: Sedimentary rocks Parent Material: Granite

Landform: Slopes of undulating to rolling low hills Landform: Footslopes or pediments of gently undulating to undulating

Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus low hills.

citriodora, Eucalyptus acmenoides and Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla and

clarksoniana Eucalyptus clarksoniana and Acacia species understorey.

m m Red-brown (5YR 2-3/3), brown (7.5YR 3/3) or red m m Brown (7.5YR 3/3, 4/4, 10YR 3/3), red-brown 0"08 ~,,,~ A1 0.05 A1 0%. (2.5YR 3/3); sandy loam to sandy clay loam; (5YR 3-4/3) or dark (5YR 3/2); loamy coarse sand many medium pebbles, subangular to angular quartz to sandy loam; single grain. Field pH 6.0 to 6.8. I \ " 0.20 0.213 ~ 0.20 0.25 or altered parent material; massive. Field pH 5.8 to Clear to gradual change to -

[ " 0.35 6.5. Clear change to - 0.4C 0.40 A2: (Where Present) Pale (dry) and as for A1 horizon. 0.50 B~ Grey (7.5YR 7/4), red-brown (5YR 6/6) or red Field pH 6.0 to 6.8. Clear change to -

~~ 0.60 (2.5YR 3/6) pale (dry); sandy loam to clay loam;

few small pebbles, sedimentary rocks; massive. A3/BI: (where present) Red-brown (5 YR 3/3 - 6); coarse C sandy loam to sandy clay loam; massive. Field pH Field pH 5.5 to 6.5. Clear change to - 0.75 6.3 to 6.8. Gradual change to -

Red (2.5YR 3/4-6. 4/6-7); clay loam sandy to sandy

light medium clay; few small pebbles sedimentary Red (2.5YR 3/6, 4/8); clay loam sandy to coarse

rocks; weak to moderate 5 to 10 mm angular sandy light medium clay; massive to weak 5 to 10

blocky. Field pH 5.5 to 6.5. Clear change to - 1.5C B:~2 0.90 mm angular blocky. Field pH 6.3 to 7.0.

C: Very abundant cobbles or stones, subangular chert,

sedimentary rock or gravel. 67

Soil Profile Class: Fullerton Soil Profile Class: Glengordon

Principal Profile Form: Dy3.43 Principal Profile Form: Dy3.81, Gn2.31, Gn2.21, Gn2.22, Gn2.55.

Great Soil Group: Solodic soil Great Soil Group: Yellow earth

Parent Material: Sedimentary rocks (shales and mudstones) Parent Material: Alluvia derived from acid volcanic rocks

Landform: Hillcrests of undulating low hills Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating plains

Dominant vegetation: Mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus

clarksonia, and Eucalyptus citriodora. papuana and Eucalyptus clarksoniana.

m m AI: Dark (7.5YR 2-3/2) or grey (10YR 4/2); sandy clay

m m Brown (10YR 3/3); sandy loam to clay loam fine sandy; 0.03 ~ 0.10 loam to clay loam sandy: massive; few to common 0.03 [-.----.~ AI I 0.15 ~ A2 0.09~ 0"05 few medium pebbles, subrounded sedimentary rocks; medium to coarse ferromanganiferous nodule. Field pH

I -"-40.20 massive. Field pH 5.8 to 6.3. Clear change to - 5.7 to 6.5. Clear to gradual change to - [ B21 I

0"40~1 A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for AI horizon. (Where present) PaIe, sporadically or conspicuously

Field pH 5.5 to 6.5. Clear change to - bleached (dry) and as for A1 horizon. Field pH 5.7 to

6.5. Clear to gradual change to - 0.60IX B22 ]0.60 Yellow-brown (10YR 6/3) or grey (10YR-2.5Y 6/2); \ 0.75 common fine distinct yellow or orange mottles; light \ Yellow (10YR 5/5-6), yellow-brown (10YR 5/4) or

medium to medium heavy clay; common to many large brown (7.5YR 5/4); few to common medium distinct

pebbles, subrounded sedimentary rocks; strong 20 to ~0.90 yellow or red mottIes; sandy light clay to light medium D/2B B23 '10.90 50ram prismatic or subangular blocky; few medium 1.15 \ clay; massive; common to many medium to coarse 1.051, manganiferous soft segregations. Field pH 7.8 to 8.7. ferromanganiferous nodules. Field pH 5.7 to 6.5. Sharp

Clear change to - to clear change to - ~1.25 2C C: Abundant to very abundant cobbles subangular D/2B: Grey (10YR 7/2, 2.5YR 5/2); common to many medium 1.50 sedimentary rocks. distinct to prominent yellow or grey mottles; medium 1.50 ~C~-- 1.45 heavy to heavy clay; few to common medium to large

pebbles subrounded to rounded basalt; moderate to

strong 2 to 20ram lenticular. Field pH 7.3 to 9.0.

Soil Profile Class: Gunnawarra Soil Profile Class: Innot

Principal Profile Form: Dr4.62, Dr4.52, Dr4.61, Dr4.51. Principal Profile Form: Dy5.41, Dy3.41, Dy4.41, Dy2.2i, Dy5.81.

Great Soil Group: Red earth Great Soil Group: Yellow podzolic soil

Parent Material: Tertiary alluvium and colluvium Parent Material: Fine sedimentary colluvia

Landform: Slopes of gently undulating plains Landform: Slopes of gently undulating to undulating rises

Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla and Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Tall woodIand with Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus

clarksoniana. leptophleba, Eucalyptus citriodora and Eucalyptus

drepanophylla

m m Red-brown (5YR 4/3-4, 2/3), brown (7.5YR 3/3-4, 4/3- 0.05 A~ 4) or dark (5YR-7.5YR3/2); loamy sand to sandy loam; m m Brown (10YR-7.5YR 4/3, IOYR 3/3) or dark 0.15 0.15 single grain or massive. Field pH 5.8 to 6.5. Clear 0.04 ~ 0.15 (10YR, 7.5YR 3/2); loamy sand to sandy loam; single

change to grain or massive. Field pH 5.8 to 6.3. Clear to gradual 0.25 change to -

0.40 ~1 0.40 A2: (Where present) Pale and as for AI horizon. Field pH

5.8 to 6.5. Clear change to - A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 horizon. 0.45 B21 0.50 Field pH 5.8 to 6.3. Clear change to - lIB21 10 65 Red (2.5YR 3/6, 4 5/8, 10R 3/4-6) or red-brown (5YR

3/6, 4/6, 4-5/8); clay loam sandy to light medium clay; Yellow (10YR 5-7/6, 8/8), yellow-brown (10YR 5-6/4)

massive to weak 5 to 10ram angular blocky. Field pH or occasionally grey at depth (10YR 6/2, 7/3-4); few to 5.8 to 7.0. \ many medium to coarse distinct red or orange mottles; 0.95 light to light medium clay; moderate 2 to 10mm angular Variant: Occasional red sandy clay loam massive B1 horizon. blocky or polyhedral; few to many medium to coarse B22 ferruginoas or manganiferous nodules, very few to few 1.30 \ small to medium pebbles, subangular quartz or sedimentary rock. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. B23 \ 1.50i \

1.50 68

Soil Profile Class: Ironbark Soil Profile Class: Kaban

Principal Profile Form: Gn3.12, Uf6.31 Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31, Uf6.31p., Gn3.12

Great Soil Group: Euchrozem Great Soil Group: Euchrozem

Parent Material: Basalt Parent Material: Basalt

Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating plains Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating plains

Dominant vegetation: Mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Cleared and cropped or tall woodland with Eucalyptus

leptophleba and Eucalyptus clarksoniana. intermedia and Eucalyptus acmenoides.

m m Red (2.5YR 3/3, 2/3) or dark (5YR 3/2); clay loam to m m Dark (2.5 YR 3/2) or red (2.5YR 2-3/3); clay loam to

0.03~ 0.15 light clay; common to abundant medium pebbles to 0.08 -~ light clay; moderate to strong < 2 to 5mm granular;

stones rounded basalt; weak to strong < 2 to 5ram 0.25 \ Bal 0.20 _~ 0.20 very few fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Field pH 6.0 granular. Field pH 6.0 to 6.8. Gradual to diffuse to 6.4. Clear to gradual change to -

change to - 0.40 ~22 " 0.40 0.40 % 0.40 Red (2.5YR 3/4-6, 10R 3/4); light to light medium clay;

Red (2.5YR 3/4-6, 10R 3/3-6) or red-brown (5YR 4/6- moderate to strong <2 to 10mm polyhedral; very few

8); light to light medium clay; common to many to many fine to medium ferromanganiferous nodules. 0.60 B22 medium to large pebbles, rounded basalt; moderate to 0.70 Field pH 6.5 to 7.0.

strong 2 to 10mm polyhedral; very few to common fine

to medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Field pH 6.5 to 0.85 Variant: Weakly structured B1 horizon present. 0.90 7.2. Clear to gradual change to - B23 0.90 C ~ C: Very abundant cobbles to boulders rounded basalt. B24 \ \ 1.50

Soil Profile Class: Kiama Soil Profile Class: Logcamp

Principal Profile Form: Uc2.21, Uc2.12, Uc2. Principal Profile Form: Gn3.11, Gn3.41, Gn3.21, Gn3.32, Gn3.42

Great Soil Group: Rudimentary podzol Great Soil Group: Prairie soil

Parent Material: Granite Parent Material: Quaternary alluvium

Landform: Slopes of gently undulating to undulating low hills. • Landform: Level alluvial plains

Dominant vegetation: Mid-tall woodland with Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Tall open woodland with Eucalyptus leptophleba, Eucalyptus

drepanophylla, Eucalyptus clarksoniana. tereticornis and Eucalyptus alba.

m m AI: Brown (7.5YR 3-5/3, 10YR 3-4/3,3-4/4) or grey (10YR 0.05 6/2); coarse sand to sandy loam; common small m m Dark (10YR 2/1-2, 7.5YR 2/1, 3/2) or brown

pebbles, angular to subangular quartz; single grained. (7.5YR 3/3, 4/4); light silty clay loam to clay loam fine \ 0.08 ~ A~0.15 0.25 0.25 Field pH 6.0 to 6.8. Clear gradual change to - sandy; moderate to strong 2 to 5mm granular. Field pH

0.25 6.0 to 6.5. Clear to gradual change to -

A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 horizon. 0.30 °.4° \ Field pH 5.8 to 6.3. Clear to gradual change to - (Where present) Brown (7.5YR 4/3-4), grey-brown 0.65 (7.5YR 4/2) or red-brown (5YR 4/4); silty clay loam to

Yellow-brown (10YR 6/3-4, 7.5YR 5/6), yellow (10YR fine sandy clay; moderate to strong 5 to 10ram angular

B2 0.80 6 7/6) or red-brown (5YR 4/6); coarse sand to loamy blocky. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Gradual to diffuse change ~ sand; common to many, small pebbles, angular to to- subangular quartz: single grain. Field pH 5.5 to 6.3. 10.80

Clear change to - Dark (10YR 2/1-2, 3/2, 7.5YR 2/I-2), red-brown (5YR

4/3-8. 3-5/6) or brown (7.5YR 3-4/6, 4/3-4); silty clay

(Where present) Grey (10YR 6-7/2. 8/3) or yellow grey to medium clay: moderate to strong 5 to 20mm angular

(2.5YR 6/3): common medium distinct to prominent blocky or prismatic• Field pH 6.0 to 7.5.

orange or yellow mottles: coarse sandy clay to sandy B23 1.30

mediunl chty: massive to strong 2 to 5 mm angular

blocky'. Field plI 5.0 to 6.5. 69

Soil Profile Class: Millstream Soil Profile Class: Morecambe

Principal Profile Form: Gn3.21, Gn3.71, Gn3.74, Gn3.91, Uf6.34. Principal Profile Form: Dr2.21, Dr2.22, Dr4.21, Dr4.22, Dr4.61.

Great Soil Group: Xanthozem Great Soil Group: Red podzQlic soil / Red earth intergrade

Parent Material: Basalt Parent Material: Fine sedimentary colluvia

Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating footslopes of plains. Landform: Slopes of gently unduIating to undulating rises

Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus leptophleba, Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus

drepanophylla and Eucalyptus papuana clarksoniana and Eucalyptus citriodora

m m Dark (10YR 2-3/2, 7.5YR 2-3/2) or brown (10YR2 3/3 m m Red-brown (5YR 4/3-4, 2/3), brown (7.5YR 3/3-4, 4/3- 0.03 ~.~.....~ 0.05 At 7.5YR 2-3/3); clay loam to light clay; moderate to 4) or dark (5YR-7.5YR 3/2); loamy sand to sandy loam; 0.10 0.10 0.15 ~ 0.15 0.15~.~ strong 2 to 5mm granular; few to many fine to medium single grain or massive. Field pH 6.3 to 7.0. Clear to

°.2°k ferromanganiferous nodules• Field pH 5.7 to 6.3. gradual change to - i~ ~ o3o 0.35 Gradual to diffuse change to - 0.40~ ~ 0.40 A2: Pale and as for A1 horizon. Field pH 6.3 to 7.0. Clear

Yellow (IOYR 5/6-8, 6/6), brown (10YR 4/4-6, 7.5YR to gradual change to -

[ \ 132'. 0.60 4/3-6) or yellow-brown (7.5YR 5/6-8, 10YR 5/3-4, B2 0.60 6/4); few to common fine to medium distinct orange or Red (2.5YR 3/6, 4-5/8, I0R 3/4-6) or red-brown (5YR

red mottles; light to medium clay; moderate to strong 2 3/6, 4/6, 4-5/8); clay loam sandy to light medium clay;

to 10mm polyhedral or angular blocky; fine to many massive to moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky; very

medium to coarse ferromanganiferous or manganiferous few to common small to medium pebbles sabangular 1.00 ~~ nodules. Field pH 5.9 to 7.0. Clear change to - quartz or sedimentary rock. Field pH 6.3 to 7.0.

