West Bay Business District in Doha, State of Qatar: Envisioning a Vibrant Transit-Oriented Development
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Article West Bay Business District in Doha, State of Qatar: Envisioning a Vibrant Transit-Oriented Development Deema Alattar 1, Raffaello Furlan 1,* , Michael Grosvald 2 and Rashid Al-Matwi 1 1 Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qatar University, Doha 3263, Qatar; [email protected] (D.A.); [email protected] (R.A.-M.) 2 Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In recent decades, Doha, the capital of Qatar, has experienced a large-scale transformation due to globalization and rapid economic growth. Recently, these changes have led to a focus on infrastructural development and the launch of the city’s metro project, whose success will depend heavily on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). TOD focuses on the “3Ds” principles—design, density, and diversity—aiming to create walkable neighborhoods and well-integrated public trans- portation, with diverse mixed land uses and high-density, sustainable growth. In combining the concepts of livability, sustainable urbanism, and urban sociology, TOD leads to the creation of vibrant and active neighborhoods. The present research project focuses on TOD around Doha’s West Bay metro station, using the city’s central business district as a case study. The aim of this research project is to investigate the existing site conditions of the West Bay area, evaluate them with respect to TOD principles, and then propose a master plan for improved development. The final product of the research project is a proposal with design guidelines that are aimed at increasing the ridership of the Citation: Alattar, D.; Furlan, R.; West Bay metro station and creating a more attractive and dynamic neighborhood. Grosvald, M.; Al-Matwi, R. West Bay Business District in Doha, State of Keywords: Transit-Oriented Development; Doha metro; West Bay; Doha Qatar: Envisioning a Vibrant Transit-Oriented Development. Designs 2021, 5, 33. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/designs5020033 1. Introduction In the past three decades, Doha, which is the capital of the State of Qatar, has un- Academic Editors: Federica Bettarello dergone massive changes due to rapid economic development; these changes include and Marco Caniato demographic growth, urban expansion, sporting mega-events, and globalization. Along with its obvious benefits, this rapid growth has led to a number of problems and challenges: Received: 12 April 2021 urban sprawl, traffic congestion, air pollution, deficiencies in the built environment, and Accepted: 18 May 2021 Published: 25 May 2021 a general lack of affordable housing [1]. Efforts to resolve such problems in urban areas worldwide have led to a movement toward public transportation and Transit-Oriented Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Development (TOD) as tools for sustainable development. In recent years, government with regard to jurisdictional claims in authorities in Qatar have invested in large-scale transit development throughout the coun- published maps and institutional affil- try, with a particular focus on the city of Doha. This includes the Doha metro project, iations. long-distance rail, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), and the Light Rail Train (LRT). TOD develop- ment is a crucial component of Doha’s urban planning strategy, through which activities in the vicinity of metro stations are clustered in mixed-use developments, which lead to walkable neighborhoods and less reliance on cars, in turn reducing traffic congestion and air pollution [2–5]. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The main design principles of TOD are known as the “3Ds”, which refer to the design, This article is an open access article density, and diversity of land uses around transport hubs, such as metro stations [6–8]. distributed under the terms and The successful integration of transportation systems with land use is the key factor needed conditions of the Creative Commons for the success of TOD, as this leads to reduced car reliance and increased public transit Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// (PT) ridership. The international experience with TODs has shown that such integration creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ creates economic incentives in the area surrounding such hubs, increasing the land value 4.0/). there [8–11]. Designs 2021, 5, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5020033 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/designs Designs 2021, 5, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 27 transit (PT) ridership. The international experience with TODs has shown that such inte- gration creates economic incentives in the area surrounding such hubs, increasing the land value there [8–11]. Successful TOD does not occur by accident, and urban design for the area around a given metro station is required before and during the commencement of station operation. This requires careful consideration of the built environment around the station, with an Designs 2021, 5, 33 eye toward high-density, mixed-use development, being accessible to 2all, of 26 free of obstacles on sidewalks and other corridors, and supported by other modes of PT [12–14]. The pro- cess of transit development in Doha is in a relatively early stage at present, but it is fol- lowingSuccessful a promising TOD does trajectory not occur that by accident, should andulti urbanmately design lead for to thea transportation area around a system meet- given metro station is required before and during the commencement of station operation. Thising international requires careful considerationstandards. of the built environment around the station, with an eye towardThe high-density, present research mixed-use study development, focuses being on a accessible specific tourban all, free regeneration of obstacles on project in Doha, sidewalksnamely the and Transit-Oriented other corridors, and supportedDevelopment by other of modesthe area of PT surrounding [12–14]. The process the city’s West Bay ofmetro transit station. development The aim in Doha of this is in research a relatively projec early staget is to at analyze present, but the it current is following status of the con- astructed promising environment trajectory that around should the ultimately metro leadstation, to a transportationand then develop system a meetingmaster plan reflecting international standards. the designThe present concepts research of: study (a) livability, focuses on a(b) specific sustainable urban regeneration urbanism, project (c) urban in Doha, sociology, and (d) namelyTransit-Oriented the Transit-Oriented Development. Development of the area surrounding the city’s West Bay metro station. The aim of this research project is to analyze the current status of the constructed environment2. Literature around Review the metro station, and then develop a master plan reflecting the design concepts of: (a) livability, (b) sustainable urbanism, (c) urban sociology, and (d) Transit-OrientedThis section Development. covers the literature that is relevant to the project topic and it consists of three main sections: (1) Livability and Sustainable Urbanism, (2) Urban Sociology (Life 2.between Literature Buildings), Review and (3) Geographical context (Urbanism in Qatar/TOD in Qatar). The conceptsThis section developed covers thein this literature literature that is are relevant fundamental to the project in topicthe creation and it consists of a TOD-based of mas- three main sections: (1) Livability and Sustainable Urbanism, (2) Urban Sociology (Life betweenter plan Buildings),for the West and Bay (3) Geographical metro station context region. (Urbanism in Qatar/TOD in Qatar). The concepts developed in this literature are fundamental in the creation of a TOD-based master2.1. Livability plan for theand West Sustainable Bay metro Urbanism station region. 2.1. LivabilityThe notion and Sustainable of livability Urbanism is defined in the literature in terms of both human- and place- orientedThe notion points of livabilityof view. isThe defined former in the is literaturebased on in the terms related of both idea human- of sustainability and place- [15], while orientedthe latter points refers of view.to the The degree former of is vitality based on of the a given related place. idea of This sustainability can be achieved [15], if the fol- whilelowing the measures latter refers are to the implemented: degree of vitality (a) of mixe a givend-use place. development This can be achieved leading if the to a pedestrian- followingoriented measuresbuilt environment; are implemented: (b) attractive, (a) mixed-use sa developmentfe, outdoor leading spaces to supporting a pedestrian- healthy activi- oriented built environment; (b) attractive, safe, outdoor spaces supporting healthy activities; (c)ties; the (c) provision the provision of an integrated of an multimodalintegrated transportation multimodal system; transportation and, (d) attractiveness system; and, (d) attrac- acrosstiveness age across categories age [16 categories,17]. Figure 1[16,17]. illustrates Figure these ideas.1 illustrates these ideas. Figure 1. 1.Characteristics Characteristics of a livableof a livable environment environment (Source: the (Source: Authors). the Authors). Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without adversely affecting the opportunitiesSustainable of futuredevelopment generations. meets It is widely the needs accepted of the that present sustainable without development adversely affecting shouldthe opportunities not be limited toof the future micro scalegenerations. (i.e., the level It is of individualwidely