C: Decomposing basalt. Variant: Occasionally red sandy clay loam massive B1 B22 \ 1.30 horizon. C Variant: Occasional brown weakly pedal B1 horizon. 1.50

Soil Profile Class: Mullaburra Soil Profile Class: Nanyeta

Principal Profile Form: Gn3.14, Gn3.17, Dr4.2i, Dr2.21, Dbl.22 Principal Profile Form: Dy3.81, Dy5.81, Dy5.82, Dy4.81, Dg4.81

Great Soil Group: Red podzolic soiI Great Soil Group: (Bleached) grey earth

Parent Material: Quaternary alluvium Parent Material: Tertiary alluvium and colluvium

Landform: Level alluvial plains Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating plains

Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Eucalyptus

clarksoniana, Eucalyptus leptophleba and Eucalyptus alba. leptophleba, Eucalyptus tessellaris and Eucalyptus

drepanophylla with Acacia species, Call#is intratropica and

m m Dark (5YR-7.5YR 3/2), red-brown (5YR 3-4/4, 3/3) or Melaleuca viridiflora understorey. ^, I 0.05 brown (7.5YR 2 4/3; silty loam to silty clay loam; weak 0.10 A2 to moderate 2 to 5ram granular. Field pH 5.9 to 6.3. Clear to gradual change to - m m Grey (10YR 3-5/2, 4-5/1), dark (10YR 2 -3/2) or brown 0"05~0.10 0.25 (10YR 4/3-4, 7.5YR 3-5/3); loamy sand to sandy loam; 0.30 Red-brown (5YR 4/3-6, 3/6) or brown (7.5YR 4/3), massive or single grain; acid. Pale (dry); fine sandy loam to clay loam fine sandy; ° ° 0o340°° massive to weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky. Field pH 5.9 0.20~1 to 6.3. Clear change to - A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 horizon.

0.60 Field pH 6.3 to 7.0. Clear change to - (Where present) Red-brown (5YR 3/6, 4/3-6); sandy clay loam to fine sandy clay; massive to weak 5 to 0"50~ 10"50 10mm angular blocky. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Clear to Yellow-brown (10YR 5-6/3-4), yellow-grey (2.5Y 6/3- gradual change to - 4) or grey (10YR 7/3-4, 2.5YR 7/3-4); few to common

(Where present) Red-brown (5YR 4/4-6) or red (2.5YR medium distinct yellow or orange mottles; fine sandy to 3/6): clay loam sandy to light medium clay; weak to 0.80 \1 light medium clay; massive; few to many medium to moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky, subangular blocky B22 "~0.90 coarse ferromanganiferous or manganiferous nodules• or polyhedral. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Gradual change to - Field pH 5.8 to 7.0• Red-brown (5YR 2-4/4, 3/3-6, 4/6) or red (2.5YR 4/6- 8. 3/6); light to medium heavy clay: moderate to strong 5 to 20ram angular blocky, subangular blocky or polyhedral. Field pit 5.8 to 6•5.

Variant: Sporadically bleached (dry) A2 horizon. 70

Soil Profile Class: Nettle Soil Profile Class: Pin Gin

Principal Profile Form: Uc2.12, Uci.42, Uc3.21, Uc5.11 Principal Profile Form: Uf6.31, Uf6.31p.

Great Soil Group: (Podzolic) lithosol Great Soil Group: Krasnozem

Parent Material: Granite Parent Material: Basalt

Landform: Slopes of rolling to steep low hills and hills. Landform: Slopes of gently undulating to rolling rises or low hills

Dominant vegetation: Mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Cleared and cropped or improved pastures or mixed rainforest.

pell#a, Eucalyptus erythrophoia and Acacia species.

m m Red (2.5 YR 3/3) or dark (2.5YR 3/2); light clay;

m m Brown (10YR 3-4/3, 7.5YR 4/3, 5/4) or dark (10YR- 0.10 ~ .15 strong 2 to 5mm granular. Field pH 6.0 to 6.3. Gradual 0.03 7.5YR 3/2); coarse sand to coarse sandy loam, to diffuse change to - 0.12 0.12 BI common large pebbles, subangular granite; single 0.30 grained or massive. Field pH 6.0 to 6.7. Clear to Red (2.5YR 3/3-6, 10R 3/6); light to light medium clay; 0.20 ~ 0.35 gradual change to - moderate to strong 2 to 20mm polyhedral• Field pH 5.8

to 6.5.

C \ Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 horizon. ,.60 0.55 0.70 Field pH 5.7 to 6.3. Clear to gradual change to - Variant: Weakly structured B1 horizon present.

Yellow-brown (10YR 6/3-4, 7-5YR 5-6/6) or brown 0.85

(5YR 5/4); coarse sand to coarse sandy loam; common

large pebbles, subangular granite; massive or single

grained. Field pH 5.5 to 6.0. Clear change to - B22

C: Decomposing granite.

1.50 Variant: Sporadically bleached A2 horizon or A2 absent•

Soil Profile Class: Quandong Soil Profile Class: Redbox

Principal Profile Form: Uf6.34, Uf6.4, Gn3.71, Gn3.74, Gn 3.75 Principal Profile Form: Dy3.43, Dy2.43, Dbl.43.

Great Soil Group: Xanthozem Great Soil Group: Solodic soil

Parent Material: Rhyolite Parent Material: Granodiorite and granite colluvium

Landform: Footslopes of undulating rises and low hills. Landform: Slopes of gently undulating plains and rises

Dominant vegetation: Tall open forest with Eucalyptus acmenoides, Eucalyptus Dominant vegetation: Tall open woodland with Eucalyptus leptophleba, Eucalyptus

tereticornis, and Eucalyptus clarksoniana. moluccana, and Eucalyptus clarksoniana

m m Dark (5 YR 3/2, 7.5 YR 3/2, 10 YR 2-3/2); clay loam m m Dark (IOYR 2 3/2, 7.5YR 3/2), brown (10YR 2-3/3) or 0.08 At to heavy clay loam fine sandy; few, large pebbles 0.03 ~ 0.10 0.10 grey (10YR 4-5/2); sandy loam to light clay loam 0.12 0.12 subangular, rhyolite; strong 2 to 5 mm granular. Field 0.15 sandy; few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive. \ B21 0.20 pH 5.5 to 6.0. Gradual to diffuse change to - 0.25 Field pH 5.8 to 6.5. Clear change to - ~ 0.35 (Where present) Pale (dry) and as for A1 horizon. Field 21 pH 5.5 to 6.0. Gradual to diffuse change to - 030/)\ 060 A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for AI horizon. Yellow (10YR 5/6-8), brown (10YR 4/6) or yellow- Field pH 5.8 to 6.5. Clear change to - brown (7.5YR 4/6); very few to few, medium, faint or distinct red or yellow mottles; fine sandy clay to light Yellow (10YR 5 6/6, 5-6/8), grey (10YR 5-6/1, 7/3 4, medium clay; moderate to strong 2 to 10 mm angular blocky or polyhedral. Field pH 5.0 to 6.0. Gradual to 2.5Y 6/2), grey-brown (5YR 6/2) or yellow-brown 0.85 diffuse change to - (10YR 5-6/4); common medium distinct yellow mottles;

coarse sandy to medium heavy clay; few small pebbles Yellow brown (7.5YR 5/6. 6/8) or yellow (10YR 6- 7/6); few to common, medium distinct or prominent B22 subaogular quartz; moderate 10 to 50mm Ienticular or red. yellow or orange mottle; light to medium clay; 1.2C , prismatic. Field pH 7.8 to 9.0. Clear to gradual change 1.20 moderate to strong 2 to 20 mm polyhedral. Field pH to 4.5 tO 6.0. Gradual to diffuse change to -

Yellow (10YR 6/6). yellow brown (7.5YR 5/6, 5/8) or C: (Where present) Decomposing granodorite. red biown (5YR 4/6. 4/8): common medium, distinct or 1.~ 1.50 pt-ominent pale or red tunnies: few medium manganil~rous soft segregations. Field pH 4.5 to 6.0. 71

Soil Profile Class: Rudd Soil Profile Class: Sludge Principal Profile Form: Dy3.43, Dyg.43, Dbl.43, Db2.4g, Dy3.42, Dd2.43. Principal Profile Form: Dy4.61, Dy5.61, Gn2.24, Gn2.25, Dy 2.61. Great Soil Group: Yellow earth Great Soil Group: Solodic soil Parent Material: Tertiary alluvium and colluvium Parent Material: Quaternary alluvium Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating plains and rises Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating alluvial plains. Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus clarksoniana and Eucalyptus leptophleba Dominant vegetation: Tall open woodland or woodland with Eucalyptus leptophleba,

Eucalyptus alba or Eucalyptus moluccana. m m Dark (10YR 3/-2, 2/1-2, 7.5YR 3/1) or brown 0.03 (10YR 3/3-4, 2-3/3, 7.5YR 3/3-4); loamy sand to sandy 0.10~ 0.10 clay loam; massive. Field pH 5.9 to 6.5. Clear to m m Dark (10YR 2 3/2, 7.5YR 3/2), brown (10YR 2- 0.03 At gradual change to - 4/3,7.5YR 3-4/3) or grey (10YR 4/1-2, 5/2); fine sandy ~ 0.10 0.30 0.20 A2 loam to clay loam fine sandy; massive to A2: Pale (dry) and as for A1 horizon. Field pH 5.9 to 6.5. 0.40 ~ B21 Clear to gradual change to - weak 2 to 5mm granular. Field pH 5.8 to 6.5. Clear

change to - Yellow (10YR 5-6/6, 5/8); occasionally few fine to 0.40 medium distinct red mottles; clay loam sandy to light B21 clay; massive, occasionally few medium fermginous A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 horizon. 0.55 nodules. Field pH 6.0 to 6.8. Gradual to diffuse change Field pH 5.8 to 6.5. Abrupt to clear change to - to-

0.90 B22 Yellow (10YR 5-6/6, 5/6-8, 7/6-8), yellow-brown 0.65 ~ 0.90 Grey (10YR 4-7/1, 4-6/2, 2.5Y 6/1-2, 5/1-2, 4/2), 1.00 (7.5YR 5/6, 6/5) or brown (7.5YR 5/4); common fine yellow-brown (10YR 5/3-4, 6/3-4), brown (10YR 4/3-6, to medium distinct red or orange mottles; light to light 7.5YR 4/3, 5/4), yellow (10YR 5/6) or dark \ medium clay; massive to weak 2 to 10mm angular blocky; common to many fine to coarse ferruginous, (10YR 3/1); few to many fine to coarse faint or distinct -, ferromanganiferous or manganiferous nodules. Field pH grey, yellow or orange mottles; light medium to 6.0 to 6.8.

medium heavy clay; moderate to strong 5 to 50ram B23 \ angular blocky, lenticular or prismatic; none to common 1.50

fine to coarse manganiferous or calcareous nodules.

Field pH 7.5 to 8.7.

Soil Profile Class: Sooty Soil Profile Class: Stringybark Principal Profile Form: Dg5.16, Ug5.11, vg5.1 Principal Profile Form: Uc2.21, Uc2.22 Great Soil Group: Rudimentary podzol / bleached earthy sand Great Soil Group: Black earth Parent Material: Granite colluvium Parent Materiah Basaltic alluvium Landform: Footslopes of gently undulating rises Landform: Level alluvial plains Dominant vegetation: Mid-high open woodland with Eucalyptus clarksoniana,

Dominant vegetation: Mid-high open grassland Bucalyptus leptaphleba and Eucalyptus tereticornis with low open forest of Melaleuca viridiflora and Acacia species understorey. m m Dark (10YR 2-3/1, 7.5YR 3/1); medium to medium 0.02 I 0.03 m m Grey (10YR 4/1-2), grey-brown (7.5YR 4-5/2) or heavy clay; strong <2 to 5ram granular. Field pH 7.0 0.12 0.17 brown (IOYR 3/4, 7.5YR 4/3-4, 5/4); sand to to 7.5. Clear to gradual change to - 002~~020 loamy sand; common small pebbles subangular 0.25 quartz; single grain. Field pH 5.3 to 6.0. Clear to gradual change to - Dark (10YR 3/1) or grey (10YR 4/1); medium heavy to 0.30

heavy clay; moderate to strong 20 to lOOmm lenticular A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 0.50 parting to strong 5 to 10mm lenticular or angular horizon. Field pH 5.0 to 6.0. Clear change to - 0.50, blocky; few to common lime calcareous nodules. Field ).60 Yellow (10YR 5-7/6, 6/8), yellow-brown (10YR pH 8.3 to 9.0. 6/3-4) or red-brown (SYR 4/8, 2.5YR 6/3); common medium distinct yellow mottles; coarse sand to light coarse sandy loam; many to abundant medium pebbles, subrounded quartz; single grain or ).95 massive. Field pH 5.3 to 6.8.

(where present) Yellow-brown (10 YR 5/3, 6/4); common medium distinct yellow mottles; sandy B23 '] 1 20 clay; many to abundant medium pebbles, D 1.30 subrounded quartz; massive. Field pH 6.0 to 6.8.

/ Variant: Pale A2 horizon. 1.50 1.50 72

Soil Profile Class: Sugarbag Soil Profile Class: Tirrabella Principal Profile Form: Dy3.81, Dy5.81, Dy2.81, Dy4.81, Dy3.82. Principal Profile Form: Gn2.11, Gr12.14, GrL2.12, Gn2.i5 Great Soil Group: (Bleached) yellow earth Great Soil Group: Red earth Parent Material: Tertiary alluvium and colluvium Parent Material: Tertiary alluvium and colluvium Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating plains Landform: Slopes of gently undulating plains and rises Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla and Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla and Eucalyptus clarksoniana with minor Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus clarksoniana. Eucalyptus leptophleba and Eucalyptus acmenoides. Surface Condition: Hardsetting

m m Dark (10YR 3/1-2, 2/2, 7.5YR 3/2), brown (10YR m m Red-brown (5YR 2-3/3, 3/4, 2.5YR 5/4), dark 0.05 0.04 A~0.10 2-3/3, 3/3-4), grey-brown (7.5YR 4/2) or yellow- (2.5YR 2-3/2, 5YR 2-3/2, 3/1, 7.5YR 3/2) or brown (10YR 5/3); loamy sand to sandy clay loam 0.15 ~A2 0.15 brown (7.5YR 3/3, 10YR 3-4/3); sandy loam to 0.i5 fine sandy; massive. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Clear 0.20 sandy clay loam fine sandy; very few small pebbles, change to - 025 \~>-.. subangular quartz; massive. Field pH 6.0 to 6.7. ~0.30 Clear change to - A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 0.40 0.40 0.45 g21 horizon. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Clear change to - A2: (Where present) PaIe and as for A1 horizon. Field pH 6.0 to 6.8. Clear to gradual change to - B21 0.55 Yellow (10YR 6/6-8, 7/6, 2.5YR 6/6) or yellow- brown (10YR 5 6/4); very few to common medium (Where present) Red-brown (5YR 3/4-6, 4/6-8) or distinct red or orange mottles; clay loam sandy to red (2.5YR 3/3-4); sandy clay loam to clay loam light clay; massive to weak 5 to 10ram angular sandy; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz; \ blocky; few to common fine to medium massive. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Gradual change to - ferromanganiferous or manganiferous nodules or concretions. Field pH 6.0 to 6.8. Gradual to 0.90 B22 ~l (Where present). Red (2.5 YR 3/3-6, 4/3-8) or red- • 1.00 diffuse change to - brown (5YR 3/3-4, 4/6); sandy clay loam to light clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular quartz; 1.20 B22 ] 1.20 Yellow (10YR 6/6-8, 7/6, 2.5Y 6/6), yellow-brown massive. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Gradual change to - (10YR 5-6/4), or grey-brown (2.5Y 6-7/2); common to many medium to coarse distinct or Red (2,5YR 3/4-6, 4/6-8) or red-brown (5YR 3/6, prominent yellow, red or orange mottles; light to 4/8); clay loam fine sandy to medium clay; few B23 \ B23 \ / light medium clay; massive; common to many medium pebbles, subangular quartz; massive to 1.50 1.50 ferromanganiferous or manganiferous nodules or weak 5 to 10mm angular blocky. Field pH 6.3 to concretions. Field pH 6.3 to 7.0. 7.0.

Soil Profile Class: Tunmirendah Soil Profile Class: Uramo

Principal Profile Form: Dg2.81, Dg4.81, Dg4.82, Dy4.82, Dy5.82 Principal Profile Form: Uc4.21, Uc4.22, Uc2.21, Uc2.2

Great Soil Group: No suitable group. Affinities with lateritic podzolic soil Great Soil Group: Rudimentary podzol/earthy sand

Parent Material: Tertiary alluvium and colluvium Parent Material: Quaternary alluvium

Landform: Lower slopes and broad drainage depressions of level Landform: Terraces on alluvial plains

plains. Dominant vegetation: Tall open woodland with Eucalyptus tereticornis,

Dominant vegetation: Tall to mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus alba, Eucalyptus leptophleba and Eucalyptus tessellaris.

Eucalyptus clarksoniana and minor Eucalyptus

drepanophylla and low woodland with Melaleuca m m Brown (10YR 2/3, 4/4, 7.5YR 4/3) or

viridiflora and Acacia species understory. dark (10YR 3/2); loamy sand to fine sandy loam;

0.0~ ~ 0.20 massive. Field pH 6.3 to 6.8. Clear change to -

m m Grey (10YR 4/I-2, 5/2), brown (10YR 2-4/3, 0.313 A2 0.02 A~Q.~ 0.10 7.5YR 3-5/3) or dark (IOYR 2-3/2); loamy sand to Brown (7.5YR 4 6/3, 4/4), pale or occasionally

0.L' sandy loam; single grain or massive. Field pH 5.8 conspicuously bleached (dry); loamy sand to fine

to 6.5. Clear to gradual change to - 0.5C sandy loam; massive. Field pH 6.3 to 7.3. Clear

change to -

0.40 A2: Conspicuously bleached (dry) and as for A1 0.45 horizon. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. Clear change to - Brown (7.5YR 4/6, 5/4) or yellow-brown (7.5YR 0.80 5/6); loamy sand to sandy loam; massive or single \ I Grey ( 7.5YR 7-8/2, 10YR 7/2-3, 6/1-2, 8/3) or \ grain. Field pH 6.3 to 7.3. Clear change to - o70 \1 grey-brown (2.5YR 7/1-2, 6/1 2); common to many 1.10 fine to medium distinct or prominent yellow or Red brown (5YR 4/4-6) or brown (7.5YR 4/4-6); 090 D orange monles; sandy to light medium clay; sandy clay to light medium clay; moderate to strong

massive to weak 2 to 10ram angular blocky: 10 to 20mm angular blocky, prismatic or

conlnlon to many medium to coarse polyhedral. Field pH 6.0 to 6.5. 1.50 ferromanganil~rous or manganiferous nodules or

concretions. Field pH 6.0 to 7.0.

J 1.50 ;~ 73

Soil Profile Class: Whelan Soil Profile Class: Woodleigh

Principal Profile Form: Uc2.12, Uc2.21, Um4.23 Principal Profile Form: Ug5.12, Ug5.14, Ug5.15

Great Soil Group: (Podzolic) Iithosol Great Soil Group: Black earth

Parent Material: Rhyolite Parent Material: Basalt

Landform: Hillslopes of undulating to rolling low hills Landform: Slopes of level to gently undulating lava plains

Dominant vegetation: Mid-high woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Dominant vegetation: Tall woodland with Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus

Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Eucalyptus acmenoides and leptophleba and Eucalyptus tereticornis Eucalyptus citriodora.

m m Dark (10YR-7.5YR 2/I, 10YR 3/2); light medium 0.02 All 0.03 m m Grey (10 YR 4/2, 5/1), brown (10 YR 2-3/3, 3/3) to medium heavy clay; strong <2 to 5mm granular. 0.02 ~....._ At 0.08 ~ 0.12 °-°5N or dark (10 YR 2 3/2, 3/1); sandy loam; common 0.15% 0.10 Field pH 5.9 to 6.5. Clear to gradual change to - medium pebbles, subangular, rhyolite; massive to B21 0.28 weak 2 to 5 mm granular. Field pH 5.8 to 6.3. B21: Dark (10YR 3/1, 2 3/2); medium to medium heavy 0.30 Clear to gradual change to - clay; strong 10 to 50mm lenticular breaking to C x 0.40 strong 2 to 10ram angular blocky or lenticular.

Grey (10 YR 8/1, 6-7/2), or yellow-brown (10 YR Field pH 6.8 to 8.3. Gradual to diffuse change to -

6/3); conspicuously bleached (dry); sandy loam.

Field pH 5.8 to 6.3. Clear to gradual change to - °6°,080 B22: Dark (10YR 3/1, 2-3/2), brown (10YR 2-3/3) or grey (10YR 4/2); strong 20 to 100turn lenticular

Grey (10 YR 4/I, 8/1, 6/2, 4/2) or yellow-brown breaking to strong 2 to 20mm angular blocky or

(10 YR 6/3); coarse sand to sandy loam; abundant Ienticular; very few medium pebbles, rounded

to very abundant large pebbles, subangular rhyolite basalt; none to common medium calcareous C or altered parent material. Field pH 5.5 to 6.0. nodules. Field pH 7.3 to 9.0. Clear change to - Clear change to

C: Abundant large pebbles to stones rounded to 1.501 C: Decomposing rhyolite. subrounded basalt.

Variants: Sandy clay loam to clay loam textures throughout

Soil Profile Class: Wooroora

Principal Profile Form: Dy3.11, Dy5.11, Gn3.41

Great Soil Group: Humic gley

Parent Material: Quaternary alluvium

Landform: Backplain and swamps of alluvial plains

Dominant vegetation: Mid-high open grassland.

O: (Where present) Dark (10YR 2/1); organic loam.

Dark (10YR 2/1-2, 3/2, 7.5YR 2/2, 3/1); very few

-SIS2~ "~------0.03 to common fine distinct brown, orange or grey

0.15 mottles; loam to heavy clay loam; weak to moderate

2 to 5mm granular. Field pH 5.5 to 6.0. Abrupt to 0 B21 ~ clear change to - \ Grey-brown (7.5YR 4/1 2, 5/1-2) or grey (10YR 4- \ 5/1, 5/2, 2.5Y 4/2); common to many fine to 0.70 B22 \ 0.70 medium distinct brown, orange or yellow mottles; \ medium to heavy clay; moderate to strong 2 to 10mm angular blocky or polyhedral. Field pH 5.3

to 6.0

1.10

1.501 B24 \ 74 APPENDIX III MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANALYTICAL DATA FOR REPRESENTATIVE SOIL PROFILES Conventions used in this Appendix are as follows:

A soil profile class is a group or class of soil profiles, not necessarily contiguous, grouped on their similarity of morphological characteristics. It is representative of a three dimensional soil body with similar substrate or parent materials, landforms and generally, but not always, vegetation communities.

Landform Pattern Type and Landform Element Type as in McDonald et al. (1984).

Great Soil Group as described by Stace et al. (1968).

Principal Profile Form (PPF) as defined by Northcote (1979).

Australian Classification as described by Isbell (1993), Third Approximation.

Surface Coarse Fragments as in McDonald et al. (1984).

Vegetation Structural Form as in McDonald et al. (1984).

Type of Microrelief as in McDonald et al. (1984).

Profile Morphology as in McDonald et at. (1984).

Colour Codes are those of Oyoma and Takehara (1967).

Laboratory Data: Apart from pH, EC and C1, which are air dry figures, all chemical data are presented on an oven dry basis. CEC determinations for acid and neutral soils are the sum of the individual basic cations leached by ammonium chloride, added to the enchange acidity where pH is less than 6.0. For alkaline soils determinations are by leaching with alcoholic ammonium chloride at pH 8.5. Refer to Baker and Eldershaw (1993) for laboratory methods. Depths indicated in the tables are the bottom depth of a 0.10m increment.

Surface condition as in McDonald et al. (1984).

REFERENCES

Baker, D.E. and Eldershaw, V.J. (1993). Interpreting Soil Analyses -for agricultural land use in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Project Report QO93014.

Isbell, R.F. (1993). A classification of Australian Soils (Third Approximation) CSIRO Division of Soils Technical Memorandum 32/1989.

McDonald, R.C., Isbell, R.F., Speight, J.G., Walker, J. and Hopkins, M.S. (1984). Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbook. Inkata Press, Melbourne. 75

Northcote, K.H. (1979). A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils. Fourth Edition; Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Oyama, M. and Takehara, H. (1967). Revised standard soils colour charts. Tujihara Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo.

INDEX TO REPRESENTATIVE SOIL PROFILES

Code Page SPC Code Site Profile No No ! I 95 I 76 Mullaburra Mb Ambrose Ab S1 Ab 96 77 Nanyeta Ny $25 Ny Bally By $13 By Nettle Nt $6 Nt 97 Blunder Bd $31 Bdl 78 98 79 Pin Gin Pg $15 Pg3 Caesar Cs $34 Csl Quandong Qd $14 Qd 99 Caesar (acid var) Csa $34 Cs2 80 Redbox Rb $11 Rb 100 Campsbourne Cp S10 Cp 81 101 82 Rudd Rd $30 Bf Corella CI $3 Mcl 103 83 Sludge S1 $22 S1 Expedition Ep $8 Ep 104 84 Sooty St $33 St Fullerton Ft $2 Ft 105 85 Stringybark Sy $9 Sy Glengordon Gg $24 Gg2 106 87 Sugarbag Sg $23 Sg Gunnawarra Gw $21 Ppl 107 88 Tirrabella Tb $20 Tbl Innot In $5 Wml 108 89 Tunmirendah Td $26 Td Ironbark Ib S17 Ib 109 90 Uramo Um $27 Uml Kaban Kb S16 Pgl Wh 110 91 Whelan Wh $12 Kiama Km $7 Km 111 92 Woodleigh W1 S19 Wll Logcamp Lc $29 Wdl Wrl 112 93 Wooroora Wr $32 Millstream Ms S18 Ms 94 Morecambe Mc ~4 Mc3 76

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Ambrose SITE NO: SI SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Chert ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908 mm AMG REFERENCE: 319 700 mE 8 058 200 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 19 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Simple slope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Roiling low hills GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with lithosol PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uc4.12

AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Paralithic, Leptic Rudosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus peltata, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Callitris intratropica, Grevillea pteridifolia, Sorghum plumosum, Themeda triandra SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Abundant coarse pebbles, angular chert

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose, firm

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIFrlON

AI 0 to .12 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; coarse sandy loam; many coarse pebbles, subangular sedimentary rocks; massive; dry moderately weak. Gradual to-

A2 .12 to .23 m Orange (7.5YR6/8) moist, light yellowish orange (7.5YR8/6) dry; loamy coarse sand; few coarse pebbles, subangular sedimentary rocks; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

AC .23 to .33 m Abundant coarse pebbles, subangular altered substrate materials; massive. Clear to-

C .33 to .45 m Very abundant sedimentary rocks.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15rap Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.1 .02 .003 3 .10 6.2 .02 .001 42 38 10 10 5 3.1 1.1 .04 .37 0.7 5 .46 .017 3.68 .018 .30 5.7 .02 .003 37 27 11 27 4 1.0 1.6 .07 .63 0.8 0.6 0.9 8 .49 .012 3.53 .011 3

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.6 .07 5 2 .32 17 19 3.9 2.3 77

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Bally SITE NO: S13 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Rhyolite ANNUAL RAINFALL: 1512 mm AMG REFERENCE: 339 600 mE 8 061 500 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 18 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Rolling low hills GREAT SOIL GROUP:No suitable group. Affinities with red podzolic soil AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Dystrophic, Red Dermosol PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.14 VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open forest DOMINANT SPECIES: Ficus species, Acacia species

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose, soft

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A0 .04 to .00 m Moderately moist moderately weak. Clear to-

A1 .00 to .03 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/2) moist; clay loam; strong < 2mm granular; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

A2 .03 to .22 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist, reddish brown (2.5YR4/6) dry; clay loam; strong < 2mm granular; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to

B21 .22 to .45 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light clay; strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

B22 .45 to .83 m Dark red (10R3/6) moist; medium clay; very few coarse pebbles, subrounded rhyolite; strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral; moderately moist moderately firm. Gradual to-

B31 .83 to 1.02 m Reddish brown (2.5YR4/6) moist; very few faint yellow mottles; light medium clay; very few coarse pebbles, subrounded rhyolite; strong 5 to 10mm polyhedral; moderately moist moderately firm. Gradual to-

B32 1.02 to 1.22 m Reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; common medium faint yellow mottles; light clay; few coarse pebbles, subrounded rhyolite; strong 5 to 10mm polyhedral; moderately moist moderately firm.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 SoilAVater Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC C1 CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm mdcm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 5.3 .09 .003 47 .10 5.3 .07 .001 5 8 26 57 7 2.8 1.9 .18 .76 1.1 0.9 3.6 24 .16 .083 .127 .075 54 .33 5.3 .04 .002 4 9 24 64 5 1.4 1.2 .17 .50 1.3 1.1 2.7 24 .18 .062 .089 .042 74 .60 5.2 .04 .002 3 9 23 67 4 .95 .94 .11 .41 1.2 1.0 2.6 24 .13 .055 .109 .044 199 .90 5.0 .03 .001 4 7 18 73 2 .55 .63 .08 .26 0.9 0.7 2.1 27 .10 .054 .057 .057 345 1.20 4.9 .03 .002 5 7 17 74 2 .29 .61 .08 .23 0.6 0.5 2.5 .060 .044 .073

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 4.9 .21 6 5 .58 78 18 0.4 1.0 78

SITE NO: $31 SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Blunder ANNUAL RAINFALL: 1219 mm SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Unconsolidated AMG REFERENCE: 328 300 mE 8 031 400 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.1% LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.04 GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with a soloth AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Bleached-Vertic, Magnesic, Grey Dermosol VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open forest DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus alba, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus tereticornis, lmperata cylindrica, Dicanthium

species

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting DESCRIPTION HORIZON DEPTH Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; silty clay loam; weak 2 to 5mm A11 0 to .05 m angular blocky; moderately moist moderately weak. Clear to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR6/2) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR7/2) A21cb .05 to .11 m dry; few fine faint yellow mottles; silty clay loam; weak 5 to 10mm angular blocky; dry moderately firm. Clear to-

Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, light grey (2.5Y8/2) dry; silty clay; A22cb .11 to .32 m massive; dry very weak. Clear irregular to-

Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; common medium faint red mottles; light B21t .32 to .61 m medium clay; moderate 10 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm angular blocky primary; dry moderately firm. Diffuse to-

Yellowish grey (2.5Y4/1) moist; common medium faint red mottles; B22t .61 to .90 m medium heavy clay; strong 10 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 2 to 5mm lenticular primary; dry very firm. Gradual to-

Yellowish grey (2.5Y5/1) moist; common medium faint orange mottles; B23t .90 to 1.29 m medium heavy clay; strong 10 to 20mm lenticular tertiary, parting to weak 5 to 10mm angular blocky secondary, parting to weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky primary; dry very firm. Gradual to-

Yellowish grey (2.5Y5/1) moist; many coarse prominent yellow mottles, 2B 1.29 to 1.65 m common coarse distinct dark mottles, many coarse distinct grey mottles; light medium clay; moderate 20 to 50mm angular blocky secondary; dry moderately strong.

Laboratory Data: Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO~-S Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm C CEC Ca (m) pH EC CI CS FS S meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI % mc/cm % % @ 105C

7 B.10 6.1 .05 .002 .22 .56 2.2 11 .71 .024 .998 .015 6 .08 6.2 .04 .002 3 9 52 32 7 3.5 2.3 .48 .23 2.3 16 .64 .009 .973 .006 11 .30 6.1 .02 .001 1 5 45 50 4 .85 2.5 1.2 .26 4.9 3.5 6.5 28 .35 .011 .567 .006 5 .60 5.9 .03 .004 1 1 11 87 13 .41 5.1 1.6 .21 5.4 4.3 3.4 26 .30 .009 .619 .005 4 .90 4.9 .16 .023 1 3 18 78 14 .24 5.7 2.5 .19 4.2 3.4 3.0 .008 .918 .004 3 1.20 4.7 .30 .040 1 7 31 60 13 .28 5.8 2.6 2 1.50 4.7 .34 .049

Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. Depth Org. C Total N Zn % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu (m) (W & B) ppm meq% ppm % .66 125 50 0.4 1.3 B.10 2.6 .14 9 9 79

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Caesar SITE NO: $34 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Basalt ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 mm

AMG REFERENCE: 301 300 mE 8 019 400 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Back-plain LANDFORM PATI'ERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Grey clay PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.21 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Self-Mulching, Grey Vertosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high open tussock grassland TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: Normal gilgai VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.30 m HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 4 m

COMPONENT OF MICRORELIEF SAMPLED: Depression

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIIrHON

A1 0 to .18 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 2 to 5mm angular blocky; dry moderately strong. Gradual to-

B21 .18 to .45 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 10 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky primary; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

B22 .45 to .92 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 20 to 50mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong < 2mm polyhedral primary; moderately moist moderately weak; very few medium carbonate nodules. Gradual to-

B23 .92 to 1.14 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 20 to 50mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong < 2mm polyhedral primary; moderately moist moderately weak; few medium carbonate nodules. Clear to-

B24k 1.14 to 1.62 m Brownish grey (10YR5/1) moist; medium clay; strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral; moderately moist moderately weak; many coarse carbonate nodules.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pn EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15rap Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @, 105C RI %

B.10 7.0 .06 .008 4 .10 7.5 .05 .003 3 9 15 72 54 23 27 1.4 .54 5.1 27 .49 .022 .783 .012 4 .30 8.1 .05 .003 3 9 15 73 52 21 26 2,8 .40 7.2 27 .65 .020 .830 .012 2 .60 8.6 .13 .001 2 9 16 72 51 20 29 4.8 .42 5.1 28 .77 .021 .816 .011 6 .90 8.9 .58 .007 4 9 17 73 52 17 32 7.1 .44 5.3 28 ,72 .016 .851 .017 31 1.26 8.6 1.1 .126 6 8 13 73 53 16 32 8.2 .53 6.5 .019 .827 .023 1.50 8.6 .99 .135 6.7

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.1 .08 23 16 .81 36 19 2.0 0.6 80

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Caesar (acid variant) SITE NO: $35 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Basalt ANNUAL RAINFALL: 1219 mm AMG REFERENCE: 331 800 mE 8 047 000 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Playa LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Grey clay PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.24 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Self-Mulching, Aquic Vertosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open tussock grassland DOMINANT SPECIES: Digitaria species TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: Normal gilgai VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.20 m HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 7 m COMPONENT OF MICRORELIEF SAMPLED: Depression

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .11 m Brownish grey (10YR4/1) moist; light medium clay; strong <2mm granular; moderately moist moderately weak. Clear to-

B21 .11 to .45 m Brownish grey (10YR6/1) moist; common free distinct brown mottles; medium heavy clay; weak 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm polyhedral primary; moderately moist moderately weak. Clear to-

B22 .45 to 1.19 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y5/1) moist; heavy clay; strong 10 to 20mm lenticular tertiary, parting to weak 5 to 10mm prismatic secondary, parting to strong <2mm polyhedral primary; moderately moist very weak. Gradual to-

B23 1.19 to 1.57 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y5/1) moist; common coarse distinct brown mottles; heavy clay; moderate 10 to 20mm prismatic; moist moderately weak; few fine manganiferous soft segregations.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO,-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 5.8 .05 .005 .10 5.9 .03 .003 2 8 19 69 20 8.2 9.8 .43 .17 0.2 0.2 3.7 21 .22 .037 .061 .023 .30 6.0 .02 .002 1 6 13 77 18 6.3 10 .46 .10 3.4 24 .23 .024 .049 .010 .60 5.8 .03 .004 9 7 13 72 25 7.5 15 .74 .11 0.7 0.3 4.7 25 .40 .021 .043 .007 .90 5.6 .04 .006 6 8 14 70 30 8.8 18 1.0 .08 0.8 0.4 4.3 27 .69 .019 .047 .006 1.20 5.4 .11 .015 4 7 16 73 36 11 21 1.6 .11 0.5 0.3 5.5 .019 .052 .006 1.50 5.4 .06 .023 5.1

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 2.8 .19 5 11 .29 144 55 3.3 0.8 81

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Campsbourne SITE NO: S10 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Unconsolidated ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 mm AMG REFERENCE: 300 500 mE 8 020 900 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 2.1% LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating plains GREAT SOIL GROUP: Soloth PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy3.41 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mottled-Subnatric, Grey Sodosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptusleptophleba, Heteropogon contortus, Aristida species PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting HORIZON DEPTH DESCRHrrlON

A1 0 to .12 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; loamy sand; very few medium pebbles, subrounded quartz; single grain; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

A21cb .12 to .46 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, light grey (10YR8/1) dry; sand; very few medium pebbles, subrounded quartz; single grain; moderately moist moderately weak. Sharp to-

A22cbn .46 to .53 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, light grey (10YR8/1) dry; sand; common medium pebbles, subrounded quartz; single grain; moderately moist loose; many medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Sharp to-

B21t .53 to .75 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR6/2) moist; many medium distinct yellow mottles, common medium prominent red mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 5 to 10mm prismatic; few distinct clay skins; moderately moist very firm. Clear to-

B22t .75 to 1.01 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/2) moist; many coarse distinct yellow mottles; sandy medium clay; strong 50 to 100mm prismatic secondary, parting to weak 10 to 20mm angular blocky primary; moderately moist moderately strong. Clear to-

D1 1.01 to 1.44 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR6/2) moist; many coarse faint yellow mottles; sandy clay loam; moderate 10 to 20mm angular blocky; moderately moist moderately firm. Sharp to-

D2k 1.44 to 1.76 m Greyish olive (5Y6/2) moist; common fine faint yellow mottles; sandy medium clay; strong 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral primary; moderately moist very firm; common medium carbonate soft segregations.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.2 .01 .001 2 .10 6.0 .01 .001 40 51 3 7 1 .72 .27 .03 .14 0.2 2 .01 .007 1.12 .010 .30 6.3 .01 .001 34 58 4 3 1 .46 .14 .03 .11 0.2 1 .01 .004 1.25 .006 1 .60 5.9 .05 .004 15 33 5 48 11 4.3 4.7 1.3 .45 1.0 0.6 2.0 15 .50 .007 1.26 .011 23 .90 5.8 .10 .014 18 53 4 24 9 3.4 3.8 1.6 .27 0.4 0.3 1.3 10 .89 .005 1.73 .010 11 1.20 7.8 .26 .031 17 61 8 15 12 3.8 4.1 3.5 .21 1.5 .003 1.86 .013 1.54 8.8 .74 .094 5.6

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.3 .03 2 1 .12 16 7 0.3 0.1 82

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Corella SITE NO: S3 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Chert ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908 nun AMG REFERENCE: 310 700 mE 8 038 700 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 2 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: Red earth - red podzolic intergrade PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dr4.62 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Red Chromosol; moderate depth VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Cleared SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fagments

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .13 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/3) moist; loamy sand; massive; moist moderately weak. Clear to-

A2 .13 to .27 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/6) moist; loamy sand; few coarse pebbles, subangular chert; massive; moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

Blt .27 to .36 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; sandy clay; few cobbles, subrounded chert, few medium pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; moist moderately weak. Clear to-

B21t .36 to .45 m Dark red (10R3/6) moist; light medium clay; common medium pebbles, subrounded chert, few medium pebbles, subangular quartz; weak 5 to 10 mm subangular blocky; moist moderately firm. Gradual to-

B22t .45 to .54 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; medium clay; many coarse pebbles, subrounded chert, few medium pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; moist moderately firm. Gradual to-

BC .54 to .71 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light clay; many cobbles, subrounded chert; massive; dry moderately firm. Sharp to-

C .71 to .82 m Very abundant cobbles, subangular chert and quartz.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/lOOg soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.7 .03 .001 3 .10 5.9 .05 .002 48 39 4 11 2 1.5 .42 .05 .20 0.1 0.1 .05 3 .61 .027 .626 .015 4 .27 6.8 .02 .001 47 38 7 11 1 0.8 .32 .05 .20 .05 3 .66 .015 .713 .006 2 .54 7.0 .02 .001 31 19 4 47 4 1.7 1.1 .05 .75 1.7 13 .25 .035 .617 .008 10 .70 7.0 .02 .001 1.6 18

Depth KCI Org. C Total N Exlx. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) ph (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 5.7 0.7 .03 17 7 .25 15 32 0.3 0.6 .I0 5.1 83

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Expedition SITE NO: $8 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Granite ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 mm AMG REFERENCE: 305 400 mE 8 012 200 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 4.9 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: Red earth - red podzolic intergrade PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dr4.62 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Red Chromosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus tesseUaris, Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Petalostigma pubescens, Grevillea decora, Themeda triandra SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Common small pebbles, subangular quartz PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A11 0 to .09 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; loamy coarse sand; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

A12 .09 to .17 m Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; loamy coarse sand; few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry very weak. Gradual to-

A2 .17 to .51 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; loamy coarse sand; common small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

B21t .51 to 1.0i m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist: coarse sandy light medium clay; common small pebbles, subangular quartz; weak 2 to 5 mm angular blocky; dry moderately weak; very few fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Diffuse to-

B22t 1.01 to 1.51 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz, very few coarse pebbles, subangular quartz; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; dry very weak; very few fine ferromanganiferousnodules. Clear to-

B3 1.51 to 1.60 m Reddish brown (5YR4/6) moist; few medium distinct yellow mottles; clay loam, coarse sandy; very few medium pebbles, subangular granite; massive; dry very weak; few fine ferromanganiferousnodules.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO~-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K S ppm mc./cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.9 .03 .001 2 .10 6.6 .01 .001 69 19 4 8 3 1.8 .75 .02 .17 0.7 4 .62 .011 1.66 .011 .30 6.5 .01 .001 52 34 5 10 I .55 .41 .02 .12 0.2 3 .58 .008 2.03 .007 2 .60 6.7 .01 .001 47 16 5 33 2 1.2 .89 .02 .19 0.9 10 .39 .017 1.65 .009 4 .90 6.1 .01 .001 33 12 3 52 3 1.0 1.9 .05 .30 1.2 15 .07 .021 .963 .011 25 1.20 6.6 .01 .001 32 13 4 52 5 1.2 2.3 .05 .31 1.2 .021 .889 .011 1.50 6.9 .01 .001 1.0

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.0 .05 5 3 .19 10 18 0.3 0.3 84

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Fullerton SITE NO: $2 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Siltstone ANNUAL RAINFALL: 797 mm AMG REFERENCE: 302 400 mE 8 050 200 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.2 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillcrest LANDFORM PATI'ERN TYPE: Undulating low hills GREAT SOIL GROUP: Solodic soil PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy3.43 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesonatric, Grey Sodosol VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high open forest DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus drepanophyUa, Eucalyptus polycarpa, Eucalyptus citriodora, Callitris intratropica, Themeda triandra, Sorghum plumosum SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Very few coarse pebbles, subangular metamorphic rocks

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hardsetting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIFFION

A1 0 to .14 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2)moist;. sandy loam; few small pebbles, subangular altered substrate materials; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

A21cb .14 m .29m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) dry; sandy loam; few small pebbles, subangular altered substrate materials; massive; dry moderately weak. Gradual to-

A22cb .29to.42m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, light grey (10YR8/1) dry; loam, fine sandy; common small pebbles and very few medium pebbles, subangular altered substrate materials; massive; dry moderately weak; very few medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Abrupt to-

B21t .42 to .65 m Dull yellow (2.5Y6/3) moist; few medium distinct yellow mottles, few medium distinct orange mottles; medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular altered substrate materials; strong 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to strong < 2mm polyhedral primary; dry moderately firm. Abrupt to-

B3/C .65 to .69 m Greyish yellow (2.5Y6/2) moist; clay loam; common coarse pebbles, subangular altered substrate materials, few cobbles, subangular metamorphic rocks; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO,-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 5.9 .01 .001 4 .10 5.8 .01 .001 41 37 12 9 3 1.3 .62 .06 .40 0.6 0.4 0.8 6 .83 .020 1.37 .014 2 .30 6.2 .01 .001 36 41 14 11 2 .14 1.1 .17 .28 0.5 5 .69 .016 1.59 .008 3 .60 7.2 .09 .004 23 16 10 49 16 .05 11.0 3.9 .61 1.9 15 .97 .018 2.15 .010 4 .70 7.8 .15 .004 36 14 13 37 17 .08 12.0 3.9 .50 1.9 13 .91 .021 2.09 .017

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.9 .03 3 1 .33 25 14 0.3 0.3 85

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Glengordon SITE NO: $24 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered Material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908mm AMG REFERENCE: 319 300 mE 8 034 700 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with yellow earth PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn2.35 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Brown Kandosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: EucalyptusdrepanophyUa SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Very few

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to. 10 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately firm; few medium ferruginous nodules. Clear to-

A2 .10 to .20 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; very few f'me faint orange mottles; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately firm; few medium ferruginous nodules. Gradual to-

A22cbs .20 to .40 m Dull brown (7.5YR5/3) moist, dull orange (7.5YR7/3) dry; few fine faint orange mottles; sandy clay loam; massive; dry moderately firm; common coarse ferruginous nodules. Clear to-

Bls .40 to .56 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; few fine faint orange mottles; sandy clay; massive; dry moderately weak; common coarse ferruginous nodules. Clear to-

B21ts .56 to .82 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; many medium distinct yellow mottles, common medium distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; massive; dry moderately firm; very many medium ferruginous nodules. Clear to-

Dls .82 to .91 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; few fine faint yellow mottles; medium clay; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz; moderate 5 to 10mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 2 to 5mm angular blocky primary; dry very firm; many medium ferruginous nodules. Abrupt to-

D2k .91 to 1.13 m Dull yellow (2.5Y6/4) moist; few fine faint yellow mottles; heavy clay; strong 50 to 100mm lenticular tertiary, parting to moderate 5 to 10mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 10 to 20mm angular blocky primary; moderately moist very firm; common fme carbonate soft segregations. Diffuse to-

D3k 1.13 to 1.42 m Yellowish brown (2.5Y5/3) moist; common fine distinct yellow mottles; heavy clay; strong 50 to 100mm lenticular tertiary, parting to strong 5 to 10mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 10 to 20mm angular blocky primary; moderately moist very firm; common fine carbonate soft segregations. Clear to-

DC 1.42 to 1.50 m Greyish yellow (2.5Y7/2) moist; many medium distinct yellow mottles, few medium distinct gley mottles; medium heavy clay; few medium pebbles, altered substrate materials (basalt); strong 10 to 20mm angular blocky; dry moderately strong; very few medium ferruginous nodules. 86

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm me/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.0 .02 .001 5 .I0 6.1 .02 .001 41 40 5 12 2 1.5 .65 .05 .13 0.9 4 .49 .030 .040 .012 4 .30 6.2 .01 .001 38 41 9 14 1 .88 .56 .05 .01 0.8 4 .64 .021 .035 .007 3 .56 6.6 .01 .001 46 26 8 22 3 1.3 1.6 .09 .02 1.5 8 .50 .055 .047 .010 5 .91 7.2 .09 .011 49 11 5 37 11 2.8 6.9 .73 .02 3.1 15 .71 .030 .042 .008 2 1.20 7.7 .15 .021 12 11 6 71 42 9.8 27 2.6 .06 6.9 .017 .023 .007 2 1.50 8.2 .47 .060 11.2 3

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.1 .06 I0 7 .17 61 18 0.2 0.4 87

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Gunnawarra SITE NO: $21 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered materials ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 mm AMG REFERENCE: 308 200 mE 8 022 900 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.5 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Red earth - red podzolic intergrade PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dr4.62 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Red Chromosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus drepanophyUa, Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Eucalyptus papuana, Acacia holosericea SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to. 10 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; loamy sand; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

A2 .10 to .33 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/6) moist, bright reddish brown (5YR5/6) dry, loamy sand; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

A3 .33 to .46 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately weak; very few coarse ferromanganiferousconcretions. Clear to-

B21t .46 to .69 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; sandy light medium clay; few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry moderately firm. Diffuse to-

B22t .69 to 1.03 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry moderately firm. Diffuse to-

B23t 1.03 to 1.20 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry moderately firm. Diffuse to-

B24t 1.20 to 1.50 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry moderately firm; very few medium ferromanganiferousnodules.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C R1 %

B.10 6.7 .02 .001 2 .I0 6.6 .01 .001 48 41 6 8 2 1.2 .36 .05 .16 0.5 3 .52 .009 .432 .006 2 .30 6.8 .01 .001 45 42 5 I0 2 1.0 .33 .05 .16 0.5 3 .60 .007 .483 .010 2 .60 6.6 .01 .001 38 26 3 34 3 2.0 .97 .05 .26 1.4 I0 .31 .017 .563 .006 3 .90 6.6 .01 .001 27 24 3 49 4 2.4 1.6 .05 .39 1.8 13 .017 .508 .007 9 1.20 6.7 .01 .001 30 26 6 41 4 2.0 1.6 .05 .30 1.6 .017 .484 .006 8 1.50 6.7 .01 .001 1.5 4

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.7 .02 6 2 .18 22 48 0.3 0.5 88

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Innot SITE NO: $5 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered Material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908mm AMG REFERENCE: 311 800 mE 8 043 200 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 2.9 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with yellow podzolic soil PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy5.81 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Yellow Chromosol VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus leptophleba, Eucalyptus clarksoniana PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to. 10 m Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist; loamy sand; single grain; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

A21cb .10 to .23 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, dry conspicuously bleached; loamy sand; single grain; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

A22cb .23 to .41 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) moist, light grey (10YR8/1) dry; loamy sand; very few medium pebbles, subangular quartz; single grain; dry moderately firm; few medium manganiferous nodules. Clear to-

Blt .41 to .54 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/4) moist; few medium distinct orange mottles; sandy clay; massive; dry moderately firm; few medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

B21t .54 to .78 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; many coarse distinct red mottles, very few fine faint orange mottles; light medium clay; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; few medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Clear to-

B22t .78 to 1.01 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; many medium distinct red mottles; light clay; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; moist moderately finn; very few fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

B23t 1.01 to 1.30 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; many medium distinct red mottles; light clay; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm. Diffuse to-

B24t 1.30 to 1.45 m Orange (7.5YR6/6) moist; many fine faint red mottles, few fine faint grey mottles; light clay; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky. Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 7.0 .02 .001 2 .10 6.6 .03 .001 31 57 6 5 3 2.0 .49 .05 .14 0.7 2 .60 .011 .524 .010 3 .33 7.1 .02 .001 31 61 6 3 1 .36 .07 .05 .07 0.4 1 .004 .426 .003 2 .64 6.5 .01 .001 22 34 4 39 4 1.4 1.5 .08 .47 1.6 12 .28 .014 .756 .007 11 .90 6.1 .01 .002 20 34 6 42 3 .92 1.7 .05 .39 1.8 13 .018 .597 .005 4 1.20 6.3 .01 .001 19 35 5 42 3 .90 1.8 .05 .28 1.4 .021 .575 .004 1 1.45 6.3 .01 .001 1.4 1

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Millstream SITE NO: S18 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Basalt ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908 mm AMG REFERENCE: 331 400 mE 8 048 400 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 1.4 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Lava plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Xanthozem PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.4 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Brown Ferrosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall isolated trees DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus tereticornis, Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Common medium pebbles, rounded basalt PROFILE MORPHOLOGY: CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Firm HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

All 0 to .11 m Brownish black (10YR3/2)moist; light clay; moderate <2mm granular; wet very weak; very few t-me ferromanganiferous nodules. Clear to-

A12 .11 to .26m Dark brown (10YR3/3) moist; light clay; moderate 2 to 5mm granular; wet very weak; very few f'me ferromanganiferous nodules. Clear to-

B21n .26 to .53 m Brown (10YR4/6) moist; light clay; strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral; wet very weak; common medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

B22n .53 to .85 m Bright brown (7.5YR5/6) moist; few medium distinct grey mottles, few medium distinct red mottles; light medium clay; strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral; wet moderately weak; many free ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

Dln .85 to 1.09 m Bright brown (7.5YR5/6) moist; many medium prominent red mottles, few medium distinct grey mottles; medium heavy clay; weak I0 to 20mm polyhedral secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm polyhedral primary; wet moderately finn; common fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

D2 1.09 to 1.37 m Greyish brown (7.5YR6/2) moist; many medium distinct brown mottles, few medium distinct grey mottles; medium heavy clay; moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky; wet moderately firm; few fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

D3 1.37 to 1.48 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6); medium heavy clay; weak; wet moderately firm; few fine ferromanganiferous nodules.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC C1 CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.4 .04 .010 7 .10 6.6 .05 .002 38 10 13 38 16 11 3.6 .15 .49 3.5 20 .26 .183 .108 .048 7 .26 6.8 .02 .002 27 12 9 52 10 6.9 2.9 .14 .15 2.9 19 .30 .105 .063 .024 7 .60 6.7 .02 .001 29 8 10 56 5 2.2 2.7 .13 .09 2.6 20 .01 .092 .087 .008 4 .85 6.5 .03 .002 26 5 8 62 10 2.2 7.2 .31 .40 3.0 23 .01 .048 .037 .006 2 1.20 6.0 .06 .004 8 10 9 73 21 4.4 15 .79 .23 3.3 .016 .033 .005 1.48 5.9 .06 .008 3.9

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA exla'. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 2.3 .10 19 25 .29 48 87 4.2 3.3 94

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Morecambe SITE NO: $4 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 797 mm AMG REFERENCE: 304 900 mE 8 037 600 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 2.9 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with red podzolic soil PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dr2.22

AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mestrophic, Red Chromosol; Very Deep

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptuspolycarpa, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Themeda triandra SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Very few medium pebbles, subrounded altered substrate materials

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .13 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/3) moist; fine sandy loam; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

A2 .13 to .58 m Bright reddish brown (5YR5/6) moist, orange (5YR6/6) dry, loamy fine sand; single grain; dry loose. Abrupt to-

B21t .58 to 1.00 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light clay; weak 2 to 5mm polyhedral; dry very weak; very few medium argillaceous cutans. Diffuse to-

B22t 1.00 to 1.39 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz; moderate 5 to 10mm polyhedral secondary, parting to moderate <2mm polyhedral primary; dry very weak; very few medium argillaceous cutans. Diffuse to-

B23t 1.39 to 1.70 m Red (10R4/6) moist; light medium clay; few small pebbles and very few coarse pebbles, subangular quartz; moderate 5 to 10mm polyhedral; dry very weak; very few medium argillaceous cutans.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.5 .02 .001 .10 6.6 .01 .001 39 49 4 7 4 2.9 .74 .05 .14 0.2 3 .01 .013 .149 .013 .30 6.9 .01 .001 35 57 5 4 1 .55 .17 .02 .10 0.1 1 .01 .005 .144 .006 .70 6.5 .01 .001 27 39 4 32 3 1.1 .78 .04 .22 0.6 8 .40 .016 .277 .009 .90 6.6 .01 .001 24 34 5 37 2 1.4 .80 .04 .22 0.7 10 .34 .017 .329 .009 1.20 6.7 .01 .001 18 29 7 47 3 1.9 .94 .05 .25 1.0 .018 .365 .008 1.50 6.7 .01 .001 1.1

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.6 .04 4 2 .12 11 12 0.4 0.8 95

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Mullaburra SITE NO: $28 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Unconsolidated ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908 mm AMG REFERENCE: 317 000 mE 8 038 700 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.0 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Alluvial plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with red podzolic soil PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dbl.22

AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Eutrophic, Brown Chromosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptuscrebra, Eucalyptuspolycarpa, Eucalyptus leptophleba PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .11 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; silty clay loam; weak 5 to 10mm angular blocky; dry very weak. Clear to-

A2 .11 to .21 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR4/3) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) dry; few medium faint dark mottles; silty clay loam; massive; dry moderately weak. Clear to-

B21t .21 to .55 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; time sandy medium clay; strong 5 to 10mm angular blocky secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral primary; dry very firm; few medium manganiferous soft segregations. Gradual to-

B22t .55 to 1.11 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; f'me sandy medium heavy clay; strong 10 to 20mm prismatic tertiary, parting to strong 5 to 10mm angular blocky secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm angular blocky primary; dry very firm; few medium manganiferous soft segregations. Diffuse to-

B23t 1.11 to 1.48 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; fine sandy medium heavy clay; strong 20 to 50mm prismatic secondary, parting to strong 10 to 20mm angular blocky primary; dry moderately strong. Diffuse to-

B24t 1.48 to 1.69 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; free sandy medium heavy clay; strong 20 to 50mm prismatic secondary, parting to strong 10 to 20mm angular blocky primary; dry moderately strong.

Laboratory Data:

B.10 6.7 .03 .001 4 .10 6.6 .02 .001 6 36 36 22 9 5.5 1.6 .07 .58 1.7 10 .67 .086 2.07 .013 4 .30 6.8 .02 .001 2 31 33 38 12 7.0 3.3 .11 .75 3.1 15 .64 .079 1.99 .007 2 .60 6.9 .01 .001 1 29 30 42 12 7.4 3.7 .25 .81 2.6 17 .62 .054 2.00 .004 2 .90 6.8 .01 .001 I 29 26 46 14 8.5 4.3 .19 .74 2.9 18 .58 .055 1.85 .004 2 1.20 7.0 .01 .001 1 46 19 37 13 8.2 4.0 .20 .59 2.9 .061 2.00 .004 1 1.50 7.3 .01 .001 3.3 1

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.9 .09 129 90 .78 68 100 1.2 3.0 96

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Nanyeta SITE NO: $25 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 mm AMG REFERENCE: 302 800 mE 8 029 800 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.5 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with grey earth PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy3.81 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mestrophic Yellow Chromosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus leptophleba, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus alba, Melaleuca viridiflora, Acacia species, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to. 10 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; massive; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

A2cb .10 to .31 m Dull yellowish brown (IOYR5/4) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR7/4) dry; loamy sand; single grain; moderately moist very weak; few medium ferromanganiferous nodules• Clear to-

Blt .31 to .51 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; very few medium distinct red mottles; sandy clay; massive; moderately moist moderately weak. Clear to-

B21tn .51 to .72 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR7/6) moist; common medium prominent red mottles; light medium clay; massive; moderately moist moderately firm; common medium ferromanganiferousnodules• Gradual to-

B22tn .72 to .84 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) moist; common medium prominent red mottles; massive; moist moderately weak; common medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

B23tn .84 to 1.13 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/2) moist; common medium distinct red mottles; light medium clay; massive; moist moderately weak; many medium manganiferous nodules• Gradual to-

B24tn 1.13 to 1.34 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/2) moist; many medium distinct orange mottles; medium clay; massive; moist moderately weak; many medium manganiferous nodules. Clear to-

D 1.34 to 1.52 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/4) moist; heavy clay; strong prismatic secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm angular blocky primary; moderately moist moderately strong•

Laboratory Data:

B.10 7.2 .02 .007 •10 7.2 .03 .002 34 50 8 9 4 3.0 .61 .02 .19 0.7 4 .57 .014 .356 .013 .30 7.4 .01 .002 30 54 9 9 2 1.2 .44 .02 .19 0.5 3 .65 .005 .366 .007 1 .61 6.9 .01 .002 25 33 7 38 4 1.7 1.9 .05 .40 1.2 12 .35 .015 .559 .009 12 .90 6.6 .02 .004 27 34 7 34 4 .92 2.6 .09 .26 1.1 10 .43 .016 .483 .007 7 1.23 6.6 .03 .005 34 36 8 24 3 .34 2.4 .28 .13 0.9 .011 .442 .007 1.50 5.3 .13 .017 2.3

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.6 .04 3 1 .14 14 30 0.7 0.3 97

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Nettle SITE NO: $6 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Granite ANNUAL RAINFALL: 797 nun AMG REFERENCE: 292 500 mE 8 037 500 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 16 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Rolling low hills GREAT SOIL GROUP: Lithosol PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ucl.42 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Paralithic, Leptic Rudosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptuspeltata, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Grevillea decora, Eucalyptus melanopholoia SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Common coarse pebbles, subangular granite

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .04 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; loamy coarse sand; common medium pebbles, subangular quartz; single grain; dry very weak. Clear to-

AC .04 to .25 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist; loamy coarse sand; many medium pebbles, subangular quartz, common coarse pebbles, subangular granite; single grain; dry very weak.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 SoilAVater Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SOtS (m) pH EC Cl CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.3 .01 .001 2 .10 6.2 .01 .001 57 29 6 8 3 2.3 .62 .04 .29 0.6 3 .46 .015 4.73 .015 9

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.6 .04 3 2 .24 5 15 0.50 0.3 98

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Pin Gin SITE NO: S15 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Basalt ANNUAL RAINFALL: 1512 mm AMG REFERENCE: 338 500 mE 8 063 100 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 24 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Rolling low hills GREAT SOIL GROUP: Krasnozem PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.31 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Dystrophic, Red Ferrosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high open tussock grassland PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 O to. 12 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/3) moist; light clay; strong < 2mm granular; dry very firm. Gradual to-

B1 .12 to .31 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/4) moist; light clay; weak 5 to 10mm angular blocky; dry moderately finn. Diffuse to-

B21 .31 to .59 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light clay; moderate < 2mm polyhedral; dry very finn. Diffuse to-

B22 .59 to 1.31 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; strong 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral primary; dry very firm. Diffuse to-

B23 1.31 to 2.00 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/6) moist; light medium clay; strong 5 to 10mm polyhedral secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm polyhedral primary; dry moderately strong.

Laboratory Data:

B.10 5.5 .04 .002 28 .10 5.4 .04 .002 5 6 25 63 7 3.1 2.4 .09 .47 0.7 0.5 4.2 30 .14 .294 .057 .082 41 .30 5.1 .02 .001 1 6 22 73 2 .54 .40 .06 .12 0.8 0.6 4.1 31 .08 .272 .016 .058 115 .60 5.0 .02 .002 1 10 21 70 2 .20 .51 .10 • .10 1.0 0.8 2.9 31 .09 .193 .003 .036 129 .90 4.9 .01 .001 1 10 21 71 2 .10 .60 .05 .08 1.2 1.0 2.7 32 .09 .179 .003 .039 161 1.20 5.0 .01 .001 1 18 25 61 3 .09 .75 .06 .18 1.7 1.4 2.0 .137 .011 .036 1.50 4.9 .01 .001 1.9

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 4.9 .23 21 21 .22 53 41 2.5 1.8 99

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Quandong SITE NO: S14 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Rhyolite ANNUAL RAINFALL: 1512mm AMG REFERENCE: 331 900 mE 8 056 800 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 1.2 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Footslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Aff'mities with xanthozem PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.75 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Magnesic, Brown Dermosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open forest DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptusacmenoides, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Eucalyptus polycarpa, Themeda triandra SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Firm

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .09 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; clay loam; moderate 2 to 5mm granular; dry very weak; very few fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Clear to-

A2 .09 to .21 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist, dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) dry; clay loam; weak <2mm granular; dry very weak; very few fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Clear to-

B1 .21 to .49 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; very few f'me faint red mottles; light clay; weak 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to weak <2mm angular blocky primary; dry very weak; very few f'me ferromanganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

B21 .49 to 1.04 m Bright brown (7.5YR5/7) moist; few fine faint red mottles; light medium clay; moderate 2 to 5mm subangular blocky; dry moderately weak; very few fine ferromanganiferous nodules. Diffuse to-

B22 1.04 to 1.44 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/7) moist; few fine faint red mottles; light clay; strong 5 to 10mm polyhedral; dry moderately weak; few medium manganiferous nodules, few f'me ferromanganiferous nodules. Diffuse to-

B23 1.44 to 1.70 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/8) moist; few coarse distinct red mottles; light clay; strong 5 to 10mm polyhedral; dry moderately weak; few medium ferromanganiferous nodules.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.1 .02 .001 9 .10 6.1 .04 .002 23 13 36 24 18 10 6.7 .11 .69 4.3 18 .35 .103 .249 .050 .30 6.5 .02 .001 17 14 33 37 6 1.7 3.3 .10 .58 2.3 14 .47 .053 .194 .019 7 .60 6.3 .01 .001 9 13 28 50 4 .37 2.8 .19 .56 1.9 16 .25 .042 .176 .014 23 .90 6.3 .01 .002 6 12 26 59 3 .15 2.5 .25 .41 2.1 19 .04 .059 .125 .011 23 1.20 6.2 .01 .002 7 12 28 56 3 .20 2.5 .21 .21 1.9 .058 .099 .014 1.50 6.1 .01 .003 2.1

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W *Z B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 3.3 .13 13 7 .52 39 87 0.8 0.5 100

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Redbox SITE NO: Sll SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Unconsolidated ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 mm AMG REFERENCE: 304 200 mE 8 020 700 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 1.1%

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: Solodic soil PR/NCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy3.43 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesonatric, Grey Sodosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open woodland

DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus leptophleba, Acacia species, Aristida species

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .11 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; loamy sand; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

A2cb . I 1 to .36 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) dry; loamy sand; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry very weak. Sharp to-

B21t .36 to .79 m Greyish yellow (2.5Y6/2) moist; common coarse distinct yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 20 to 50mm prismatic secondary, parting to moderate 5 to 10mm subangular blocky primary; dry very firm; very few fine manganiferous soft segregations. Gradual to-

B22tk .79 to 1.06 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR6/2) moist; very few medium faint yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 5 to 10mm subangular blocky; dry moderately firm; many fine carbonate soft segregations, highly calcareous. Gradual to-

B23t 1.06 to 1.44 m Dark greyish yellow (2.5Y5/2) moist; very few medium faint yellow mottles; medium clay; weak 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm subangular blocky primary; moderately moist moderately firm; very few medium carbonate nodules, highly calcareous. Gradual to-

B24t 1.44 to 1.56 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y6/1) moist; very few medium faint yellow mottles; medium clay; very few small pebbles, subangular quartz, very few small pebbles, subangular chert; moderate I0 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to moderate 2 to 5mm prismatic primary; dry moderately firm. Gradual to-

B25t 1.56 to 1.69 m Greyish yellow (2.5Y6/2) moist; few f'me faint yellow mottles; light medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular chert; moderate 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to weak 2 to 5nun angular blocky primary; dry very firm. Laboratory Data:

B.10 6.7 .01 .001 .10 6.6 .01 .001 43 43 9 6 2 1.2 .43 .03 .13 0.2 2 .64 .006 1.52 .008 .30 6.4 .01 .001 43 43 9 6 1 .47 .53 .03 .11 0.2 2 .73 .003 1.56 .005 1 .60 6.1 .24 .031 23 20 9 50 16 4.1 8.5 2.6 .36 2.5 15 .80 .007 1.55 .009 16 .90 9.4 .51 .040 28 22 14 36 18 6.4 10 3.2 .34 2.3 13 .87 .007 1.94 .034 11 1.20 9.0 .73 .077 10 13 25 54 28 8.3 17 5.4 .58 3.9 .008 2.04 .011 1.50 8.2 .45 .062 2.5

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W& B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.3 .03 2 1 .14 10 13 0.3 0.2 101

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Rudd SITE NO: $30 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Unconsolidated clay ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752mm AMG REFERENCE: 293 500 mE 8 019 200 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 1.2 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Solodic soil PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dd2.43 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Subnatric, Black Sodosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus moluccana, Themeda triandra, Aristida species. TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: Linear gilgai VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.15 m HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 5 m SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Few small pebbles, subrounded quartz. PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .04 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; few medium faint orange mottles; clay loam, fine sandy; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; massive; dry moderately firm. Clear to-

A21cb .04 to. 11 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist, light grey (10YR8/1) dry; common fine faint orange mottles; clay loam, fine sandy; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; massive; dry moderately strong. Abrupt to-

B21t .11 to .52 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; few medium faint pale mottles; medium heavy clay; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; moderate 10 to 20mm prismatic secondary, parting to moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky primary; dry very firm; very few fine carbonate nodules. Gradual to-

B22tk .52 to .59 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; moderate 10 to 20mm prismatic secondary, parting to moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky primary; dry moderately firm; common fine carbonate nodules. Abrupt to-

B23tk .59 to .86 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; many coarse faint pale mottles; medium heavy clay; common small pebbles, subrounded quartz; weak I0 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm lenticular primary; moderately moist moderately firm; common fine carbonate nodules.Clear to-

B24t .86 to 1.23 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; common fine distinct dark mottles; medium heavy clay; common small pebbles, subrounded quartz; strong 10 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm lenticular primary; moderately moist moderately firm; few fine carbonate nodules. Clear to-

B25t 1.23 to 1.44 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) moist; common medium distinct dark mottles; heavy clay; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; strong I0 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm lenticular primary; moderatelt moist moderately firm. Gradual to-

D 1.44 to 1.51 m Browinsk black (10YR2/2) moist; common very coarse prominant pale mottles; heavy clay; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; strong 10 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to weak 2 to 5mm lenticular primary; dry very firm. 102

Laboratory Data:

B.10 6.4 .03 .002 3 .10 6.5 .03 .002 27 42 16 17 13 5.5 3.2 .40 .29 2.0 7 .62 .010 .399 .014 .30 7.4 .18 .023 25 27 13 36 23 11 6.4 2.7 .I1 5.3 13 .91 .007 .347 .013 30 .60 8.6 .70 .089 25 28 12 36 21 10 7.0 4.2 .08 5.7 13 .98 .006 .389 .026 33 .90 8.6 .91 .120 20 26 12 41 25 12 8.3 5.5 .11 6.7 17 1.0 .006 .420 .024 1 1.20 7.6 .86 .118 20 25 14 40 25 10 7.5 5.2 .13 6.6 .004 .481 .019 1.50 5.6 1.0 .150 8.7

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.0 .07 6 2 .25 27 42 0.7 0.2 103

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Sludge SITE NO: $22 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 797 mm AMG REFERENCE: 304 200 mE 8 040 800 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.3 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Yellow earth - yellow podzolic soil PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy2.61 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Yellow Chromosol.

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Eucalyptus leptophleba, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, GreviUea decora, Acacia species, Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .07 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR4/3) moist; sandy loam; massive; moderately moist moderately weak. Clear to-

A2 .07 to .19 m Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/4) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR6/4) dry; loamy sand; single grain; moderately moist very weak. Clear to-

A3 .19 to .33 m Yellowish brown (10YR5/6) moist; sandy clay loam; massive; moderately moist moderately weak. Sharp to-

B21t .33 to .60 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; very few medium faint red mottles; light medium clay; massive; moderately moist moderately weak. Clear to-

B22tn .60 to 1.02 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR7/6) moist; many coarse prominent red mottles; light medium clay; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; massive; moderately moist moderately firm; common medium ferruginous concretions. Diffuse to-

B23t 1.02 to 1.44 m Yellowish orange (10YR7/8) moist; common medium prominent red mottles; light medium clay; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; massive; moderately moist moderately weak; few coarse ferruginous concretions, few medium ferruginous nodules. Gradual to-

B24t 1.44 to 1.53 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/4) moist; common medium prominent red mottles, few medium distinct yellow mottles; light clay; few small pebbles, subrounded quartz; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; moderately moist moderately firm; few medium ferruginous nodules.

Laboratory Data:

B.10 6.4 .02 .001 .07 6.2 .02 .001 37 49 7 6 2 1.1 .57 .03 .13 0.5 3 .59 .008 .257 .010 .30 6.5 .01 .001 32 49 7 12 1 .37 .54 .02 .20 0.5 4 .66 .004 .305 .007 2 .60 6.3 .01 .001 25 26 7 43 4 .44 2.5 .05 .50 1.3 13 .15 .012 .598 .010 10 .90 5.8 .01 .002 23 24 7 48 4 .50 2.7 .05 .35 0.2 0.1 1.2 14 .13 .014 .548 .009 11 1.20 5.7 .01 .001 23 27 9 42 3 .37 2.2 .06 .29 0.2 0.1 1.1 .018 .518 .007 4 1.50 5.9 .01 .002 1.0

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA exlr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.7 .05 2 2 .15 19 12 0.5 0.4 104

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Sooty SITE NO: $33 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Basalt ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 m AMG REFERENCE: 292 900 mE 8 012 600 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 1%

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Simple slope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating plains GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.16 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Self-mulching Black Vertosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus leptophleba, Themeda triandra TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: Linear gilgai

VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.25 m HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 5 m PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .04 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; heavy clay; strong 2 to 5mm subangular blocky; dry very strong. Clear to-

B21 .04 to .36 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; heavy clay; moderate 10 to 20mm angular blocky secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm polyhedral primary; moderately moist very firm. Diffuse to-

B22 .36 to .85 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; heavy clay; strong 50 to 100mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm polyhedral primary; moist moderately firm; very few medium carbonate nodules. Sharp to-

B23 .85 to 1.14 m Brownish grey (10YR5/1) moist; heavy clay; strong 50 to 100mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm lenticular primary; moist moderately firm; few fine carbonate soft segregations. Sharp to-

B31 1.14 to 1.67 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y6/1) moist; heavy clay; strong 200 to 500mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm angular blocky primary; moist moderately weak; few coarse carbonate soft segregations. Gradual to-

B32k 1.67 to 1.72 m Grey (5Y6/1); heavy clay; strong 200 to 500mm lenticular secondary, parting to strong 2 to 5mm angular blocky primary; moderately moist moderately firm; common very coarse carbonate nodules. Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element so4-s (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid A1 ADM 15mP Ratio P K ppm mc./cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 7.1 .05 .002 4 .10 7.1 .08 .005 13 11 15 63 46 18 16 1.6 1.2 4.8 26 .63 .023 1.07 .025 4 .30 7.7 .36 .049 12 9 13 67 46 20 19 3.9 .68 5.0 27 .64 .011 .990 .020 4 .60 8.0 1.0 .160 12 11 13 66 46 17 21 7.0 .63 9.5 28 .75 .008 .982 .020 11 .80 8.5 1.6 .249 16 11 10 67 41 14 22 8.2 .80 4.7 27 .84 .010 1.12 .022 17 1.20 8.4 1.9 .307 10 12 12 67 39 10 20 8.2 .88 5.1 .012 1.61 .013 1.50 8.1 1.6 .244 4.3

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 2.3 .16 .84 75 2.4 0.6 .30 0.8 .60 0.7 .80 0.5 1.20 0.2 105

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Stringybark SITE NO: $9 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Granite ANNUAL RAINFALL: 797 mm AMG REFERENCE: 289 600 mE 8 037 500 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 2 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Pediment LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating plains GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with earthy sand PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uc2.21 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Regolithic,Bleached Tenosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high woodland

DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptusdrepanophylla, Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Eucalyptus citriodora, Grevilla glauca, Petalostigma pubescens SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Common small pebbles, subangular quartz

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Soft, loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .10 m Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; loamy coarse sand; common small pebbles, subangular quartz; single grain; dry loose. Clear to-

A21cb .I0 to .35 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) dry; loamy coarse sand; common small pebbles, subangular quartz; single grain; dry loose. Gradual to-

A22cb .35 to .63 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, light yellowish orange (7.5YR8/3) dry; loamy coarse sand; many small pebbles, subangular quartz; single grain; dry loose. Clear to-

B21 .63 to .85 m Bright reddish brown (5YR5/6) moist; coarse sandy loam; many small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry very weak. Gradual to-

D1 .85 to 1.45 m Bright brown (2.5YR5/6) moist; coarse sandy clay; many small pebbles, and very few coarse pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; dry very weak. Clear to-

D2 1.45 to 1.65 m Bright reddish brown (5YR5/6) moist; common coarse distinct grey mottles, very few medium distinct yellow mottles; coarse sandy clay; many small pebbles, subangular quartz; massive; moderately moist moderately weak.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO~-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.4 .01 .001 .10 6.4 .01 .001 67 24 5 4 1 .77 .27 .04 .11 0.2 2 .01 .007 2.60 .008 .30 6.4 .01 .001 68 22 6 4 1 .31 .21 .01 .07 0.1 2 .01 .005 2.93 .005 1 .60 6.5 .01 .001 60 23 8 5 1 .16 .21 .02 .10 0.1 2 .90 .006 3.05 .005 1 .85 6.4 .01 .001 60 22 6 12 1 .23 .52 .03 ~ .15 0.3 4 .76 .010 2.50 .006 2 1.20 6.4 .01 .001 59 15 7 21 2 .50 1.1 .03 .21 0.7 .016 2.72 .006 1.50 6.4 .01 .001 0.6

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.3 .02 2 1 .09 6 7 0.2 0.I 106

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Sugarbag SITE NO: $23 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 797 mm AMG REFERENCE: 303 700 mE 8 040 300 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.2 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with yellow earth PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy5.82 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mestrophic, Yellow Chromosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high woodland

DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Eucalyptus leptophleba, Acacia species, Grevillea decora, Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .11 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y4/1) moist; loamy sand; single grain; moderately moist very weak. Sharp to-

A2cb .11 ~ .24 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist, dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) dry; sand; single grain; moderately moist very weak. Clear to-

B21t .24 to .44 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; few medium distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; massive; moderately moist very weak; very few fine ferromanganiferous soft segregations. Clear to-

B22tn .44 to .86 m Bright yellowish brown (10YR6/6) moist; common medium distinct orange mottles, few medium prominent red mottles; light medium clay; massive; moderately moist moderately weak; common coarse ferromanganiferous concretions. Diffuse to-

B23tn .86 to 1.25 m Dull yellow (2.5Y6/5) moist; many coarse distinct orange mottles; light medium clay; massive; moderately moist moderately weak; many coarse ferromanganiferous nodules. Diffuse to-

B24t 1.25 to 1.48 m Dull yellow (2.5Y6/4) moist; many medium distinct orange mottles, few medium distinct yellow mottles; light medium clay; massive; moderately moist moderately weak; few coarse ferromanganiferous nodules.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element so4-s (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15mP Ratio P K ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.3 .02 .003 .I0 6.1 .01 .005 38 48 6 8 1 .62 .39 .03 .I1 0.3 2 .68 .005 .273 .008 .34 5.7 .01 .008 29 31 6 36 3 .66 1.6 .04 .32 0.2 0.1 1.0 10 .37 .011 .528 .008 4 .60 5.9 .01 .003 24 22 6 51 4 .83 2.6 .06 .39 0.2 0.1 1.4 14 .09 .012 .566 .009 11 .90 6.1 .01 .003 28 22 8 44 4 .48 2.7 .06 .34 1.3 13 .10 .019 .476 .007 4 1.20 6.3 .01 .002 27 23 6 44 4 .54 2.9 .09 .33 1.3 .020 .502 .007 1.48 6.0 .01 .001 1.2

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. % (m) (W & B) Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B. 10 0.6 .04 2 1 .08 18 11 0.4 0.7 107

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: TirrabeUa SITE NO: $20 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908 mm AMG REFERENCE: 309 700 mE 8 042 000 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 3.3 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Undulating rises GREAT SOIL GROUP: Red earth PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn2.12 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Mesotrophic, Red Kandosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus polycarpa, Eucalyptus leptophleba, Themeda triandra. SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .07 m Dark reddish brown (5YR3/2) moist; sandy clay loam,f'me sandy; massive; moist very weak. Clear to-

BI .07 to .33 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/3) moist; clay loam, fine sandy; weak 5 to 10mm subangular blocky; moist moderately weak. Diffuse to-

B21 .33 to .76 m Dark red (10R3/4) moist; light clay; massive; dry moderately weak. Diffuse to-

B22 .76 to 1.21 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/5) moist; light clay; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; dry moderately weak. Diffuse to-

B23 1.21 to 1.51 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/5) moist; fine sandy clay; massive; dry moderately firm. Diffuse to-

B24 1.51 to 1.75 m Dark reddish brown (2.5YR3/5) moist; clay loam,fine sandy; massive; dry moderately weak.

Laboratory Data:

Depth 1:5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S. C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15raP Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 7.0 .03 .001 3 .07 6.8 .06 .001 20 52 9 18 6 4.1 1.2 .05 .42 1.3 7 .44 .040 .245 .020 6 .30 7.0 .03 .001 19 47 7 27 5 3.7 1.1 .05 .42 1.5 8 .43 .037 .293 .016 3 .60 6.8 .01 .001 16 43 11 33 4 2.4 .85 .05 .42 1.5 10 .34 .031 .327 .010 5 .90 6.8 .01 .001 15 38 9 40 3 1.9 .85 .05 .38 1.6 11 .12 .029 .334 .007 8 1.20 6.8 .01 .001 15 41 9 35 3 1.7 .71 .05 .30 1.3 .025 .283 .006 8 1.50 6.9 .01 .001 1.2 3

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.1 .06 9 5 .54 13 104 2.7 1.1 108

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Tunmirendah SITE NO: $26 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Altered material ANNUAL RAINFALL: 752 mm AMG REFERENCE: 302 300 mE 8 032 300 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.2 %

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Plain LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Gently undulating plains GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Affinities with lateritic podzolic soil PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dg2.81 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Chromosolic, Oxyaquie Hydrosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall woodland DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus clarksoniana, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Acacia species, Melaleuca viridiflora, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting, firm

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .08 m Brownish black (10YR3/2); sandy loam; weak 2 to 5mm granular; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

A2cb .08 to .31 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR5/3) moist, dull yellowish brown (10YR7/2) dry; sandy loam; massive; moderately moist very weak. Clear to-

Bltn .31 to .42 m Light brownish grey (7.5YR7/2) moist; very few f'me faint yellow mottles; light clay; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; common medium manganiferous nodules. Clear to-

B21tn .42 to .84 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) moist; common medium distinct yellow mottles; light clay; weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky; wet moderately weak; common medium manganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

B22tn .84 to .94 m Light grey (10YR8/2) moist; common medium distinct orange mottles; light clay; massive; wet very weak; common medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Abrupt to-

B23tn .94 to 1.26 m Dull yellowish orange (10YR7/3) moist; common medium distinct orange mottles; light clay; massive; very many medium ferromanganiferous nodules. Clear to-

D 1.26 to 1.50 m Light grey (10YR8/1) moist; many medium prominent orange mottles; medium clay; moderate < 2mm polyhedral; wet moderately weak; many fine ferromanganiferous nodules.

Laboratory Data:

Dep~ 1:5 Soil/W~ Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element so,-s (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Ca Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15rap Ratio P K ppm m~cm % % @ I05C meq/100g soil % @ I05C RI %

B.10 6.1 .02 .001 .08 6.3 .03 .001 31 49 10 10 4 2.6 1.3 .05 .32 0.7 4 .46 .015 .190 .015 .30 6.3 .02 .001 30 50 7 14 1 .21 .47 .06 .31 0.3 3 .63 .006 .224 .007 2 .60 5.9 .03 .002 20 29 6 47 4 .11 2.8 .23 .63 0.6 0.3 1.1 14 .13 .011 .504 .010 20 .94 6.5 .03 .003 35 29 6 31 3 .06 2.6 .42 .29 1.3 10 .47 .017 .378 .009 11 1.20 6.5 .05 .002 33 14 6 48 6 .08 4.9 .77 .28 1.7 .011 .461 .008 1.50 6.0 .08 .007 1.6

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 0.5 .04 2 i~ .12 18 18 0.7 1.2 109

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Uramo SITE NO: $27 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Unconsolidated ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908 mm AMG REFERENCE: 311 700 mE 8 039 700 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0.1% LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Levee LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Aff'mities with earthy sand PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uc4.22 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Eutrophic, Brown Kandosol SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Loose, trampled

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIFFION

A1 0 to .09 m Brown (7.5YR4/3) moist; loamy fine sand; single grain; dry very weak. Clear to-

A2 .09 to .31 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist, dull brown (7.5YR6/3) dry; loamy f'me sand; single grain; dry very weak. Clear to-

B1 .31 to .63 m Brown (10YR4/6) moist; loamy fine sand; single grain; dry moderately weak. Gradual to-

B2 .63 to .92 m Brown (10YR4/6) moist; sandy loam; massive; dry moderately weak. Gradual to-

D1 .92 to 1.21 m Brown (7.5YR4/6) moist; clay loam,sandy; massive; dry moderately firm. Gradual to-

D2 1.21 to 1.44 m Dull reddish brown (5YR4/4) moist; fine sandy medium clay; weak 5 to 10mm angular blocky; dry very finn. Diffuse to-

D3 1.44 to 1.72 m Dark brown (7.5YR3/4) moist; very few coarse distinct dark mottles; medium heavy clay; strong 20 to 50mm prismatic tertiary, parting to strong 5 to 10mm angular blocky secondary, parting to moderate <2mm angular blocky primary; dry very finn.

Laboratory Data:

Depth i :5 Soil/Water Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15rap Ratio P K S ppm mc/cm % % @ 1o5c meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 6.8 .06 .002 4 .09 7.0 .03 .001 27 52 12 10 6 4.3 .83 .05 .35 0.9 5 .51 .037 2.50 .013 2 .30 7.4 .02 .001 24 56 15 7 3 2.0 .30 .05 .22 0.6 4 .60 .027 2.60 .006 1 .60 7.6 .01 .001 25 53 13 10 3 2.1 .83 .05 .33 0.7 5 .76 .036 2.71 .004 1 .90 7.5 .02 .001 31 41 7 20 7 4.1 2.1 .05 .52 1.6 9 .80 .064 2.69 .004 1 1.20 7.3 .01 .001 27 49 10 15 6 3.5 1.7 .05 .42 1.4 .052 2.64 .003 1 1.50 6.9 .01 .001 10 47 15 26 2.2 2

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Pep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.4 .09 79 40 .61 20 30 0.4 2.4 110

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Whelan SITE NO: S12 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Rhyolite ANNUAL RAINFALL: 1512 mm AMG REFERENCE: 334 100 mE 8 062 200 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 11%

LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hillslope LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Rolling low hills GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable group. Aff'mities with lithosol PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Um4.23 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Fluvic, Orthic Tenosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Tall open forest DOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus acmenoides, Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus drepanophylla, Acacia species, Casuarina torulosa SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Abundant stones, subangular rhyolite

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIFFION

A1 0 to .13 m Brown (7.5YR4/4) moist; loam; common coarse pebbles, subangular rhyolite; strong 2 to 5mm granular; dry moderately firm. Gradual to-

A2 .13 to .32 m Brown (7.5YR4/6) moist, dull brown (7.5YR6/3) dry; loam; few coarse pebbles, subangular rhyolite; massive; dry moderately firm. Gradual to-

BC .32 to .48 m Bright reddish brown (5YR5/6) moist; clay loam; many medium pebbles, subangular rhyolite; massive; dry moderately firm. Clear to-

C .48 to .80 m Very abundant boulders, subangular rhyolite.

Laboratory Data:

Dep~ 1:5 Soil/W~er Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC CI CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15rap Ratio P K ppm mdcm % % @ 105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C R1 %

B.10 5.3 .04 .001 10 .10 5.5 .03 .002 15 12 46 23 5 1.5 1.6 .10 .65 1.1 0.9 1.4 10 .63 .021 3.12 .019 8 .30 5.5 .02 .001 10 12 50 27 4 .44 1.3 .08 .36 1.4 1.1 1.2 10 .63 .015 3.16 .012 7 .48 5.5 .02 .001 13 13 48 26 4 .08 1.7 .07 .30 1.4 1.0 1.3 10 .57 .012 3.16 .009 12

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B. 10 5.7 .24 8 4 .58 76 15 0.3 1.3 111

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Woodleigh SITE NO: S19 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Basalt ANNUAL RAINFALL: 908mm AMG REFERENCE: 316 800 mE 8 045 500 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 1.9 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Lava plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earth PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.12 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Self-mulching, Black Vertosol TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: Normal gilgai VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.14 m HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 4 m COMPONENT OF MICRORELIEF SAMPLED: Mound PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

A1 0 to .05 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; heavy clay; strong < 2mm granular; dry moderately strong. Clear to-

B21 .05 to .35 m Black (10YR2/1) moist; heavy clay; moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky; dry moderately strong. Abrupt to-

B22 .35 to .64 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 20 to 50mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 5 to 10mm angular blocky primary; dry moderately strong. Diffuse to-

B23 .64 to 1.04 m Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 10 to 20mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 2 to 5mm angular blocky primary; dry very firm; very few medium carbonate nodules. Gradual to-

B24 1.04 to 1.41 m Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; light medium clay; moderate 5 to 10mm prismatic; dry moderately firm; very few medium carbonate nodules. Gradual to-

C 1.41 to 1.56 m Abundant coarse pebbles, subrounded altered substrate materials (basalO; very few fine carbonate nodules.

Laboratory Data:

Dep~ 1:5 Soil/Wa~r Particle Size Exchangeable Cations Moistures Disp Total Element SO4-S (m) pH EC Cl CS FS S C CEC Mg Na K Acid AI ADM 15naP Ratio P K ppm m~cm % %@105C meq/100g soil % @ 105C RI %

B.10 7.1 .06 .003 .10 6.9 .07 .005 5 9 13 70 58 31 17 .45 1.6 10.6 29 .50 .116 1.06 .022 .30 7.4 .03 .002 5 8 18 70 60 33 16 .85 .67 8.9 30 .69 .102 1.00 .013 .60 7.8 .05 .004 5 8 15 71 60 36 19 1.3 .59 9.8 31 .56 .100 1.00 .012 .90 8.6 .14 .004 4 7 17 72 60 38 21 1.6 .44 11.8 32 .57 .115 .967 .009 1.20 8.6 .12 .005 3 8 19 69 57 36 21 1.7 .38 12.0 .150 .983 .006 1.50 9.1 .14 .002 9.2

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 1.2 .08 50 45 .78 48 39 2.3 0.6 .10 1.4 .30 0.9 .60 0.9 .90 0.7 1.20 0.4 112

SOIL PROFILE CLASS: Wooroora SITE NO: $32 SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: Unconsolidated ANNUAL RAINFALL: 1219 nun AMG REFERENCE: 331 900 mE 8 033 300 mN ZONE 55 SLOPE: 0 % LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Swamp LANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Level plain GREAT SOIL GROUP: Humic gley PRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.41 AUSTRALIAN CLASSIFICATION: Dennosodic Oxyaquic Hydrosol

VEGETATION: STRUCTURAL FORM: Mid-high open sedgeland TYPE OF MICRORELIEF: Swamp hummock VERTICAL INTERVAL: 0.10 m HORIZONTAL INTERVAL: 2 m

COMPONENT OF MICRORELIEF SAMPLED: Shelf SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Soft

HORIZON DEPTH DESCRIPTION

O1 .04 to .00 m Clear to-

A11 .00 to. 10 m Black (10YR1.7/1) moist; clay loam; moderate 2 to 5mm angular blocky secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm angular blocky primary; dry moderately weak. Clear to-

A12 .10 to .24 m Black (2.5Y2/1) moist; light clay; moderate 2 to 5mm angular blocky secondary, parting to moderate < 2mm angular blocky primary; dry moderately finn. Clear to-

B21 .24 to .65 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; very few medium faint yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate 100 to 200mm prismatic secondary, parting to moderate 10 to 20mm prismatic primary; moderately moist moderately finn. Gradual to-

B22 .65 to 1.13 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; few medium distinct orange mottles, many coarse distinct gley mottles; medium clay; weak 50 to 100ram lenticular tertiary, parting to moderate 10 to 20mm prismatic secondary, parting to weak 2 to 5mm angular blocky primary; moist very finn. Diffuse to-

B23 1.13 to 1.58 m Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; few medium distinct gley mottles, few fine distinct orange mottles; heavy clay; moderate 50 to 100mm lenticular secondary, parting to moderate 10 to 20mm prismatic primary; moist very firm. Diffuse to-

DI? 1.58 to 1.82 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y4/1) moist; few medium distinct orange mottles; heavy clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular quartz; moderate 10 to 20mm prismatic; moist very firm. Gradual to-

D2? 1.82 to 2.07 m Yellowish grey (2.5Y4/1) moist; sandy light medium clay; common medium pebbles, subangular quartz; weak 10 to 20mm angular blocky; moist moderately finn. 113

Laboratory Data:

B.10 4.8 .14 .007 15 .10 4.9 .15 .006 5 8 29 45 10 2.4 1.5 .81 .45 4.2 3.7 6.1 34 .40 .069 .826 .056 15 .30 5.5 .04 .001 1 4 32 55 10 .88 1.8 .79 .52 5.3 4.6 4.7 29 .49 .029 .875 .014 4 .60 5.8 .03 .001 1 3 34 57 10 .55 2.0 1.0 .67 5.1 4.4 4.9 29 .48 .023 .739 .010 3 .90 5.9 .02 .001 1 3 36 57 9 1.0 2.4 .99 .51 3.4 2.7 3.6 23 .75 .007 .888 .006 2 1.23 5.8 .03 .001 1 3 29 64 11 1.9 3.4 1.3 .54 3.5 2.6 4.2 .005 .903 .009 1 1.50 5.9 .03 .001 3.8 2

Depth Org. C Total N Extr. Phosphorus Rep. DTPA extr. (m) (W & B) % Acid Bicarb K Fe Mn Cu Zn % ppm meq% ppm

B.10 7.3 .56 28 12 .47 149 4 0.2 0.3 .10 6.6 .30 2.2 .60 1.7 114 APPENDIX IV

INFORMATION RECORDED IN THE UMA DATA FILE

• UMA Number

• Area of UMA

• Easting and Northing of labelled point

• AMG Zone

• Dominam Soil Profile Class

• Associated soils and percemage of occurrence

• Site Description to characterise the UMA

• Geology

• Modal slope

• Landform Pattem

• Microrelief

• Surface Condition

• Vegetation Formation

• Tree species

• Current state of erosion

• Percentage of UMA as undisturbed

• Percem of UMA sown to stylos

• Percem of UMA cleared but not cropped

• Percem of UMA used for field crops

• Percent of UMA used for horticultural crops 115

• "m" limitation attribute level

• "n" limitation attribute level

• "s" limitation attribute level

• "w" limitation attribute level

• "f" limitation attribute level

• "r" limitation attribute level

• "p" limitation attribute level

• "e" limitation attribute level

• "i" limitation attribute level

• "x" limitation attribute level

• estimated PAWC

• estimated surface P

• soil management group

• climatic zone

• limitation subclasses and suitability for peanuts

• limitation subclasses and suitability for sorghum

• limitation subclasses and suitability for maize

• limitation subclasses and suitability for soybeans

• limitation subclasses and suitability for mungbeans

• limitation subclasses and suitability for forage sorghum

• limitation subclasses and suitability for stylo pasture

• limitation subclasses and suitability for grass legume pasture

This information is available from the Manager, Resource Assessment and Planning,

INDOOROOPILLY.